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Lars MittankLars Mittank was a German backpacker traveling in Bulgaria in July, 2014. While there, he supposedly took part in an altercation that resulted in a busted eardrum. He received medical attention, but family and friends were worried when they received cryptic texts from him saying he was being followed by four men.Lars MittankAt a local airport, he wanted to see a doctor to make sure it was safe for him to fly. This still is from security camera footage, which captured Lars sprinting out without his luggage, and then hopping a fence and going into the woods. He has not been seen since.Marco SiffrediIn 2001, Frenchman Marco Siffredi made history when he became the first man to snowboard down Mount Everest via the Norton Couloir, a gorge running down the mountain’s northern face. Amazing as that is, Siffredi wasn’t pleased – he wanted to snowboard down the Hornbein Couloir to the west of the summit, but there wasn’t enough snow.Marco SiffrediUndeterred, he returned the following year. After more than 12 hours of climbing, Siffredi reached the summit but was exhausted and possibly disoriented from altitude sickness. This photo was snapped just before he took off down the mountain, and was never seen again.Hannah GrahamThis photograph is of Hannah Graham, a college student who was last seen walking down a hallway before going missing. Hannah went out partying one night; no one knew where she was until she texted some friends that she was lost and on her way to a party.Hannah GrahamWitnesses also claimed to have seen her at a diner and possibly being forced into an older man’s car. Despite a thorough search, neither hide nor hair of her was found… until five weeks after her disappearance, when her remains were located. The aforementioned older man, who’d only met her that night, was convicted of taking her life.Elisa LamForewarning – this one’s terrifying. The young woman peering out of the elevator is 21-year-old Elisa Lam, a Canadian college student who was staying at the Cecil Hotel during a visit to Los Angeles.Elisa LamThe full footage shows Elisa entering and exiting the elevator repeatedly, and behaving erratically and fearfully, as if someone – or something – is after her. A model student, she went missing the same day this footage was taken, and found only three weeks later – inside one of the hotel’s water tanks. How she got inside the tank, or replaced its heavy lid, is anyone’s guess. Her passing remains unsolved.Geraldine LargayThe woman pictured here looks so happy, and it’s heartbreaking to realize this is the last photo ever taken of her. She’s Geraldine Largay, who decided to hike along the Appalachian trail alone, and it was taken the morning she disappeared, in July, 2013.Geraldine LargayShe would remain missing for two years. Finally, her remains were discovered by an Animal Planet film crew shooting a documentary on a completely unrelated subject. Her journal was also found, showing she’d survived 26 days in the wilderness, and knew that she was about to perish. Tragically, she was only about 30 minutes away from civilization.Madeleine McCannThis photo of a happy family relates to the “most heavily reported missing-person case in modern history.” How so? It’s the last known photo of 3-year-old Madeleine McCann (the girl on the right) briefly before her mysterious and much-publicized disappearance in May, 2007.Madeleine McCannIn a scenario that’s probably every parent’s worst nightmare, she was snatched from her bed in the middle of the night when the family was vacationing in Portugal. Authorities both there and in the U.K. pursued multiple leads and suspects, including looking into her parents, but no suspects were ever charged and she was never found.Hari SimranKnowing the backstory behind this selfie makes it heartbreaking. The man who took it, American yoga instructor Haru Simran, sent it to his wife during a shared vacation in Mexico, along with the caption “Looking down on you.”Hari SimranWanting to go for a hike alone, he took it on a cliff overlooking their hotel. The photo would be his last. He later texted his wife again, saying he had walked too far, and disappeared. His body was found four days later after a large-scale rescue operation, and it was reported he likely fell from a high cliff.Lisa AuLisa Au’s disappearance has been dubbed “Hawaii’s most mysterious unsolved mystery.” In 1982, Lisa, a 19-year-old hairdresser, left her boyfriend’s sister’s apartment after having dinner with them. It was the last time she would be seen… alive.Lisa AuHours later, her car was found on a highway, with the window rolled down despite the downpour. Ten days later, her badly decayed remains were found at a completely different location. Disturbingly, witnesses reported seeing a car with flashing blue lights tailing Lisa’s car. Could a cop, or somebody posing as one, had been involved? We don’t know, as the case was never solved.Lauren SpiererWe live in the age of constant surveillance, which has changed our lives in some imperceptible ways. Take Lauren Spierer, for instance. When this 20-year-old Indiana University student vanished in June, 2011, her last night was documented almost in its entirety by security cameras, which is where this still is taken from.Lauren SpiererShe was last seen leaving a friend’s apartment at 4:30am, walking on the road barefoot. Many theories