The 14th World Conference On Earthquake Engineering: Fill & Download for Free

The effect of earthquake on water tanks cannot be estimated in the same way as that of the normal structures.1. During earthquake, the water in the tank undergoes varying weights in time because of variable water storage levels.2. The sloshing of water tanks on the walls affect the structure3. The response of the steel and reinforced concrete are also subjected to strong ground motion by earthquake.4. The response quantities include sloshing displacement, impulsive displacement, tower displacement and base shear.References:· Behaviour of Elevated Water Storage Tanks under Seismic Events; M.V.Waghmare, Suhasini Madhekar, Vasant Matsagar; December 2015, DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-2193-7_91· Seismic Vulnerability of elevated water tanks using performance based design; F.Omidinasab, H.Shakib; The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China.P.S. The comments are that of a curious learner and not that of an authoritative one.

I AM MENTIONING THE ENTIRE UPSC SYLLABUS AND ITS SOURCES HERE :-Pattern of Exam: It is conducted in three stages:PrelimsMainsInterviewSyllabus of prelims:PolityGeographyIndian GeographyWorld GeographyHistoryAncient HistoryMedieval HistoryModern HistoryWorld HistoryEconomicsEnvironment and EcologyScience and TechnologyInternational RelationsDisaster ManagementSocial Justice & GovernanceIndian SocietyEthics and IntegrityCurrent AffairsHistory:Ancient History of IndiaPrehistoric cultures in IndiaIndus Valley Civilization. Origins- the different phases- society, economy, and culture- Contacts with other cultures- factors lead to the decline.Geographical distribution and characteristics of pastoral and farming society.Vedic society-Vedic texts- change from Rigvedic to later Vedic phases.Vedic society Religion- Upanishad thought-Political and social organization, the evolution of the Varna system and monarchy.Formation of the State and urbanization, from the Mahajanapadas to the Nandas.Buddhism and Jainism- Factors for the spread of Buddhism.The Mauryan Empire- Chandragupta and Megasthenes.Ashoka and his inscriptions, his dhamma, culture, administration, and artSociety of Post-Mauryan India, BC 200- AD 300- Evolution of Jatis.The Satavahanas and formation of the state in the Peninsula.Sangam texts and society.Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Parthians, Kushans, Kanishka-Contacts with the outer world.Different Religion- Bhagavatism, Shaivism, Mahayana Buddhism and Hinayana, Jainism and Culture and art.The Guptas and their descendants.Literature, Science, Arts, Economy, and society -Modification in the political organization of empire.Medieval Indian HistoryEarly Medieval India. Major dynasties; Political and Agrarian organization. Status of women, Extent of social mobility. The Arabs in Sind and the Ghaznavids.Cultural trends, 750-1200, Religious circumstances: the significance of temples and monastic institutions; Sankaracharya; Islam; Sufism. Art and architecture. Literature and Science.13th and 14th Centuries: Ghorian invasions reasons and consequences. Delhi Sultanate under the Slave Rulers. Alauddin Khalji: invasion; administrative, agrarian and economic measures. Muhammad Tughlug’s innovations. Firuz Tughluq and the decline of the Delhi Sultanate. Development of urbanization and commerce. Spiritual movements in Hinduism and Islam. Literature. Architecture, Technological changes.The 15th and early 16th Century: Key Provincial dynasties; Vijayanagara Empire. The Lodhis, First stage of the Mughal Empire: The Sur Empire and administration. Monotheistic movements: Kabir; Guru Nanak and Sikhism; Bhakti. The spread of regional literature. Art and Culture.The Mughal Empire, Akbar: invasion, administrative measures, Policy of Sulh-I-Kul. Jagir and Mansab systems; Jahangir, Shahjahan, and Aurangzeb: extension of Mughal empire in the Deccan; religious policies. Shivaji. Persian and regional literature. Religious idea: Abul Fazl; Maharashtra dharma. Architecture. Painting. Economy: state of affairs of peasants and artisans, escalation in trade; trade with Europe. Social stratification and position of women.The decline of the Mughal Empire, Reason behind the decline. Maratha power under the Peshwas. The Afghans. Regional states. Most important components of composite culture. Sawai Jai Singh, astronomer. The rise of the Urdu language.Modern India -Indian National MovementBritish extension: The Carnatic Wars, invasion of Bengal. Mysore and its confrontation to British expansion: The three Anglo-Maratha Wars. Regulating and Pitt’s India Acts. Early composition of the British raj.Economic Impact of the British Raj: land revenue settlements like Zamindari, Ryotwari, Mahalwari; Deindustrialization; Railways and commercialization of agriculture; increase of landless labour.Cultural encounter and social changes: the inception of western education and modern thoughts. Indian Renaissance, religious and social reform movements; Social reforms events before 1857. Development of Indian middle class; the vernacular press and its effects: the rise of modern literature in Indian languages.Confrontation to British rule: Early uprisings; The 1857 Revolt-reasons, character, course and result.Indian Freedom struggle the first stage: Growth of national consciousness; creation of Associations; Establishment of the Indian National Congress and its Moderate stage; Swadeshi Movement; Economic Nationalism; The development of Extremism and the split in Congress; The policy of Divide and Rule; Congress-League Pact of 1916.Gandhian thoughts and techniques of mass mobilization- Civil Disobedience, the Khilafat movement, Non-Cooperation Movement, and Quit India Movement; another strand in the National Movement-Revolutionaries, Subhash Chandra Bose, and the Indian National Army.Separatist movements in Indian politics- the Hindu Mahasabha and the Muslim League; Partition and Independence; The post -1945 developments.India independent in 1964. A parliamentary, democratic, secular. Jawaharlal Nehru’s vision, Foreign policy of Non-alignment, Planning and state-controlled industrialization. Agrarian modification.Indian GeographyThe basic idea about IndiaLocation, latitude, longitude, time zone,Neighbouring countriesStates and its position and the states on International boundariesImportant straitsPhysical features of IndiaThe HimalayasGeological FormationPhysiographic divisionsClimate, Vegetation, Soil and BiodiversityMajor passesSignificanceRecent issuesThe Great North Indian plainsGeological FormationPhysiographic divisionsClimate, Vegetation, Soil and BiodiversitySignificancePeninsular PlateauGeological formationDeccan plateauCentral HighlandsWestern and Eastern GhatsSocio-economic issues relatedIndian DesertCoastal plains and IslandsRiver systems – Characteristics, comparison and significanceHimalayan riversPeninsular riversRiver basinsHydro-Power projects, Power plants and Major DamsRegional development and planningWest flowing and east-flowing riversInterlinking of riversClimate in IndiaMonsoonDriving mechanismEffects of La-Nino and El-NinoRecent theoriesSeason of IndiaCyclonesMineral and industriesDistribution of mineralsIndustrial policiesLocation factorsIssues and challenges of the industriesIndustrial clustersAgriculture and Allied-characteristics and ProblemsLand utilizationTypes of agriculture practicesSoils and CropsTrends agriculture (Green revolution )IrrigationMajor irrigation projectsLand reformsGovernment policies and schemesAnimal husbandry (livestock resources)Natural vegetation and fauna- Characteristics, importance, comparison and significanceClassification of natural vegetationRainfall distributionWildlife sanctuariesNational Forest PolicyBiosphere reserveNational parksEnvironmental issuesRed-listed species (in recent news)Economic infrastructureTransportation,Road(National Highways)- Rail- Air- Water(Major inland waterways) and its SignificancePower and energy sectorSources of conventional and non-conventional energyEnergy conservation and crisisRecent developmentsHuman GeographyDemographicsRecent census- 2011World Geography & Physical GeographyUniverseTheories related to Solar SystemTheories related to the formation of the universeRecent updates on the sameThe basic idea about EarthThe motion of the Earth – Rotation and RevolutionLatitudes and LongitudesThe inclination of the Earth’s Axis – effect on seasonsSolar Eclipse, Lunar Eclipse and Tides and their significanceGeomorphologyEarth’s movement (exo-genetic and endo-genetic)Earthquakes, volcanic activityThe basic idea about Continental Drift Theory, Plate Tectonics Theory, Sea Floor SpreadingInterior of the earthlithosphereInteraction of lithosphere with other spheresBoundaries and compositionMass Movements of landforms, erosion and depositsBasic information about geographical landforms and their significanceRock system and Classification of RocksClimatologyStructure and composition of the atmosphereFactors controlling the temperature distributionInsolation and terrestrial radiationHeat budgetGlobal warming and ozone layerHumidity and condensationCloudsClassification of cloudsPrecipitationPrecipitation mechanismDifferent types and forms of precipitationPressure beltsAtmospheric circulationWindsPlanetary WindsSeasonal and Local WindsCyclones Tropical and Temperate cycloneFormation of cyclone, characteristics and impactJet streamsVarious atmospheric phenomenonThe hydrosphereBottom relief of oceanSalinity and temp variationOcean CurrentsOcean depositOcean resourcesRecent issues and development with ref to oceanography- Eg: UNCLOSBiosphereMajor BiomesFlora and faunaInternational organization for biodiversityConservation of BiodiversityRecent issuesEconomic geographyMap workPlaces in NewsIndian Polity and GovernancePreambleFeatures of preamble42nd AmendmentSwaran Singh committeeSchedulesThe basic idea about 12 schedulesConstitution of IndiaThe basic idea about All articlesHistorical BackgroundDrafting committee and the making of the ConstitutionInfluence of other constitutionsIts salient featuresUnion and its TerritoryThe basic idea about Article 1-4State reorganization and different CommissionsFederal natureRecent issuesCitizenshipThe basic idea about Article 5-11PIO, NRI, OCI and Pravasi Bharatiya DivasPrivileges available for Indian citizens and foreignersCitizenship Amendment Act of 2016New policies, schemes and recent changes in voting.Fundamental Rights (FR)The basic idea about Article 12-35A thorough understanding of Articles 14- 30 and Art. 32Rights and privileges available to citizens of India only and both to citizens and foreigners44th amendment actDifferent types of WritsEnforcement and Exceptional cases with regard to FR’sRTE and recent issues related to FRFundamental Duties(FD)Article 51ADifference between FR and FDSignificance and CriticismEnforcement of FD’sRecent issues about FDDirective Principles of State Policy (DPSP)The basic idea about Article and Article 36-51 and Article 368Sources and key features of DPSPClassification of DPSPComparison/ conflicts between Fundamental Rights and Directive PrinciplesKeshavananda Bharathi, Minerva Mills, Golaknath Case, Maneka Gandhi case.Important Amendments- 42nd Amendment, 44th Amendment, and 97th amendmentUnionThe basic idea about Article 52-73Qualification and ElectionFunction and Powers- (Executive, Legislative, Financial, Judicial, Diplomatic, Military and Emergency Powers)Resignation and impeachmentRole and responsibilities and relationship with Prime minister, Council of Minister, Cabinet ministers.Prime minister and council of ministers- Basic idea about Article 74-75Powers and FunctionsCouncil of ministersResignation and RemovalAttorney generalParliamentThe basic idea about Article relatedRole and functions of the ParliamentSessions, Motions, Parliamentary procedure – Summoning, Prorogation, Joint SittingParliamentary proceedings like Question Hour, Zero Hour, and Adjournment Motion, etc.Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha,Special powers of Rajya SabhaAnti-defection law and 10th scheduleParliamentary PrivilegesBill and lawmaking procedureBudget, funds and it’s summaryParliamentary CommitteesJudiciaryThe basic idea about Article related to the judiciary.Powers of Supreme court and high courtQualification and appointmentRemoval procedureRecent controversy, verdicts, and constitutional provisions.State Government- State ExecutiveGovernor- appointment, removal and special powers.Executive, Legislative, Financial, Judicial powers and discretionary of the governor7th constitutional amendmentChief minister and council of ministersPower of chief ministerState LegislatureState legislature compared to the Parliament with regard to composition, powers, and functions.Bicameral legislaturesCreation and abolition of the Legislative councilsAdministration of Union Territories (UT)Special provision for DelhiAdministration and jurisdiction in UT’sAdministration of Special AreasBasic idea about 5thSchedule 6th ScheduleRecent issues related to Administration of Special AreasSpecial provision for Jammu and Kashmir-Article 370Difference between constitutional provisions related to Jammu and KashmirEmergency ProvisionsNational emergency- Article 352President’s rule or State emergency- Article 356Financial emergency- Article 36044th amendment actEffects and implications of emergencyRole of President in emergency timeThe State of FR, Lok Sabha, and Rajya SabhaRevoking emergencyState- centre and interstate relationsThe basic idea about Articles 262 and 263Composition and functions of Interstate council and Zonal councilInter-State trade and CommerceRecent disputes between states, controversies etcNew policies or schemes which impact interstate relationsPanchayati Raj and municipalitiesElections, auditing, powers and authority of panchayats3 tier structure73rd Amendment Act and the 74th Amendment ActRelation with FR and DPSPSchemes introducedMetropolitan planning committee and urban developmentReservationConstitution BodiesElection CommissionUPSCSPSCJPSCFinance CommissionNational Commission for SCs and ST’s,Composition, Powers and functions, Removal of the Constitutional bodiesNon-Constitutional BodiesThe basic idea about Composition, Functions, Working of the Non-Constitutional bodies such as National Human Rights Commission, Central Information Commission, Central Vigilance Commission, Central Bureau of Investigation, State Human Rights Commission, State Information Commission, etc.TribunalsThe basic idea about Article 323A and tribunals under Article 323BRecent controversial issues related to tribunalsDifferent tribunals and importanceSpecial Provisions for SC’s, ST’s, Backward Classes, Minorities and Anglo-IndiansPrivileges and right issued to SC’s, ST’s, Backward Classes, Minorities and Anglo-IndiansIssues related to vulnerable sections like women, child, SC’s, ST’s, Backward Classes, Minorities and Anglo-IndiansCurrent affairsRecent issues related to above-mentioned categoriesImportant schemes, programs, missions, laws, and policies launched by the government.Recent Government Bills and Governance- ActionsEconomic and Social DevelopmentEconomic growth and development – basic concept and definition of economy and economics, uses and transfer of resources, distributive effects, macro and microeconomic policy, micro-macro balance, distributive impact of economic policies, development versus growth, determinant of growth and development, concepts such as HPI/MPI, HDI, PQLI, GEM, GDI/GII, TAI, Green index, sustainable development, India’s ranking in the various indices.Poverty – definitions, causes, distribution-deprivation, income versus calories, measurement of poverty, the status of poverty, eradication programmes, poverty and resource policy, tribal rights and issues, livelihood mission.Inclusion – definition, relevance, types, financial inclusion, recent initiatives.Demographics – census data, populations by gender, by state, by age group, socio-economic status, caste, religion, literacy levels, etc. Trends in human development – interstate comparison, etc.Fiscal policy – definition, component, receipts, revenue and capital account, tax revenue, expenditure, budget.Environment and Ecology1. Environment ConceptOrganisms and the EnvironmentEnvironment, Habitat and NicheEnvironmental FactorsEcological AdaptationsPopulation, Biotic Community and SuccessionEcosystem: Structure and FunctionNatural Resources and Their ConservationBiodiversityPollution and Global Environmental Change2. BiodiversityBiosequestrationConservationCommission on Sustainable Development(1992)Nagoya ProtocolNational Biodiversity Authority, ChennaiProject Tiger(1973)The Biological Diversity Act 2002 and Rules 2004Concerns & IssuesThe biological Diversity Act 2002Biological Diversity Rules 2004Biodiversity Act/rules and Intellectual Property RightsIprs in the Context of Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer’s Right ActRecommended ActionsThe Convention on Biological Diversity (cbd)Country ImplementationThe International Year of Biodiversity (iyb)BackgroundUnited Nations Decade on BiodiversityTop 10 Famous Bird Sanctuaries of IndiaTypes of BiodiversityGenetic DiversitySpecies DiversityEcosystem3. Pollution & EnvironmentCapacity Building for Industrial Pollution Management (cbipm)Carbon Capture and Storage (ccs)4. Environment MovementUnited Nations Conference on the Human Environment (1972)Brundtland Commission (1983)The rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992)Kyoto Protocol (1997)1997: Rio+5 Conference, New YorkJohannesburg Summit 2002Copenhagen Climate Council (2007) and Summit (2009)Bali Action2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference5. International InitiativesAlliance of Small Island States (aosis)Asia-pacific Partnership on Clean Development and ClimateThe International Carbon Action Partnership (icap)Land use, Land-use Change and ForestryReducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (redd)The Man and the Biosphere Programme (mab)6. National InitiativesEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA)Green Development Initiative (GDI)National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)Indian Network on Climate Change AssessmentThe National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR)7. EnergyJawaharlal Nehru National Solar MissionNuclear Power in IndiaSolar Power in IndiaThe Energy Conservation Building CodeWind Energy Programme in IndiaInternational RelationGeneral Science:Universe – Big Bang, Redshift, BlueshiftStar Formation – Stellar Evolution, Life Cycle of A StarSolar System Formation – Nebular Theory of LaplaceSolar System – Planets, Inner Planets, Outer PlanetsSun – Internal Structure, AtmosphereNuclear Fission, Nuclear Reactor TypesIndia’s Three-Stage Nuclear Power ProgrammeCell Organelles – Plant Cell vs. Animal CellCarbohydrates – Monosaccharides, PolysaccharidesProteins – Amino Acids, EnzymesVitamins and Minerals – Deficiency DiseasesFats – Healthy Fats and Unhealthy FatsAnimal Tissues – Epithelium, Connective TissuesHuman Digestive System – Digestive GlandsRespiratory System – NCERT General ScienceEndocrine Glands and HormonesHuman Neural System – Human BrainMuscular and Skeletal SystemNucleic acids – DNA and RNA, Recombinant DNAMitosis – Cell Cycle, Cell Division, Meiosis – Mitosis – Meiosis ComparisonInheritance – Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance, Chromosomal Theory, Human Genome ProjectSex Determination – Genetic DisordersDiseases Caused by MicroorganismsMicrobes in Human Welfare – Useful MicrobesImmunity – Human Immune SystemAIDS, Cancer – causesDrugs and Alcohol AbuseDiseases – Acute, Chronic, Communicable DiseasesBlood – Blood Groups – Formed ElementsCirculatory System, Double CirculationExcretory System – Kidney, Urine FormationOrigin and Evolution of Life on EarthBiological ClassificationFive Kingdom Classifications of Plants and AnimalsPlant Parts and Their FunctionsPlant Kingdom – Halophytes, BryophytesPlants with Seeds – Gymnosperms and AngiospermsPlant Tissue – Simple, Complex Permanent TissuePlant Nutrition – Photosynthesis, Nitrogen Cycle, FixationSexual and Asexual Reproduction in PlantsClassification of Animal Kingdom (Animalia)Classification of Vertebrata (Phylum Chordata)Human Reproductive SystemBiotechnology – Genetic Engineering – Processes and ApplicationsAtomic Theory – Structure of an AtomSyllabus of Mains1. International Relation2. Disaster Management:Classification of DisastersCauses & ImpactsVulnerability Profile of IndiaWorst Disasters in IndiaStages in Disaster ManagementDDR3. Social Justice & Governance4. Ethics & IntegrityEthics and Human Interface: Essence, Determinants and Consequences of Ethics in - Human Actions; Dimensions of Ethics; Ethics - in Private and Public Relationships. Human Values - Lessons from the Lives and Teachings of Great Leaders, Reformers and Administrators; Role of Family Society and Educational Institutions in Inculcating Values.Attitude: Content, Structure, Function; its Influence and Relation with Thought and Behaviour; Moral and Political Attitudes; Social Influence and Persuasion.Aptitude and Foundational Values for Civil Service, Integrity, Impartiality and Non-partisanship, Objectivity, Dedication to Public Service, Empathy, Tolerance and Compassion towards the weaker-sections.Emotional Intelligence-Concepts, and their Utilities and Application in Administration and Governance.Contributions of Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from India and World.Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public Administration: Status and Problems; Ethical Concerns and Dilemmas in Government and Private Institutions; Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as Sources of Ethical Guidance; Accountability and Ethical Governance; Strengthening of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance; Ethical Issues in International Relations and Funding; Corporate Governance.Probity in Governance: Concept of Public Service; Philosophical Basis of Governance and Probity; Information Sharing and Transparency in Government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work Culture, Quality of Service Delivery, Utilization of Public Funds, Challenges of Corruption.Case Studies on above issues.4. Indian Society:Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, povertyDevelopmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies.Effects of globalization on Indian societySocial empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.Optional SubjectPublic AdministrationEconomicsHistoryPolitical ScienceSociologyPsychologyPublic AdministrationPaper-11. Introduction :Meaning, scope and significance of Public Administration, Wilson’s vision of Public Administration, Evolution of the discipline and its present status. New Public Administration, Public Choice approach; Challenges of liberalization, Privatisation, Globalisation; Good Governance: concept and application; New Public Management.2. Administrative Thought :Scientific Management and Scientific Management movement; Classical Theory; Weber’s bureaucratic model, its critique and post-Weberian Developments; Dynamic Administration (Mary Parker Follett); Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and others); Functions of the Executive (C.I. Barnard); Simon’s decision-making theory; Participative Management3. Administrative Behaviour :Process and techniques of decision-making; Communication; Morale; Motivation Theories content, process and contemporary; Theories of Leadership: Traditional and Modem:4. Organisations :Theories systems, contingency; Structure and forms: Ministries and Departments, Corporations, Companies; Boards and Commissions; Ad hoc, and advisory bodies; Headquarters and Field relationships; Regulatory Authorities; Public-Private Partnerships.5. Accountability and Control :Concepts of accountability and control; Legislative, Executive and judicial control over administration; Citizen and Administration; Role of media, interest groups, voluntary organizations; Civil society; Citizen’s Charters; Right to Information; Social audit.6. Administrative Law :Meaning, scope and significance; Dicey on Administrative law; Delegated legislation; Administrative Tribunals.7. Comparative Public Administration :Historical and sociological factors affecting administrative systems; Administration and politics in different countries; Current status of Comparative Public Administration; Ecology and administration; Riggsian models and their critique.8. Development Dynamics :Concept of development; Changing profile of development administration; ‘Anti Development thesis’; Bureaucracy and development; Strong state versus the market debate; Impact of liberalisation on administration in developing countries; Women and development the self-help group movement.9. Personnel Administration :Importance of human resource development; Recruitment, training, career advancement, position classification, discipline, performance