Set C: Fill & Download for Free

We shall compare the performance of Congress and BJP governments with respect to 14 criteria of economy to understand whether BJP government is better than Congress governments:1) IRRIGATIONCongress - At the time of independence, net irrigated area in India was 19.4 Mha.The Total Irrigation potential created up to 2013-14 was 126.037 Mha (Total Addition 99.98 Mha, leaving 6.657 Mha created during Vajpayee period) through completion of construction of 55 major dams including Tungabadra, Hirakud, Rihand, Bhakra Nangal, Kosi, Chambal, Kakrapar, Nagarjuna Sagar, Idukki, Indira Sagar dam, Tehri and continuing construction of Sardar Sarovar, etc.The percentage of GDP accounted by agriculture in 1947 = 54 %The percentage of GDP accounted by agriculture in 2013 = 17.15%Modi – The Total irrigation potential created up to 2017-18 was 129.231 Mha (addition 3.19 Mha) through completion of construction of Sardar Sarovar Dam, the construction of which started in 1987. The dams which remain unfinished are – North Koel (started in 1972), Polavaram (started in 1980), Icha Dam (at Kuju) (started in 1982-83), Lakhwar (started in 1987), Subansiri and Bham (started in 2007), Pakul Dul (started in Feb 2014), Lower Penganga (contract given in 2013), Virat Sagar, Tuirial Dam. Besides these 10 dams started by previous governments, Modi’s government started Kishau and Vyasi dams. Comparison – Compared to completion of 55 major dams over 59 years by Congress, Modi government should have completed at least 5 dams in 6 years. LOW performance.2) POWER GENERATIONCongress - As on 31-12-1947, the installed Capacity of Hydro, Coal, Gas, Diesel based Power plants were 508 MW, 756 MW, 0 MW and 98 MW respectively.Number of villages to be electrified…………………………..= 593732As on 31-03-2014, the end of Second year of Twelfth 5-year plan, the installed Capacity of Hydro, Coal, Gas, Diesel, Nuclear, RES based Power plants were 40531 MW, 145273 MW, 21782 MW, 1200 MW, 4780 MW and 34988 and additions were 34861 MW, 135424 MW, 17081 MW, 460 MW, 4285 MW and 34262 MW respectively (Not including additions during Vajpayee period).Major power plants completed were Bhakra, Neyveli. Singrauli, Ramagundam and Korba STPSs, Tarapur, Rajasthan, Madras Atomic Power Plants. Farakka, Vindhyachal, Rihand and Unchahar STPSs and Narora Atomic Power Plant. Kahalgaon and Talchar STPSs and expansion of Rihand, Ramagundam, Vindhyachal and Farakka STPSs. Ramagundam, Talchar, Rihand, +, Korba and Farakka STPSs were expanded.No of Villages electrified up to end of Second year of Twelfth 5-year plan in 2014 was 575442 with electrification of 562125 villages during Congress period.Modi - As on 31-03-2019, the installed Capacity of Hydro, Coal, Gas, Diesel, Nuclear, RES based Power plants were 45399 MW, 200705 MW, 24937 MW, 638 MW, 6780 MW and 77642 and additions were 4868 MW, 55432 MW, 3155 MW, 0 MW, 2000 MW and 42654 MW respectively. Major power plants completed were Mauda and Solapur STPSs.No of Villages electrified as on 31-03-2019 was 597464 with an addition of 22022. Comparison – A comparison is not made because after 1991, private sector has also contributed to building power projects, whereas only public sector was building power projects up to 1991. Compared to electrification of 562125 villages over 59 years by Congress, 47637 villages should have been electrified in 5 years. LOW performance3) INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTCongress - Aiming to achieve industrial development in all sectors, requiring heavy investment and technical collaborations with foreign governments and companies, through establishment of Central Public Sector Establishments, 237 CPSEs were established in this period (up to 2014). (Agriculture - 2, Andaman & Nicobar – 1, Atomic - 7, Biotech - 1, Chemicals & Fertilizers – 14, Civil Aviation – 7, Coal - 13, Commerce – 7, Communication – 5, Defence – 10, Development of NE - 2, Electronic - 1, Finance – 6, Food & Public Distribution -3, Health & Fam. Welfare – 2, Heavy Industries – 22, Human Resources – 1, Information & Broadcasting – 2, Information Technology – 1, Mines - 6, Minority Affairs – 1, MSME - 1, Panchayat Raj – 1, Petroleum – 13, Power - 23, Railways – 24, Renewable Energy – 2, Science - 4, Shipping – 6, Social Justice – 3, Space – 1, Steel – 20, Textiles – 8, Tourism – 10, Urban Development – 4, and Water Resources – 2)These CPSEs include 10 MAHARATNA Companies – Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Bharat Petroleum, Oil & Natural Gas Corporation and Indian Oil Corporation, Coal India, Steel Authority of India, NTPC, Hindustan Petroleum Corp., Gas Authority of India, Power Grid Corp. and13 NAVARATNA Companies – Neyveli Lignite Corp., Bharat Electronics Ltd., Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd., Shipping Corporation of India Ltd., NMDC Ltd. And National Buildings Construction Corp. Rural Electrification Corp., National Aluminium Co. Ltd., Oil India Ltd. and Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd. Rourkela, Bhilai, Durgapur, Bokaro steel plants and Mysore Iron & Steel Ltd formed backbone of steel production for modern India, Mahanagar Telephone Nigam, Power Finance Corp., Container Corporation of India Ltd.,.49 MINIRATNA – I Companies including Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers, Bharat Earth Movers, MMTC, Goa Shipyard, Hindustan Copper, Bharat Dynamics, HUDCO, Cochin Shipyard, NHPC, Dredging Corp., MOIL, Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals, Pawan Hans Ltd., and Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency. And Airports Authority of India, Numaligarh Refinery Ltd., Antrix