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I actually wrote my undergraduate thesis on the cost differentials in private versus public prisons, so this is a topic I am very passionate about.Louisiana created one of the first private prisons when it leased its state penitentiary to a private company in 1844.An inmate who wrote his memoir about the experience said this:“[Once privatized, the jailers] laid aside all objects of reformation and re-instated the most cruel tyranny, to eke out the dollar and cents of human misery.”As others have said here, it is extremely morally depraved to create a profit incentive to imprison people. If you are really interested in understanding private prisons, then I would recommend you read this expose[1] in Mother Jones (magazine) by Shane Bauer.This incentive created the Cash for Kids scandal, where a Pennsylvania judge sentenced more than 2000 CHILDREN to juvenile detention for as little as cursing in exchange for money…Let’s not even consider the kind of conflict of interest that simply exists, there is no denying it, when police pension funds depend on private prison profits to secure their own retirement.All of these are moral reasons, but at the end of the day it all comes down to one thing: money. In fact, private prisons fail there too.[2]Private prisons save most of their money by paying their staff less. They achieve this by stifling unions, and dealing with high turnover. Some people in the comments have gone so far as to suggest that being a prison guard is a low skill job. Nothing could be further from the truth. In fact, the inexperience created by private prison corporate practice has lead to systemic failure. For instance…In Tennessee, private prisons run by CoreCivic experienced twice as many murders and four times as many homicides as state-run prisons. In order to avoid the obvious disparity in quality, Tennessee ordered public prisons to reduce costs ( i.e. be just as crap as the private prison), ostensibly to save public money, but really to protect the political career of whoever in the state’s government wanted private prisons so badly they are blowing up the public system to cover it up as you read this sentence.Private prisons have on average one guard per 6.9 inmates, compared to 4.9 in public prisons. That’s staff total. At Winn Correctional in Louisiana active staff sometimes leaves us with a ratio of 1 guard per 176 inmates. This has at times caused prison administration to ally with gangs in the prison to maintain order, instead of the prison staff. A particular prison using this practice earned the nickname “Gladiator School.” Some prisons even went so far as falsifying documents in order to meet the minimum staffing requirements set out in their contracts (sometimes listing a guard as having worked a 48 hour shift to meet the requirement). Invariably, when one state official begins an investigation into this, another public official will kill it… the investigation not the official.Private prisons do not have to take any old inmate the State gives them. They are allowed to select the ones that will fill their beds. As a result private prisons overwhelmingly select the lowest-security-risk inmates, and those with the least healthcare problems (which they would have to pay for otherwise). Remember the murderpalooza in Tennessee prisons run by CoreCivic? That’s even with a low-security risk population. Here’s a list of all the politicians that this dystopian company bribes to continue functioning. The “cheap” inmates get funneled into the private system, and then…We turn around and say, “Oh look how much cheaper private prisons are than public prisons,” in order to justify more privatization. If you had to equally distribute people housed (and I use the word housed deliberately, because for a segment of society prison has replaced residential mental health services, and affordable housing) in jails according to security risks and healthcare costs across private and public systems, then the so called “savings” evaporates. Consequently, I think this is why training in formal logic is so important, because this idea even in the abstract seems to be the victim of circular reasoning (but of course logic and efficiency are never the entire basis of policy decisions).Private prisons also have inferior (or nonexistent) reform programs offered to inmates during incarceration.[3]Let’s say the judge tells you that eligibility for parole depends on you completing five anger management classes.Well, the private prison makes it as hard as possible for you to take those classes, because there is no regulation on program access, and that in turn means you have to stay longer in the prison, and that by extension means the prison “makes” more money. This makes their bosses (the corporate shareholders) happy because the stock goes up and they can sell, or the company will pay them out an increasing dividend. It is called the fiduciary duty. The concept of fiduciary duty to shareholders is also why trickle down economics is legally impossible, and only a plausible concept for people who don’t actually understand how corporations work.On the other hand, the public prison wants you to take those classes ASAP, because the sooner you do the sooner they can parole you; meaning the sooner they can stop spending tax money on you. That makes their bosses (the politicians) happy, because they can say they are saving tax money during elections.So yes, Elizabeth Warren is right to call for a ban on private prisons. They accomplish nothing but the utter corruption of our society’s moral fabric.Update:Private Prison and Criminalization of MigrantsIt’s so awesome to see how many people have found the information her worth noting, and I hope you’ve found the chance to share it in conversation with friends. It’s because of this increasing awareness that private prisons have faced increased scrutiny from state administrations. I hope you’ll also find this information worth noting.While increasing scrutiny has been successful in diminishing the number of U.S. citizens in private prison detention by some degree, the reduction in profits has caused private prisons to adapt. They’ve done so by entering into extended contracts with the federal government ostensibly to detain people without citizenship, and whom the government has targeted, prior to their deportation.I say ostensibly, because while the Trump admin, and his leftovers still acting under Biden during the transition, were pushing for the arrest of people (and funneling them into camp run by private prison companies)[4] they did not actually proceed with deportation.For some reason, it seemed as if the government was pursuing a policy supposedly aimed at deportation, but that actually resulted and maintained a period of extended incarceration; and private prisons were intimately insinuated both to the political actors facilitating the policy, but also in the socio-cultural reinforcement that underpinned the “justice” of it.Of course, delayed and indefinite incarceration of people with dubious access to civil rights attorneys (I actually am reflecting on a case I worked where the guy was taken to a secret ICE jail and am just making the connection now) is music to the ears of a private prison. Capitalism.Biden Administration Ending Federal Contracts with For-Profit PrisonsThe Biden administration has taken a great step in ending federal contracts with for-profit prisons.