were floated – including ones related to substance abuse – but nothing was ever proven and she remains missing to this day.Lisanne Froon and Kris KremersThis perfect selfie shows Dutch tourists Lisanne Froon and Kris Kremers, all smiles as they were hiking through a jungle paradise in panama in April, 2014. The two were supposed to be accompanied by a guide, but went into the dense woods a day earlier and simply vanished.Lisanne Froon and Kris KremersWeeks later, some of their belonging were recovered, including their cell phones and camera. The phones showed they tried calling emergency services for 11 days, while the camera had a series of 90 photos taken in near complete darkness. Eventually, some of their skeletal remains were found, but to this day no one knows what happened.Rolf BaeThis photo shows Norwegian adventurers Rolf Bae and Cecilie Skog sharing a kiss, just before they’d make the ascent to the summit of K2, the second-highest mountain in the world. They were no amateurs – Cecilie was the first woman to stand at both poles AND the tallest peaks of every continent.Rolf BaeThey loved nothing more than climbing together, but that passion would claim Rolf’s life. On their way down K2, Rolf ventured out under an ice cliff. The cliff collapsed, and took Rolf into the void with it. Cecilie then had to continue the descent without her husband.Brian ShafferIn detective fiction, there’s a sub-genre called “locked-room mystery,” where it seems impossible for a criminal to have committed the crime in question without being detected. In real life, that’s exactly what (maybe) happened to Brian Shaffer.Brian ShafferIn March, 2006, this 27-year-old med student from Ohio State University celebrated the first day of spring break by going on a bar crawl with friends. Their last stop was The Ugly Tuna Saloon in Columbus, Ohio. Security camera footage caught Brian as he was taking the escalator up to the bar. There is, however, no evidence of him leaving, and no trace of him was ever found.An unknown hikerThis photo shows a stunning natural scene. It was taken opposite the famous granite dome known as Half Dome, on the eastern end of Yosemite Valley in Yosemite National Park, California.An unknown hikerThe photo was the very last one snapped by an unnamed man, who’d been missing for a month after hiking in the park. The photo came from his phone, which was found in his backpack at the top of a cliff. Tragically, the man’s remains were located at the bottom of that cliff, and it’s assumed he lost his footing and fell to his doom.Dan WallickAir Force Lt. Col. Dan Wallick was no stranger to adversity, as he served four years in the Defense Department’s Strategic Command. His true passion, however, was hiking, which he loved doing through the mountains of Colorado.Dan WallickHe was supposed to meet up with a couple of his friends to continue the hike, but Wallick – an Iraq and Afghanistan War veteran – never made it. He had been lost for four days, when his remains were finally found at the bottom of a treacherous cliff from which he must have fallen. This is the 41-year-old Bronze Star winner’s last known photo.Gary BoxThis photo represents selfless heroism and the ultimate sacrifice. The firefighter is 35-year-old Gary Box, and he’s running towards the World Trade Center Towers on September 11, 2001. He would never return, and his remains have not been found to this day, leaving his family completely without closure.Gary BoxThen, nine years later, they finally got it, in the form of a photograph taken by a complete stranger. It showed a firefighter running through the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel toward the Towers, while cars were stuck in traffic. It was taken by a Danish businessman, also stuck in the tunnel, who happened to snap Gary’s last photo.Jennifer KesseWe’re going to break from this article’s norm, but only because this is like something out of a horror movie. Florida resident Jennifer Kesse was 24 when she disappeared in January, 2006. Jennifer went to work and then left at the normal end of the workday – it would be the last time she’s ever seen.Jennifer KesseOn the way home, she spoke to her parents, then her boyfriend. The following morning, she – and her car – vanished. The creepiest part? At around noon, someone was caught on camera parking her car near an apartment complex and walking away. Unbelievably, their face was obscured by the railing, and they were never identified.Kenny VeachKenny Veach’s November, 2014, disappearance, which is straight out of The X-Files, can be traced back to an offhanded YouTube comment. Kenny commented that he was a long-distance hiker and mentioned an encounter with a capital M-shaped cave that unnerved him.Kenny VeachHe said the aforementioned cave in the Nevada mountains gave him a strange feeling that spooked him so much that he left without recording its location. Then, a month later, he commented again on the same video, saying he was going to try and find it. This is the last anyone’s ever heard of him. Whether he found the cave or not, he simply vanished.Natalee HollowayThe young woman in the middle of this photo is Natalee Holloway, an 18-year-old college student who disappeared in May, 2005, during a high school graduation trip to the Caribbean island of Aruba. She was last seen outside a restaurant/nightclub, in the company of three men – Joran van der Sloot and two