Corp. and Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd and Security Printing & Minting Corp.10 MINIRATNA – II companies.Industrial sector accounted for 31.7% of India’s GDP in 2008 making it a newly industrialized country.Modi – Electric Locomotive Factory and Diesel Locomotive Factory, approved by Manmohan Singh government in January 2014, were incorporated in 2015 in Madhepura and in 2018 in Marhowrah respectively.The 6 CPSEs that remain unfinished are – Dedicated Freight Corridor Corp., (initiated in 2006), HLL Biotech (initiated in 2008), Loktak Downstream Hydroelectric Corp. (started in 2009), Indian Railway Stations Dev. Corp. (started in 2012), Neyveli Uttar Pradesh Power Ltd (started in 2012) and SJVN Thermal Pvt Ltd (started in 2013). CPSEs Disinvested – Modi government disinvested Rs. 180890 Crores from 36 CPSEs started by Congress governments. It is OK to privatize for whatever reason or benefit over economy based on Public sector. But, the 180890 Cr should have been used for creation of new companies with whatever private participation and with government’s own fresh contribution. Then economy will grow and more people will get employment and dividend income will also continue in the future.CPSEs Sold - BJP Government sold Hindustan Teleprinters Ltd., Madras Aluminium Co., Hindustan Steelworks Construction Ltd, Hindustan Zinc, CMC Ltd., Jessop & Co and Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals.But the money received from selling these companies should have been used for creation of new companies with whatever private participation and with government’s own fresh contribution. Then economy will grow; and more people will get employment and dividend income will also continue in the future.CPSEs Liquidated - Narendra Modi government liquidated 14 CPSEs - Tungabhadra Steel Products, Hindustan Organic Chemicals, HMT, Hindustan Cables, Hindustan Photo Films and Instrumentation Ltd Central Inland Water Transport Corp., Project & Equipment Corp. of India, Tamil Nadu Goods Transport Corp. Ltd., Burn Standard Co., Andaman & Nicobar Islands Forest & Plantation Dev. Corp., National Jute Manufacturers Corp., Spice Trading Corp. of India and Tyre Corporation of India from the CPSEs established during Congress period, without trying to improve the performance or for diversification to keep them continue to operate.The Congress governments invested heavily for starting these CPSEs and supported financing each of these CPSEs for 5 or 6 years till they started earning. But BJP governments could not support these CPSEs, even though they are earning on their own.Niti Aayog is only making list of CPSEs to be liquidated or sold or disinvested from. Actually, Niti Aayog should suggest how these loss-making companies can be diversified or upgraded technologically using the land, factory building, trained manpower and machinery. If the machineries cannot be used efficiently, the money received from liquidation should be used to start new company with additional investment from government.Comparison – Compared to 237 CPSEs established by Congress governments over 59 years, Modi government must have started 20 CPSEs in 5 years. BJP government does not want to invest and start any CPSE, which will provide large scale employment and make India a strong self-dependent economy. This government is totally dependent on private and foreign investments. On the contrary, it is bent on selling or liquidating CPSEs, which are national wealth providing regular hefty annual dividends to government. The Internal and Extra Budgetary Resources (IEBR) of the CPSEs provided Rs 6,84,272 crore for XI-5YP. Will the governments not loose this resource, if disinvested? NEGATIVE DEVELOPMENT.4) GDP, PER CAPITA INCOMECongress - India’s GDP at constant (2004-05) prices in 1950-51 – Rs. 2.796 Lakh CrGDP of India (Constant 2010 US $) in 2014 – 2.125 TrillionGDP Per Capita in US $ in 1950 - 61.59GDP Per Capita in US $ in 2014 - 1486.154GDP growth in the Eleventh Plan 2007–08 to 2011–12 was 8 per centThe percentage of population below poverty line reduced from 48.3% in 1977-78 to 37.4% in 1983-84. The percentage of the population below the poverty line declined at the rate of 1.5 percentage points (ppt) per year in the period 2004–05 to 2009–10, twice the rate at which it declined in the previous period 1993–94 to 2004–05.Modi - GDP of India (Constant 2010 US $) in 2014 – 2.125 TrillionGDP of India (Constant 2010 US $) in 2018 – 2.842 TrillionGDP Per Capita in US $ in 2014 - 1486.154GDP Per Capita in US $ in 2019 - 2044.5Comparison – Services sector contribution to GDP gradually increasing from 44.84% in 2008 to 49.13% in 2018, with industrial sector contribution gradually decreasing from 31.7% in 2008 to 26.75% in 2018 (due to IT sector besides banking, insurance, etc.). Software industry was growing at the same rate. Decrease of industrial sector contribution means industrialization is not growing satisfactorily. LOW Performance.5) RAILWAYSCongress - Route Kms Electrified ……in 1951 – 388 Kms………- In 2014 – 21614 KmsRoute Kms Total…………………………..…….in 1951 – 53596 Kms ….. - In 2014 – 65426 KmsRunning Track Kms Electrified ………..….in 1951 – 937 Kms……… - In 2014 – 39661 KmsRunning Track Kms Total……………..…….in 1951 – 59315 Kms…… - In 2014 – 89919 KmsNumber of Stations ……………………..……in 1951 – 5976…………….. - in 2014 – 7112Locomotives (Steam / Diesel / Electric) in 1951 – 8120+17+72; In 2014 – 43+5633+4823Passenger Carriages ……………………….in 1951 – 13022……………....- In 2014 – 50194Wagons ………………….……………..………..in 1951 – 205596 …………..- In 2014 – 252833Modi –Route Kms Electrified -………..………. In 2014 – 21614 Kms………...In 2019 – 34319 KmsRoute Kms Total - ………………….