[5] We should never have a profit incentive to imprison people. It is anti-social to say the least.The next step should be for the Biden administration to set a prison reform committee. The committee should invite people formerly imprisoned in private facilities, community organizations, and other interested people to relate their experience with this system, and how it could be better. My answer to that question would be, if it were gone, but I recognize some people consider this to be a more nuanced discussion, so we need to at least be having that discussion.Footnotes[1] Private prisons are shrouded in secrecy. I took a job as a guard to get inside—then things got crazy[2] https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/es_20161021_private_prisons_economics.pdf[3] Private Prisons; Profits Before Purpose - Focus for Health[4] How Private Prisons Are Profiting Under the Trump Administration - Center for American Progress[5] https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/biden-private-prisons-immigrant-detention/2021/02/02/b535d9d6-6567-11eb-8468-21bc48f07fe5_story.html?fbclid=IwAR2H7IdfEJzXpOiMZ4nQhTp9nrEe2DZUQB8CMdHLKMED22HPgjSKCTCHxmQ

MK-ULTRA: In the 1950s to the 1970s, the CIA ran a mind-control project aimed at finding a “truth serum” to use on communist spies. Test subjects were given LSD and other drugs, often without consent, and some were tortured. At least one man, civilian biochemist Frank Olson, who was working for the government, died as a result of the experiments. The project was finally exposed after investigations by the Rockefeller Commission.The Iran-Contra Affair: In 1985 and ’86, the White House authorized government officials to secretly trade weapons with the Israeli government in exchange for the release of U.S. hostages in Iran. The plot was uncovered by Congress in 1987.Operation Mockingbird: Also in the 1950s to ’70s, the CIA paid a number of well-known domestic and foreign journalists (from big-name media outlets like Time, The Washington Post, The New York Times, CBS and others) to publish CIA propaganda. The CIA also reportedly funded at least one movie, the animated “Animal Farm,” by George Orwell. The Church Committee finally exposed the activities in 1975.Watergate: Republican officials spied on the Democratic National Headquarters from the Watergate Hotel in 1972. While conspiracy theories suggested underhanded dealings were taking place, it wasn’t until 1974 that White House tape recordings linked President Nixon to the break-in and forced him to resign.The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: The United States Public Health Service carried out this clinical study on 400 poor, African-American men with syphilis from 1932 to 1972. During the study the men were given false and sometimes dangerous treatments, and adequate treatment was intentionally withheld so the agency could learn more about the disease. While the study was initially supposed to last just six months, it continued for 40 years. Close to 200 of the men died from syphilis or related complications by the end of the study.Operation Northwoods: In the early 1960s, American military leaders drafted plans to create public support for a war against Cuba, to oust Fidel Castro from power. The plans included committing acts of terrorism in U.S. cities, killing innocent people and U.S. soldiers, blowing up a U.S. ship, assassinating Cuban émigrés, sinking boats of Cuban refugees, and hijacking planes. The plans were all approved by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, but were reportedly rejected by the civilian leadership, then kept secret for nearly 40 years.Operation Snow White: Some time during the 1970s, the Church of Scientology decided that they’d had enough. Apparently, the Church of Scientology managed to perform the largest infiltration of the United States government in history. Ever. 5,000 of Scientology’s crack commandos wiretapped and burglarized various agencies. They stole hundreds of documents, mainly from the IRS. No critic was spared, and in the end, 136 organizations, agencies and foreign embassies were infiltrated.Manhattan Project: The Manhattan Project was the codename for a project conducted during World War II to develop the first atomic bomb. The project was led by the United States, and included participation from the United Kingdom and Canada. Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineer District (MED), it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1942–1946 under the control of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the administration of General Leslie R. Groves. The scientific research was directed by American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer. The project’s roots lay in scientists’ fears since the 1930s that Nazi Germany was also investigating nuclear weapons of its own. Born out of a small research program in 1939, the Manhattan Project eventually employed more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US$2 billion ($22 billion in current value). It resulted in the creation of multiple production and research sites that operated in secret. With the total involved, this makes it one of the largest conspiracies in history. Entire towns were built for short periods of time, employing people, all under secrecy and top national secrecy at that. The government never admitted to it, the media never reported on it, and people had no idea for over 25 years. Project research took place at over thirty sites across the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The three primary research and production sites of the project were the plutonium-production facility at what is now the Hanford Site, the uranium-enrichment facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and the weapons research and design laboratory now known as Los Alamos National Laboratory. The MED maintained control over U.S. weapons production until the formation of the Atomic Energy Commission in January 1947.Operation Paperclip: Operation Paperclip was the code name for the 1945 Office of Strategic Services, Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency recruitment of German scientists from Nazi Germany to the U.S. after VE Day. President Truman authorized Operation Paperclip in August 1945; however he expressly ordered that anyone found “to have been a member of the Nazi party and more than a nominal participant in its activities, or an active supporter of Nazi militarism” would be excluded. These included Wernher von Braun, Arthur Rudolph and Hubertus Strughold, who were all officially on record as Nazis and listed as a “menace to the security of the Allied Forces.” All were cleared to work in the U.S. after having their backgrounds “bleached” by the military; false employment histories were provided, and their previous Nazi affiliations were expunged from the record. The paperclips that secured newly-minted background details to their personnel files gave the operation its name.Big Brother or the Shadow Government: It is also called the “Deep State” by Peter Dale Scott, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. A shadow government