appraisal, promotion, pray and service conditions; employer-employee relations, grievance redressal mechanism; Code of conduct; Administrative ethics.10. Public Policy :Models of policy-making and their critique; Processes of conceptualisation, planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and review and their limitations; State theories and public policy formulation.11. Techniques of Administrative Improvement :Organisation and methods, Work study and work management; e-governance and information technology; Management aid tools like network analysis, MIS, PERT, CPM.12. Financial Administration :Monetary and fiscal policies: Public borrowings and public debt Budgets types and forms; Budgetary process; Financial accountability; Accounts and audit.PAPERIIIndian Administration1. Evolution of Indian Administration :Kautilya Arthashastra; Mughal administration; Legacy of British rule in politics and administration Indianization of Public services, revenue administration, district Administration, local self Government. .2. Philosophical and Constitutional framework of Government :Salient features and value premises; Constitutionalism; Political culture; Bureaucracy and democracy; Bureaucracy and development.3. Public Sector Undertakings :Public sector in modern India; Forms of Public Sector Undertakings; Problems of autonomy, accountability and control; Impact of liberalization and privatization.4. Union Government and Administration :Executive, Parliament, Judiciary-structure, functions, work processes; Recent trends; Intra-governmental relations; Cabinet Secretariat; Prime Minister’s Office; Central Secretariat; Ministries and Departments; Boards; Commissions; Attached offices; Field organizations.5. Plans and Priorities :Machinery of planning; Role, composition and functions of the Planning Commission and the National Development Council; ‘Indicative’ planning; Process of plan formulation at Union and State levels; Constitutional Amendments (1992) and decentralized planning for economic development and social justice.6. State Government and Administration :Union-State administrative, legislative and financial relations; Role of the Finance Commission; Governor; Chief Minister; Council of Ministers; Chief Secretary; State Secretariat; Directorates.7. District Administration since Independence :Changing role of the Collector; Union-State-local relations; Imperatives of development management and law and order administration; District administration and democratic decentralization.8. Civil Services :Constitutional position; Structure, recruitment, training and capacity building; Good governance initiatives; Code of conduct and discipline; Staff associations; Political rights; Grievance redressal mechanism; Civil service neutrality; Civil service activism.9. Financial Management :Budget as a political instrument; Parliamentary control of public expenditure; Role of finance ministry in monetary and fiscal area; Accounting techniques; Audit; Role of Controller General of Accounts and Comptroller and Auditor General of India.10. Administrative Reforms since Independence :Major concerns; Important Committees and Commissions; Reforms in financial management and human resource development; Problems of implementation.11. Rural Development :Institutions and agencies since Independence; Rural development programmes: foci and strategies; Decentralization and Panchayati Raj; 73rd Constitutional amendment.12. Urban Local Government :Municipal governance: main features, structures, finance and problem areas; 74th Constitutional Amendment; Global-local debate; New localism; Development dynamics, politics and administration with special reference to city management.13. Law and Order Administration:British legacy; National Police Commission; Investigative agencies; Role of Central and State Agencies including para military forces in maintenance of law and order and countering insurgency and terrorism; Criminalisation of politics and administration; Police-public relations; Reforms in Police.14. Significant issues in Indian Administration:Values in public service; Regulatory Commissions; National Human Rights Commission; Problems of administration in coalition regimes; Citizen administration interface; Corruption and administration; Disaster management.Economics:1. Advanced Microeconomics :(a) Marshallian and Walrasiam Approaches to Price determination.(b) Alternative Distribution Theories; Ricardo, Kaldor, Kaleeki.(c) Markets Structure : Monopolistic Competition, Duopoly, Oligopoly.(d) Modern Welfare Criteria : Pareto Hicks and Scitovsky, Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem, A.K. Sen’s Social Welfare Function.2. Advance Macro Economics :Approaches to Employment Income and Interest Rate determination : Classical, Keynes (IS)-LM) curve, Neoclassical synthesis and New classical, Theories of Interest Rate determination and Interest Rate Structure.3. Money-Banking and Finance :(a) Demand for and Supply of Money : Money Multiplier Quantity Theory of Money (Fisher, Pique and Friedman) and Keynes Theory on Demand for Money, Goals and Instruments of Monetary Management in Closed and Open Economies. Relation between the Central Bank and the Treasury. Proposal for ceiling on growth rate of money.(b) Public Finance and its Role in market Economy : In stabilisation of supply, allocative, of resources and in distribution and development. Sources of Government revenue, forms of Taxes and Subsidies, their incidence and effects. Limits to taxation, loans, crowding-out effects and limits to borrowings. Public expenditure and its effects.4. International Economics :(a) Old and New theories of International Trade.(i) Comparative advantage,(ii) Terms of Trade and Offer Curve.(iii) Product Cycle and Strategic Trade Theories.(iv) Trade as an engine of growth and theories of underdevelopment in an open economy.(b) Forms of Protection : Tariff and quota.(c) Balance of Payments Adjustment : Alternative Approaches.(i) Price versus income, income adjustments under fixed exchange rates.(ii) Theories of Policy Mix.(iii) Exchange rate adjustments under capital mobility.(iv) Floating Rates and their Implications for Developing Countries : Currency Boards.(v) Trade Policy and Developing Countries.(vi) BOP, adjustments and Policy Coordination in open economy macromodel.(vii) Speculative attacks.(viii) Trade Blocks and Monetary Unions.(ix) WTO : TRIMS, TRIPS, Domestic Measures, Different Rounds of WTOtalks.5. Growth and Development :(a) (i) Theories of growth : Harrod’s model;(ii) Lewis model of development with surplus labour.(iii) Balanced Unbalanced Growth.(iv) Human Capitals and Economic Growth.(v) Research and Development and Economic Growth.(b) Process of Economic Development of less developed countries : Myrdal and Kuzments on economic development and structural change : Role of Agriculture in Economic Development of less developed countries.(c) Economic Development and International Trade and Investment, Role of Multinationals.(d) Planning and Economic Development : changing role of Markets and Planning, Private- Public Partnership.(e) Welfare indicators and measures of growth—Human Development Indices. The basic needs approach.(f) Development and Environmental Sustainability—Renewable and Non-renewable Resources, Environmental Degradation, Intergenerational equity development.PAPER -II Indian Economics in Post-Independence Era :Land System and its changes, Commercialization of agriculture Drain theory, Laissezfaire theory and critique. Manufacture and Transport : Jute, Cotton, Railways, Money andCredit. Indian Economy after Independence : A. The Pre- Liberalization Era :(i) Contribution of Vakil, Gadgil and V.K.R.V. Rao.(ii) Agriculture : Land Reforms and land tenure system, Green Revolution and capital formation in agriculture.(iii) Industry Trends in composition and growth, Role of public and private sector, small scale and cottage industries.(iv) National and Per capita income : Patterns, trends, aggregate and sectoral composition and changes therein.(v) Broad factors determining National Income and distribution, Measures of poverty,Trends in poverty and inequality. B. The Post-Liberalization Era : (i) New Economic Reform and Agriculture : Agriculture and WTO, Food processing, subsidies, Agricultural prices and public distribution system, Impact of public expenditure on agricultural growth.(ii) New Economic Policy and Industry : Strategy of industrialization, Privatization, Disinvestments, Role of foreign direct investment and multinationals.(iii) New Economic Policy and Trade : Intellectual property rights : Implications of TRIPS, TRIMS, GATS and new EXIM policy.(iv) New Exchange Rate Regime : Partial and full convertibility, Capital account convertibility.(v) New Economic Policy and Public Finance : Fiscal Responsibility Act, Twelfth Finance Commission and Fiscal Federalism and Fiscal Consolidation.(vi) New Economic Policy and Monetary System. Role of RBI under the new regime.(vii) Planning : From central Planning to indicative planning, Relation between planning and markets for growth and decentralized planning : 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments. New Economic Policy and Employment : Employment and poverty, Rural wages, Employment Generation, Poverty alleviation schemes, New Rural, Employment Guarantee Scheme.Psychology:Paper-1Foundations of Psychology1. Introduction : Definition of Psychology; Historical antecedents of Psychology and trends in the 21st century; Psychology and scientific methods; Psychology in relation to other social sciences and natural sciences; Application of Psychology to societal problems.2. Methods of Psychology : Types of research : Descriptive, evaluative,diagnostic and prognostic; Methods of Research : Survey, observation, case-study and experiments; Characteristics of experimental design and non-experimental designs; quasi-experimental designs; Focussed group discussions, brain storming, grounded theory approach.3. Research methods : Major steps in psychological research (problem statement, hypothesis formulation, research design, sampling, tools of data collection, analysis and interpretation and report writing); Fundamental versus applied research; Methods of data collection (interview, observation, questionnaire and case study).Research Designs (Ex-post facto and experimental). Application of statistical techniques(t-test, two-way ANOVA, correlation and regression and factor analysis) item response theory.4. Development of Human Behaviour : Growth and development; Principles of development, Role of genetic and environmental factors in determining human behaviour; Influence of cultural factors in socialization; Life span development— Characteristics, development tasks, promoting psychological well-being across major stages of the life span.5. Sensation, Attention and Perception : Sensation: concepts of threshold, absolute and difference thresholds, signal-detection and vigilance; Factors influencing attention including set and characteristics of stimulus; Definition and concept of perception, biological factors in perception; Perceptual organization-influence of past experiences, perceptual defence-factor influencing space and depth perception, size estimation and perceptual readiness; The plasticity of perception; Extrasensory perception; Culture and perception, Subliminal perception.6. Learning : Concepts and theories of learning (Behaviourists, Gestalt List and Information processing models). The processes of extinction, discrimination and generalisation. Programmed learning, probability learning, self instructional learning, concepts, types and the schedules of reinforcement, escape, avoidance and punishment, modelling and social learning.7. Memory : Encoding and remembering; Short-term memory, Long-term memory, Sensory memory, Iconic memory, Echoic memory: The Multistore model, levels of processing; Organization and Mnemonic techniques to improve memory; Theories of forgetting: decay, interference and retrieval failure: Metamemory; Amnesia: Anterograde and retrograde.8. Thinking and Problem Solving : Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; Concept formation processes; Information processing, Reasoning and problem solving, Facilitating and hindering factors in problem solving, Methods of problem solving: Creative thinking and fostering creativity; Factors influencing decision making and judgement; Recent trends.9. Motivation and Emotion : Psychological and physiological basis of motivation and emotion; Measurement