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GODHRAThe Godhra Train Burning was an incident that occurred on the morning of 27 February 2002, in which 59 people died in a fire inside the Sabarmati Express train near the Godhra railway station in the Indian state of Gujarat.[1][2]The victims were Hindu pilgrims who were returning from the city of Ayodhya after a religious ceremony at the disputed Babri Masjid site.[3]The commission set up by the Government of Gujarat to investigate the train burning spent 6 years going over the details of the case, and concluded that the fire was arson committed by a mob of 1,000 to 2,000 people.[4]A commission appointed by the central government, whose appointment was later held to be unconstitutional, stated that the fire had been an accident.[5]A court convicted 31 Muslims for the incident and the conspiracy for the crime.[6]The conviction was later upheld by the Gujarat High Court.[7][8][9][10]Commission Report)EditThe incident is said to have taken place a short distance from Godhra JunctionGodhra Train BurningLocationGodhra, Gujarat, IndiaCoordinates22°45′48″N 73°36′22″EDate27 February 20027:43 a.m.Deaths59Injuries48The event is widely perceived as the trigger for the Gujarat riots that followed, which resulted in widespread loss of life, destruction of property and homelessness. Estimates of casualties range from the official figures of 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus,[11]to upwards of 2,000 casualties.[12]https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhra_train_burningGodhra train burning - WikipediaForensic Science Laboratory ReportEditA study conducted by the Gujarat Forensic Science Laboratory report states that 60 liters of inflammable liquid had been poured into coach S-6 of the train using a wide-mouthed container. It had been poured by standing on the passage between the northern side-door of the eastern side of the coach, which had been set on fire immediately thereafter. The report also concluded that there had been heavy stone pelting on the train.[19][20]Nanavati-Mehta commissionEditMain article: Nanavati-Mehta commissionAppointmentEditOn 6 March 2002 the Gujarat government set up a commission of inquiry to investigate the incident and submit a report, the chairman and sole member of which was retired Gujarat High Court judge K G Shah.[21]However, Shah's alleged closeness to Narendra Modi generated fierce criticism from the victims, human rights organisations, and political parties, and led to a demand for the appointment of a Supreme Court judge to the commission. As a result, the government reconstituted the commission into a two-member committee, appointing retired Supreme Court judge G T Nanavati to lead the commission, which thus became known as the "Nanavati-Shah Commission".[22]Shah died in March 2008, just a few months prior to the committee submitting its first report, and the Gujarat High Court then appointed retired judge Akshay Kumar Mehta to the committee on 6 April 2008.[23]The commission, during its six-year probe, examined more than 40,000 documents and the testimonies of more than 1,000 witnesses.[24]The initial term of the committee was three months long; however, it received 22 extensions, till June 2014, to submit its final report.[25][26]ReportEditIn September 2008, the commission submitted the "Part I" of the report dealing with the Godhra incident, in which it supported the conspiracy theory originally propounded by the Gujarat police.[5]Maulvi Husain Haji Ibrahim Umarji, a cleric in Godhra, and a dismissed Central Reserve Police Force officer named Nanumiyan were presented as the "masterminds" behind the operation.[27]The evidence marshalled by the committee in favour of this conclusion was a statement made by Jabir Binyamin Behra, a criminal in custody at the time, although he later denied giving any such statement.[28]In addition, the alleged acquisition of 140 litres of petrol hours before the arrival of the train and the storage of the petrol at the guest house of Razzak Kurkur, accused of being a key conspirator, and forensic evidence showing that fuel was poured on the train coach before it burnt, was presented by the committee.[27]The report concluded that the train was attacked by thousands of Muslims from the Signal Falia area.[29][30]ReactionsEditThe Communist Party of India (Marxist) and the Indian National Congress objected to the exoneration of the Gujarat government by the commission citing the timing of the report (with general elections months away) as evidence of unfairness. Congress spokesperson Veerappa Moily commented at the strange absolvement of the Gujarat government for complacency for the carnage before the commission's second and final report had been brought out. The CPI(M) said that the report reinforced communal prejudices.[31]The commission has been heavily criticised by academics such as Christophe Jaffrelot for obstructing the course of justice, supporting the conspiracy theory too quickly, and for allegedly ignoring evidence of governmental complicity in the incident.[32][33]Banerjee investigationEditAppointment and ReportEditJustice U.C. Banerjee, presenting the final report of enquiry on Godhra fire incident to the Chairman of the Railway Board, J.P. Batra, in New Delhi in 2006On 17 May 2004, with the victory of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) in the Indian general election, Lalu Prasad Yadav was appointed railway minister. In September 2004, two and half years after the train burning, Yadav appointed former Supreme Court Justice Umesh Chandra Banerjee to investigate the incident. In January 2005 Banerjee presented his interim report, which tentatively ascribed the fire as an "accidental fire," after ruling out other theories. He cited a forensic report stating that the injuries on the victims were only compatible with an "internal fire." The report was also critical of the railways' handling of the evidence relevant to the case.[34][35][36]High Court judgmentEditBanerjee's findings were challenged in the Gujarat High Court by Neelkanth Tulsidas Bhatia, who was injured in the incident. In October 2006, the court quashed the conclusions of Banerjee and ruled that the investigation was "unconstitutional, illegal and null and void", declared its formation to be a "colourable exercise of power with mala fide intentions", and its argument of accidental fire "opposed to the prima facie accepted facts on record." The High Court also directed that the report should not be tabled in the Parliament.[37][38][39][40][41][42][43]ReactionsEditThe BJP, which was then in opposition in the union parliament, dismissed the report as an attempt to gain an advantage in the Bihar elections which were to be held soon.[44]It welcomed the High Court judgement, saying that it was a setback for the Congress.[45]Lalu Prasad Yadav, then the minister for railways, cited the report as proof that the Narendra Modi government had organized the riots that followed, and called it an exposure of the BJP.[44]ArrestsEditBy 28 February 2002, 51 people had been arrested for the incident on charges of arson, rioting and looting.[46]One of the alleged organisers of the attack was arrested in West Bengal. West Bengal's Chief Secretary, Sourin Roy, said the detainee was a commander of the Muslim radical group Harkat-ul Jehad-e-Islami, who was allegedly attempting to enter Bangladesh.[citation needed]On 17 March 2002, chief suspect Haji Bilal, a local town councillor and a Congress worker,[47]was captured by an anti-terrorist squad in Godhra. The FIR had alleged that a 1540-strong mob attacked the Sabarmati Express on 27 February, minutes after the delayed train left the Godhra station on the day of the incident. The president of Godhra municipality, Mohammed Hussain Kalota, was arrested in March. Others arrested included corporators Abdul Razak and Shiraj Abdul Jamesha. Bilal was also alleged to have a connection with gang leader Latif and was reported to have visited Karachi in Pakistan several times.[48][49]The charge-sheet filed by the SIT before first class railway magistrate P. K. Joshi, which ran to more than 500 pages, stated that 59 people were killed in the S-6 coach of Sabarmati Express when a mob of around 1540 unidentified people attacked it near Godhra railway station.