Unit 81: Support Individuals At The End Of Life: Fill & Download for Free

When Qaboos bin Sa’id Al Sa’id came to power on the 23rd of July, 1970 at the age of 29, he inherited a country which at the time had been marred by civil war for over five years. Any sort of modernization was banned by his father the Sultan Sa’id bin Taimur who had been in power since 1932. Infrastructure was not developed save for six miles of road in Muscat and electricity for a few buildings. He was so paranoid about being overthrown that in the end his overthrow came at the hand of his own son who he had placed under house arrest in his palace in the distant southern Dhofari city of Salalah based on that fear four years prior. This was after he had returned after ten years of being away studying in Britain from the age of 16, graduating from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst at the age of 22, serving with the British army in Germany for a year after, then going on a world tour to return to Oman at the age of 26 and finding what he saw unacceptable. Sultan Qaboos had a lot of work to do.Sultan Qaboos in 1970.The civil war in Oman started in Dhofar, a province on the border with Yemen not considered at the time part of Oman proper, but a personal dependency of the Sultan. Qaboos’s mother Mayzun bint Ahmed Al Ma’shani was a native of Dhofar, belonging to the influential Ma’shani mountain (jebali) tribe. Indeed, Qaboos himself was born in Salalah the capital of Dhofar. In 1963, after travelling to meet Omani dissidents abroad particularly in Saudi Arabia in which they were primarily based after the Jebel Akdhar War (1954–59) between the Imam Ghalib bin Ali Al Hina’i of central Oman who sought independence and Sultan Sa’id bin Taimur Al Sa’id; Musallam bin Nufal Al Kathiri founded the Dhofar Liberation Front. The two primary leaders were Musallam bin Nufal himself and Yousef bin Alawi (current Minister of State for Foreign Affairs since 1997). They were inspired by better living conditions and the need for reform of the country through the secession of Dhofar from Oman and they gained much of their early support from Saudi Arabia.A Guerrilla insurgency would break out in 1965 based in the mountains of Dhofar. It intensified when in 1966, there was an attempted assassination on Sultan Sa’id by his own men who rebelled leading him to isolate himself in his palace in Muscat, which led to a full on campaign damaging villages and their wells with little mercy for dissidents captured. This would also worsen the condition of the Sultan’s paranoia and he was seen little outside his palace after the incident, allowing the war to become more nationalist in nature with the rebels accusing the British of ruling through an ineffective sultan. Despite that, a split would begin to form from within the ranks of the rebels. After, the expulsion of the British from Aden in 1967 and the collapse of the South Arabian emirates and sultanates which were previously under British protection by a communist revolution, the Dhofar Liberation Front began receiving support from the newly established People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen). This led to the increased influence of Arab nationalist and Marxist ideologues led by Muhammad bin Ahmed Al Ghassani within the Dhofar Liberation Front and in 1968 the name of the organization was changed to the Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf to reflect its new patronage and wider regional aspirations. Support from the Soviet Union and China began to draw in to the degree the rebels had better arms than the Sultan’s own forces who were still using Second World War era weaponry.By 1969, the Front had occupied almost the whole of the rural mountainous regions of Dhofar north of Salalah. The Marxist-Nationalist radicals within the Front tried to break up the tribal structure in the mountainous regions they occupied, killing tribal sheikhs and their sons and kidnapping children to train in South Yemen and indoctrinate them into their ideology. In 1969 as well, a Baathist-socialist inspired group of Omanis living in Kuwait while meeting in Iraq formed the National Democratic Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Arabian Gulf. They began their military activities in northern and central Oman attacking garrisons in Nizwa and Izki in June 1970, a month before the coup. The group had branches in many major Omani cities, but the attacks failed and almost the entire unit was killed or captured leading to a crackdown on the group with arms caches in Sur and Matrah among other cities between captured. This was the first time the war made it to Oman proper rather than being regulated to Dhofar.A month later in July, with support from the British, Qaboos came to power in a bloodless coup and his father (who accidentally shot himself in the foot during the coup in the palace) went into exile in London and would pass away two years later. The new Sultan offered amnesty to all dissidents at home and abroad after coming to power. He immediately moved into making Dhofar a proper province in Oman and placed Buraik bin Humoud as its first Wali (governor). He began instituting reforms and reshaping Oman into a state with modern institutions. The original elements of the front Musallam bin Nufal and Yousef bin Alawi among others supported the new ruler saying the change in ruler fulfilled the initial purpose of the Dhofar Liberation Front and many rebels would join the new Sultan forming their