is a “government-in-waiting” that remains in waiting with the intention of taking control of a government in response to some event. It turned out this was true on 9/11, when it was told to us by our mainstream media. For years, this was ridiculed as a silly, crazy conspiracy theory and, like the others listed here, turned out to be 100% true. It is also called the Continuity of Government. The Continuity of Government (COG) is the principle of establishing defined procedures that allow a government to continue its essential operations in case of nuclear war or other catastrophic event. Since the end of the cold war, the policies and procedures for the COG have been altered according to realistic threats of that time. These include but are not limited to a possible coup or overthrow by right wing terrorist groups, a terrorist attack in general, an assassination, and so on. Believe it or not the COG has been in effect since 2001. After 9/11, it went into action. Now here is the kicker, many of the figures in Iran Contra, the Watergate Scandal, the alleged conspiracy to assassinate Kennedy, and many others listed here are indeed members of the COG. This is its own conspiracy as well.1990 Testimony of Nayirah: A 15-year-old girl named “Nayirah” testified before the U.S. Congress that she had seen Iraqi soldiers pulling Kuwaiti babies from incubators, causing them to die. The testimony helped gain major public support for the 1991 Gulf War, but — despite protests that the dispute of this story was itself a conspiracy theory — it was later discovered that the testimony was false. The public relations firm Hill & Knowlton, which was in the employ of Citizens for a Free Kuwait, had arranged the testimony. It turned out that she had taken acting lessons on request of the CIA and was actually the niece of a major politician in Kuwait. Nayirah was later disclosed to be Nayirah al-Sabah, daughter of Saud bin Nasir Al-Sabah, Kuwaiti ambassador to the USA. The Congressional Human Rights Caucus, of which Congressman Tom Lantos was co-chairman, had been responsible for hosting Nurse Nayirah, and thereby popularizing her allegations. When the girl’s account was later challenged by independent human rights monitors, Lantos replied, “The notion that any of the witnesses brought to the caucus through the Kuwaiti Embassy would not be credible did not cross my mind… I have no basis for assuming that her story is not true, but the point goes beyond that. If one hypothesizes that the woman’s story is fictitious from A to Z, that in no way diminishes the avalanche of human rights violations.” Nevertheless, the senior Republican on the Human Rights Caucus, John Edward Porter, responded to the revelations “by saying that if he had known the girl was the ambassador’s daughter, he would not have allowed her to testify.”Counter Intelligence Programs Against Activists in the 60s: COINTELPRO (an acronym for Counter Intelligence Program) was a series of covert, and often illegal, projects conducted by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) aimed at investigating and disrupting dissident political organizations within the United States. The FBI used covert operations from its inception, however formal COINTELPRO operations took place between 1956 and 1971. The FBI’s stated motivation at the time was “protecting national security, preventing violence, and maintaining the existing social and political order.” According to FBI records, 85% of COINTELPRO resources were expended on infiltrating, disrupting, marginalizing, and/or subverting groups suspected of being subversive, such as communist and socialist organizations; the women’s rights movement; militant black nationalist groups, and the non-violent civil rights movement, including individuals such as Martin Luther King, Jr. and others associated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the Congress of Racial Equality, the American Indian Movement, and other civil rights groups; a broad range of organizations labeled “New Left”, including Students for a Democratic Society, the National Lawyers Guild, the Weathermen, almost all groups protesting the Vietnam War, and even individual student demonstrators with no group affiliation; and nationalist groups such as those “seeking independence for Puerto Rico.” The other 15% of COINTELPRO resources were expended to marginalize and subvert “white hate groups,” including the Ku Klux Klan and National States’ Rights Party. The directives governing COINTELPRO were issued by FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, who ordered FBI agents to “expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralize” the activities of these movements and their leaders.The BCCI Scandal: The Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) was a major international bank founded in 1972 by Agha Hasan Abedi, a Pakistani financier. The Bank was registered in Luxembourg. Within a decade BCCI touched its peak, it operated in 78 countries, had over 400 branches, and had assets in excess of US$ 20 billion making it the 7th largest private bank in the world by assets. In the late 1980’s BCCI became the target of a two year undercover operation conducted by the US Customs Service. This operation concluded with a fake wedding that was attended by BCCI officers and drug dealers from around the world who had established a personal friendship and working relationship with undercover Special Agent Robert Mazur. After a six month trial in Tampa, key bank officers were convicted and received lengthy prison sentences. Bank officers began cooperating with law enforcement authorities and that cooperation caused BCCI’s many crimes to be revealed. BCCI came under the scrutiny of regulatory bodies and intelligence agencies in the 1980s due to its perceived avoidance of falling under one regulatory banking authority, a fact that was later, after extensive investigations, proven to be false. BCCI became the focus of a massive regulatory battle in 1991 and was described as a “$20-billion-plus heist”. Investigators in the U.S. and the UK revealed that BCCI had been “set up deliberately to avoid centralized regulatory review, and operated extensively in bank secrecy jurisdictions. Its affairs were extraordinarily complex. Its officers were sophisticated international bankers whose apparent objective was to keep their affairs secret, to commit fraud on a massive scale, and to avoid detection.”CIA Drug Running in LA: Pulitzer Prize Award winning journalist Gary Webb exposed this alongside LAPD Narcotics Officer turned whislteblower and author Michael Ruppert, CIA Contract Pilot Terry Reed, and many others. In August 1996 the San Jose Mercury News published Webb’s “Dark Alliance”, a 20,000 word, three-part investigative series which alleged that Nicaraguan drug traffickers had sold and distributed crack cocaine in Los Angeles during the 1980s, and that drug profits were used to fund the CIA-supported Nicaraguan Contras. Webb never asserted that the CIA directly aided drug dealers to raise money for the Contras, but he did document that the CIA was aware of the cocaine transactions and the large shipments of cocaine into the U.S. by the Contra personnel. “Dark Alliance” received national attention. At the height of the interest, the web version of it