[50][51]The 68 people accused in the charge-sheet included 57 accused of stoning and torching the train. The charge-sheet also stated that a mob attacked the police, prevented the fire brigade from approaching the burning train, and stormed the train for a second time. 11 others were charged with being part of this mob.[52]Initially, 107 people were charged, five of whom died while the case was still pending in court. Eight others were juveniles, who were tried by a separate court. As many as 253 witnesses were examined during the trial and over items of 1500 documentary evidences were presented to the court.[53]On 24 July 2015, the prime accused in the Godhra case, Hussain Suleman Mohammad, was arrested by the Godhra crime branch from Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh.[54]On 18 May 2016, a heretofore missing `conspirator' of the event, Farooq Bhana, was Arrested from Mumbai by Gujarat Anti-Terrorist Squad (ATS).[55]On 30 January 2018, Yakub Pataliya (63) was arrested from Godhra by a team of B Division police in the town after they received a tip-off that he was spotted in a locality.[56]Prevention of Terrorism Act and trialEditOn 3 March 2002, The Prevention of Terrorism Ordinance was invoked against all the accused which was later suspended due to pressure from the Central government. On 9 March 2002, Police added Criminal Conspiracy to the charges. In May 2003, the first charge sheet was filed against 54 accused, but they were not charged under the Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA became an Act as it was cleared by Parliament). In February 2003, the POTA was re-invoked against all the accused after the BJP retained control of the Gujarat legislature in the 2002 assembly elections.[57][58]In November 2003, the Supreme Court of India put a stay on the trial. In 2004, the POTA was repealed after the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) came to power, prompting it to review the invocation of the POTA against the accused. In May 2005, the POTA review commission decided not to charge the accused under POTA. This was later unsuccessfully challenged by a relative of the victim before the Gujarat High Court and later on appeal before Supreme Court. In September 2008, the Nanavati Commission submitted its report on the incident.[57]In 2009, after accepting the report of the Special Investigation Team (SIT) appointed by it, the court appointed a special fast-track court to try the case along with 5 other fast track courts established to try the post-incident riots. The bench hearing the case also said that public prosecutors should be appointed in consultation with the SIT chairman. It ordered that the SIT would be the nodal agency for deciding about witness protection and also asked that it file supplementary charge sheets and that it may cancel the bail of the accused.[59]More than 100 people were arrested in relation to the incident. The court was set up inside the Sabarmati Central Jail, where almost all of the accused were confined. The hearing began in May 2009.[60]Additional Sessions Judge P R Patel was designated to hear the case.In May 2010, Supreme Court restrained the trial courts from pronouncing judgement in nine sensitive riot cases, including Godhra train incident. The trial was completed in September 2010; however, the verdict could not be delivered because of the Supreme Court stay.[53]The stay was lifted in January 2011 and the judge announced that he shall pronounce the judgement on 22 February 2011.[57]Court verdictEditIn February 2011, the trial court convicted 31 people and acquitted 63 others, saying the incident was a planned conspiracy. The convictions were based on the murder and conspiracy provisions of Sections 302 and 120B of the Indian Penal Code respectively and under Sections 149, 307, 323, 324, 325, 326, 332, 395, 397, and 436 of the Code and some sections of the Railway Act and Police Act.[51]The death penalty was awarded to 11 convicts; those believed to have been present at a meeting held the night before the incident where the conspiracy was formed, and those who, according to the court, had actually entered the coach and poured petrol before setting it afire. Twenty others were sentenced to life imprisonment.[61][62]Maulvi Saeed Umarji, who was believed by the SIT to be the prime conspirator, was acquitted[51]along with 62 other accused for lack of evidence.[63]The convicted filed appeals in the Gujarat High Court. The state government also challenged the trial court's decision to acquit 61 persons in the High Court and sought death sentences for 20 convicts awarded life imprisonment in the case.[64]Gujarat High Court verdictEditGujarat High Court changed the death sentence of 11 accused to life imprisonment.[65]All 31 accused found guilty in 2011 were given life imprisonment.[66]63 accused who were acquitted in 2011 by trial court, were acquitted once again by high court.[67]The court asked the state government and railways to pay 10 lakh compensation to the victims.[68]Reactions to the SIT investigationEditBJP spokesperson Shahnawaz Hussain stated, "The theory propagated by the (central) government and some NGOs (Non-Governmental Organization) has been proved wrong...."[69]Law Minister Veerappa Moily (a Congress Party member) said it was premature to comment and that the courts will take their own course.[70][71]R. K. Raghavan, who was the head of the Special Investigating Team, said he was satisfied with the verdict. BJP spokesperson, Ravi Shankar Prasad said the verdict had exposed the nefarious designs of the UPA government which tried to cover up the entire episode.[70]In popular cultureEditChand Bujh Gaya, a 2005 film, uses the Godhra train burning incident as the background for a love story.[72]The 2013 film Kai Po Che had the Gujarat riots as a backdrop for the main narrative. It was based on the novel The 3 Mistakes of My Life written by Chetan Bhagat.The 2003 documentary Final Solution depicts the train burning and the Gujarat riots that followed.This is a shameful part of the History of India and Gujrat. It severally affected the image of Sri Narendra Modi.Proper inquiry and jurisdiction of case is not dilivered and many charges have been withdrawn from the accused.Mr Vajpayee told Sri Narendra Modi to follow Rajdharma because of this incident. Some bjp want Me Modi to resign.No charges have been proven against Me Modi or Sri Amit Shah ji.2002 Gujarat riotsMain article: 2002 Gujarat riotsOn 27 February 2002, a train with several hundred passengers burned near Godhra, killing approximately 60 people.[e]The train carried a large number of Hindu pilgrims returning from Ayodhya after a religious ceremony at the site of the demolished Babri Masjid.[85][86]In making a public statement after the incident, Modi declared it a terrorist attack planned and orchestrated by local Muslims.[5][85][87]The next day, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad called for a bandh across the state.[88][89]Riots began during the bandh, and anti-Muslim violence spread through Gujarat.[85][88][89]The government's decision to move the bodies of the train victims from Godhra to Ahmedabad further inflamed the violence.[85][90]The state government stated later that 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed.[91]Independent sources put the death toll at over 2000.[85][92]Approximately 150,000 people were driven to refugee camps.[93]Numerous women and children were among the victims; the violence included mass rapes and mutilations of women.[4]The government of Gujarat itself is generally considered by scholars to have been complicit in the riots,[3][4][5]and has otherwise received heavy criticism for its handling of the situation.[94]Several scholars have described the violence as a pogrom, while others have called it an example of state terrorism.[95][96][97]Summarising academic views on the subject, Martha Nussbaum said: "There is by now a broad consensus that the Gujarat violence was a form of ethnic cleansing, that in many ways it was premeditated, and that it was carried out with the complicity of the state government and officers of the law."