……. In 2014 – 65426 Kms………...In 2019 – 67415 KmsRunning Track Kms Electrified….….. In 2014 – 39661 Kms………...In 2019 – 59412 KmsRunning Track Kms Total -……….…... In 2014 – 89919 Kms………...In 2019 – 95981 KmsNumber of Stations -……………..…….. In 2014 – 7112 …………………. In 2019 - 7321Locomotives (Steam / Diesel / Electric). In 2014 – 43+5633+4823……...In 2019 – 39+6049+6059Passenger Carriages -…………………... In 2014 – 50194 ……….………...In 2019 - 55258Wagons -……………………………..……….. In 2014 – 252833 ……..………. In 2019 – 289185Comparison – A comparison cannot be made as entire Railway system comprising tracks, locomotives and coaches were in Narrow gauge, Meter Gauge and Broad gauge in 1947 and were to be converted to Broad gauge and steam engines are to be replaced by Diesel first and then to Electric locomotives. Let us take EQUAL Growth Rates.6) HARBOURSCongress - In 1947, the only five maJor ports at Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Cochin and Visakhapatnam, were in World war II worn and dilapidated condition were rehabilitated and modernized.Kandla, developed to handle the traffic which was previously handled by Karachi. 4 general cargo berths, an oil jetty, Two petroleum product jetties, a container terminal, fertiliser facilities.Mormugao port, recognised as a major port in 1963, modern ore handling facilities, a general cargo berth, deepening of entrance channel to suit iron-ore carriers of 170,000 DWT.Madras - Outer Harbour, oil-cum-ore dock, container terminals, modern ore handling facilities, deepening of Bharathi Dock, POL facilities, deepening of channel for 170,000 DWT iron-ore carriers, conversion of general cargo berths to handle containers, fertilizer facility.Ennore - a coal and POL deepening of channel for 170,000 DWT iron-ore carriersBombay - Modernization and expansion of the docks, Marine Oil Terminal, 3 oil jetties, Expansion of Ballard Pier, replacement of Pir Pau POL jetty and submarine pipeline between Butcher Island and Pir Pau Jetty.Jawaharlal Nehru Port, Nhava Sheva, the largest container port in India, constructed on 26 May 1989. Extension of container berth by 620 m with additional handling equipmentVisakhapatnam - iron ore handling, 2 fertilizer berths, outer harbour, general-cum-bulk cargo berth, additional POL facilities, deepening of the channel, coking coal berth, bauxite berth.Haldia Dock Complex (HDC) at Calcutta. - Construction and expansion, Coal and iron ore traffic in March 1977. 2 Container handling facilities, additional cargo berths, petroleum product berth.Cochin - open berth, additional dredging to tackle siltation problem, an oil terminal, Petroleum and oil products berth, handling facilities for container traffic, fertilizer berths, deepening of channel, a thermal coal berth.Paradip, the eighth major port - dredging work at Paradip Port, the ore handling plant, 5 general cargo berth, a fertilizer berth with mechanical unloading facilities, thermal coal loading facility, deepening of channel for 170,000 DWT iron-ore carriers were undertaken.Mangalore - inaugurated on 4 May 1974 as all weather major port. container terminal, iron-ore handling facilities, 7 general cargo berths, a crude oil terminal were constructedTuticorin was declared a major port in July 1974. container terminal, Coal Jetty, cargo berths and 2 coal berths,Hazira, Surat, Magdalla; Kakinada, Gopalpur, Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep were enlisted in the Eighth Five Year Plan as proposed new ports.Andaman - development works of Junglighat Harbour in Port Blair, deep water wharf in Campbel Bay have been taken up. Port Blair was declared as India’s 13th Major Port with effect from June 1, 2010.Pipavav was the first private port to come up in 1980.Central Dredging Corporation (CDC) was set up.Up to 1990, Indian major ports were operating as Service Port Model. In October 1996, policies were formed for implementing Build Operate and Transfer basis.Subsequently, over the years all major ports have given their berths on BOT basis. Non-major ports like Mundra, Krishnapatnam, Dhamra and Karaikal bear testimony to successful PPPP model. 48% of EXIM trade was passing through non-major (private ports)JNPT, Chennai, Visakhapatnam and Tuticorin are following landlord port model.The Sethusamudram Corporation Ltd was formed to save up to 424 nautical miles of navigation and up to 30 hours sailing time for ships plying between the east and west coasts.The total cargo traffic of all the ports has grown significantly from a mere 21.75 million tonnes in 1951-52 to 972.63 MT in 2013-14. The total capacity of major ports in 2013-14 was 800.52 MT (Ref 9). The shipping tonnage in 2012 was 11.03 million GT with 1135 vessels.There are also 7 shipyards under the control of central government and 2 shipyards controlled by state governments and 19 privately owned shipyards.There are 16 ship builders in India.MODI - The total cargo traffic of all the ports grew from 972.63 MT in 2013-14 to 1152.03 MT in FY20 (up to Dec 2019). The capacity of major ports increased from 800.52 MT in 2013-14 to 1065.83 in 2016-17. (The capacities of 2017-17 and later have not been considered as port capacities were re-rated based on Berthing Policy). Construction of Southern Oil Jetty (10.00 MTPA) completed in September 2014 at PPT. Development of Dry Bulk Terminal off Terka near Tuna (14.11 MTPA) completed during in 2014 at KPT.Increase in capacity due to deepening and widening of channel (10.20 MTPA) at JNPTIn November 2019, JSW Infrastructure commissioned a new iron ore terminal at the Paradip port in Odisha with a capacity to handle up to 18 MT of cargo per annum.JSW Infrastructure entered into BOT agreement with Paradip Port to operate Paradip port.Adani Port and Special Economic Zone (APSEZ) became the first Indian port operator to handle cargo movement of 200 million tonnes (MT) in 2018-19.Essar Ports Ltd has won the contract for the modernization of 3 ports at Visakhapatnam. It also has signed an agreement to build a port in Gujarat. 