own units (typically named after Islamic figures in contrast to Marxist figures of the rebels) and used guerilla tactics against their former comrades to combat the remnants of the rebels who were now almost entirely committed by ideology. Though many of the units tended not to fight outside their own tribal grounds and refused to fight in Ramadan entirely.In 1971, the remnants of the two parties the Marxist inspired Popular Front and Baathist inspired National Democratic Front joined to form the Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Occupied Arabian Gulf though having two separate structures. In 1974 after loss of much foreign support the Front once again changed its name and became the Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman. In contrast to another Front that was split by fighters from Bahrain and other parts of the Gulf that became the Popular Front for the Liberation of Bahrain. As a result of reforms, building schools, clinics, digging wells, medical assistance, and other infrastructural developments by the new Sultan using the country’s oil wealth with British support and the transformation of Dhofar from a personal fief to a full-fledged province, as well as an appeal to Islam and traditional tribal values largely rejected by the Marxists, and government distributed radios and the perception that the rebels exaggerated the situation through Radio Aden; the rebels lost much of their support and it continued to dwindle. Omani officers as well were being trained by the British and Pakistani militaries, with every unit having several support officers from particularly the British military.Sultan Qaboos visiting a school for girls in the 1970s.In 1973, further military support came from an Iranian force of 1,200 men with helicopters sent by Shah of Iran. These were bolstered with a further 4,000 in 1974. Jordan also supported the new Sultan through supplying Oman with helicopters. Fighting continued until a final campaign by joint British supported Omani and Iranian forces in October 1975, saw supply lines through the mountains into South Yemen cut off. This came as well after as a result of China’s newly established relations with Iran and its conflict with USSR caused it to cease support for rebels in 1974. By January 1976, the war was declared over with the rebels in the previous months, due to increased pressure, consistent attacks, and the cutting off of supply lines, surrendered or fled to South Yemen for asylum.By end of 1970s, the training of Omani officers allowed Oman to become largely militarily independent with little need for training by foreign officers and the British officers were phased out. Oman embraced the former dissidents and the previous years of war as time went on started to fade and largely become forgotten as a result of Qaboos’s development of the country. Oman joined the United Nations and the Arab League during this time.In 1981, Sultan Qaboos joined Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmed Al Sabah, the Emir of Kuwait, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahayan, Emir of Abu Dhabi and President of the United Arab Emirates, Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Emir of Bahrain, Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of Qatar, and King Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia to form the Gulf Cooperation Council in 1981. With Qaboos being the last of the founders of the GCC to pass away and he will be forever etched in the minds of Gulf citizens as one of the founders of the organization that regardless of differences, further cemented some sort of unity between the six countries and bind them in an alliance against foreign threats.The founders of the Gulf Cooperation Council in their first summit, from the left: Sheikh Khalifa Al Thani of Qatar, Sheikh Jaber Al Sabah of Kuwait, Sultan Qaboos Al Sa’id of Oman, King Khalid Al Saud of Saudi Arabia, Sheikh Zayed Al Nahayan of the UAE, Sheikh Isa Al Khalifa of Bahrain.Throughout the remainder of his reign Oman continued to develop. Oman modernized while holding on to its culture. Qaboos was effective in balancing tradition with development, not mistaking westernization as development. There Maintenance of culture and traditional architecture while modernizing infrastructure. Oman today is a treasure-trove of history and stands out among Gulf States as it does not have any skyscrapers which may ruin the theme of their towns and cities. The cleanliness of Omani towns is unparalleled as well. New buildings and mosques complement old architecture such as the Sultan Qaboos Great Mosque in Muscat; and old towns throughout Oman have been preserved and traditional crafts encouraged. It says alot that the new Sultan Haitham bin Tareq whose name was in the late Sultan’s envelope, was Minister of Heritage and Culture for 18 years before becoming Sultan.Sultan Qaboos in the 1980s alongside Colonel Zayed bin Khalifa Al Jabri.He developed a welfare system for his country which ensures free public education and healthcare for all citizens. In 2003, the literacy rate was 81% but for ages between 15–24 it was 97.28%, by 2018 the total literacy rate became 96%. When there were only 3 schools in Oman in 1970 with only 909 students who were all male, by 1980 there were 373 schools with 106,000 students of whom 35,190 or 33% were female. By 2003, there were 1,022 schools with 576,472 students of whom 279,180 or 48% were female. In 1970, only six miles of road were paved