[4]The Modi government imposed a curfew in 26 major cities, issued shoot-at-sight orders and called for the army to patrol the streets, but was unable to prevent the violence from escalating.[88][89]The president of the state unit of the BJP expressed support for the bandh, despite such actions being illegal at the time.[5]State officials later prevented riot victims from leaving the refugee camps, and the camps were often unable to meet the needs of those living there.[98]Muslim victims of the riots were subject to further discrimination when the state government announced that compensation for Muslim victims would be half of that offered to Hindus, although this decision was later reversed after the issue was taken to court.[99]During the riots, police officers often did not intervene in situations where they were able.[4][87][100]In 2012 Maya Kodnani, a minister in Modi's government from 2007 to 2009, was convicted by a lower court for participation in the Naroda Patiya massacre during the 2002 riots.[101][102]Although Modi's government had announced that it would seek the death penalty for Kodnani on appeal, it reversed its decision in 2013.[103][104]On 21 April 2018, the Gujarat High Court acquitted Kodnani while noting that there were several shortfalls in the investigation.[105]Modi's personal involvement in the 2002 events has continued to be debated. During the riots, Modi said that "What is happening is a chain of action and reaction."[4]Later in 2002, Modi said the way in which he had handled the media was his only regret regarding the episode.[106]In March 2008, the Supreme Court reopened several cases related to the 2002 riots, including that of the Gulbarg Society massacre, and established a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to look into the issue.[94][107][108]In response to a petition from Zakia Jafri (widow of Ehsan Jafri, who was killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre), in April 2009 the court also asked the SIT to investigate the issue of Modi's complicity in the killings.[107]The SIT questioned Modi in March 2010; in May, it presented to the court a report finding no evidence against him.[107][109]In July 2011, the court-appointed amicus curiae Raju Ramachandran submitted his final report to the court. Contrary to the SIT's position, he said that Modi could be prosecuted based on the available evidence.[110][111]The Supreme Court gave the matter to the magistrate's court. The SIT examined Ramachandran's report, and in March 2012 submitted its final report, asking for the case to be closed. Zakia Jaffri filed a protest petition in response. In December 2013 the magistrate's court rejected the protest petition, accepting the SIT's finding that there was no evidence against the chief minister.[112]2002 electionIn the aftermath of the violence there were widespread calls for Modi to resign as chief minister from within and outside the state, including from leaders of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the Telugu Desam Party (allies in the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance coalition), and opposition parties stalled Parliament over the issue.[113]Modi submitted his resignation at the April 2002 BJP national executive meeting in Goa, but it was not accepted.[114]His cabinet had an emergency meeting on 19 July 2002, after which it offered its resignation to the Gujarat Governor S. S. Bhandari, and the state assembly was dissolved.[115][116]Despite opposition from the election commissioner, who said that a number of voters were still displaced, Modi succeeded in advancing the election to December 2002.[117]In the elections, the BJP won 127 seats in the 182-member assembly.[118]Although Modi later denied it, he made significant use of anti-Muslim rhetoric during his campaign,[119][120][121][122]and the BJP profited from religious polarisation among the voters.[117]He won the Maninagar constituency, receiving 113,589 of 154,981 votes and defeating INC candidate Yatin Oza by 75,333 votes.[123]On 22 December 2002, Bhandari swore Modi in for a second term.[124]Modi framed the criticism of his government for human rights violations as an attack upon Gujarati pride, a strategy which led to the BJP winning two-thirds of the seats in the state assembly.[3][119]Second termDuring Modi's second term the rhetoric of the government shifted from Hindutva to Gujarat's economic development.[78][3][119]Modi curtailed the influence of Sangh Parivar organisations such as the Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (BKS) and the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP),[125]entrenched in the state after the decline of Ahmedabad's textile industry,[78]and dropped Gordhan Zadafia (an ally of former Sangh co-worker and VHP state chief Praveen Togadia) from his cabinet. When the BKS staged a farmers' demonstration Modi ordered their eviction from state-provided houses, and his decision to demolish 200 illegal temples in Gandhinagar deepened the rift with the VHP.[125][126]Sangh organisations were no longer consulted or informed in advance about Modi's administrative decisions.[125]Nonetheless, Modi retained connections with some Hindu nationalists. Modi wrote a foreword to a textbook by Dinanath Batra released in 2014, which stated that ancient India possessed technologies including test-tube babies.[127][128]Modi's relationship with Muslims continued to attract criticism. Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee (who asked Modi for tolerance in the aftermath of the 2002 Gujarat violence and supported his resignation as chief minister)[129][130]distanced himself, reaching out to North Indian Muslims before the 2004 Lok Sabha elections. After the elections Vajpayee called the violence in Gujarat a reason for the BJP's electoral defeat and said it had been a mistake to leave Modi in office after the riots.[131][132]Questions about Modi's relationship with Muslims were also raised by many Western nations during his tenure as chief minister. Modi was barred from entering the United States by the State Department, in accordance with the recommendations of the Commission on International Religious Freedom formed under the aegis of the International Religious Freedom Act,[133][134]the only person denied a US visa under this law.[135]The UK and the European Union refused to admit him because of what they saw as his role in the riots. As Modi rose to prominence in India, the UK[136]and the EU[137]lifted their bans in October 2012 and March 2013, respectively, and after his election as prime minister he was invited to Washington.[138][139]During the run-up to the 2007 assembly elections and the 2009 general election, the BJP intensified its rhetoric on terrorism.[140]In July 2006, Modi criticised Prime Minister Manmohan Singh " for his reluctance to revive anti-terror legislation" such as the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act. He asked the national government to allow states to invoke tougher laws in the wake of the 2006 Mumbai train bombings.[141]In 2007 Modi authored Karmayog, a 101-page booklet discussing manual scavenging. In it, Modi argued that scavenging was a "spiritual experience" for Valmiks, a sub-caste of Dalits.[142][143]However, this book was not circulated that time because of the election code of conduct.[144]After the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, Modi held a meeting to discuss the security of Gujarat's 1,600-kilometre (990 mi)-long coastline, resulting in government authorisation of 30 high-speed surveillance boats.[145]In July 2007 Modi completed 2,063 consecutive days as chief minister of Gujarat, making him the longest-serving holder of that post,[146]and the BJP won 122 of 182 state-assembly seats in that year's election.[147]Mr. Modi profited from Godhra train burning in 2002 election. It dark chapter in his career. Sorry but it is true.Source ( Wikipedia)