of motivation and emotion; Effects of motivation and emotion on behaviour; Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation; Factors influencing intrinsic motivation; Emotional competence and the related issues.10. Intelligence and Aptitude : Concept of intelligence and aptitude, Nature and theories of intelligence-Spearman, Thurstone, Gulford Vernon, Sternberg and J.P. Das; Emotional Intelligence, Social intelligence, measurement of intelligence and aptitudes, concept of I Q deviation I Q, constancy of I Q; Measurement of multiple intelligence; Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.11. Personality : Definition and concept of personality; Theories of personality (psychoanalytical, socio-cultural, interpersonal, developmental, humanistic, behaviouristic, trait and type approaches); Measurement of personality (projective tests, pencil-paper test); The Indian approach to personality; Training for personality development; Latest approaches like big 5 factor theory; The notion of self in different traditions.12. Attitudes, Values and Interests : Definitions of attitudes, values and interests; Components of attitudes; Formation and maintenance of attitudes. Measurement of attitudes, values and interests. Theories of attitude changes, strategies for fostering values. Formation of stereotypes and prejudices; Changing other’s behaviour, Theories of attribution; Recent trends.13. Language and Communication : Human language—Properties, structure and linguistic hierarchy, Language acquisition—predisposition, critical period hypothesis; Theories of Language development—Skinner and Chomsky; Process and types of communication—effective commu-nication training.14.Issues and Perspectives in Modern Contemporary Psychology : Computer application in the psychological laboratory and psychological testing; Artificial intelligence; Psycho Cybernetics; Study of consciousness sleep-wake schedules; dreams, stimulus deprivation, meditation, hypnotic/drug induced states; Extrasensory perception; Intersensory perception; Simulation studies.PAPER-IIPsychology : Issues and applications1. Psychological Measurement of Individual Differences :The nature of individual differences. Characteristics and construction of standardized psychological tests. Types of psychological tests. Use, misuse and limitation of psychological tests. Ethical issues in the use of psychological tests.2. Psychological well being and Mental Disorders :Concept of health-ill health positive health, well being causal factors in Mental disorders (Anxiety disorders, mood disorders; schizophrenia and delusional disorders; personality disorders, substance abuse disorders). Factors influencing positive health, well being; lifestyle and quality of life; Happiness disposition.3. Therapeutic Approaches :Psychodynamic therapies. Behaviour therapies. Client centered therapy. Cognitive therapies. Indigenous therapies (Yoga, Meditation). Biofeedback therapy. Prevention and rehabilitation of the mentally ill; Fostering mental health.4. Work Psychology and Organisational Behaviour :Personnel selection and training. Use of Psychological tests in the industry. Training and human resource development. Theories of work motivation. Herzberg, Maslow, Adam Equity theory, Porter and Lawler, Vroom; Leadership and participatory management; Advertising and marketing; Stress and its management; Ergonomics; consumer psychology; Managerial effectiveness; Transformational leadership; Sensitivity training; Power and politics in organizations.5. Application of Psychology to Educational Field :Psychological principles underlying effective teaching-learning processes. Learning styles. Gifted, retarded, learning disabled and their training. Training for improving memory and better academic achievement. Personality development and value education. Educational, vocational guidance and Career counselling. Use of Psychological tests in educational institutions; Effective strategies in guidance programmes.6. Community Psychology :Definition and concept of Community Psychology. Use of small groups in social action. Arousing Community consciousness and action for handling social problems. Group decision making and leadership for social change. Effective strategies for social change.7. Rehabilitation Psychology :Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention programmes—role of psychologists. Organising services for rehabilitation of physically, mentally and socially challenged persons including old persons. Rehabilitation of persons suffering from substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, criminal behaviours. Rehabilitation of victims of violence. Rehabilitation of HIV/AIDS victims, the role of social agencies.8. Application of Psychology to disadvantaged groups :The concepts of disadvantaged, deprivation, social, physical, cultural and economic consequences of disadvantaged and deprived groups. Educating and motivating the disadvantaged towards development; Relative and prolonged deprivation.9. Psychological problem of social integration :The concept of social integration. The problem of caste, class, religion and language conflicts and prejudice. Nature and manifestation of prejudice between the ingroup and outgroup. Causal factors of such conflicts and prejudices. Psychological strategies for handling the conflicts and prejudices. Measures to achieve social integration.10. Application of Psychology in Information Technology and Mass Media :The present scenario of information technology and the mass media boom and the role of psychologists. Selection and training of Psychology professionals to work in the field of IT and mass media. Distance learning through IT and mass media.Entrepreneurship through e-commerce.Multi Level marketing. Impact of TV and fostering value through IT and mass media. Psychological consequences of recent developments in Information Technology.HistoryPaper-11. Sources: Archaeological sources: Exploration, excavation, epigraphy, numismatics, monuments Literary sources: Indigenous: Primary and secondary; poetry, scientific literature, literature, literature in regional languages, religious literature. Foreign accounts: Greek, Chinese and Arab writers.2. Pre-history and Proto-history: Geographical factors; hunting and gathering (paleolithic and mesolithic); Beginning of agriculture (neolithic and chalcolithic).3. Indus Valley Civilization: Origin, date, extent, characteristics, decline, survival and significance, art and architecture.4. Megalithic Cultures: Distribution of pastoral and farming cultures outside the Indus, Development of community life, Settlements, Development of agriculture, Crafts, Pottery, and Iron industry.5. Aryans and Vedic Period: Expansions of Aryans in India. Vedic Period: Religious and philosophic literature; Transformation from Rig Vedic period to the later Vedic period; Political, social and economical life; Significance of the Vedic Age; Evolution of Monarchy and Varna system.6. Period of Mahajanapadas: Formation of States (Mahajanapada) : Republics and monarchies; Rise of urban centres; Trade routes; Economic growth; Introduction of coinage; Spread of Jainism and Buddhism; Rise of Magadha and Nandas. Iranian and Macedonian invasions and their impact.7. Mauryan Empire: Foundation of the Mauryan Empire, Chandragupta, Kautilya and Arthashastra; Ashoka; Concept of Dharma; Edicts; Polity, Administration; Economy; Art, architecture and sculpture; External contacts; Religion; Spread of religion; Literature. Disintegration of the empire; Sungas and Kanvas.8. Post - Mauryan Period (Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Kushanas, Western Kshatrapas): Contact with outside world; growth of urban centres, economy, coinage, development of religions, Mahayana, social conditions, art, architecture, culture, literature and science.9. Early State and Society in Eastern India, Deccan and South India: Kharavela, The Satavahanas, Tamil States of the Sangam Age; Administration, economy, land grants, coinage, trade guilds and urban centres; Buddhist centres; Sangam literature and culture; Art and architecture.10. Guptas, Vakatakas and Vardhanas: Polity and administration, Economic conditions, Coinage of the Guptas, Land grants, Decline of urban centres, Indian feudalism, Caste system, Position of women, Education and educational institutions; Nalanda, Vikramshila and Vallabhi, Literature, scientific literature, art and architecture.11. Regional States during Gupta Era: The Kadambas, Pallavas, Chalukyas of Badami; Polity and Administration, Trade guilds, Literature; growth of Vaishnava and Saiva religions. Tamil Bhakti movement, Shankaracharya; Vedanta; Institutions of temple and temple architecture; Palas, Senas, Rashtrakutas, Paramaras, Polity and administration; Cultural aspects. Arab conquest of Sind; Alberuni, The Chalukyas of Kalyana, Cholas, Hoysalas, Pandyas; Polity and Administration; local Govern-ment; Growth of art and architecture, religious sects, Institution of temple and Mathas, Agraharas, education and literature, economy and society.12. Themes in Early Indian Cultural History: Languages and texts, major stages in the evolution of art and architecture, major philosophical thinkers and schools, ideas in Science and Mathematics.13. Early Medieval India, 750-1200: - Polity: Major political developments in Northern India and the Peninsula, origin and the rise of Rajputs - The Cholas: administration, village economy and society - “Indian Feudalism” - Agrarian economy and urban settlements - Trade and commerce - Society: the status of the Brahman and the new social order - Condition of women - Indian science and technology14. Cultural Traditions in India, 750- 1200: - Philosophy: Skankaracharya and Vedanta, Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita, Madhva and BrahmaMimansa - Religion: Forms and features of religion, Tamil devotional cult, growth of Bhakti, Islam and its arrival in India, Sufism - Literature: Literature in Sanskrit, growth of Tamil literature, literature in the newly developing languages, Kalhan’s Rajtarangini, Alberuni’s India - Art and Architecture: Temple architecture, sculpture, painting15. The Thirteenth Century: - Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate: The Ghurian invasions – factors behind Ghurian success - Economic, social and cultural consequences - Foundation of Delhi Sultanate and early Turkish Sultans - Consolidation: The rule of Iltutmish and Balban16. The Fourteenth Century: - "The Khalji Revolution" - Alauddin Khalji: Conquests and territorial expansion, agrarian and economic measures - Muhammad Tughluq: Major projects, agrarian measures, bureaucracy of Muhammad Tughluq - Firuz Tughluq: Agrarian measures, achievements in civil engineering and public works, decline of the Sultanate, foreign contacts and Ibn Battuta’s account17. Society, Culture and Economy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: - Society: composition of rural society, ruling classes, town dwellers, women, religious classes, caste and slavery under the Sultanate, Bhakti movement, Sufi movement - Culture: Persian literature, literature in the regional languages of North India, literature in the languages of South India, Sultanate architecture and new structural forms, painting, evolution of a composite culture - Economy: Agricultural production, rise of urban economy and non-agricultural production, trade and commerce18. The Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century – Political Developments and Economy: - Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Bengal, Kashmir (Zainul Abedin), Gujarat, Malwa, Bahmanids - The Vijayanagra Empire - Lodis - Mughal Empire, First phase: Babur and Humayun - The Sur Empire: Sher Shah's administration - Portuguese Colonial enterprise - Bhakti and Sufi Movements19. The Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Century – Society and Culture: - Regional cultural specificities - Literary traditions - Provincial architecture - Society, culture, literature and the arts in Vijayanagara Empire.20. Akbar: - Conquests and consolidation of the Empire - Establishment of Jagir and Mansab systems - Rajput policy - Evolution of religious and social outlook, theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy - Court patronage of art and technology21. Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century: - Major administrative policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb - The Empire and the Zamindars - Religious policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb - Nature of the Mughal State - Late Seventeenth century crisis and the revolts - The Ahom Kingdom - Shivaji and the early Maratha Kingdom.22. Economy and Society in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: - Population, agricultural production, craft production - Towns, commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French companies : a trade revolution - Indian mercantile classes, banking, insurance and credit systems - Condition of peasants, condition of women - Evolution of the Sikh community and the Khalsa Panth23. Culture in the Mughal Empire: - Persian histories and other literature - Hindi and other religious literature - Mughal architecture - Mughal painting - Provincial architecture and painting - Classical music - Science and technology24. The Eighteenth Century: - Factors for the decline of the Mughal Empire - The regional principalities: Nizam’s Deccan, Bengal, Awadh - Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas - The Maratha fiscal and financial system - Emergence of Afghan Power, Battle of Panipat:1761 - State of politics, culture and economy on the eve of the British conquestPaper-21. European Penetration into India: The Early European Settlements; The Portuguese and the Dutch; The English and the French East India Companies; Their struggle for supremacy; Carnatic Wars; Bengal -The conflict between the English and the Nawabs of Bengal; Siraj and the English; The Battle of Plassey; Significance of Plassey.2. British Expansion in India: Bengal – Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim; The Battle of Buxar; Mysore; The Marathas; The three Anglo-Maratha Wars; The Punjab.3. Early Structure of the British Raj: The early administrative structure; From diarchy to direct control; The Regulating Act (1773); The Pitt’s India Act (1784); The Charter Act (1833); The voice of free trade and the changing character of British colonial rule; The English utilitarian and India4. Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule: (a) Land revenue settlements in British India; The Permanent Settlement; Ryotwari Settlement; Mahalwari Settlement; Economic impact of the revenue arrangements; Commercialization of agriculture; Rise of landless agrarian labourers; Impoverishment of the rural society. (b) Dislocation of traditional trade and commerce; De-industrialisation; Decline of traditional crafts; Drain of wealth; Economic transformation of India; Railroad and communication network including tele-graph and postal services; Famine and poverty in the rural interior; European business enterprise and its limitations.5. Social and Cultural Developments: The state of indigenous education, its dislocation; Orientalist-Anglicist controversy, The introduction of western education in India; The rise of press, literature and public opinion; The rise of modern vernacular literature; Progress of science; Christian missionary activities in India.6. Social and Religious Reform movements in Bengal and Other Areas: Ram Mohan Roy, The Brahmo Movement; Devendranath Tagore; Iswarchandra Vidyasagar; The Young Bengal Movement; Dayanada Saraswati; The social reform movements in India including Sati, widow remarriage, child marriage etc.; The contribution of Indian renaissance to the growth of modern India; Islamic revivalism – the Feraizi and Wahabi Movements.7. Indian Response to British Rule: Peasant movements and tribal uprisings in the 18th and 19th centuries including the Rangpur Dhing (1783), the Kol Rebellion (1832), the Mopla Rebellion in Malabar (1841-1920), the Santal Hul (1855), Indigo Rebellion (1859-60), Deccan Uprising (1875) and the Munda Ulgulan (1899-1900); The Great Revolt of 1857 - Origin, character, causes of failure, the consequences; The shift in the character of peasant uprisings in the post-1857 period; the peasant movements of the 1920s and 1930s.8. Factors leading to the birth of Indian Nationalism; Politics of Association; The Foundation of the Indian National Congress; The Safety-valve thesis relating to the birth of the Congress; Programme and objectives of Early Congress; the social composition of early Congress leadership; the Moderates and Extremists; The Partition of Bengal (1905); The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal; the economic and political aspects of Swadeshi Movement; The beginning of revolutionary extremism in India.9. Rise of Gandhi; Character of Gandhian nationalism; Gandhi’s popular appeal; Rowlatt Satyagraha; the Khilafat Movement; the Non-cooperation Movement; National politics from the end of the Non-cooperation movement to the beginning of the Civil Disobedience movement; the two phases of the Civil Disobedience Movement; Simon Commission; The Nehru Report; the Round Table Conferences; Nationalism and the Peasant Movements; Nationalism and Working class movements; Women and Indian youth and students in Indian politics (1885-1947); the election of 1937 and the formation of ministries; Cripps Mission; the Quit India Movement; the Wavell Plan; The Cabinet Mission.10. Constitutional Developments in the Colonial India between 1858 and 193511. Other strands in the National Movement The Revolutionaries: Bengal, the Punjab, Maharashtra, U.P, the Madras Presidency, Outside India. The Left; The Left within the Congress: Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, the Congress Socialist Party; the Communist Party of India, other left parties.12. Politics of Separatism; the Muslim League; the Hindu Mahasabha; Communalism and the politics of partition; Transfer of power; Independence.13. Consolidation as a Nation; Nehru's Foreign Policy; India and her neighbours (1947-1964); The linguistic reorganisation of States (1935-1947); Regionalism and regional inequality; Integration of Princely States; Princes in electoral politics; the Question of National Language.14. Caste and Ethnicity after 1947; Backward castes and tribes in post-colonial electoral politics; Dalit movements.15. Economic development and political change; Land reforms; the politics of planning and rural reconstruction; Ecology and environmental policy in post - colonial India; Progress of science.16. Enlightenment and Modern ideas: (i) Major ideas of Enlightenment: Kant, Rousseau (ii) Spread of Enlightenment in the colonies (iii) Rise of socialist ideas (up to Marx); spread of Marxian Socialism.17. Origins of Modern Politics: (i) European States System. (ii) American Revolution and the Constitution. (iii) French revolution and aftermath, 1789-1815. (iv) American Civil War with reference to Abraham Lincoln and the abolition of slavery. (v) British Democratic Politics, 1815- 1850; Parliamentary Reformers, Free Traders, Chartists.18. Industrialization: (i) English Industrial Revolution: Causes and Impact on Society (ii) Industrialization in other countries: USA, Germany, Russia, Japan (iii) Industrialization and Globalization.19. Nation-State System: (i) Rise of Nationalism in 19th century (ii) Nationalism: state-building in Germany and Italy (iii) Disintegration of Empires in the face of the emergence of nationalities across the world.20. Imperialism and Colonialism: (i) South and South-East Asia (ii) Latin America and South Africa (iii) Australia (iv) Imperialism and free trade: Rise of neo-imperialism.21. Revolution and Counter Revolution: (i) 19th Century European revolutions (ii) The Russian Revolution of 1917-1921 (iii) Fascist Counter-Revolution, Italy and Germany. (iv) The Chinese Revolution of 194922. World Wars: (i) 1st and 2nd World Wars as Total Wars: Societal implications (ii) World War I: Causes and consequences (iii) World War II: Causes and consequence23. The World after World War II: (i) Emergence of two power blocs (ii) Emergence of Third World and non-alignment (iii) UNO and the global disputes.24. Liberation from Colonial Rule: (i) Latin America-Bolivar (ii) Arab World-Egypt (iii) Africa-Apartheid to Democracy (iv) South-East Asia-Vietnam25. Decolonization and Underdevelopment: (i) Factors constraining development: Latin America, Africa26. Unification of Europe: (i) Post War Foundations: NATO and European Community (ii) Consolidation and Expansion of European Community (iii) European Union.27. Disintegration of Soviet Union and the Rise of the Unipolar World: (i) Factors leading to the collapse of Soviet communism and the Soviet Union, 1985-1991 (ii) Political Changes in Eastern Europe 1989-2001. (iii) End of the cold war and US ascendancy in the World as the lone superpower.Political SciencePAPER-1Political Theory and Indian Politics :1. Political Theory: meaning and approaches.2. Theories of state : Liberal, Neo-liberal, Marxist, Pluiralist, post-colonial and Feminist.3. Justice : Conceptions of justice with special reference to Rawl’s theory of justice and itscommunitarian critiques.4. Equality : Social, political and economic; relationship between equality and freedom;Affirmative action.5. Rights : Meaning and theories; different kinds of rights; Concept of Human Rights.6. Democracy : Classical and contemporary theories; different models of democracy—representative, participatory and deliberative.7. Concept of power : hegemony, ideology and legitimacy.8. Political Ideologies : Liberalism, Socialism, Marxism, Fascism, Gandhism and Feminism.9. Indian Political Thought: Dharamshastra, Arthashastra and Buddhist Traditions; SirSyed Ahmed Khan, Sri Aurobindo, M. K. Gandhi, B. R. Ambedkar, M. N. Roy.10.Western Political Thought : Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, John S. Mill,Marx, Gramsci, Hannah Arendt. Indian Government and Politics1. Indian Nationalism :(a) Political Strategies of India’s Freedom Struggle : Constitutionalism to massSatyagraha, Non-cooperation, Civil Disobedience; Militant and RevolutionaryMovements, Peasant and Workers Movements.(b) Perspectives on Indian National Movement; Liberal, Socialist and Marxist; RadicalHumanist and Dalit.2. Making of the Indian Constitution : Legacies of the British rule; different social andpolitical perspectives.3. Salient Features of the Indian Constitution : The Preamble, Fundamental Rights andDuties, Directive Principles; Parliamentary System and Amendment Procedures;Judicial Review and Basic Structure doctrine.4. (a) Principal Organs of the Union Government : Envisaged role and actual working ofthe Executive, Legislature and Supreme Court.(b) Principal Organs of the State Government : Envisaged role and actual working of theExecutive, Legislature and High Courts.5. Grassroots Democracy : Panchayati Raj and Municipal Government; Significance of73rd and 74th Amendments; Grassroot movements.6. Statutory Institutions/Commissions : Election Commission, Comptroller and AuditorGeneral, Finance Commission, Union Public Service Commission, NationalCommission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes,National Commission for Women; National Human Rights Commission, NationalCommission for Minorities, National Backward Classes Commission.7. Federalism : Constitutional provisions; changing nature of centre-state relations;integrationist tendencies and regional aspirations; inter-state disputes.8. Planning and Economic development : Nehruvian and Gandhian perspectives; Role ofplanning and public sector; Green Revolution, land reforms and agrarian relations;liberalization and economic reforms.9. Caste, Religion and Ethnicity in Indian Politics.10. Party System : National and regional political parties, ideological and social bases ofparties; Patterns of coalition politics; Pressure groups, trends in electoral behaviour;changing socio-economic profile of Legislators.11. Social Movement : Civil liberties and human rights movements; women’s movements;environmentalist movements.PAPER-IIComparative Politics and International RelationsComparative Political Analysis and International Politics :1. Comparative Politics : Nature and major approaches; Political economy and politicalsociology perspectives; Limitations of the comparative method.2. State in Comparative Perspective : Characteristics and changing nature of the State incapitalist and socialist economies, and advanced industrial and developing societies.3. Politics of Representation and Participation : Political parties, pressure groups andsocial movements in advanced industrial and developing societies.4. Globalisation : Responses from developed and developing societies.5. Approaches to the Study of International Relations : Idealist, Realist, Marxist,Functionalist and Systems theory.6. Key Concepts in International Relations : National interest, security and power;Balance of power and deterrence; Transnational actors and collective security; Worldcapitalist economy and globalisation.7. Changing International Political Order :(a) Rise of superpowers; Strategic and ideological Bipolarity, arms race and cold war;Nuclear threat;(b) Non-aligned Movement : Aims and achievements.