71 Public Private Partnership projects are operational for adding capacity of 505.49 MT.Comparison – As port development is taking place fully through private and foreign investment, without any burden on government finance, it is progressing rapidly. Whether the government income has reduced is to be checked. EQUAL performance.7) ROADWAYSCongress - National Highways length increased from 21440 kms in 1947 to 92851 KM in 2014.Surfaced roads mileage increased from 97,500 miles in 1950-51 to 15,17,000 kms in 1995-96.Goods vehicles on the road increased from 81,000 to 25.29 Lakhs and the number of passenger vehicles, i.e., stage carriages, increased from 34,000 to 4.5 lakh in 1998.Village with 1000 + population connected with all-weather roads was 20478 Habitations up to 31 Mar 2007Strengthening weak 2 lanes up to X5YP was 11755.14 Km. Major / minor bridges including ROBs (nos) completed up to 2012 was 1,290 National Highways Development Programme (NHDP) includesFour laning of the Golden Quadrilateral and the North–South, East–West Corridors (NHDP I and II) covering 14488 km; Golden Quadrilateral completed by 30 Apr 2012 was 5840 km + work in progress 6 km; North–South/East–West completed up to 30 Apr 2012 was 6018 KMs + work in progress 691 Kms = 11858 + 697 kmsWidening of national highways to two lanes with paved shoulders under NHDP IV was 42,526 kms up to 2012.Four laning of 12109 km of national highways connecting State capitals and places of tourist importance with the national network under NHDP III; - Widening to four lanes was 18,477 km up to 2012.Ring roads around major towns and bypasses, flyovers, etc. on national highways under NHDP VII completed in X5YP was 32IRQP completed during X5YP was 15326.62 kmsModi – Length of National Highways increased from 92851 Kms in FY14 to 122434 kms in FY19. Length of State highways in March 2020 was 156694 kms. Under PM’s Gram Sadak Yojana, 85% of the total 178184 eligible rural habitations, which were to be connected with good roads, were connected. Special Accelerated Road Development Program was made to connect remote areas in the North East with their state capitals.Comparison - As road development is taking place fully through private investment, without any burden on government finance, it is progressing rapidly. The previous Congress government was also following this practice starting in IX-5YP. It was responsibility of government to provide roads from taxes collected. Now intercity cost of traveling has increased, and intra city time of travel has increased in big cities like Chennai, Bengaluru, etc. due to traffic jam and underdeveloped roads. EQUAL performance.8) AIRPORTSCongress - In 1950, 81 aerodromes were maintained and operated by the Civil Aviation Department.During the first plan, 9 new aerodromes were constructed and two more were likely to be completed by the end of 1956. The Department had taken over some aerodromes from the Ministry of Defence also.4 new aerodromes and gliderdromes were constructed and 4 more were in advanced state of completion during the second plan in pursuance of the general objective of providing aerodromes in the capitals of all States and in other important towns throughout the country.Air India International and the Indian Airlines Corporation, were set up in August 1953. The Indian Airlines linked up most of the principal centres in the country, and its air routes cover a total mileage of 19,985. The Air India provided services reaching out to 15 countries and covering a total route mileage of 23,483.Extensive development works to facilitate the flights of jet aircraft were started in II5YP at Bombay (Santa Cruz), Calcutta (Dum Dum) and Delhi (Palam) airports and completed in III5YP. Extension of existing runways were taken up in many airports including Lucknow, Gaya and Ahmedabad. An airfield was developed for jet operations at Madras.In IV5YP, runways, terminal and communication facilities of Mumbai, Kolkata Delhi and Chennai were developed for wide bodied modern jumbo jets.International Airports Authority of India was formed in 1972 for administration of all airports.Safety oriented and reliable communication, navigation and landing aid equipment were installed during V5YP.Integrated Air Cargo Complexes were developed in many airports in VI5YP. Runways of Varanasi and Kanpur were strengthened for use by bigger aircrafts. International Terminal Complex Phase I, Phase II of New Mumbai, Terminal Complex Phase I of New Delhi and Domestic Terminal Complex of Chennai were started and Mumbai Phase I Complex was completed.The number of Airports and Civil Enclaves increased to 129, of which 23 International, 78 Domestic, 8 Customs and 20 Civil Enclaves at Defence airfields in 2014 (as per Annual Report of Min. of Civil Aviation).Hyderabad and Bengaluru airports were inaugurated in March 2008 and May 2008 respectively.Pakyong Airport in Sikkim, Itanagar Airport in Arunachal Pradesh and Ciethu Airport in Nagaland were planned in XI5YP. 83% of Pakyong airport work was completed in 2014 as told in Lok Sabha on 21 July 2014.Modernization of New Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Bengaluru were taken up through private sector. It was planned to modernize Kolkata, Chennai, 35 non-metro airports and 13 more airports including Jammu, Dehradun, Agaratti and Port Blair were planned to be modernized in next stage.Efforts to build Gauhati, Dibrugarh, Silchar, Agarthala, Shillong, Imphal and Dimapur airports started in XII5YP.Passenger traffic increased to 220 million and cargo traffic increased to 3.3 million MT in 2011.Modi - Airports Authority of India has improved the standard of airports in 23 metros in the past 5 years. More than 30 airports are under development in North Eastern states. Kannur international airport was inaugurated in December 2018. 