on San Jose Mercury News website received 1.3 million hits a day. According to the Columbia Journalism Review, the series became “the most talked-about piece of journalism in 1996 and arguably the most famous—some would say infamous—set of articles of the decade.”CIA Drug Smuggling in Arkansas: August 23, 1987, in a rural community just south of Little Rock, police officers murdered two teenage boys because they witnessed a police-protected drug drop. The drop was part of a drug smuggling operation based at a small airport in Mena, Arkansas. The Mena operation was set up in the early 1980’s by the notorious drug smuggler, Barry Seal. Facing prison after a drug conviction in Florida, Seal flew to Washington, D.C., where he put together a deal that allowed him to avoid prison by becoming an informant for the government. As a government informant against drug smugglers, Seal testified he worked for the CIA and the DEA. In one federal court case, he testified that his income from March 1984 to August 1985, was between $700,000 and $800,000. This period was AFTER making his deal with the government. Seal testified that nearly $600,000 of this came from smuggling drugs while working for — and with the permission of the DEA. In addition to his duties as an informant, Seal was used by CIA operatives to help finance the Nicaraguan Contras. The CIA connection to the Mena operation was undeniable when a cargo plane given to Seal by the CIA was shot down over Nicaragua with a load of weapons. In spite of the evidence, every investigator who has tried to expose the crimes of Mena has been professionally destroyed, and those involved in drug smuggling operations have received continued protection from state and federal authorities.The CIA Assassinates A Lot Of People (Church Committee): The Church Committee is the common term referring to the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a U.S. Senate committee chaired by Senator Frank Church in 1975. A precursor to the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, the committee investigated intelligence gathering for illegality by the CIA and FBI after certain activities had been revealed by the Watergate affair. The Committee uncovered, among many other things, that the CIA had violated its charter to perform only gathering of intelligence. For example, the assassinations of Allende in Chile and Mossadegh in Iran. Assassinations against Central and South American leaders and revolutionaries, as well as Africa, Middle East and East Asia. The list was tremendous. They even declassified a “Heart Attack Gun” the Agency had made for the use of killing someone without it being detected. Cancer, car accidents, skiing accidents, suicide, boating accidents, heart attacks, and just plain being shot were common assassination methods. The hearings, although recorded in full in congressional record, the mainstream media and official policies, is still largely not taught in American schools on recent history. The American public still has no idea this was ever actually confirmed or even took place. It is common for people to still refer to any of these assassinations as a joke or made up conspiracy.Gulf of Tonkin Never Happened: The Gulf of Tonkin Incident is the name given to two separate incidents involving the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the United States in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. On August 2, 1964 two American destroyers engaged three North Vietnamese torpedo boats, resulting in the sinking of one of the torpedo boats. This was also the single most important reason for the escalation of the Vietnam War. After Kennedy was assassinated, the Gulf of Tonkin gave the country the sweeping support for aggressive military action against the North Vietnamese. The outcome of the incident was the passage by Congress of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted President Lyndon B. Johnson the authority to assist any Southeast Asian country whose government was considered to be jeopardized by “communist aggression”. In 2005, an internal National Security Agency historical study was declassified; it concluded that USS Maddox had engaged the North Vietnamese on August 2, but that there may not have been any North Vietnamese vessels present during the engagement of August 4. The report stated “It is not simply that there is a different story as to what happened; it is that no attack happened that night…” In truth, Hanoi’s navy was engaged in nothing that night but the salvage of two of the boats damaged on August 2. In 1965, President Johnson commented privately: “For all I know, our Navy was shooting at whales out there.” In 1981, Captain Herrick and journalist Robert Scheer re-examined Herrick’s ship’s log and determined that the first torpedo report from August 4, which Herrick had maintained had occurred—the “apparent ambush”—was in fact unfounded. In 1995, retired Vietnamese Defense Minister Vo Nguyen Giap, meeting with former Secretary of Defense McNamara, categorically denied that Vietnamese gunboats had attacked American destroyers on August 4, while admitting to the attack on August 2. In the Fall of 1999, retired senior CIA engineering executive S. Eugene Poteat wrote that he was asked in early August 1964 to determine if the radar operator’s report showed a real torpedo boat attack or an imagined one. In October, 2005 the New York Times reported that Robert J. Hanyok, a historian for the U.S. National Security Agency, had concluded that the NSA deliberately distorted the intelligence reports that it had passed on to policy-makers regarding the August 4, 1964 incident. He concluded that the motive was not political but was probably to cover up honest intelligence errors.Operation Gladio: Gladio is a code name denoting the clandestine NATO “stay-behind” operation in Italy after World War II, intended to continue anti-communist resistance in the event of a Warsaw Pact invasion of Western Europe. Although Gladio specifically refers to the Italian branch of the NATO stay-behind organizations, “Operation Gladio” is used as an informal name for all stay-behind organizations, sometimes called “Super NATO”. The role of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in sponsoring Gladio and the extent of its activities during the Cold War era, and its relationship to right-wing terrorist attacks perpetrated in Italy during the Years of Lead and other similar clandestine operations is the subject of ongoing debate and investigation. Italy, Switzerland and Belgium have had parliamentary inquiries into the matter. What can we prove about that role? Thousands of documents, depositions and testimony as well as recorded conversations and admission by the highest levels of government in Italy. That’s about as credible as it gets, regardless of the CIA’s adamant denial it ever happened. What took place? The shooting of innocent civilians, terrorism and assassinations all blamed on leftist communists were actually apart of well coordinated, “black operations.” Black operations are typically involving activities that are highly clandestine and, often, outside of standard military protocol.