Because of computer issues I posted my abridged comment.This is my unabridged report based upon the article and links I've read that are posted at the end for referrences:Thorium is the future of nuclear power IF nuclear power is in our future. (And I do not see this form of power leaving us any time soon)Thorium is said to be more plentiful (estimated more than 3 times as plentiful) than uranium. It is found in a rare earth phosphate called monazite, thorite and a host of other sources which are located in igneous rock deposits. This makes thorium easy to find. Thorium produces more energy than uranium (at least 250 times more per unit than uranium). "About 100 grams, or 8 tablespoons, of thorium could provide the energy used by an American during his or her lifetime, Kirk Sorensen, chiefnuclear technologist at Teledyne Brown Engineering, said in a 2009 presentationat Google." Because of thorium’s ability to produce more energy than uranium and plutonium, less thorium would be required to be kept on hand at reactors posing less of a security risk for theft at actual nuclear power plants.Thorium nuclear plants [or Molten Salt reactors (MSR) or Thorium-fueled Molten Salt Reactors (TMSR) or Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactors (LFTR) – All these being different generations of thorium based reactors and there are more] are chemically stable using thorium dissolved in sodium fluoride salt. This chemical combination heats to extremely high temperatures and at low pressure so there is no chance of high pressure explosions as in current nuclear reactors.“Molten salt reactors are also highly self-controlled.” When the salt fluid heats, it expands, allowing less fuel to reach the core. This causes the nuclear reaction to slow. As the salt fluid cools, it becomes more dense, which allows fuel to reach the core initiating an increase in the nuclear reaction. If thorium reactors were to havea power failure, a frozen salt plug at the base of the reactor would meltallowing all of the salt fuel to drain into “subcritical geometry in a catchbasin.” The reaction would eventually shut itself down.Thorium nuclear reactors produce far less radioactive waste and this waste lasts a few hundred years in comparison to uranium’s and plutonium’s thousands of years."Thorium by itself cannot start or sustain a nuclear chain reaction that generates power. Uranium-235 or plutonium-239 is needed to kick-start the reaction until enough of the thorium has converted into uranium-233. A critical mass of uranium-233 can then sustain the chain reaction." "That starter requirement offers a way to neutralize some stockpiles of plutonium, according to some advocates of thorium-fueled nuclear power." ["If you put weapons-grade plutonium in [the reactor], you can transmute it into a form where it's not usable," said Jim Hedrick, a thorium expert formerly with the U.S. Geological Survey.]“Thorium is a naturally occurring, slightly radioactive metal discovered by the Swedish chemist Jons Jakob Berzelius in 1828.” Thorium-232 has a half life of about 3 times the age of the earth but other thorium isotopes are far less radioactive, with decay lasting a few hundred years. Raw thorium is air stable and takes several months to oxidize.According to most articles, thorium molten salt reactors “provide all the carbon-free energy of uranium with almost none of the guilt.” If this IS the case, why haven’t we been using thorium nuclear reactors? “U.S. scientists and engineers did create a reactor that could use thorium – called a molten salt reactor – at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1954. That Aircraft Reactor Experiment, part of a peculiar effort to make a reactor for nuclear-powered bombers, later led to the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment that ran from 1965 – 1969.” It appears that yesterday’s technology had major innovations that were not considered because of investments into uranium based technologies and the desire for the nuclear weaponry that was a by-product of these technologies.This brings me to answer the second part of the presented question; why not? The truth is I do not see problems with the idea of using thorium itself. “It was demonstrated in a couple of test reactors here that it works and it works well,” said Dan Ingersoll, senior program manager for nuclear technology programs at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. “It was abandoned, not because it was a bad idea. It was a matter of having limited resources at the national level and choosing a single technology.” The nation had a choice at the time and had already made an INVESTMENT into uranium and, while it was stated that weapons had nothing to do with the thorium project’s funding being cut, uranium reactors do produce the better bomb fuel plutonium.Dr. Helmut Hirsch, Oda Becker, Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt wrote a report on “Nuclear Reactor Hazards’ in 2005. While this is an older report dealing with conventional uranium/plutonium reactors, it does show that 6 or more years ago problems with reactors were known, ignored, carefully denied, or covered up. The report stated:“The main conclusions are:• All operational reactors have very seriousinherent safety flaws which cannot be eliminated by safety upgrading;• A major accident in a light-water reactor – the large majority of the reactors – can lead to radioactive releases equivalent to several times the release at Chernobyl and about 1000 times that released by a fission weapon. Relocation of the population can become necessary for large areas (up to 100.000 km2). The number of cancer deaths could exceed 1 million;• New reactor lines are envisaged which are heralded as fundamentally safe. However, apart from having their own specific safety problems, those new reactors would require enormous sums for their development, with uncertain outcome;• The average age of the world's reactors is 21 years and many countries are planning to extend the lifetime of their reactors beyond the original design lifetime. This leads to the degradation of critical components and the increase of severe incidents. The age related degradation mechanisms are not well understood and difficult to predict;• De-regulation (liberalization) of electricity markets has pushed nuclear utilities to decrease safety-related investments and limit staff. Utilities are also upgrading their reactors by increasing reactor pressure and operational temperature and the burn-up of the fuel. This accelerates ageing and decreases safety margins. Nuclear regulators are not always able to fully cope with this new regime;Highly radioactive spent fuel mostly is stored employing active cooling. If this fails, this could lead to a major release of radioactivity, far more important than the 1986 Chernobyl accident;• Reactors cannot be sufficiently protected against a terrorist threat. There are several scenario's – aside from a crash of an airliner on the reactor building – which could lead to a major accident;• Climate change impacts, such as flooding, sea level rises and extreme droughts,seriously increase nuclear risks.”The report also states:“Generation IVUnder the leadership of the United States the “Generation IV International Forum” (GIF) has been established in 2000. Currently, there are six reactor designs being considered, including; Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor System; Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor System; Molten Salt Reactor System; Supercritical-Water-Cooled Reactor System; Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor System; Very-High-Temperature Reactor System. However, it is unclear what design of reactor will be promoted, what is the most appropriate size, should there be an open or closed fuel cycle or what is the target date for commercialization. The basic concepts of the “new generation” have been around as long as nuclear power, but they were forced out of the market in the early years by the light water reactors – not without reason, considering the experiences so far, which are dominated by technical and economic problems, and safety deficits. In order to overcome these problems, materials, processes and operating regimes that are significantly different from those of currently operating systems or previous systems have to be developed. Research and development are needed to confirm the viability and safety of new design approaches. Each of these reactors has large variations and relative