(c) Collapse of the Soviet Union; Unipolarity and American hegemony; Relevance of nonalignmentin the contemporary world.8. Evolution of the International Economic System : From Bretton Woods to WTO;Socialist economies and the CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance); ThirdWorld demand for new international economic order; Globalisation of the worldeconomy.9. United Nations : Envisaged role and actual record; Specialized UN agencies—aims andfunctioning; need for UN reforms.10. Regionalisation of World Politics : EU, ASEAN, APEC, AARC, NAFTA.11. Contemporary Global Concerns : Democracy, human rights, environment, genderjustice terrorism, nuclear proliferation.India and the World1. Indian Foreign Policy : Determinants of foreign policy; the institutions of policy making;Continuity and change.2. India’s Contribution to the Non-Alignment Movement Different phases; Current role.3. India and South Asia :(a) Regional Cooperation : SAARC-past performance and future prospects.(b) South Asia as a Free Trade Area.(c) India’s “Look East” policy.(d) Impediments to regional cooperation : River water disputes; illegal cross bordermigration; Ethnic conflicts and insurgencies; Border disputes.4. India and the Global South : Relations with Africa and Latin America; Leadership rolein the demand for NIEO and WTO negotiations.5. India and the Global Centres of Power : USA, EU, Japan, China and Russia.6. India and the UN System: Role in UN Peace-keeping; Demand for Permanent Seat in theSecurity Council.7. India and the Nuclear Question : Changing perceptions and policy.8. Recent developments in Indian Foreign Policy : India’s position on the recent crises inAfghanistan, Iraq and West Asia, growing relations with US and Israel; Vision of a newworld order.SOCIOLOGYPAPER– IFUNDAMENTALS OF SOCIOLOGY1. Sociology - The Discipline:(a) Modernity and social changes in Europe and emergence of Sociology.(b) Scope of the subject and comparison with other social sciences.(c) Sociology and common sense.2. Sociology as Science:(a) Science, scientific method and critique.(b) Major theoretical strands of research methodology.(c) Positivism and its critique.(d) Fact value and objectivity.( e) Non-positivist methodologies.3. Research Methods and Analysis:(a) Qualitative and quantitative methods.(b) Techniques of data collection.(c) ) Variables, sampling, hypothesis, reliability and validity.4. Sociological Thinkers:(a) Karl Marx - Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation, class struggle.(b) Emile Durkhteim - Division of labour, social fact, suicide, religion and society.(c) Max Weber - Social action, ideal types, authority, bureaucracy, protestantethic and the spirit of capitalism.(d) Talcott Parsons - Social system, pattern variables.(e) Robert K. Merton - Latent and manifest functions, conformity and deviance,reference groups.(f) Mead - Self and identity.5. Stratification and Mobility :(a) Concepts - equality, inequality, hierarchy, exclusion, poverty and deprivation.(b) Theories of social stratification - Structural functionalist theory, Marxisttheory, Weberian theory.(c) Dimensions - Social stratification of class, status groups, gender, ethnicity andrace.(d) Social mobility - open and closed systems, types of mobility, sources andcauses of mobility.6. Works and Economic Life :(a) Social organization of work in different types of society - slave society, feudalsociety, industrial capitalist society.(b) Formal and informal organization of work.(c) Labour and society.7. Politics and Society:(a) Sociological theories of power.(b) Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups and political parties.(c) Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology.(d) Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution.8. Religion and Society :(a) Sociological theories of religion.(b) Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.(c) Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religiousrevivalism, fundamentalism.9. Systems of Kinship:(a) Family, household, marriage.(b) Types and forms of family.(c) Lineage and descent.(d) Patriarchy and sexual division of labour.(e) Contemporary trends.10. Social Change in Modern Society :(a) Sociological theories of social change.(b) Development and dependency.(c) Agents of social change.(d) Education and social change.(e) Science, technology and social change.PAPER–IIINDIAN SOCIETY : STRUCTURE AND CHANGEA. Introducing Indian Society :(i) Perspectives on the Study of Indian Society :(a) Indology (G.S. Ghure).(b) Structural functionalism (M. N. Srinivas).(c) Marxist sociology (A. R. Desai).(ii) Impact of colonial rule on Indian society :(a) Social background of Indian nationalism.(b) Modernization of Indian tradition.(c) Protests and movements during the colonial period.(d) Social reforms.B. Social Structure:(i) Rural and Agrarian Social Structure:(a) The idea of Indian village and village studies.(b) Agrarian social structure— evolution of land tenure system, land reforms.(ii) Caste System:(a) Perspectives on the study of caste systems: G. S. Ghurye, M. N. Srinivas, Louis Dumont,Andre Beteille.(b) Features of caste system.(c) Untouchability-forms and perspectives (iii) Tribal Communities in India:(a) Definitional problems.(b) Geographical spread.(c) Colonial policies and tribes.(d) Issues of integration and autonomy.(iv) Social Classes in India:(a) Agrarian class structure.(b) Industrial class structure.(c) Middle classes in India.(v) Systems of Kinship in India:(a) Lineage and descent in India.(b) Types of kinship systems.(c) Family and marriage in India.(d) Household dimensions of the family.(e) Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour.(vi) Religion and Society :(a) Religious communities in India.(b) Problems of religious minorities. C. Social Changes in India:(i) Visions of Social Change in India:(a) Idea of development planning and mixed economy.(b) Constitution, law and social change.(c) Education and social change.(ii) Rural and Agrarian Transformation in India:(a) Programmed of rural development, Community Development Programme, cooperatives, poverty alleviation schemes.(b) Green revolution and social change.

Narendra ModiNarendra Damodardas Modi(Gujarati:[ˈnəɾeːnd̪rə d̪aːmoːd̪əɾˈd̪aːs ˈmoːd̪iː]( listen); born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician serving as the 14th and current Prime Minister of India since 2014. He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, and is the Member of Parliament for Varanasi. Modi, a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), is a Hindu nationalist and member of the right-wing Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).Narendra ModiMP14th Prime Minister of IndiaIncumbentAssumed office26 May 2014PresidentPranab MukherjeeRam Nath KovindPreceded byManmohan Singh14th Chief Minister of GujaratIn office7 October 2001 – 22 May 2014GovernorSunder Singh BhandariKailashpati MishraBalram JakharNawal Kishore SharmaS. C. JamirKamla BeniwalPreceded byKeshubhai PatelSucceeded byAnandiben PatelMember of the Lok Sabhafor VaranasiIncumbentAssumed office16 May 2014Preceded byMurli Manohar JoshiMember of the Gujarat Legislative Assemblyfor ManinagarIn office1 January 2002 – 16 May 2014Preceded byKamlesh PatelSucceeded bySuresh PatelPersonal detailsBornNarendra Damodardas Modi17 September 1950(age 67)Vadnagar, Bombay State, India(present-day Gujarat)Political partyBharatiya Janata PartySpouse(s)Jashodaben(m.1968)(estranged)Residence7, Lok Kalyan MargAlma materUniversity of DelhiGujarat UniversitySignatureWebsiteOfficial websiteGovernment websiteBorn to a Gujarati family in Vadnagar, Modi helped his father sell tea as a child and later ran his own stall. He was introduced to the RSS at the age of eight, beginning a long association with the organisation. He left home after graduating from school, partly because of an arranged marriage which he rejected. Modi travelled around India for two years and visited a number of religious centres. He returned to Gujarat and moved to Ahmedabad in 1969 or 1970. In 1971 he became a full-time worker for the RSS. During the state of emergency imposed across the country in 1975, Modi was forced to go into hiding. The RSS assigned him to the BJP in 1985, and he held several positions within the party hierarchy until 2001, rising to the rank of general secretary.Modi was appointed Chief Minister of Gujarat in 2001, due to Keshubhai Patel's failing health and poor public image following the earthquake in Bhuj. Modi was elected to the legislative assembly soon after. His administration has been considered complicit in the 2002 Gujarat riots,[a]or otherwise criticised for its handling of it, however a Supreme Court-appointed Special Investigation Team (SIT) found no evidence to initiate prosecution proceedings.[b]His policies as chief minister, credited with encouraging economic growth, have received praise.[8]His administration has been criticised for failing to significantly improve health, poverty, and education indices in the state.[c]Modi led the BJP in the 2014 general election, which gave the party a majority in the Lok Sabha, the first time a single party had achieved this since 1984. Modi himself was elected to parliament from Varanasi. Since taking office, Modi's administration has tried to raise foreign direct investment in the Indian economy, increased spending on infrastructure, and reduced spending on healthcare and social welfare programmes. Modi has attempted to improve efficiency in the bureaucracy, and centralised power by abolishing the planning commission and replacing it with the NITI Aayog. He has begun a high-profile sanitation campaign, and weakened or abolished environmental and labour laws. Credited with engineering a political realignment towards right-wing politics, Modi remains a figure of controversy domestically and internationally over his Hindu nationalist beliefs and his role during the 2002 Gujarat riots, cited as evidence of an exclusionary social agenda.[d]Early life and educationNarendra Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a family of grocers in Vadnagar, Mehsana district, Bombay State (present-day Gujarat). He was the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi (c.1915 – 1989) and Hiraben Modi (born c.1920).[17]Modi's family belonged to the Modh-Ghanchi-Teli (oil-presser) community,[18][19][20]which is categorised as an Other Backward Class by the Indian government.[21][22]As a child, Modi helped his father sell tea at the Vadnagar railway station and later ran a tea stall with his brother near a bus terminus.[23][24]Modi completed his higher secondary education in Vadnagar in 1967, where a teacher described him as an average student and a keen debater, with interest in theatre.[25]Modi had an early gift for rhetoric in debates, and his teachers and students noted this.[26]Modi preferred playing larger-than-life characters in theatrical productions, which has influenced his political image.[27][28]When eight years old, Modi discovered the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and began attending its local shakhas (training sessions). There, Modi met Lakshmanrao Inamdar, popularly known as Vakil Saheb, who inducted him as a balswayamsevak (junior cadet) for RSS and became his political mentor.[29]While Modi was training with the RSS, he also met Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda, Bharatiya Jana Sanghleaders who were founding members of the BJP's Gujarat unit in 1980.[30]Engaged while still a child to Jashodaben, a girl from a family who lived close by, Modi rejected the arranged marriage at the same time he graduated from high school.[31]The resulting familial tensions contributed to his decision to leave home in 1967.[32]Modi spent the ensuing two years travelling across Northern and North-eastern India, though few details of where he went have emerged.[33]In interviews, Modi has described visiting Hindu ashrams founded by Swami Vivekananda: the Belur Math near Kolkata, followed by the Advaita Ashrama in Almoraand the Ramakrishna Mission in Rajkot. Modi remained only a short time at each, since he lacked the required college education.