“The right hand doesn’t know what the left hand is doing.” Black ops missions often fit into the deniable category, a situation in which there is no claim of responsibility for the action, and/or a false flag operation is used to give the appearance that another actor was responsible, or – most often – black operations involve extensive arrangements so as to be able to hide the fact that the black operation ever occurred. Black military operations, or paramilitary operations, can be used by various secret services to achieve or attempt to achieve an unusually sensitive goal. The methods used in black operations are also used in unconventional warfare. Depending on the precise situation in a given case, and the level of authoritarianism of the national government or other responsible party, some tasks will be conducted as black operations, while there are usually other activities that can be admitted openly. Black operations may include such things as assassination, sabotage, extortion, spying on allied countries or one’s own citizens, kidnapping, supporting resistance movements, torture, use of fraud to obtain funds, use of child soldiers, human experimentation, trafficking in contraband items, etc. Since 9/11, many black operations and long time unethical standings have been approved for legality in the war on terror. In other words, since September 11th, 2001, it is no a longer conspiracy for any of this to occur, a simple decision by a top level military or CIA official is enough, without oversight or even one thread of admission by the Government or Private conspirators. Much of the Black operations today are performed by private contract companies like Blackwater (now Xe).[1]Footnotes[1] 33 Conspiracy Theories That Turned Out To Be True, What Every Person Should Know... » Alex Jones' Infowars: There's a war on for your mind!

You will be as surprised as much I was ,if you know how Dr.Ambedkar was instrumental in the following benefits,which all of us are enjoying right now . We have always thought that Constitution of India is his only contribution,which is not at all correct."Right to Vote" ( Equal for all Women and Men in India ) ie 'Adult franchise' was given by Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar.25th January is observed as the National Voters Day in our Nation. Well...!!! Firstly I would like to say one thing, atleast to spread something awareness about our Constitutional right ( Article 326) ie " Right to Vote" to some people.Now all Indians have right to vote without bias in gender or caste or class or literacy or religion. It was "Founding Father Of Modern India" Revolutionary Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar who voiced as the first person in India for the 'Universal Adult Franchise' before the Southborough Commission. Later before the Simon Commission for all Indians without bias in gender, Caste, Class, literacy and religion. I don't know how many Indians know, it was because of Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar who conferred the fundamentals of democratic principle 'Adult franchise' in the Indian social reality ie right to vote to every Indian without any discrimination through the Indian Constitution. For this, Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar faced the radical problem from Sardar Vallabhai Patel.Even I don't know how many Indian Women's know the contribution of Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar who fight for equal rights for women and for their voting rights. Today Our constitution granted voting rights to all Indian women as a right because of him. But before Independent India, it is not easy task for everyone 'right to vote' even men also. Mostly the Right to vote was given only to those the rich, the landed and the tax payers. Some people may claim Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms granted votes to Women. But it was under condition ( like man) to some women in province only not for whole part in India.Maternity Benefit Act:I don't know how many Indian women knows the contribution of Revolutionary Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar's major role for the Maternity Benefits bill in the Bombay legislature in July, 1928 itself for the factory women workers. In fact it was the first Maternity Benefits Act passed in India in 1929 by the Bombay legislature.On this regard he said, "I believe that it is in the interests of the nation that the mother ought to get a certain amount of rest during the pre-natal period and also subsequently. I am prepared to admit this fact because the conservation of the people's welfare is primarily the concern of the Government. And in every country, therefore, where the maternity benefit has been introduced, you will find that the Government has been subjected to a certain amount of charge with regard to maternity benefit. I think, therefore, the benefits contemplated by this bill ought to be given by this Legislature to the poor women who toil in our factories in this Presidency."Subsequently the Madras Maternity Benefit Act was passed by the Madras Legislature Coucil in 1934 and subsequently in other provinces of India.As a Labour Minister in the Viceroy executive council between 1942 and 1946, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was instrumental in bringing the Mines Maternity Benefit Bill for women in all over India. Under this act, a woman working in the mine is entitled to maternity benefit for a period of 8 weeks. This period of 8 weeks is divided into two parts of four weeks each, one part preceding delivery and another part succeeding delivery.Later all the acts of Maternity Benefit of various states were repealed and a common Maternity Benefit Act-1961 was adopted by the Central Government for all states in India.2) Equal pay for equal work irrespective of the sex:Revolutionary Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was the first person who brought "Equal pay for equal work irrespective of the sex" in India in terms of Industrial workers as a Labour Minister in the Viceroy executive council.On this regard he said, "We have also taken care to see, and this is an important point, that women shall be paid the same wages as men. It is for the first time that I think in any industry the principle has been established of equal pay for equal work irrespective of the sex." ( In Tamil: "ஆண்களுக்கு அளிக்கப்படும் அதே ஊதியம் பெண்களுக்கு வழங்கப்பட வேண்டும் என்பதில் நாங்கள் கவனமாக இருந்தோம். இது ஒரு முக்கியமான விசியமாகும். பால் பாகுபாடின்றி சம வேலைக்கு சம ஊதியம் என்னும் கோட்பாடு வேறு எந்த தொழிலும் இல்லாதவாறு இத்தொழில்தான் முதல் முறையாக நிலைநாட்டப்பட்டது" )While drafting the Indian Constitution, Dr. Babasaheb played major contribution for embodied the Article 39(d) relates the state to strive for securing equal pay for equal work of both men and women in the Part IV of th directive principles of the State Policy.