advantages and disadvantages over one another. However, currently, they are only paper designs and the expected best case for commercialization is 2045.”Reports discuss the “Wonderful Optimism” of the companies and sales people who manufacture nuclear technologies. Often a price is quoted for construction of nuclear facilities and next thing you know they surpass the original budget estimate and time line for production. This leads to pressure from the buyers, huge cost increases, and cutting corners, like using inferior cement for containment vessel walls, “to get the job done.” Falsifying safety records or covering up safety issues is another problem that has shown its face. Nuclear facilities are traditionally hugely EXPENSIVE to build and run.So now we get to the optimism for thorium technologies. Many sources state that we have an abundance of thorium but mining and environmental impacts or damage has not been appropriately addressed. The separation and multistep process of thorium production from its rough phosphate has not been spelled out in costs. Many articles state it is a very expensive process. While thorium produces less radioactive waste, it still DOES produce some, so disposal issues are still present.One can realistically argue that we need to do something different and it is costing us money and environments and lives “now.” I do agree that thorium nuclear technology is an obvious choice. Also believe that we are pressed to provide alternatives. However, I emphasize the plural of the word alternatives.We placed all of our eggs in uranium technology before without creating a breath of complimentary alternative technologies. The issues are not with the technology itself. The issues are ethics issues, financial issues and both political and commercial issues. Narrow sightedness, profit and power mongering, has been a tradition of human beings. It has jeopardized our future, our food sources and our children’s futures. I believe that we need to address the human nature issues as much as we can into the thorium equation. While we requirepower alternatives, safety issues must become paramount in our development of these new resources, with regards to our environment and all life on this planet. We must invite the voicing of concerns and detriments as we proceed.I own a new and improved automobile, stove and washing machine and have experienced the “Superior” workmanship or replacement parts and their respective repairmen. I saw the Challenger explode, read articles on the Soyuz and Gagarin tragedy and the pointing of fingers that “everyone” participated in, including the US government in the BP Gulf accident. I have watched the many remakes of Titanic. With all of this in mind and my deepest respect for the many minds that are much smarter than mine, I respectfully submit my opinion.Reference material:http://www.kidela.com/kidela/separating-rare-earth-elementshttp://biblioteca.cdtn.br/cdtn/arpel/adobe/Art-04_Carlos_AMorais.pdfhttp://thorium.atomistry.com/production.htmlhttp://www.thorium.tv/en/thorium_costs/thorium_costs.phphttp://www.hanfordchallenge.org/cmsAdmin/uploads/Chronology_of_thorium_to_U-233_FOIA_Docs.pdfhttp://www.thorium.tv/en/thorium_environment.phphttp://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/publications/reports/statement-on-the-separation-of/http://alternate-healing-science-christian.ca/lftr.htmlhttp://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf62.htmlhttp://energyfromthorium.com/http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/science/stories/2010/03/07/thorium-art-gc67nvgb-1.html?sid=101http://www.gobeyondoil.com/media/press-releases/bnfl-faked-nuclear-safety-data-forces-shutdown-of-german-reactorhttp://media.techtarget.com/searchDataManagement/downloads/ITProjectManagementpdf.pdfhttp://www.lwvnj.org/alternativeenergy/nuclear.pdfhttp://www.innovationnewsdaily.com/nuclear-power-thorium-future-1834/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoriumhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/is-thorium-the-answer-to-our-energy-crisis-428279.htmlhttp://french-news-online.com/wordpress/?p=5381#axzz1In5SrwaEhttp://archive.greenpeace.org/nuclear/transport/mox00/moxqcsweden.pdf

Mike the Durable- the Rasputin of the BronxMichael Malloy age 30 (Rasputin of the Bronx – The Irishman they couldn’t kill)Michael Malloy was a homeless Irish man who lived in New York in the 1920s and 1930s. A former firefighter, he is famously remembered in history as “Mike the Durable” and “Iron Mike”[1], who survived numerous murder attempts by five of his acquaintances who would have gained $3,500 through an insurance fraud if the ploy had succeeded.New York City, like the rest of the country, was devastated and demoralized by the Great Depression in the early 1930s. The carefree America of the Jazz Age had vanished like smoke. In its place, a somber populace waited in blocks-long breadlines for food. Unemployment was skyrocketing to near 30%.[2] Banks were closing at a rapid rate. Once wealthy Wall Street bankers now sat in gutters begging for change. Prohibition was still the law of the land, though it had no real teeth. The increasingly large block of poor and homeless transients that roamed the city often scrounged whatever free food and drink they could at their neighborhood speakeasy.Anthony Marino managed to weather hard times by the skin of his teeth. A grungy man who suffered from perpetual financial troubles and an advancing case of syphilis, Marino ran a small, bare-bones speakeasy in back of an abandoned storefront at 3775 Third Avenue in the Bronx.[3] It wasn’t much; a sofa, four tables, a twelve-foot long plywood bar along the back wall, and a modest supply of bootleg liquor (the saloon was so bland and nondescript that it didn’t even have a name.)[4]It was a miserable way to make a living. Sometimes Marino’s customers paid him, sometimes they didn’t. Sometimes they’d empty out whatever coins they had in their pockets and put the rest of their bill on a tab.[5] Sometimes they paid the tab, sometimes they didn’t. Some nights it seemed to Tony Marino as if he was pouring his meager profits down the collective gullet of his lowly clientele.Marino’s bartender was twenty-eight year old Joseph “Red” Murphy, an alcoholic simpleton and one-time chemist who had been a vagrant for most of his life. While Tony sporadically paid Red a dollar-a-day wage, it was unspoken yet understood that Murphy’s real payment was free run of his boss’s stock of booze behind the bar. The homeless Murphy usually crashed on the bar’s couch after he closed, curling up under a single blanket to stay warm. By his own later admission, he "had nowhere else to go."[6]The plot was conceived over a round of drinks. One afternoon in July 1932, Francis Pasqua, Hershey Green, Daniel Kriesberg, Joseph “Red” Murphy, and Tony Marino sat in Marino’s eponymous speakeasy on 3804 Third Avenue[7] and raised their glasses, sealing their complicity, figuring the job was already half-finished. They even had included a corrupt insurance agent in the plan.The “Murder Trust,” as the press would call them, now included a few of Marino’s regulars, including petty criminals John McNally and Edward “Tin Ear” Smith (so-called even though his artificial ear was made of wax), “Tough Tony” Bastone and his slavish sidekick, Joseph Maglione.[8]How difficult could it be to push Michael Malloy to drink himself to death?The Murder Trust (clockwise from top left): Daniel Kreisberg, Joseph Murphy, Frank Pasqua, and Tony Marino (The Man Who Wouldn’t Die)Every morning the old man showed up at Marino’s place in the Bronx and requested “Another mornin’s morning, if ya don’t mind” in his muddled brogue[9]; hours later he would pass out on the floor. For a while, Marino had let Malloy drink on credit, but he no longer paid his tabs. “Business,” the saloonkeeper confided to Pasqua and Kriesberg, “is bad.”[10]No one knew much about Michael Malloy—not even, it seemed, Malloy himself—other than that he had come from Ireland. He had no friends or family, no definitive date of birth (most guessed him to be about 60), no apparent trade or vocation beyond the occasional odd job cleaning coffins, sweeping alleys or collecting garbage, happy to be paid in alcohol instead of money.