others.Natalee HollowayNo charges were ever filed against them. Despite unprecedented search-and-rescue efforts, neither Holloway nor her remains were ever found. On May 30, 2010 – five years to the day since Holloway’s disappearance – van der Sloot took the life of another woman in Peru, and was convicted this time.David JohnstonThis photograph caught a man just before a historic, and catastrophic, occurrence – one which he was the first to witness. What do we mean? Well, this is United States Geological Survey volcanologist David Johnston, 13 hours before his passing as a result of the May, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington state.David JohnstonIt was the most disastrous volcanic eruption to occur in the continental U.S. since 1915, and Johnston had a front row seat. “Vancouver! Vancouver! This is it!” he transmitted, before a blast sent him flying. His remains were never found.Tara GrinsteadThis is one of the last known photographs taken of beauty queen and high school history teacher Tara Grinstead. Then 30, Tara had been missing since October, 2005. One night before her disappearance, she visited a beauty pageant and attended a barbecue.Tara GrinsteadThe following week, when she failed to show up for work, co-workers called the police. At her home, there were no signs of forced entry or a struggle. In 2017, 11 years later, a tip led to an arrest. The culprit was a former student of hers, who broke into her house and attacked her, later disposing of the body.Natalia Molina ValenzuelaIn the age of social media, the last photos of people may come from the people themselves. This photo is a case in point. It was posted to social media on September 2, 2016, by a Colombian woman named Natalia Molina Valenzuela, who was a crew member on the Norwegian Pearl cruise ship.Natalia Molina ValenzuelaA mere six days later, when the ship was sailing through Funter Bay off the coast of Alaska, Molina jumped overboard. The U.S. Coast Guard searched for her for 42 hours, covering 340 square miles, but there was no sign of her. She was 24.George Mallory and Sandy IrvineIf this one seems like it was taken on a hostile alien planet – it’s because it sort of was. It was taken June, 1924, at base camp of the world’s highest mountain – Mount Everest. English mountaineers George Mallory and Andrew “Sandy” Irvine were part of a 1924 British expedition that tried to achieve the first ascent to the mountain’s summit.George Mallory and Sandy IrvineThe first two attempts were unsuccessful, and on the third Mallory and Irvine vanished. It was never conclusively proven whether they’d actually reached the top. Seventy-five years after disappearing, Mallory’s remains were found, showing signs of a fatal fall.Maura MurrayThis is University of Massachusetts Amherst nursing student Maura Murray, who disappeared on February 9, 2004 – five days after Facebook launched. The 21-year-old told professors she’d be taking a week off due to a death in the family – which turned out to be a lie.Maura MurrayShe then packed a bag, withdrew some money, and bought adult beverages. The black-and-white photo seen here is from the ATM’s camera. Murray got into her car and headed out of town, only to crash it on a snowbank. Police arrived on the scene 10 minutes later, but Maura was already gone – and hasn’t been seen since.Amy Wroe BechtelThis is one of the last publicly available photographs of 24-year-old Amy Wroe Bechtel, who went for a jog and never returned. Considering she vanished in July, 1997, there are shockingly few clues as to what might’ve happened.Amy Wroe BechtelHer car was discovered parked on the side of the road in Shoshone National Forest, but provided no clues. An intensive 10-day search-and-rescue operation found virtually nothing else. At one point, Amy’s husband Steve (seen next to her) was suspected, but he had an alibi. A $25,000 reward went unclaimed for so long that the family converted it into two college scholarships in Amy’s name.Sherry Lynn MarlerThere’s no mistaking this photo – it’s from the 1980s. It’s also one of the last ones ever taken of 12-year-old Sherry Marler before her unsettling disappearance in June, 1984. She and her stepfather were in a bank, and he gave her a dollar to buy herself a soda.Sherry Lynn MarlerShe was last seen exiting the bank, and crossing the road to the gas station across from it. When her stepdad returned to his truck 15 minutes later, she was gone. By the end of 1984, there’d been three possible sightings of Sherry – all unconfirmed, all placing her with a strange man, all saying she looked completely out of it. She has not been found to this day.Rebecca CoriamThere’s unsettling, and then there’s Rebecca Coriam. The 24-year-old was living her dream working on the Disney Wonder cruise ship when she disappeared in March, 2011. Had she gone overboard, as the cruise company claimed, had she taken her own life, or was there something more sinister at play?Rebecca CoriamCCTV captured her last images, at 4:45am the day she vanished. She paced the deck wearing baggy men’s clothes and tugging at her hair, looking distraught. The only trace of her remaining was a pair of flip-flops found near a swimming pool. But if she was truly gone, why had her bank accounts been accessed months later?Mary BadaraccoIt seems like everyone knows what happened to Mary Badaracco – it’s just that nothing can be conclusively proven. What