“Saviour Of Labours Rights in India” -- Revolutionary Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar. Broad your knowledge.If there any person who secured the rights of Labours in India, the person was none other than “Founding Father of Modern India” Revolutionary Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar. Of course today there are thousands of labours leaders in India. But without Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar at least whatever so today the rights secured by the Labours in India would be only question mark. If Dr.Babasaheb born in any other nation, then concern nation can pride him and has provided countless awards for his contribution in the various field to the nation. He is one of the person in India with multi dimensional. After all he was born in the land of the most Congenital Casteist idiots are living in the world so called my nation ‘India’. We can not expect anything from these mental culture nation. These mental Indians only want the outcome, but never give credit to the person. Shame on you all Casteist mental Indians.Anyway as an Indian and a youth of this nation, I am very proud to share about what Dr.Babasaheb did to the Labours as a Labour leader and as the Labour Member of the Viceroy’s Executive Council between 1942 and 1946. He sworn as the Labour Member of the Viceroy’s Executive Council in July 20th, 1942. Be Patience and read the whole article.1) Reduction in Factory Working Hours (8 hours duty):Today the working hours in India per day is about 8 hours. Really I do not know how many Indians know, Dr.Babasaheb was the Saviour of Labours in India. He brought 8 hours duty in India and change the working time from 12 hours to 8 hours became a light for workers in India. He brought it on the 7th session of Indian Labour Conference in New Delhi, November 27, 1942. The Indian Labour Conference, consisting of the representatives of Central and Provincial Governments, important states and employers and workers organisations unanimously supported the principle of the 48-hour week in India's factories at its meeting.The Text of speech of Dr. Babasaheb, "It emphasised that the present was an opportune moment for taking up this question because there was a need for giving relief to factory workers. Moreover, shorter hours would lead to greater employment. The memorandum made it clear that the reduction in hours should not be accompanied by any reduction in basic wages or dearness allowances unless there was a fall in prices"2) Tripartite Labour Conference:On August 7, 1942 he called for the Tripartite Labour Conference in New Delhi. The objects were namely, the laying down of a procedure for the settlement of industrial disputes and the discussion of all matters of All-India importance as between Labour and Capital. The great achievement of the Tripartite Conference is the fundamental change it has brought about in the outlook of Government and of Employers and of Employees on labour problems, Establishment of Employment Exchanges, and Collection of Statistics under the Industrial Statistics Act.The Text of speech of Dr. Babasaheb,"I do claim credit for the Tripartite Labour Conference, that, if we have done nothing more, we have at least done one thing, namely, to induce, if not to compel, the representatives of employees to meet the representatives of employers and discuss matters of the utmost and gravest importance."3) Industrial Disputes:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was instrumental in set up the two bodies 1) Plenary Conference, and 2) Standing Advisory Committee to discuss industrial problems of Labour Welfare both in their legislative and administrative aspects and also to advise the Government of India as to the most satisfactory line of action in dealing with those problems.4) Dr.Babasaheb framed many laws for Women Labours in India:1. Mines Maternity Benefit Act,2. Women Labour welfare fund,3. Women and Child, Labour Protection Act,4. Maternity Benefit for women Labour,5. Restoration of Ban on Employment of Women on Underground Work in Coal Mines,6. Equal pay for equal work irrespective of the sex: On this regard he said, "We have also taken care to see, and this is an important point, that women shall be paid the same wages as men. It is for the first time that I think in any industry the principle has been established of equal pay for equal work irrespective of the sex."5) Compulsory Recognition of Trade Unions:Indian Trade Unions Act was enacted in 1926. This act helped only to register the trade unions, not approved by the government. On 8 November, 1943 he brought the Indian Trade Unions (Amendment) Bill for compulsory recognition of trade unions. The Bill had three important features. They are to compel an employer to recognise a trade union, to imposes certain conditions on a trade union in order to make the trade union, to make non-recognition by an employer of a trade union, which has observed all the conditions prescribed in this measure and which has therefore qualified itself for recognition, an offence which is made punishable by law.6) Employment Exchange in India:Dr.Babasaheb was instrumental in bringing the establishment of employment exchanges. The Employment Exchanges was set up to helped the resettlement and employment of demobilised Services personnel and discharged war workers during the transition period. It also helped the mutual benefit to employers and employment-seekers and will ensure satisfactory distribution of manpower among various branches of production.7) Employees State Insurance (ESI):ESI helps the workers with medical care, medical leave, physically disabled during working injuries as compensation Insurance for providing various facilities. Dr.Babasaheb enacted and brought it for the benefit of workers. Actually India only brought ‘Insurance Act’ as the first nation among the East Asian countries. Credit goes to Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar.8 ) Finance Commission of Indian reports:The original source of reference for all the Finance Commission of India reports in a way, are based on Dr.Babasaheb’s Ph.d thesis, "The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India", written in 1923. The man who started the provision for finance commission every 5 years in the Indian Constitution was none other than Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.9) Reserve Bank of India:The Reserve Bank of India was conceptualized based on the guidelines presented by Dr. Babasaheb to the Hilton Young Commission in 1925. His Ph.D thesis, "The Problem of the Rupee- Its Problems and Its Solution” was the reference tool and guidelines for the RBI Act 1934.10) Minimum Wages:For fixing minimum wages for labour, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was instrumental in drafting legislation on November 28, 1942.11) Coal and Mica Mines Provident Fund:* At the time, Coal Industry played a vital role in our country’s economy. Due to this, Dr.Babasaheb enacted the Coal Mines Safety (Stowing) Amendment Bill for the benefit of the workers on January 31st, 1944.