[11] He had been a gainfully employed stationary engineer – working on industrial machines in New York.[12] But this was the height of the Great Depression, and jobs were basically non existent.Like so many men of that era who once worked in America’s heavy industry, and so many Irish men who travelled to big cities across the United States, he hit the bottle hard, and became a slave to it. A “speakeasy derelict.”[13] He was, wrote the Daily Mirror, just part of the “flotsam and jetsam in the swift current of underworld speakeasy life, those no-longer-responsible derelicts who stumble through the last days of their lives in a continual haze of ‘Bowery Smoke.’ ”[14]Frank Pasqua (The Curious Case Of Michael Malloy – “Rasputin Of The Bronx”)Pasqua, 24, an undertaker by trade, ran a funeral home on E. 116th Street in East Harlem. A clever, cold-blooded type, Pasqua was one of the only people around who knew what Tony Marino had done to Betty Carlson.[15] Pasqua eyed Malloy’s sloping figure, the glass of whiskey hoisted to his slack mouth. “Why don’t you take out insurance on Malloy?” Pasqua asked Marino that day, according to another contemporary newspaper report. “I can take care of the rest.”[16]Marino paused. Pasqua knew he’d pulled off such a scheme once before. The prior year, Marino, 27, had befriended a homeless woman named Mabelle Carson and convinced her to take out a $2,000 life insurance policy, naming him as the beneficiary. One frigid night he force-fed her alcohol, stripped off her clothing, doused the sheets and mattress with ice water, and pushed the bed beneath an open window. The medical examiner listed the cause of death as bronchial pneumonia, and Marino collected the money without incident.[17]Pasqua offered to do the legwork. The men convinced Mike Malloy that he needed some insurance on himself. Malloy, who had spent untold years in an alcohol-induced haze, didn't seem to think anything was amiss and allowed Frank Pasqua to steer him towards the insurance office.[18] Malloy was instructed to identify himself as Nicholas Mellory and claim to be a florist, a detail that one of Pasqua’s funeral business colleagues would verify.[19] However, no amount of pomade and bay rum could clean up the pestiferous Malloy. The policy application came back stamped REJECTED.[20] As did a half-dozen others. It occurred to the boys that if Malloy was going to be insured by some gullible company, he could not show his face.It took Pasqua five months (and a connection with an unscrupulous agent) to secure three policies—all offering double indemnity—on Nicholas Mellory’s life: two with Prudential Life Insurance Company and one with Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.[21] Pasqua recruited Joseph Murphy, a bartender at Marino’s, to identify the deceased as Michael Malloy and claim to be his next of kin and beneficiary.[22] If all went as planned, Pasqua and his cohorts would split $3,576 (about $54,000 in today’s dollars) after Michael Malloy died as uneventfully and anonymously as he had lived.[23]While death by automobile qualified for double indemnity, death by liquid poisoning, hypothermia, tainted seafood, and carpet tack sandwich did not.[24] The Murder Trust had been unknowingly undermining themselves since Day One.Iron Mike Malloy: The Donegal man they tried nine times to killThe policy of “double indemnity” was at the heart of an infamous New York murder just five years earlier. In 1927, a Queens housewife named Ruth Snyder, and her lover, murdered her husband Albert and passed it off as a burglary gone awry. She had persuaded Albert to take out a life insurance policy, with an extra payout in the event of a violent death. The two were easily caught, convicted, and both electrocuted after a high-profile trial that inspired the novel Double Indemnity, and the classic noir thriller movie of the same name.[25]Malloy was an alcoholic and Marino, as owner of the speakeasy, thought that if he gave him unlimited credit, he would drink himself to death. Marino thought it a brilliant plan, declaring he would “give all of the drink he wants…and let him drink himself to death.”[26] But though Michael did abuse the credit and drank most of the time, he kept appearing in the bar for free liquor.To Malloy’s undisguised delight, Tony Marino granted him an open-ended tab, saying competition from other saloons had forced him to ease the rules.[27] No sooner did Malloy down a shot than Marino refilled his glass. “Malloy had been a hard drinker all his life,” one witness said, “and he drank on and on.”[28] He drank until Marino’s arm tired from holding the bottle. Remarkably, his breathing remained steady; his skin retained its normally ruddy tinge. Finally, he dragged a grungy sleeve across his mouth, thanked his host for the hospitality, and said he’d be back soon.[29] Within 24 hours, he was.Malloy, accustomed to getting the bum's rush because of his lack of funds, was so thrilled that he eagerly signed a petition that would help elect Marino for local office. What he actually signed was an insurance policy from Metropolitan Life for $800, and two from Prudential for $495 each. The gang even provided Malloy with a crash pad in the back of the bar to sleep off his hangovers.[30](The legend of Iron Mike Malloy and the Murder Trust)Malloy followed this pattern for three days, pausing only long enough to eat a complimentary sardine sandwich.[31] Marino and his accomplices were at a loss. Maybe, they hoped, Malloy would choke on his own vomit or fall and slam his head. But on the fourth day Malloy stumbled into the bar. “Boy!” he exclaimed, nodding at Marino. “Ain’t I got a thirst?”[32]Tough Tony grew impatient, suggesting someone simply shoot Malloy in the head.[33] As a bartender and chemist, Murphy was intimately familiar with all the lethal poisons floating around the country’s speakeasies.[34] The main ingredient of wood alcohol is methanol, a highly toxic chemical substance often found in such industrial compounds as paint thinner and automobile antifreeze.[35] Murphy recommended a more subtle solution: exchanging Malloy’s whiskey and gin with shots of wood alcohol. Drinks containing just four percent wood alcohol could cause blindness, and by 1929 more than 50,000 people nationwide had died from the effects of impure alcohol.[36] They would serve Malloy not shots tainted with wood alcohol, but wood alcohol straight up.Kriesberg allowed a rare display of enthusiasm. “Yeah,” he added, “feed ’im wood alcohol cocktails and see what happens.”[37] Murphy bought a few ten-cent cans of wood alcohol at a nearby paint shop and carried them back in a brown paper bag. He served Malloy shots of cheap whiskey to get him “feeling good,” and then made the switch.[38]The gang watched, rapt, as Malloy downed several shots and kept asking for more, displaying no physical symptoms other than those typical of inebriation.[39] “He didn’t know that what he was drinking was wood alcohol,” reported the New York Evening Post, “and what he didn’t know apparently didn’t hurt him. He drank all the wood alcohol he was given and came back for more.”[40]Tony Matiano Speakseasy (The Curious Case Of Michael Malloy – “Rasputin Of The Bronx”)Night after night, Malloy drank shots of wood alcohol as fast as Murphy poured them, until the night he crumpled without warning to the floor.[41] The gang fell silent, staring at the jumbled heap by their feet. Pasqua knelt by Malloy’s body, feeling the neck for a pulse, lowering his ear to the mouth. The man’s breath was slow and labored. They decided to wait, watching the sluggish rise and fall of his chest. Any minute now. Finally, there was a long, jagged breath—the death rattle?—but then Malloy began to snore. He awakened some hours later, rubbed his eyes, and said, “Gimme some of th’ old regular, me lad!”[42]Over the next few days the gang spiked Malloy's drinks with stronger doses of antifreeze, then turpentine and, finally, horse liniment with rat poison[43]The plot to kill Michael Malloy was becoming cost-prohibitive; the open bar tab, the cans of wood alcohol and the monthly insurance premiums all added up. Marino fretted that his speakeasy would go bankrupt. Tough Tony once again advocated brute force, but Pasqua had another idea. Malloy had a well-known taste for seafood.