137 Airports are operating in March 2019. (7 airports made operational in 5 years) Domestic Passenger traffic increased to 274.5 million, international travelers increased to 66.54 million and cargo traffic increased to 3.32 million MT in FY20.Comparison – Compared to about 129 airports developed during Congress period over 59 years, about 13 airports should have been built by Modi government. More airports have gone under private companies like GAAR, GVK, Siemens, L&T, MAYTAS, etc from the hands of Airports Development Authority of India. The loss in income to ADAI / government to be checked. LOW performance on the part of government.9) EDUCATIONCongress - In 1947, the literacy level was 12% of the population of about 340 million or about 41 million people. .INSTITUTIONS ……………………………1950–51 (Actual)………………………2012Numbers ………………………………(i) Primary…………………………………..…..2,09,671…….……………………..…13,04,000….(ii) Middle………………………………………13,596……….……………………..…..1,77,000….(iii) High/Higher Secondary…………….7,288…..………………………….73000 / 25000..(iv) College………………………………….……………………………………………..46430 (2012).(a) Art, Science and Commerce………..548………..………………………....32974 (2011).(b) Professional………………………………..147……..…………………………..…4512 (2007)..(c) Universities/Deemed Universities…28………………………………….…621.. (2011)15 Indian Institutes of Technology in Kharagpur, Bombay, Madras, Kanpur, Delhi, Guwahati and Roorkee, Ropar, Bhubaneswar, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, Jodhpur, Patna, Indore and Mandi were established. BHU was converted to IIT.13 Indian Institutes of Management were established in Calcutta, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Lucknow, Kozhikode and Indore, Shillong, Rohtak, Ranchi, Raipur, Tiruchirappalli, Kashipur and Udaipur28 National Institutes of Technology were established in Raipur, Warangal, Suratkal, Nagpur, Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Srinagar, Bhopal, Allahabad, Calicut, Rourkela, Surat, Jaipur, Kurukshetra, Tiruchirappalli, Silchar, Hamirpur, Jalandhar, Arunachal Pradesh, Delhi, Goa, Manippur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Puducherry, Sikkim and Uttarakhand.Two Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs) at Pune and Kolkata were also set upA new Indian Institute of Information Technology, Manufacturing and Design was established at Jabalpur making it the third institute in the series.Indian Maritime University was established in 2008 in Chennai with campuses in Kochi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Visakhapatnam.Postgraduate and Doctoral programs in engineering were available in 150 institutions in 1996-97.There were 1,740 schools (Kendriya Vidyalayas— 1,092, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas—586 and Central Tibetan Schools—62) directly under the Central Government.2598 Schools were given computers and computer education with the help of 60 training institutes under CLASS program. Improved Pace & Content Learning methodology and Technology Demonstration programs were introduced in 42 districts.Apart from the Indira Gandhi National Open University, there are 13 State Open Universities and 183 other Distance Education Institutions (DEIs) approved by the Distance Education Council.National Council for Educational Research & Training redrew the National Curriculum Framework for classes I – XII.During the Tenth Plan, the share of private unaided higher education institutions increased from 42.6% in 2001 to 63.21% in 2006.Youth literacy increased to 91 per cent in 2009–10 and adult literacy improved to 74 per cent in 2011.The number of institutions grew to 46,430 in 2012. By the end of XI-5YP, the country had 645-degree awarding institutions, 33,023 colleges affiliated to 174 universities and over 12,748 diploma granting institutions. Ninety-eight private State universities, 17 private deemed universities, 7,818 private colleges, and 3,581 private diploma institutions were set up during XI-5YP period.Modi – Indian Institutes of Technology started in Palakkad, Tirupati, Bhilai, Goa, Jammu and Dharwad. Indian School of Mines was converted in to IIT. Indian Institutes of Management were started in Nagpur, Amritsar, Bodh Gaya, Sirmaur, Visakhapatnam, Sambalpur and Jammu. National Institute of Technology was started in Andhra Pradesh.……………………………………………….………2012………..……..….2018-19………….INSTITUTIONS …………………………………………Numbers ………………………….(i) Primary……………………………………..13,04,000………….. 14,67,680 (2016-17)….(ii) Middle…………..………………………….1,77,000……......………………………….(iii) High/Higher Secondary……….…73000 / 25000……..260155 (2016-17) …..(iv) College………………………………….……..46,430………... ……………………….....(a) Art, Science and Commerce…….…32974 (2011)….…….39931………..……...(c) Universities/Deemed Universities….621 (2011)…………...993 ……..