and were limited to Muscat. Today the entire country enjoys modern infrastructure, well developed road networks, and 24 hour electricity covers the whole country. Life expectancy which in 1968 was 48.9 years is today in 2020, 77.95 years a sign of improved health. While in 1970 the infant mortality rate was 152.7 deaths per 1000 births (15.27%) by 2018 it was reduced significantly to 9.8 deaths per 1000 births (0.98%). Nominal GDP per capita in 1970 was a mere 354 US dollars per individual today it is 18,969.99 USD per individual, with GDP in terms of purchasing power parity being 47,366 USD per individual making Oman the 23rd wealthiest country in the world per that regard.In terms of foreign relations, Oman under Qaboos maintained neutrality in almost all regional conflicts from the Iran-Iraq War from 1980–1988 as well as the civil wars that erupted after the Arab Spring. The exception being when fellow Gulf State Kuwait was invaded in 1990 by Iraq under Saddam Hussein. Oman housed Kuwaitis, and sent forces to liberate Kuwait. It was the only time Oman took part in any armed conflict since the end of the rebellion in Dhofar in 1976. This showed where his priorities lay. He treated Kuwait and Kuwaitis as he did Oman and Omanis and sent forces to liberate it as if it was Oman that was invaded. That loyalty will never be forgotten by Kuwait or Kuwaitis. He pursued a policy of mediation, with war and conflict only the last resort if a resort at all. For that the region will remember him fondly as he never intruded in the internal affairs of other countries.From Left: Sultan Qaboos, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad of Iran in a summit in Riyadh, 2007.Sultan Qaboos in his final few years, along with the Emir of Kuwait, Sheikh Sabah Al Ahmed Al Sabah.After the Arab Spring which erupted in 2011, some protests happened in Oman. However unlike those in other states, the protestors in Oman did not demand the overthrow of the government but demanded a solution to the issues of unemployment and better economic conditions. While the protests were dispersed, the Sultan also took the demands of the protestors at heart and initiated limited reforms. In 2014 however he began to encounter some health problems, which would eventually lead to his death in 2020 at the age of 79 after a fifty year reign, the longest serving leader in the region.May God have mercy on Sultan Qaboos, for he may not have had children, but the Omani people became his children. He will be remembered in the world as a peace maker, in the Gulf as a founder and liberator, and in Oman as a father and a the bringer of a golden age. The whole of Oman is the legacy of Sultan Qaboos. From the roads to the streetlights to the architecture to the schools to the hospitals to the security to almost everyone being able to read and write among many other things. May Sultan Haitham bin Tareq be a righteous successor to succeed a righteous predecessor and may Oman flourish under his reign as it did under Sultan Qaboos.

*Edit Nov. 2016. - Everyone at Chengeta Wildlife thanks Brent Noorda for the donation of $100,000! We will use it well. Thanks to Leonid S. Knyshov for the A2A and thanks to everyone who voted for Chengeta. Brent went strictly by the upvotes so you made this happen for Chengeta! Go team!————-You are an amazing person to share your wealth. No matter where you apply your funds I thank you for that.Let me tell you about a nonprofit started here on Quora. Our nonprofit is a perfect example of democratic philanthropy! It was created and is run by scrappy volunteers from all over the world who saw a problem, created a solution and put it into action.In November 2013, I read a Quora answer that ripped at my heart. It was Rory Young's answer about elephant graveyards and poachers poisoning a watering hole and killing hundreds of elephants and many other species of wildlife. After learning more about the explosion of wildlife poaching across Africa, I sent Rory a message asking what I could do to help his efforts against this slaughter.We discussed what was needed and many Quora friends and fans of Rory joined our cause immediately. Volunteers created our logo and other graphics, drafted by-laws, built a website, designed infographics, donated artwork, created fundraising videos, installed a board of directors, held bake sales and so much more. You can read about our efforts on our blog, Quorans For A Cause. We quickly began to raise funds to get the necessary anti-poaching training to Park Rangers who protect wildlife - Rory's specialty. In our short history we have raised over $132k together! At the start some doubters thought raising $5k would be a stretch - hah! :)On February 25th, 2014, Rory and I officially co-founded Chengeta Wildlife, a non-profit based in my home state of Iowa. In the Shona language Chengeta means "to look after or take care of." Our website: Chengeta WildlifeThe problem.Two rangers are killed each week in the line of duty. These men and women are usually extremely knowledgeable about the flora and fauna of the parks, but now as the last line of defense between their ecological heritage and heavily armed poachers, they also need the skills and knowledge necessary to safely arrest heavily armed criminals.Armed militias and international crime syndicates have become heavily involved in trafficking wildlife products, attracted by the relatively easy money to be made. Rhino horn has a higher street value than gold or cocaine.Currently an