* On 8th April 1945, he brought the Mica Mines Labour Welfare Fund which helped the workers with housing, water supplies, education, entertainment, improvement of educational facilities and standards of living among the workers, including nutrition, amelioration of social conditions and the provision of recreation and transport facilities, the improvement of public health and sanitation, the prevention of disease, the provision of medical facilities.12) Post-war Development of Electric Power in India:For the problems relating to the post-war development, Lord Linlithgow was set up the Reconstruction Committee of Council under the chairmanship of J. P. Srivastava. The Reconstruction Committee of Council was set up five different Reconstruction Committees. Among these committe, (Reconstruction Policy Committee) Public Works and Electric Power was under the chairmanship of Dr. Babasaheb. Problems relating to the post-war development of electric power in India were discussed by the Reconstruction Policy Committee. This Committee studied the problems connected with electric power and to make a recommendation as to the best way of solving them.Dr. Babasaheb emphasized that the country needed “cheap and abundant electricity”, without which no effort for industrialization could succeed and development of irrigation and electric power were essential to raise agricultural productivity.Dr. Babasaheb was instrumental in creating the department of power and advocated autonomous state electricity boards. He was also of the opinion that the central government should have the option to participate directly in the production and supply of electricity. In the early 1980s the concept of regional grids which was suggested by Dr. Babasaheb, was being extended to the creation of national 'Grid System'. His initiatives subsequently led to the creation of a Power Supply Department at the Centre.On October 25, 1943 at New Delhi he said, "I emphasise these considerations because what India wants is an assured supply of power, cheap power and abundant power." He added electricity should be a purely provincial subject. Further, "I make a few observations pointing out the significance of and the ultimate objective that lies behind the need for electrical development in India ? It is necessary that those who are placed in charge of the subject should have the fullest realisation of its significance and its objective. If you agree with me in this I will request you to ask yourselves the question, ' Why do we want cheap and abundant electricity in India ? ' The answer is that without cheap an abundant electricity no effort for the industrialisation of India can succeed. This answer brings out only a part of the significance of the work this Committee has to undertake."13) Indian Statistical Law:In 1942, Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar passed the Indian Statistical Act. Later DK.Paisendry ( Former Deputy Principal, Information Officer, Government of India) said in his book, without Dr.Babasaheb’s Indian Statistical Act he could not formulated the Labor conditions , their wage rates , other Income , Inflation , debt , housing , employment , deposits and other funds , labour disputes.14) Labour Welfare Funds:Dr.Babasaheb set up an Advisory Committee to advise on matters arising out of the Labour Welfare under B.P.Agarkar. Later he promulgated it on January, 1944.15) Technical Training Scheme and Skilled Workers:He was instrumental in set up the best Technical Training Scheme for Workers in India. On August 24, 1944 in Calcutta, " No plan for the future development of the country can be deemed to be complete which does not provide for technical and scientific training. This is the age of Machine and it is only those countries in which technical and scientific training has risen to the highest pitch that will survive in the struggle that will commence when the war is over, for maintaining decent standards of living for their people. The Technical Training Scheme not only maintained but extended all over the country and become a permanent part of the country's educational system".16) Foundation for Water resources and Electricity development in India :Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar laid the foundation for water resources and electricity development, the two sectors which are so crucial for the development of India when he was Member, Labour, Irrigation and Electric Power Department in the Executive Council of the Viceroy during 1942- 1946. His major achievement was the establishment of two technical organizations, presently known as ‘Central Water Commission’ and ‘Central Electricity Authority’, that have contributed for the development of irrigation and power in the country.The proposal for creation of Central Irrigation, Waterways Advisory Board was approved by Dr.Babasaheb in September 1944. Subsequently, it became Central Waterways, Irrigation, and Navigation Commission (CWINC) and was approved by Dr.Babasaheb in April 1945. It became Central Water Power, Irrigation and Navigation Commission (CWPINC) on 16th January 1948 and subsequently it became Central Water and Power Commission (CWPC) in April 1951. It was bifurcated into Central Water Commission and Central Electricity Authority in October 1974.He only created the Central Technical Power Board (CTPB) on 8th November 1944 for power system development, hydro power station sites, hydro-electric surveys, analysing problems of electricity generation and thermal power station investigation which was subsequently merged with CWPINC and became Central Water and Power Commission (CWPC) in April 1951.He laid the foundation for the development of infrastructure in India such as electric power, irrigation, communication, roads and transport services and technical manpower were treated as prerequisites for industrial and agricultural development. He suggested interlinking of major south Indian rivers. He was man of Vision and foresight. While drafting the constitution of India, he has not put water resources and management entirely in the state list but he had concluded this subject under the provision of central control.17) Instrumental in creating the Multi Purpose River Valley Projects and Large Dam Technologies in India:Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar who was the Instrumental in creating the Multi Purpose River Valley Projects and Large Dam Technologies in India. If there any person who played the most central role in introducing large dam technologies and Multi Purpose Projects into India, the person was none other than Revolutionary Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar. According to Petty minded Indians, Dr.Babasaheb is mostly related only with two things. One is ‘Architect of Indian Constitution’ and other as the leader of some particular section. But “Founding Father of Modern India” who contributed in the various field to our nation is totally ignored and hiding.After all how many Indians know Dr.Babasaheb was instrumental in creating and outlined the projects like,1) Damodar Valley project ( the first multipurpose river valley project in India ) in 1944 on the lines of Tennessee Valley Authority,2) Bhakra-Nangal dam ( India's biggest multipurpose river valley project, Highest gravity dam in India ),3) The Sone River Valley projects and4) Hirakud dam ( Longest dam in India )Babasaheb introduced the idea of establishment of Multipurpose river projects in India who was influenced on the lines of Tennessee Valley project. He was the 1st person in India has make effort for the establishment of Damodar Valley project. He was the pioneer of Multipurpose river projects in India.a) Damodar Valley project:Damodar valley is know as 'Sorrow of Bengal' because of the problems of flooding. To tackle the problem Babasaheb had entrusted the work of planning and designing to Central Power Board set up the machinery and directed the planners, engineers who executive the plan prepared under his guidence. Till 1946, the responsiblity for the Damodar Valley