[44] Why not drop some oysters in denatured alcohol, let them soak for a few days, and serve them while Malloy imbibed?[45] “Alcohol taken during a meal of oysters,” Pasqua was quoted as saying, “will almost invariably cause acute indigestion, for the oysters tend to remain preserved.”[46]As planned, Malloy ate them one by one, savoring each bite, and washed them down with wood alcohol. Marino, Pasqua and the rest played pinochle and waited, but Malloy merely licked his fingers and belched.[47]At this point killing Michael Malloy was just as much about pride as about a payoff—a payoff, they all griped, that would be split among too many conspirators.[48] Murphy tried next. He let a tin of sardines rot for several days, mixed in some shrapnel, slathered the concoction between pieces of bread and served Malloy the sandwich. [49] Any minute, they thought, the metal would start slashing through his organs. Instead, Malloy finished his tin sandwich and asked for another.With the understanding that nothing ingestible would kill Michael, the Murder Trust saught alternative ways to kill him. The gang called an emergency conference. They didn’t know what to make of this Rasputin of the Bronx. Marino recalled his success with Mabelle Carlson and suggested that they ice Malloy down and leave him outside overnight.[50] That evening, with recorded temperatures of -14°F, Marino and Pasqua tossed Malloy into the back seat of Pasqua’s roadster, drove in silence to Crotona Park and lugged the unconscious man through heaps of snow.[51] After depositing him on a park bench, they stripped off his shirt and dumped 5 gallons of water on his chest and head. Malloy never stirred. When Marino arrived at his speakeasy the following day, he found Malloy’s half-frozen form in the basement.[52] Somehow Malloy had trekked the half-mile back and persuaded Murphy to let him in. When he came to, he complained of a “wee chill.”[53]File photo of an American cab driver (Iron Mike Malloy: The Donegal man they tried nine times to kill)Ironically, Malloy took a week-long break from his booze consumption during this period to seek treatment for a festering sore on his leg at Fordham Hospital.[54] It showed the Murder Trust that despite everything, Mike Malloy was indeed physically fallible.February neared. Another insurance payment was due. One of the gang, John McNally, wanted to run Malloy over with a car. The gang had offered John McNally and James Salone $200 and then $400 to run him over, but both men refused.[55] Tin Ear Smith was skeptical, but Marino, Pasqua, Murphy and Kriesberg were intrigued. John Maglione offered the services of a cabdriver friend named Harry Green, whose cut from the insurance money would total $150.[56] Green, a 23-year-old son of Russian Jewish immigrants, ran a taxi company in the Bronx, and was asked to arrange an “accidental” collision with Mike Malloy.[57]They all piled into Green’s cab, a drunken Malloy strewn across their feet. Green drove a few blocks and stopped. Bastone and Murphy dragged Malloy down the road, holding him up, crucifixion-style, by his outstretched arms. Green gunned the engine. Everyone braced. From the corner of his eye, Maglione saw a quick flash of light.“Stop!” he yelled.[58]The cab lurched to a halt. Green determined it had just been a woman turning on the light in her room, and he prepared for another go.[59] Malloy managed to leap out of the way—not once, but twice. On the third attempt Green raced toward Malloy at 50 miles per hour. Two thuds, one loud and one soft, the body against the hood and then dropping to the ground. For good measure, Green backed up over him.[60] The gang was confident Malloy was dead, but a passing car scared them from the scene before they could confirm.On February 7, a man carrying Nicholas Mellory’s ID card was found battered and bloodied at Austin Place, in the South Bronx. He was revealed to be Joseph Patrick Murray, a 31-year-old immigrant from Calteraun, Co Sligo. In 1934, his permanent address was listed as 1786 Vyse Avenue, right on the other side of Crotona Park from Tony Marino’s speakeasy.[61]Iron Mike Malloy: The Rasputin of the Bronx - Celtic AttitudesAn out of work plasterer who had fallen on hard times, Murray was later found in a “rickety shack in a Depression colony” next to the Hudson Parkway.[62] Murray later recounted getting drunk at a speakeasy in Harlem on the night of 7 February, before being offered a free lift and free booze by a taxi driver. [63] There were two men in the back seat, and driving the cab was a face familiar to Murray – Harry Green. The New York Times reports that a “negro” saw Murray being knocked down by the car at Austin Place, and quickly wrote down the taxi license number – it was Green’s.[64]On the ID for Nicholas Mellory, found stuffed into Murray’s coat pocket after the accident, was his next of kin – Frank Pasqua, the undertaker.[65]It fell to Joseph Murphy, who had been cast as Nicholas Mellory’s brother, to call morgues and hospitals in an attempt to locate his missing “sibling.”[66] No one had any information, nor were there any reports of a fatal accident in the newspapers. Five days later, as Pasqua plotted to kill another anonymous drunk—any anonymous drunk—and pass him off as Nicholas Mellory[67] , the door to Marino’s speakeasy swung open and in limped a battered, bandaged Michael Malloy, looking only slightly worse than usual.His greeting: “I sure am dying for a drink!”[68]Malloy could only remember fragments of the previous night- the taste of whiskey, the cold slap of night air, the glare of rushing lights. Then, blackness. Next thing he knew he woke up in a warm bed at Fordham Hospital and wanted only to get back to the bar.[69]Image credits: NYC Municipal Archives via thejournalTired and running out of ideas, the Murder Trust gang took one final shot. It has been estimated that by this stage of the game, the Murder Trust had spent about $1800 trying to murder a man who was worth, at best, $1788.[70]Two of the men rented a room in an old boarding housenear 168th St. (less than a mile from Marino’s speakeasy) with gas lighting. On February 21, 1933 after he had passed out, they hauled him there, connected a hose to the gas valve, ran it into the old man's mouth, securing the hose with a towel wrapped around his head. The illuminating gas was dense with that lethal poison, carbon monoxide.[71]The conspirators didn't know, of course, that carbon monoxide is so efficient because it muscles oxygen out of the blood stream. They didn't know that carbon monoxide forms a bond with proteins in the blood that is 200 times more powerful than that of oxygen.[72] That it induces a chemical suffocation.They didn't know that and they probably wouldn't have cared. They just knew that the steady hiss of illuminating gas did its job. Malloy barely lasted ten minutes. Dr. Frank Manzella, a friend of Pasqua’s, filed a phony death certificate citing lobar pneumonia as the cause for a payment of $100.[73] Red Murphy successfully passed himself off as the brother of “Nicholas Mellory” and collected $800 from the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Murphy and Marino both spent their shares of this money on new suits.[74]A check for $800 from the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, the only money the Murder Trust collected (The Man Who Wouldn’t Die)Pasqua arrived at the Prudential office confident he would collect the money from the other two policies, but the agent surprised him with a question: “When can I see the body?”[75] Pasqua replied that he was already buried. In fact, Malloy's friends gave him an elaborate burial in the Potter's Field at Ferncliff Cemetery for $12.[76]Pasqua billed his insurance company for an expensive coffin and non-existent floral arrangements.[77]In May 1933, gravediggers exhumed Mike Malloy's body from a 12-foot-deep pauper's plot in the charity section of Westchester County's Ferncliffe Cemetery.[78] And even though this was several months after the death, by that time researchers knew that carbon monoxide was not only efficient but durable, tainting a body for weeks after death.