elephant is killed every 15 minutes and a rhino every 8 hours. Experts caution that these keystone species will become extinct in the wild within 10 years if the killing continues at the current rate!Stripping the land of critical wildlife is devastating to the environment.A light at the end of the tunnel?The world is becoming aware of the poaching catastrophe.The main markets for poached ivory and rhino horn are becoming educated about the blood price that is paid for their ivory trinkets. Billions of dollars have been spent on advertising this information in China. Demand has reportedly fallen a bit.We must protect the remaining wildlife (and rangers) until this madness is controlled.We have a scalable solution.Our proven successful anti-poaching ranger training program is in high demand because it works!During live operations in Nkhotakota, a protected area in Malawi, our trained rangers under Rory's guidance, arrested 81 poachers in just 12 days!The arrests continue after our trainers leave because the rangers have learned everything needed to continue planning and executing successful operations.The rangers don't require drones or other expensive equipment to be successful. We give them all they need to achieve success using their most powerful weapon; their brain!We select the best and brightest rangers to receive additional education so they become the next anti-poaching trainers for their department making our program self sustaining. We create no dependence upon our organization.Short video describing our work.Our training has been implemented in four countries so far with many more asking for our help. We have trained United Nations rangers in Guinea. A portion of that training was underwritten by the European Union. In fact, as I write this, Rory is training another group of UN rangers in Guinea.We are currently contracted by the Malawi Department of Parks and Wildlife to train the government's rangers in all nine of Malawi's national parks and protected areas. We have completed training in five of those areas and are desperately looking for funding so we can do the remaining four in 2016. A bare bones training session costs around $25,000. We pay for all expenses: food for the 30 rangers, vehicles and fuel, repairs for ranger boots and kit, airfare and pay for the trainers etc. A typical training session lasts 30 days.Chengeta Wildlife is staffed by volunteers located around the world. So far all overhead expenses have been covered by board members so 100% of public donations go directly to the ranger training program! Our work has been supported by donations made by individuals from over 26 countries! We are extremely frugal with our limited funds. We wring every last bit of good from each penny donated!Below is a video of the rangers of Liwonde National Park celebrating after they safely arrested many poachers (with no injury to themselves or the poachers) during our in-operations training. They are so grateful and eager to learn all that Rory can share.As of January 1, we have $14,535.07 of funding on hand (I'd be happy to open our books to you or anyone.) $14.5k is not enough for even one training session in Malawi. Your support would mean everything to many passionate people who are giving this fight their all, especially Rory and the other brave rangers who are risking their very lives.I'm available anytime for discussion, I'm sure Rory will say the same when he is back from Guinea. My email address is [email protected] make your life super easy:Wells Fargo Bank N.A. (083)P.O. Box 6995Portland, OR 97228-6995(1-800-225-5935)CHENGETA WILDLIFEBank account number: 6919749165For Direct Deposit useRouting Number (RTN): 091400046For Wire Transfers useRouting Number (RTN): 121000248

In a word? Disappointed.He says some frankly puzzling things which make him sound extremely out of touch with reality, though I have a gut feeling that his words are being taken even further out of context than they are by the Guardian.I’ll quote the points of the article in which I am referencing in this answer to save time for the reader.First Mr Lee’s statements only.Martin Lee, the 81-year-old founder of Hong Kong’s Democratic party, has said there will be more fatalities and protests if authorities try to pass anti-subversion laws“It will result in deaths for sure,” he told the Guardian.News flash old man. They already turned fatal on the 14th of November 2019, when rioters killed a man. Not beat up, not intentionally endangered, straight up manslaughter if not murder. I guess the deaths of the working folk don’t count for these ivory tower idiots.I suppose, in a way, he isn’t wrong if he is speaking of “deaths” in the multiple. Only 1 death has officially been attributed to direct action related to the protests, as of May 2020. Although that undermines the widely maintained protestor belief that “dozens” and “hundreds” have been killed by the HKPF.