[34][35][36]Vivekananda has been described as a large influence in Modi's life.[37]In the early summer of 1968, Modi reached the Belur Math but was turned away, after which Modi wandered through Calcutta, West Bengal and Assam, stopping in Siliguri and Guwahati.[38]Modi then went to the Ramakrishna Ashram in Almora, where he was again rejected, before travelling back to Gujarat via Delhi and Rajasthan in 1968–69.[39]Sometime in late 1969 or early 1970, Modi returned to Vadnagar for a brief visit before leaving again for Ahmedabad.[40]There, Modi lived with his uncle, working in the latter's canteen at the Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation.[41][42]In Ahmedabad, Modi renewed his acquaintance with Inamdar, who was based at the Hedgewar Bhavan (RSS headquarters) in the city.[43][44][45]After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, he stopped working for his uncle and became a full-time pracharak (campaigner) for the RSS,[42]working under Inamdar.[46]Shortly before the war, Modi took part in a non-violent protest against the Indian government in New Delhi, for which he was arrested; this has been cited as a reason for Inamdar electing to mentor him.[46]Many years later Modi would co-author a biography of Inamdar, published in 2001.[47]In 1978 Modi received a Bachelor of Artsdegree in political science from School of Open Learning[48]at University of Delhi,[49][50]graduating with a third class.[51]Five years later, in 1983, he received a Master of Artsdegree in political science from Gujarat University,[52][53]as an external distance learning student.[54]Early political careerIn June 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhideclared a state of emergency in India which lasted until 1977. During this period, known as "The Emergency", many of her political opponents were jailed and opposition groups were banned.[55][56]Modi was appointed general secretary of the "Gujarat Lok Sangharsh Samiti", an RSS committee coordinating opposition to the Emergency in Gujarat. Shortly afterwards, the RSS was banned.[57]Modi was forced to go underground in Gujarat and frequently travelled in disguise to avoid arrest. He became involved in printing pamphlets opposing the government, sending them to Delhi and organising demonstrations.[58][59]Modi was also involved with creating a network of safe houses for individuals wanted by the government, and in raising funds for political refugees and activists.[60]During this period, Modi wrote a book in Gujarati, Sangharsh Ma Gujarat (In The Struggles of Gujarat), describing events during the Emergency.[61][62]Among the people he met in this role was trade unionist and socialist activist George Fernandes, as well as several other national political figures.[63]In his travels during the Emergency, Modi was often forced to move in disguise, once dressing as a monk, and once as a Sikh.[60]Modi became an RSS sambhag pracharak(regional organiser) in 1978, overseeing RSS activities in the areas of Surat and Vadodara, and in 1979 he went to work for the RSS in Delhi, where he was put to work researching and writing the RSS's version of the history of the Emergency.[64]He returned to Gujarat a short while later, and was assigned by the RSS to the BJP in 1985.[30]In 1987 Modi helped organise the BJP's campaign in the Ahmedabad municipal election, which the BJP won comfortably; Modi's planning has been described as the reason for that result by biographers.[65]After L. K. Advani became president of the BJP in 1986, the RSS decided to place its members in important positions within the BJP; Modi's work during the Ahmedabad election led to his selection for this role, and Modi was elected organising secretary of the BJP's Gujarat unit later in 1987.[66]Modi rose within the party and was named a member of the BJP's National Election Committee in 1990, helping organise L. K. Advani's 1990 Ram Rath Yatra in 1990 and Murli Manohar Joshi's 1991–92 Ekta Yatra(Journey for Unity).[25][67][68]However, he took a brief break from politics in 1992, instead establishing a school in Ahmedabad; friction with Shankersingh Vaghela, a BJP MP from Gujarat at the time, also played a part in this decision.[68]Modi returned to electoral politics in 1994, partly at the insistence of Advani, and as party secretary, Modi's electoral strategy was considered central to the BJP victory in the 1995 state assembly elections.[68][30][69][70]In November of that year Modi was elected BJP national secretary and transferred to New Delhi, where he assumed responsibility for party activities in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.[69][71]The following year, Shankersinh Vaghela, a prominent BJP leader from Gujarat, defected to the Indian National Congress (Congress, INC) after losing his parliamentary seat in the Lok Sabha elections.[25]Modi, on the selection committee for the 1998 Assembly elections in Gujarat, favoured supporters of BJP leader Keshubhai Patel over those supporting Vaghela to end factional division in the party. His strategy was credited as key to the BJP winning an overall majority in the 1998 elections,[69][72]and Modi was promoted to BJP general secretary (organisation) in May of that year.[73]Chief Minister of GujaratTaking officeIn 2001, Keshubhai Patel's health was failing and the BJP lost a few state assembly seats in by-elections. Allegations of abuse of power, corruption and poor administration were made, and Patel's standing had been damaged by his administration's handling of the earthquake in Bhuj in 2001.[69][74][75]The BJP national leadership sought a new candidate for the chief ministership, and Modi, who had expressed misgivings about Patel's administration, was chosen as a replacement.[25]Although BJP leader L. K. Advani did not want to ostracise Patel and was concerned about Modi's lack of experience in government, Modi declined an offer to be Patel's deputy chief minister, telling Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee that he was "going to be fully responsible for Gujarat or not at all". On 3 October 2001 he replaced Patel as Chief Minister of Gujarat, with the responsibility of preparing the BJP for the December 2002 elections.[76]On 7 October 2001, Modi was administered the oath of office.[77]On 24 February 2002 he entered the Gujarat state legislature by winning a by-election to the Rajkot – II constituency, defeating Ashwin Mehta of the INC by 14,728 votes, which enabled him to take office.[78]2002 Gujarat riotsMain article: 2002 Gujarat riotsOn 27 February 2002, a train with several hundred passengers burned near Godhra, killing approximately 60 people.[e]The train carried a large number of Hindu pilgrims returning from Ayodhya after a religious ceremony at the site of the demolished Babri Masjid.[81][82]In making a public statement after the incident, Modi said that the attack had been terror attack planned by local Muslims.[3][81][83]The next day, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad called for a bandh across the state.[84][85]Riots began during the bandh, and anti-Muslim violence spread through Gujarat.[81][84][85]The government's decision to move the bodies of the train victims from Godhra to Ahmedabad further inflamed the violence.[81][86]The state government stated later that 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed.[87]Independent sources put the death toll at over 2000.[81][88]Approximately 150,000 people were driven to refugee camps.[89]Numerous women and children were among the victims; the violence included mass rapes and mutilations of women.[2]The government of Gujarat itself is generally considered by scholars to have been complicit in the riots,[1][2][3]and has otherwise received heavy criticism for its handling of the situation.[90]Several scholars have described the violence as a pogrom, while others have called it an example of state terrorism.[91][92][93]Summarising academic views on the subject, Martha Nussbaum said: "There is by now a broad consensus that the Gujarat violence was a form of ethnic cleansing, that in many ways it was premeditated, and that it was carried out with the complicity of the state government and officers of the law."[2]The Modi government imposed a curfew in 26 major cities, issued shoot-at-sight orders and called for the army to patrol the streets, but was unable to prevent the violence from escalating.[84][85]The president of the state unit of the BJP expressed support for the bandh, despite such actions being illegal at the time.[3]State officials later prevented riot victims from leaving the refugee camps, and the camps were often unable to meet the needs of those living there.[94]Muslim victims of the riots were subject to further discrimination when the state government announced that compensation for Muslim victims would be half of that offered to Hindus, although this decision was later reversed after the issue was taken to court.[95]During the riots, police officers often did not intervene in situations where they were able.[2][83][96]In 2012 Maya Kodnani, a minister in Modi's government from 2007 to 2009, was convicted by a lower court for participation in the Naroda Patiya massacre during the 2002 riots.[97][98]Although Modi's government had announced that it would seek the death penalty for Kodnani on appeal, it reversed its decision in 2013.[99][100]On 21 April 2018, the Gujarat High Court acquitted Kodnani while noting that there were several shortfalls in the investigation.[101]Modi's personal involvement in the 2002 events has continued to be debated. During the riots, Modi said that "What is happening is a chain of action and reaction."[2]Later in 2002, Modi said the way in which he had handled the media was his only regret regarding the episode.[102]Modi has not offered an apology for the riots and has stated that he should be rather punished and not forgiven if he is guilty.[11][103]In March 2008, the Supreme Court reopened several cases related to the 2002 riots, including that of the Gulbarg Society massacre, and established a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to look into the issue.[90][104][105]In response to a petition from Zakia Jafri (widow of Ehsan Jafri, who was killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre), in April 2009 the court also asked the SIT to investigate the issue of Modi's complicity in the killings.[104]The SIT questioned Modi in March 2010; in May, it presented to the court a report finding no evidence against him.[104][106]In July 2011, the court-appointed amicus curiae Raju Ramachandran submitted his final report to the court. Contrary to the SIT's position, he said that Modi could be prosecuted based on the available evidence.[107][108]The Supreme Court gave the matter to the magistrate's court. The SIT examined Ramachandran's report, and in March 2012 submitted its final report, asking for the case to be closed. Zakia Jaffri filed a protest petition in response. In December 2013 the magistrate's court rejected the protest petition, accepting the SIT's finding that there was no evidence against the chief minister.[109]2002 electionIn the aftermath of the violence there were widespread calls for Modi to resign as chief minister from within and outside the state, including from leaders of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the Telugu Desam Party (allies in the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance coalition), and opposition parties stalled Parliament over the issue.[110]Modi submitted his resignation at the April 2002 BJP national executive meeting in Goa, but it was not accepted.[111]His cabinet had an emergency meeting on 19 July 2002, after which it offered its resignation to the Gujarat Governor S. S. Bhandari, and the state assembly was dissolved.[112][113]Despite opposition from the election commissioner, who said that a number of voters were still displaced, Modi succeeded in advancing the election to December 2002.[114]In the elections, the BJP won 127 seats in the 182-member assembly.[115]Although Modi later denied it, he made significant use of anti-Muslim rhetoric during his campaign,[116][117][118][119]and the BJP profited from religious polarisation among the voters.[114]He won the Maninagar constituency, receiving 1,13,589 of 1,54,981 votes and defeating INC candidate Yatin Oza by 75,333 votes.[120]On 22 December 2002, Bhandari swore Modi in for a second term.[121]Modi framed the criticism of his government for human rights violations as an attack upon Gujarati pride, a strategy which led to the BJP winning two-thirds of the seats in the state assembly.