project was under Babasaheb. Afterwards the entire work for the dam was given over to Damodar Development Corporation.Here I just extract the address speech of Dr.Babasaheb before the representatives of Bengal and Bihar Governments at a Conference held in Calcutta on January 3 , 1944 to discuss the means and methods for developing Damodar Valley as a Member, Labour, Irrigation and Electric Power Department in the Executive Council of the Viceroy. He said, "The Damodar project must be a multi-purpose project. We intend that it should not only deal with the problem caused by floods, it should also provide for irrigation, electricity and navigation. Along with the question of a site, these matters have also to be examined."On April 23 and 24, 1945 at New Delhi under the Chairmanship of the Dr. Babasaheb, it was Rs. 55 crores recommended to Damodar River Project for starting immediately the construction of the first dam (at Tilaiya). After considering the reports of the central Technical Power Board and the advice of the Tennessee Valley Authority engineers, Ross Reigel and Fred C. Schlemmer, and their associates, Rai Bahadur A. N. Khosia and Mr. M. Narasimhaiya, Chief Engineer, Mysore State, the conference was convinced-of the advisability of pushing forward as rapidly as possible the scheme as a whole. It has accepted the proposal that the dams across the Barakar, tributary of the Damodar, should be at Tilaiya (near Kodarma) and at Maithon, just above its confluence with the main river.b) Multi-purpose Plan for Development of Orissa's Rivers:In 1945, the plan outlined under the chairmanship of Dr.Babasaheb, it was decided to invest in the potential benefits of controlling Odisha rivers particularly Mahanadi for the multipurpose use to conserve water, serve irrigation, generating electric power etc., Mr.B.K. Gokhale, Adviser, the then H. E. to the Governor of Orissa, welcoming the plan outlined by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar to invest in the potential benefits of controlling Odisha rivers particularly Mahanadi for the multipurpose use to conserve water, serve irrigation, generating electric power etc., and said: " Orissa is perhaps the most backward part of India and no single project is likely to do more to improve the conditions of the people than the multipurpose development which we have under contemplation. He outlined the history of Orissa up to modern times. Orissa expected that the thought which had been given to planning and regional development would start her on an era of happiness and prosperity."c) Bhakra Dam project:A major initiative was taken by Dr.Babasaheb when he was member in-charge of irrigation and power during 1942-46 to take concrete steps to see that the Bhakra Dam project should be taken up on priority. An expert from the United States Bureau of Reclamation in 1944 was invited, who after examining the feasibility report recommended that the dam site was suitable for the construction of a dam with maximum reservoir level at 487.68m and suggested further exploration for foundation and abutments. This work was carried out during 1945-46, while Dr.Babasaheb was the Member of Irrigation of the Viceroy’s Council.18) Dearness Allowance (DA)19) Holidays with Pay for Factory Workers20) Health Insurance for Industrial Workers21) The Legal Strike.22) Provident Fund Act.23) Revision of Scale of Pay for Employees.Dr.Babasaheb believe that caste is not merely the division of labour but division of labourers based upon the graded inequality. Further in his ‘Annihilation of Caste’, Volume - I, Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Writing and Speeches, “ In no other country is the division of labour accompanied by this gradation of labourers. There is also a third point of criticism against this view of the Caste System. This division of labour is not spontaneous; it is not based on natural aptitudes. Social and individual efficiency requires us to develop the capacity of an individual to the point of competency to choose and to make his own career. This principle is violated in the Caste System in so far as it involves an attempt to appoint tasks to individuals in advance, selected not on the basis of trained original capacities, but on that of the social status of the parents. Looked at from another point of view this stratification of occupations which is the result of the Caste System is positively pernicious. Industry is never static. It undergoes rapid and abrupt changes. With such changes an individual must be free to change his occupation. Without such freedom to adjust himself to changing circumstances it would be impossible for him to gain his livelihood. Now the Caste System will not allow Hindus to take to occupations where they are wanted if they do not belong to them by heredity. If a Hindu is seen to starve rather than take to new occupations not assigned to his Caste, the reason is to be found in the Caste System. By not permitting readjustment of occupations, caste becomes a direct cause of much of the unemployment we see in the country. As a form of division of labour the Caste system suffers from another serious defect. The division of labour brought about by the Caste System is not a division based on choice. Individual sentiment, individual preference has no place in it. It is based on the dogma of predestination.”The speech delivered by Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar, Member for Labour, at the first session of the Plenary Labour Conference in New Delhi, Monday, September 6 1944:"It will not be enough to make industrial development of India as our goal. We shall have to agree that any such industrial development shall be maintained at a socially desirable level. It will not be enough to bend our energies for the production of more wealth in India. We shall have to agree not merely to recognise the basic right of all Indians to share in that wealth as a means for a decent and dignified existence but to devise ways and means to insure him against insecurity."It is my humble request to those who read it all, please share to everyone. Again I hope it will change in the minds of Indians soon and broad their knowledge about him.*) Hindu Code Bill:Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar resigned from the post of the first Law Minister of India when his noble 'Hindu Code Bill' a women's Rights for Indian Women dropped by then Prime Minister Nehru. But None of the women’s organisation talks about it. The contribution of Dr.Babasaheb for women empowerment in India is totally ignored and hiding. For three years, he fought to get the Bill passed. It was the greatest ever social reform in India. It is nothing but declaration of women rights. It spoke of giving back dignity to Indian women and giving equal rights to men and women. They are Rights to property, Order of succesion to property, marriage, divorce, guardianship. It was by any time a revolutionary measure and first step towards the recognition and empowerment of women in India. By these a women will have property in her own right and able to dispose of her property. The orthodoxy in the ruling party led by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee didn’t allow this bill to be passed. Even the women member Sarojani against for these women rights.