“China has breached the agreement, not only with Hong Kong but with the international community,” he said, referring to the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, a legally binding treaty registered with the United Nations. “The international community has a moral obligation to speak out.”I wrote an answer detailing the entire Sino-British Joint Declaration before and I’ll put the link here: Qian Xin Yu's answer to Has Communist China breached the Sino-British Joint Declaration by refusing to give universal suffrage to the Hong Kong people?.Mr Lee is a registered barrister as far as I know and I’ll like him to point out what specific clause of the agreement that “China” has violated. I suspect that like the others sympathetic to the rioter cause, he is merely holding onto the SBJD as a shield because it evokes a sort of international importance for them and makes it look like other countries have to, or can, “pressure” China on HK’s behalf.Many of the rights declared most important by these people such as universal suffrage was actually promised by the Chinese government without the British in Basic Law. The myth of the all benevolent British Colonial Overlord who made the evil Chinese promise Hong Kongers rights is a falsification. The British were there. They did manage to rule it quite well and do some good for some of the time they were there, but the rioters have made it into complete fiction by whitewashing (completely denying) the bad parts. I think he actually knows better but is merely following the rioter party line at this point since it would be bad to cede any good deeds to “China”.“They are now completely besieging Hong Kong, they see no need to be courteous,” he said. “They want Hongkongers to be as obedient and subservient as people in any other Chinese city. They want complete control.”I don’t have access to the original Cantonese extract (if the interview was conducted in Cantonese), but the language here, if accurately translated is pure hyperbole and hilarious. HK ISN’T UNDER SIEGE. To claim that it is is frankly insulting to anyone who has lived through the military encirclement of a settlement, or heck, picked up a history book.[Stalingrad 1942/Leningrad 1941/Carthage 149, I sleep. Hong Kong 2019, real shit]The second count is almost as outlandish: If China wanted complete control, there are numerous mechanisms that they could enact to suppress the current unrest.As for wanting Hong Kongers to be more obedient, of course they want them to be more obedient! His younger buddies are throwing Molotov Cocktails and trying to murder people in the streets! That’s called not following the minimums of behaving in a civilised society.“I’m obviously disappointed but this has strengthened my will,” he said. “I won’t give up because we have the moral high ground.”This is the big one here. Really? Mr Lee still has a moral high ground when his movement's leaders apologised for vandalising the “wrong” bank? Is vandalism a reasonable form of protest now? The cognitive dissonance is frankly appalling.It’s equivalent to saying “Oh, sorry we tortured/raped/maimed the wrong person, we meant to do all that to that other person!” I can’t believe this has to be said but TORTURE RAPE AND MAIMING IS WRONG.It’s frankly just unsettling that the mindset that “any and all actions are acceptable against this foe” when the actions in question include things blatantly unacceptable by any person with empathy or common sense.The article goes on to write a whole another bunch of nonsense, but I’m not bothered enough to address that.Now, I have a theory why Mr Lee despite being a barrister, an occupation which is intellectually demanding, and others in Hong Kong could have such illogical positions on this matter. I was watching “The Fundamental Difference Between Stories and Reality” and “Your Life is Not a Hero’s Journey” by Like Stories of Old.It details about how modern literature is permeated with the “democratisation of heroism” where the ordinary is made to be seen as extraordinary in every sense, resulting in the perception that the course of events beyond individuals is made out to be dependent on personal factors because personal “heroic” journeys (like getting the dream job, etc) are being conflated with bigger events.Applying this to the HK rioters and their supporters, I interpreted it to be that every one of them believes that by fighting a little bit harder, a little more extreme whichever way they can, they’ll somehow overcome the (in reality completely overwhelming) odds.LSoO, however, cuts through this perfectly. This is no more than a myth, and the older legends of antiquity were actually more realistic in that only those of special circumstance are seen to do great deeds (Eg. Demigods in Greek mythology slaying monsters, they aren’t exactly human, and are thus able to do things beyond the capabilities of regular humans.)Like all stories those who have lived through the “unknown” reality know differently.The (majority of) Hong Kongers protesting have never seen the reality and downsides of British rule and hence lionize it as a golden age. They’ve never lived through a war (and I pray that they never do, for all their sakes) and liken their street fights as “war”. They’ve never seen how brutal police could actually be and say the HKPF is the worst in the world*.I wouldn’t go so far as to say they’re all sociopathic, willfully ignorant kids who’re trying to play Call of Duty in real life as some others have, but at the end of the day, still disappointed. A few years of work overseas where “hard labour” isn’t counted as “I have to walk 10 minutes from the nearest MTR station with my takeout lunch to get to work” would do the whole lot of them good.Death of Luo Changqing - Wikipedia (Trial ongoing)Like Stories of Old*Just in the same timeframe, the Iraqi protests have accumulated 2000+ protestor deaths compared to all of 0 in Hong Kong. THAT’S police brutality. Surprise surprise little coverage in MSM though, no evil CCP to paint as a bogey man, just a regular, corrupt Western installed democracy.