……….Comparison – XII-5YP says “While private provision in secondary education should be fostered wherever feasible, the government will have to take the prime responsibility to provide access to disadvantaged sections and to bridge the rural/urban, regional, gender and social group gaps”. Accordingly, the Central Government’s expenditure for secondary education increased from 2,578 crores in 2007–08 to 13,278 crores in 2011–12. BJP government has not done sufficiently in increasing government schools, thereby increasing the ratio of private schools to government schools. As a result, more and more people have to pay exorbitant donations for securing admissions in private schools and colleges and pay higher tuition fees. LOW performance.10) FOOD PRODUCTION, FOOD IMPORT / EXPORTCongress - India produced about 50 million tonnes of food grains in 1947. The foodgrain production was at 50.8 million tonnes in 1950-51In the 1950s the imports averaged about 2.5 million tonnes, rose to 5.6 million tonnes a year in the 1960s The successive drought years of 1965-66 and 1966-67 forced India to import about 10 million tonnes each year under the PL480 to meet its food demand.The Indian Council for Agricultural Research, reorganized in 1965 and 1973, developed new strains of high yield variety seeds, mainly wheat and rice and also millet and corn. New Agricultural Strategy with use of modern technology and inputs like High Yielding Variety (HYV) of seeds of wheat and rice combined with nitrogenous fertilizers and mechanization in areas with assured irrigation and came to be called as the 'Green Revolution'. Double cropping (one in rainy season annually and second phase with water from huge irrigation projects) was also adopted.The food grain production which was at 89.0 million tonnes in 1964-65 reached a level of 108.42 million tonnes by 1970-71, thereby helping India to unilaterally terminate the PL480 agreement. Huge marketable surpluses in food grains helped the buildup of buffer stocks.The Green Revolution, spreading over the period from1967/68 to 1977/78, changed India’s status from a food-deficient country to one of the world's leading agricultural nations.The Green Revolution resulted in a record grain output of 131 million tonnes in 1978/79. Yield per unit of farmland improved by more than 30% between1947 and 1979.In agriculture, the area under high-yielding varieties of food grains increased from 35.2 million hectares in 1979-80 to about 56.0 million hectares in 1984-85.Production of crops (in million tonnes)Year……………………………1950–51……………..2013–14…………………2017–18.Rice……………………………….21……………………….107…………………………113Wheat…………………………… 6 ………………………96…………………………..100Coarse cereals……………….15………………………..43…………………………….47Pulses………………………………8………………………..19……………………………25Total food grains…………….51…………………..265.04 …………………….284.83Oilseeds…………………………..5………..………………33…………………………..31Cotton……………………………..3………………………..37………………….………35Sugarcane………………………57…………………….. 350………………………..377Food grains yield in kg/ Hectare in 2013-14 was 2120Agriculture Exports in 2013-14 was $ 32 Billion / Rs. 262779 CrAgriculture Imports in 2013-14 was $ 16.8 Billion / Rs. 85727 CrModi –a. Food export was $ 38.54 Billion and Food import was $ 20.35 Billion in FY19.b. Food grains yield in Kg/ Hectare increased from 2120 in 2013-14 to 2233 in 2018-19.Agricultural exports as a percentage of agricultural GDP has come down from 13.56% in 2012-13 to 9.90 % in 2015-16. During the same period, Agricultural imports as a percentage of agricultural GDP has also increased from 5.71% to 6.45%.Comparison – The food production has increased at the same rate as it increased from 213.19 MT in 2003-04 to 265.04 MT in 2013-14. But same effort has not been put by BJP government as made by Congress governments. EQUAL performance.11) EMPLOYMENTA. In I-5YP 45 Lakh persons got direct employment in public and private sector jobs.B. In II-5YP, 80 Lakh persons got employment opportunity. Of these 21 Lakhs got jobs in Irrigation and Power projects and Construction activities in Railways, houses and factory buildings, 4.5 Lakhs in Village and Small industries, 4.34 Lakhs in Government jobs, 4.13 Lakhs in Forest and Fisheries and 3.1 Lakhs in Education.C. In III-5YP, 35 lakh persons in agriculture fields and 105 lakh persons in other fields got job. Of these 23 lakhs got job in construction, 9 lakhs in small industries 8.8 lakhs in transport and communication, 7.5 lakhs in business & commerce and 7.2 lakhs in forest and fisheries. This way employment increased to 120.9 lakhs in 1960-61 and 154.6 lakhs in 1965-66.D. In 1983, 16.46 million people were employed in Public sector, 7.55 million in Private sector (total 24.01 million in Organized sector) and 278.74 million in Un-Organized sector (Total employed 302.75 million).E. Integrated Rural Development Program was expected to benefit 1.5 Crores households in 1980-85. 80 Lakhs households were estimated to benefit from Operation Flood II Diary Development Project and 50 lakhs more families from other diary development programs. Between 1980 and 1985, employment was provided for 41.358, 35.452, 35.12, 30.276 and 35.231 Crores man-days under National Rural Employment Program. Overall employment was estimated to have grown from 15.111 Crores in 1979-80 to 18.6705 Crores towards the end of VI-5YP.F. In 1994, 19.44 million people were employed in Public sector, 7.93 million in Private sector (total 27.37 million in Organized sector) and 347.08 million in Un-Organized sector (Total employed 374.08 million).G. In 1997, Total employed persons were 391.3 million.H. National Rural Employment Guarantee Program (NREGP), notified on 7 September 2005 to reinforce the commitment towards livelihood security in rural areas, creates a right-based framework for wage employment programs and makes the government legally bound to provide employment to those who seek it. The NREGP provides a statutory guarantee of wage employment. NREGP guarantees 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to a rural household whose