[1][116]Second termDuring Modi's second term the rhetoric of the government shifted from Hindutva to Gujarat's economic development.[74][1][116]Modi curtailed the influence of Sangh Parivarorganisations such as the Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (BKS) and the Vishva Hindu Parishad(VHP),[122]entrenched in the state after the decline of Ahmedabad's textile industry,[74]and dropped Gordhan Zadafia (an ally of former Sangh co-worker and VHP state chief Praveen Togadia) from his cabinet. When the BKS staged a farmers' demonstration Modi ordered their eviction from state-provided houses, and his decision to demolish 200 illegal temples in Gandhinagar deepened the rift with the VHP.[122][123]Sangh organisations were no longer consulted or informed in advance about Modi's administrative decisions.[122]Nonetheless, Modi retained connections with some Hindu nationalists. Modi wrote a foreword to a textbook by Dinanath Batra released in 2014, which stated that ancient India possessed technologies including test-tube babies.[124][125]Modi's relationship with Muslims continued to attract criticism. Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee (who asked Modi for tolerance in the aftermath of the 2002 Gujarat violence and supported his resignation as chief minister)[126][127]distanced himself, reaching out to North Indian Muslims before the 2004 Lok Sabha elections. After the elections Vajpayee called the violence in Gujarat a reason for the BJP's electoral defeat and said it had been a mistake to leave Modi in office after the riots.[128][129]Questions about Modi's relationship with Muslims were also raised by many Western nations during his tenure as chief minister. Modi was barred from entering the United States by the State Department, in accordance with the recommendations of the Commission on International Religious Freedom formed under the aegis of the International Religious Freedom Act,[130][131]the only person denied a US visa under this law.[132]The UK and the European Union refused to admit him because of what they saw as his role in the riots. As Modi rose to prominence in India, the UK[133]and the EU[134]lifted their bans in October 2012 and March 2013, respectively, and after his election as prime minister he was invited to Washington.[135][136]During the run-up to the 2007 assembly elections and the 2009 general election, the BJP intensified its rhetoric on terrorism.[137]In July 2006, Modi criticised Prime Minister Manmohan Singh " for his reluctance to revive anti-terror legislation" such as the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act. He asked the national government to allow states to invoke tougher laws in the wake of the 2006 Mumbai train bombings.[138]In 2007 Modi authored Karmayog, a 101-page booklet discussing manual scavenging. In it, Modi argued that scavenging was a "spiritual experience" for Valmiks, a sub-caste of Dalits.[139][140]However, this book was not circulated that time because of the election code of conduct.[141]After the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, Modi held a meeting to discuss the security of Gujarat's 1,600-kilometre (990 mi)-long coastline, resulting in government authorisation of 30 high-speed surveillance boats.[142]In July 2007 Modi completed 2,063 consecutive days as chief minister of Gujarat, making him the longest-serving holder of that post,[143]and the BJP won 122 of 182 state-assembly seats in that year's election.[144]Development projectsThe Sardar Sarovar Dam during a 2006 height increase.As Chief Minister, Modi favoured privatisation and small government, which was at odds with the philosophy of the RSS, usually described as anti-privatisation and anti-globalisation. His policies during his second term have been credited with reducing corruption in the state. He established financial and technology parks in Gujarat and during the 2007 Vibrant Gujarat summit, real-estate investment deals worth ₹6.6 trillion were signed.[74]The governments led by Patel and Modi supported NGOs and communities in the creation of groundwater-conservation projects. By December 2008, 500,000 structures had been built, of which 113,738 were check dams, which helped recharge the aquifers beneath them.[145]Sixty of the 112 tehsils which had depleted the water table in 2004 had regained their normal groundwater levels by 2010.[146]As a result, the state's production of genetically modified cottonincreased to become the largest in India.[145]The boom in cotton production and its semi-arid land use[147]led to Gujarat's agricultural sector growing at an average rate of 9.6 percent from 2001 to 2007.[148]Public irrigation measures in central and southern Gujarat, such as the Sardar Sarovar Dam, were less successful. The Sardar Sarovar project only irrigated 4–6% of the area intended.[145]Nonetheless, from 2001 to 2010 Gujarat recorded an agricultural growth rate of 10.97 percent – the highest of any state.[147]However, sociologists have pointed out that the growth rate under the 1992–97 INC government was 12.9 percent.[149]In 2008 Modi offered land in Gujarat to Tata Motors to set up a plant manufacturing the Nano after a popular agitation had forced the company to move out of West Bengal. Several other companies followed the Tata's to Gujarat.[150]The Modi government finished the process of bringing electricity to every village in Gujarat that its predecessor had almost completed.[149]Modi significantly changed the state's system of power distribution, greatly impacting farmers. Gujarat expanded the Jyotigram Yojana scheme, in which agricultural electricity was separated from other rural electricity; the agricultural electricity was rationed to fit scheduled irrigation demands, reducing its cost. Although early protests by farmers ended when those who benefited found that their electricity supply had stabilised,[145]according to an assessment study corporations and large farmers benefited from the policy at the expense of small farmers and labourers.[151]Development debateModi addressing graduates of the Gujarat National Law University in 2012.There has been a contentious debate surrounding the development of the state of Gujarat during Modi's tenure as chief minister.[152]The GDP growth rate of Gujarat averaged 10% during Modi's tenure, a value above that of the country as a whole, and similar to other highly industrialised states.[150]Gujarat also had a high rate of economic growth in the 1990s, before Modi took office.[153]Some scholars have stated the rate of growth did not accelerate during Modi's tenure,[153]although the state is considered to have maintained a high growth rate during Modi's Chief Ministership.[95]Under Modi, Gujarat topped the World Bank's "ease of doing business" rankings among Indian states for two consecutive years.[154]In 2013, Gujarat was ranked first among Indian states for "economic freedom" by a report measuring governance, growth, citizens' rights and labour and business regulation among the country's 20 largest states.[150][155]In the later years of Modi's government, Gujarat's economic growth was frequently used as an argument to counter allegations of communalism.[1]Tax breaks for businesses were easier to obtain in Gujarat than in other states, as was land. Modi's policies to make Gujarat attractive for investment included the creation of Special Economic Zones, where labour laws were greatly weakened.[116]Despite its growth rate, Gujarat had a relatively poor record on human development, poverty relief, nutrition and education during Modi's tenure. In 2013, Gujarat ranked 13th in the country with respect to rates of poverty and 21st in education. Nearly 45 percent of children under five were underweight and 23 percent were undernourished, putting the state in the "alarming" category on the India State Hunger Index.[156][157]A study by UNICEF and the Indian government found that Gujarat under Modi had a poor record with respect to immunisation in children.[158]Over the decade from 2001 to 2011, Gujarat did not change its position relative to the rest of the country with respect to poverty and female literacy, remaining near the median of the 29 Indian states.[95]It showed only a marginal improvement in rates of infant mortality, and its position with respect to individual consumption declined.[95]With respect to the quality of education in government schools, the state ranked below most Indian states.[95]The social policies of the government generally did not benefit Muslims, Dalits, and Adivasis, and generally increased social inequalities.[95]Development in Gujarat was generally limited to the urban middle class, and citizens in rural areas or from lower castes were increasingly marginalised. In 2013 the state ranked 10th of 21 Indian states in the Human Development Index. Political Scientist Christophe Jaffrelotsays that under Modi the number of families below the poverty line has increased and conditions for rural adivasi and dalits, in particular, have declined.[5]Under Modi, the state government spent far less than the national average on education and healthcare.[95]In July 2013, economics Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen expressed disapproval of Modi's governance record, saying that under his administration Gujarat's "record in education and healthcare is pretty bad".[159]However, economists Arvind Panagariya and Jagdish Bhagwati say that Gujarat's social indicators have improved from a lower baseline than that of other Indian states. According to them, Gujarat's performance in raising literacy rates has been superior to other states and the "rapid" improvement of health indicators is evidence that "its progress has not been poor by any means."[160]Final yearsModi with Anandiben Patel at a meeting of BJP MLAs after his election as prime minister; Patel succeeded him as Gujarat chief minister.Further information: Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, 2012During the 2012 campaign, Modi attempted to identify himself with the state of Gujarat, a strategy similar to that used by Indira Gandhi during the Emergency, and projected himself as protecting Gujarat against persecution by the rest of India.[116]Despite the BJP's shift away from explicit Hindutva, Modi's election campaign in 2007 and 2012 contained elements of Hindu nationalism. Modi only attended Hindu religious ceremonies, and had prominent associations with Hindu religious leaders. During his 2012 campaign he twice refused to wear articles of clothing gifted by Muslim leaders.[116]He did, however, maintain relations with Dawoodi Bohra.[116]His campaign included references to issues known to cause religious polarisation, including to Afzal Guru and the killing of Sohrabuddin Sheikh. The BJP did not nominate any Muslim candidates for the assembly election of 2012.[116]He had published a Gujarati book titled Jyotipunj in 2008, containing profiles of various RSS leaders. The longest was of M. S. Golwalkar, under whose leadership the RSS expanded and whom Modi refers to as Pujniya Shri Guruji("Guru worthy of worship").[161]According to The Economic Times, his intention was to explain the workings of the RSS to his readers and to reassure RSS members that he remained ideologically aligned with them. Modi authored eight other books, mostly containing short stories for children.[162]While campaigning for the 2012 assembly elections, Modi made extensive use of holograms and other technologies allowing him to reach a large number of people,[114]something he would repeat in the 2014 general election. In the 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly elections, Modi won the constituency of Maninagar by 86,373 votes over Shweta Bhatt, the INC candidate and wife of Sanjiv Bhatt.[163]The BJP won 115 of the 182 seats, continuing its majority during his tenure[164]and allowing the party to form the government (as it had in Gujarat since 1995).[165]In later by-elections the BJP won four more assembly seats and two Lok Sabha seats held by the INC, although Modi did not campaign for its candidates.[166]In 2013, the Wharton India Economic Forum (WIEF) at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania cancelled a keynote video-conference speech by Modi following protests by Indian-Americans.[167]After his election as prime minister, Modi resigned as the chief minister and as an MLA from Maninagar on 21 May 2014. Anandiben Patel succeeded him as the chief minister.[168]