[79] Laboratory analysis easily found lethal levels of carbon monoxide in the remains of Malloy.Michael Malloy after exhaumation (Malloy the Invincible)An investigation ensued; everyone began talking, and everyone eventually faced charges. Green hadn't been paid his full share and started talking, while a professional hit man told friends that an insurance ring had been set to hire him, but his fee was too high.[80] Joseph Maglione, Edward “Tin Ear” Smith, John McNally, and Dr. Manzella all turned state’s evidence, and in exchange for reduced prison sentences, agreed to testify against the Murder Trust.[81] The now-recovered Joseph Murray told of his run-in with the Keystone Killers from the Bronx.[82] In their trial that autumn, the boys tried to pin the whole scheme on the deceased Tough Tony Bastone.Frank Pasqua, Tony Marino, Daniel Kriesberg and Joseph Murphy were tried and convicted of first-degree murder. At trial at the Bronx County Court House, the four murderers either claimed insanity or shifted the blame to each other, and then finally accused "Tough" Tony Bastone, a gangster who they said forced them to kill Malloy.[83] Bastone couldn't testify, having been killed a month after Malloy's death. “Perhaps,” one reporter mused, “the grinning ghost of Mike Malloy was present in the Bronx County Courthouse.”[84] Daniel Kriesberg, the 29-year-old grocer and father of three, stated he participated for the sake of his family.[85]In June and July 1934, Marino, Pasqua, Kreisberg and Murphy died in the electric chair at Sing Sing prison, which killed them on the very first flip of the switch. Harry Green, the taxi driver, went to jail. Dr. Frank Manzella served prison time for being an accessory after the fact.[86]In the end, with the exception of Malloy, no one profited from the scam. In his last months, Malloy had food, shelter, a never-ending supply of alcohol and what he thought were friends. His alcohol consumption alone exceeded the value of the insurance policies. As the number of co-conspiritors grew, shares grew smaller and smaller. Eventually, the Murder Trust turned on itself leading to the inprisonment of all and eventually execution for core members..Footnotes[1] The Legend of Mike 'The Durable' Malloy, History's Most Stubborn Murder Victim[2] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1528.html&ved=2ahUKEwjZn6mFx_PhAhVGM6wKHR4ZD_YQFjAAegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw3c7Jm768EWR9kqzJczKISK[3] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/justice-story/deadly-policy-insurance-scam-goons-pay-hefty-price-murder-article-1.1278023%3FoutputType%3Damp&ved=2ahUKEwiKlqilx_PhAhVJJKwKHQu9CzoQFjAFegQICRAB&usg=AOvVaw2w6EAoDBgMKiyQGL59lLz_&ampcf=1&cshid=1556480948837[4] http://Deborah Blum. The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York, Penguin Press, Feb 18, 2010.[5] http://The Strange Death of Mike the Durable" in Women in Crime Inc, March 23, 2010. [6] http://Simon Read. On the House: The Bizarre Killing of Michael Molloy, Berkley Books, 2005[7] Iron Mike Malloy: The Donegal man they tried nine times to kill[8] New York Gangs Murder Trust and Michael Malloy Part 1[9] The Man Who Wouldn’t Die[10] The Man Who Wouldn’t Die[11] The Science Behind Seven Of The World's Most Horrifically Gruesome Deaths[12] Iron Mike Malloy: The Donegal man they tried nine times to kill[13] Iron Mike Malloy: The Donegal man they tried nine times to kill[14] A Toast to Mike the Durable[15] MOLLOY THE MIGHTY.[16] The Curious Case Of Michael Malloy – “Rasputin Of The Bronx”[17] Michael Malloy from the Useless Information Home Page[18] MOLLOY THE MIGHTY.[19] http://Deborah Blum. The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York, Penguin Press, Feb 18, 2010.[20] MOLLOY THE MIGHTY.[21] http://Deborah Blum. The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York, Penguin Press, Feb 18, 2010.[22] MOLLOY THE MIGHTY.[23] http://Simon Read. On the House: The Bizarre Killing of Michael Molloy, Berkley Books, 2005[24] http://The Strange Death of Mike the Durable" in Women in Crime Inc, March 23, 2010.[25] The Shocking Story Behind The First Photo Of Death By Electric Chair[26] The Legend of Mike 'The Durable' Malloy, History's Most Stubborn Murder Victim[27] Iron Mike Malloy: The Donegal man they tried nine times to kill[28] http://Simon Read. On the House: The Bizarre Killing of Michael Molloy, Berkley Books, 2005[29] http://Deborah Blum. The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York, Penguin Press, Feb 18, 2010.[30] The durable Mike Malloy[31] Iron Mike Malloy: The Donegal man they tried nine times to kill[32] The Man Who Wouldn’t Die[33] http://Simon Read. On the House: The Bizarre Killing of Michael Molloy, Berkley Books, 2005[34] Meet Michael Malloy: The Man Who Wouldn’t Die[35] http://O'Connor, Michael (2007-10-07). "The Durable Mike Malloy". New York Daily News[36] Wood Alcohol[37] The Man Who Wouldn’t Die[38] http://Deborah Blum. The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York, Penguin Press, Feb 18, 2010.[39] http://Simon Read. On the House: The Bizarre Killing of Michael Molloy, Berkley Books, 2005[40] The durable Mike Malloy[41] http://Simon Read. On the House: The Bizarre Killing of Michael Molloy, Berkley Books, 2005[42] The Man Who Wouldn’t Die[43] The durable Mike Malloy[44] Iron Mike Malloy: The Donegal man they tried nine times to kill[45] Meet Michael Malloy: The Man Who Wouldn’t Die[46] Landmarks in Medicine[47] Rasputin of the Bronx – The Irishman they couldn’t kill[48] http://Simon Read. On the House: The Bizarre Killing of Michael Molloy, Berkley Books, 2005[49] The Science Behind Seven Of The World's Most Horrifically Gruesome Deaths[50] Michael Malloy from the Useless Information Home Page[51] Rasputin of the Bronx – The Irishman they couldn’t kill[52] Meet Michael Malloy: The Man Who Wouldn’t Die[53] http://Simon Read. On the House: The Bizarre Killing of Michael Molloy, Berkley Books, 2005[54] http://The Strange Death of Mike the Durable" in Women in Crime Inc, March 23, 2010. [55] Iron Mike Malloy: The Donegal man they tried nine times to kill[56] http://Simon Read. On the House: The Bizarre Killing of Michael Molloy, Berkley Books, 2005[57] http://Deborah Blum. The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York, Penguin Press, Feb 18, 2010.[58] The Man Who Wouldn’t Die[59] Iron Mike Malloy: The Donegal man they tried nine times to kill[60] Iron Mike Malloy: The Donegal man they tried nine times to kill[61] Image on thejournal.ie[62] Iron Mike Malloy: The Donegal man they tried nine times to kill[63] http://Deborah Blum. The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York, Penguin Press, Feb 18, 2010.[64] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.amazon.com/House-Bizare-Killing-Michael-Berkley/dp/0425206785&ved=2ahUKEwj65bLF5PHhAhVOHqwKHajTAUM4ChAWMAJ6BAgHEAE&usg=AOvVaw0COWWTD2Hp4fBZqTJ3wVf8[65] Image on thejournal.ie[66] http://Simon Read. On the House: The Bizarre Killing of Michael Molloy, Berkley Books, 2005[67] Image on thejournal.ie[68] The Man Who Wouldn’t Die[69] Rasputin of the Bronx – The Irishman they couldn’t kill[70] Malloy the Invincible[71] http://Simon Read. On the House: The Bizarre Killing of Michael Molloy, Berkley Books, 2005[72] Carbon Monoxide Poisoning[73] PHYSICIAN IS GUILTY IN MALLOY SLAYING; Bronx Jury Finds That Dr. Manzella Gave a False Certificate of Death.[74] The Man Who Wouldn’t Die[75] The Man Who Wouldn’t Die[76] Malloy the Invincible[77] Meet Michael Malloy: The Man Who Wouldn’t Die[78] The durable Mike Malloy[79] The Legend of Mike 'The Durable' Malloy, History's Most Stubborn Murder Victim[80] The durable Mike Malloy[81] http://Simon Read. On the House: The Bizarre Killing of Michael Molloy, Berkley Books, 2005[82] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/06/20/keystone-killers/&ved=2ahUKEwjNwePzyfPhAhUFLKwKHfRjC8YQFjAAegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw2szu38HM-gRLJPAYOxEN4M[83] Iron Mike Malloy: The Donegal man they tried nine times to kill[84] Iron Mike Malloy: The Donegal man they tried nine times to kill[85] ExecutedToday.com " daniel kriesberg[86] Michael Malloy from the Useless Information Home Page