members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.Starting with 200 districts across the country in Phase-I during 2005–06, NREGA was extended to additional 130 districts in Phase-II during 2007–08. From 1 April 2008 onwards, the Act covered the whole of rural area in the country.The IT sector was estimated to employ over 3.08 million people in 2007 and is expected to provide employment opportunity to over 8.73 million by 2012. Employment in various sectors in 2009-10: Agriculture 244.85 million, Manufacturing 50.74 million, Mining 2.95 million, Electricity, Gas and Water Supply 1.25 million, Construction 44.04 million, Services 116.34 million, Total 460.22 million.In 2011–12, nearly 5.00 crore families were provided over 211 crore person-days of work under the program Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. Over the six years period 2006-2012, MGNREGA has generated more than 1,200 crore person-days of work.Modi – Between 2015-19, 1.2 Crores jobs were created per year. The share of regular wage/salaried employees increased from 18 per cent in 2011-12 to 23 per cent in 2017-18.A significant jump of around 2.62 crore new jobs with 1.21 crore in rural areas and 1.39 crore in urban areas in this category.Total formal employment in the economy increased from 8 per cent in 2011-12 to 9.98 per cent in 2017-18. It is not clear how much jobs were created by government programs and how many by private sector.Comparison - The data released by Labour Ministry showed 7.8% of all employable urban youth being jobless, while the percentage for the rural was 5.3% in the period July 2017 to June 2018. This was corroborated by some as 45 year high. (as per Hindu dated 31-5-2019). The number of employees (excluding Casual and Contractual workers) in CPSEs decreased from 13.49 Lakhs in 2013-14 to 10.88 Lakhs in 2017-2018 (19.35% reduction in 4 years). This is partly due to liquidation of 22 CPSEs in the period 2015-18. Rural Development Ministry’s flagship MGNREGA was allocated only 61500 Cr in 2020-21 budget against 71000 Cr spent in 2019-20 (13% Reduction). LOW performance.12) COMMUNICATIONSCongress - Telephone services—The number of telephones in the country increased from 168,000 in 1950-51 to 4.077 Crores telephone connections in 2012. 11000 Rural Automatic Exchanges were operational in 1989-90. International Subscriber Dialing was provided for 178 countries in 1989-90. Subscriber Trunk Dialing was provided to 380 out of the 447-district headquarters. Landline connections decreased from 4.077 Crores in 2007 to 3.217 Cr in 2012 with increased use of mobile phones.Telegraph services—The number of telegraph offices in the country increased from 3600 in 1950-51 to 37000 in 1989-90Postal services—The number of post offices in the country increased from 36,000 in 1950-51 to 1,53,000 in 1996 and they maintained 16.05 Cr PO Savings Bank accounts of Rs 91795 Cr in March,1996. Speed Post was introduced in 1989-90 and Postal Service computerization started in 1989-90.Radio - In the First Five Year Plan, each language area was provided with at least one transmitting station bringing the total number of stations to 26 which was further raised to 28 by the end of the Second Plan. Broadcasting stations increased to 207 and number of transmitters to 393 to render All India Radio Service to 93% of the population by 1989-90.Television service was started in 1959 in Delhi, later it was extended to Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Kanpur and Srinagar. TV Studios increased to 52 and number of TV transmitters to 1400 to offer TV Service to 92% of the population in 2012 spread over 88% of India’s geographical area. More than 800 satellite channels were being offered by 100 Multi System operators, 66000 Cable operators, 7 DTH Operators and several IPTV Services in 2012. There were 13.8 Cr TV Sets, of which 3 crores were viewing Door Darshan programs through antennas, 7.4 Cr were viewing channels though Cable and rest through DTH and IPTV.Optical Fiber System was laid for 519155 Route Kms and Microwave network extended to cover 64507 Route Kms in March 2007. Coaxial system for Trunk Telephone laid for 7000 Route Kms.Arvi Satellite Earth Station for Overseas Communication Service was started in 1971.Mobiles - 36 Mobile operators were given license to provide Cellular Mobile Telephone Services in 80 cities in 1995. Mobile phones services started in 4 metros and 50 more cities in 1996. 91.917 Cr people were using mobile phones in 2012Internet Services - Licenses were issued for Email, voice and data services. DOT and VSNL started to provide internet services in 20 cities in 1996. INET and HV-NET data and voice communication facilities were provided in 95 cities. 1.4 Cr people were using broadband services in March 2012Modi – Broadband - On January 2020, 67.339 Cr people were using broadband. Of this 1.908 Cr people were using broadband service through wired network. Optical Fiber Cable was laid over 14 Lakh Kms across the country.Mobiles – 115.6 Cr people were using mobile phones as on January 2020. Data - 93.65% of the wireless data subscribers were using 4G data in Q2FY20. Cable TV – Complete cable TV network was digitized by July 2019. TV Sets – 19.7 Cr houses had TV sets in 2018. Online video streaming increased due to increasing geographical coverage of high-speed data, increasing smartphone and affordable data charges.Comparison – In the case of TV broadcast, the entire infrastructure was made by Congress governments and 92% of population were already enjoying TV service by 2012. The infrastructure for mobile service, internet, broadband, data were made by private operators. LESS significant effort on the part of BJP government in comparison.13) HOUSINGa. During I-5YP, 7.42 Lakh houses were constructed under government programs, 6 Lakh houses under private sector and 0.4 Lakh houses under Subsidized Industrial Housing Scheme.b. During II-5YP, under various housing schemes and the construction programs of Ministries, 5 Lakh houses were constructed. For employees of factories set up in Sindri, Durgapur, Bhilai, Rourkela, Chittaranjan and Neyveli integrated townships with all facilities like schools, hospitals, shops, etc. were constructed. 0.53 Lakh houses were built under Housing for Low Income Groups.c. During III-5YP, Ministries of Railways, Communications, Commerce & Industry planned to construct 3 Lakh houses for their employees. Under various housing schemes and the construction programs of Ministries, 9 Lakh houses were planned to be constructed.d. 407450 Houses were constructed before 1968-69 under Subsidized Housing Scheme, Scheme for Industrial workers & Economically Weaker Sections, Slum Clearance, Low Income Group, Middle Income Group and Rental Housing Schemes for State Employees.e. During VI-5YP, 72260 houses under Subsidized Industrial Housing Scheme, 65132 houses under LIG Housing Scheme, 33111 houses under MIG plan, 159522 houses under Village Housing Scheme and 33108 houses under Rental Housing Scheme were constructed. 54.3 Lakh village house sites were allotted. By July 1980, HUDCO had sanctioned 1274 schemes in 319 towns and cities in 17 States and 4 Union Territories involving loan assistance for construction of about 6.8 lakh dwelling units and about 62,000 developed plots and a number of shops and commercial complexes.f. In VII-5YP, 43.2 Lakhs house sites were allotted and 22.5 households given aid for construction of houses under Minimum Needs Program. Under Indira Awas Yojana 6.87 Lakhs SC / STs were provided dwelling units Resources and Information. this period. From 21.5 Lakhs of houses for which loans were sanctioned by HUDCO, 16 Lakh houses were constructed before June 1991. 7.14 Lakh houses for Economically Weaker Section and 1.67 Lakh houses for LIG were constructed under 20 Point Program. 26200 Platform dwellers were provided residential accommodation. 2.3 Lakhs houses were constructed under Cooperative Housing Schemes.g. Between 1991-2001, 1.952 Cr urban houses were constructed. (P 407 Eleventh Plan). National Slum Development Program was started in 1996. Plan to build houses for Beedi workers and hamals was started under Economically Weaker Section Housing Scheme.h. Under Bharat Nirmaan plan, 28.69 Lakh houses were constructed for BPL families. Between 2006-07 and 2011-12, 1.2456 houses were constructed under Indira Awas Yojana. (Page 307, Vol 2, Twelfth Plan) 6.2 Lakh dwelling units were constructed till March 2012 under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (BSUP & IHSDP). Under the Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY), subsidy was released for construction of 459728 dwelling units and 65580 toilet seats since the inception of the scheme up to 2005–06.Modi - Under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban), Government has sanctioned more than 96.50 lakh houses and under PMAY(U) approved 606 proposals for the construction of 3,31,075 housesComparison - LOW performance14) IMPORT / EXPORT, FOREIGHN EXCHANGE RESERVEIn US $ Million …..Exports……….Imports………FE Reserve1950-51………………1269…………..1273…………..19141960-61………………1346…………..2353…………….3901970-71………………2031…………..2162…………….5841980-81………………8486………….15869…………..58501990-91……………..18143…………24075…………..22361995-96……………..32699…………36592………….216872003-04……………..59361………….72431………..1129592013-14……………336611…………466046……….304223 (Mar 2014)2019–20……………528450…………598610……….493480 (May 2020)IT-ITES Exports – US $ 69 Billion in 2011-12Modi –The merchandise export stood at US$ 314.31 billion in 2019-20, while that for import touched US$ 467.19 billion in the same period.The estimated value of services export and import for 2019-20 stood at US$ 214.14 billion and US$ 131.41 billion, respectively.Comparison – The import remains higher than exports. The services / ITES Exports have increased from US $ 69 Billion in 2011-12 to US $ 214.14 Billion in 2019-20, where as the ratio of merchandise to services export has reduced from about 3.88:1 to 1.46:1. This implies that merchandise export has reduced very much, which may become a concern if software exports reduce in the future. On the foreign exchange reserve, we have to keep in mind the remittance by NRIs to India, which was US $ 83 Billion in 2019, also constitutes a significant part. EQUAL performance.Comparison on above 14 criteria of Economy shows that BJP government is not performing better than Congress governments.References:1) Chapter III Irrigation Development in Indiahttps://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/81241/11/11_chapter%203.pdf2) Growth of Electricity Sector in India from 1947 – 2017http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/planning/pdm/growth_2019.pdf3) Hindustan Times dated 15-8-2017 India at 70: The good and bad of India’s growth story.4) GDP (constant 2010 US$) - India4) GDP (constant 2010 US$) - India5) India GDP per Capita6) http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/downloads/Data_Bank.pdf7) http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Year_Book/Summery%20sheet%20Annual%20Report%20English_2018-19.pdf8) https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15155/10/11_chapter%202.pdf9) http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/ch22.pdf10) https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/IND/Year/1995/SummaryText