do we know? She was last heard from on August 19, 1984. Her personal effects were completely gone as well, but her car was parked outside her home, with the driver’s side windshield smashed inwards.Mary BadaraccoHer car keys and her wedding ring, meanwhile, were on the kitchen counter. Her husband, who allegedly had been unfaithful and possibly abusive, told police he paid her a large sum of money to go away, and admitted smashing the car’s windshield. Her daughters don’t believe Mary, a new grandmother, would do that, though.Paula Jean WeldenIf she were alive today, Paula Jean Welden would be 91 years old. When she vanished in 1946, however, she was only 18. A sophomore in Vermont’s Bennington College, she got off work and wanted to hike the state’s famous Long Trail.Paula Jean WeldenSince no one wanted to tag along, she went alone. A group of other hikers met her on the trail, and she asked them some questions about it. They’d be the last to see her. Paula Jean wasn’t alone, though. Between 1920 and 1950, as many as ten people disappeared in that region, with some attributing the disappearances to either Bigfoot or UFOs.Grace MillaneSometimes, paradise can turn into something quite different. This was the case for 22-year-old British backpacker Grace Millane, who disappeared in New Zealand while hiking there just a day before her birthday. Through CCTV footage, local police had been able to pinpoint Grace’s last sighting – the Sky City entertainment complex in Auckland, on the evening of December 1, 2018.Grace MillaneTragically, her remains were discovered in a rural area a week later – a rarity for the tranquil island that led to a public outpouring of grief and comments even from the prime minister. A man is currently on trial for allegedly ending her life, but has entered a not-guilty plea.Mollie TibbettsDon’t let the face this young woman is making fool you – 20-year-old University of Iowa student Mollie Tibbetts was vivacious, sporty, and loved life and working with children. The still image is taken from a short, impromptu video recorded by her friend and co-worker Jarrett Rose that showed Mollie simply goofing off on July 17, 2018.Mollie TibbettsThe following day, she went for a jog near her home in the small town of Brooklyn, Iowa, and was never seen alive again. More than a month later, a man was arrested by police and led them to her remains. He’s currently standing trial.Audrey HerronIn August, 2002, it wasn’t just a woman who disappeared, but her car did as well. Audrey May Herron, a 31-year-old mother of three, finished her shift as a nurse in a healthcare facility in Catskill, New York. She then got into her car and started her drive home – about 12-15 miles.Audrey HerronShe has not been seen again in the 17 years that have passed since, and neither has her car, both completely vanishing off the face of the Earth. Audrey had received a substantial pay raise the day she disappeared, and was said to be completely devoted to her kids, making a voluntary disappearance unlikely.Kristen ModafferiConsidering her disappearance was so bizarre, it’s somehow fitting that the last known photo of Kristen Modafferi – snapped at a museum – was taken with her back to us, obscuring her face as her fate has been since she vanished in June, 1997.Kristen ModafferiNot long after her eighteenth birthday, Kristen finished her shift at a San Francisco coffee shop and told co-workers she might go to a beach party. Forty-five minutes after her shift ended, she was seen with a blonde woman who has never been identified. Kristen was last seen withdrawing money from an ATM, and then she simply vanished into thin air. She remains missing today.LaRece Simone HawkinsCarefree, smiling… and missing since May, 2018. LaRece Hawkins was an aspiring actress, and at 24 she was starting to get traction in the L.A. theater scene. She seemed to have all the reasons to be optimistic about her future. This photo, taken from her Instagram account, is the last she’d ever post.LaRece Simone HawkinsChillingly, she captioned it, “Going places and Doing BIG things! You may not know me now, but one day you’ll want to!” LaRece was last seen aboard the Escape, a Norwegian cruise ship. She went missing while it was 80 nautical miles from Atlantic City, New Jersey, and was never heard from again.Patricia KriegerMost of the time, people who disappear under suspicious circumstances are alone. For 65-year-old Patti Krieger, it was the exact opposite. In October, 2010, she was hiking the Sauk Mountain Trail in Washington along with six other people, including her fiance, and her 100-pound Rottweiler, Bear.Patricia KriegerThat hike is where this photo was taken. Patti and Bear separated from their group and went down the wrong trail. The others called out to her, but being hard of hearing, she kept going. So did they, assuming they’d link back to her later. They never did. Three weeks later, Bear was found on the mountain, alone. Patti has never been found.Matt WeaverIn the age of social media, it may well be that the last photo a person leaves may be digital – and not include themselves at all. Such was the case for Matt Weaver, a 21-year-old who went hiking in California’s Topanga Lookout Trail and never returned. This photo is the last he’d post to social media.Matt WeaverHours later, he texted a lady friend incoherently, telling her, “I just (want) to talk while I have the chance.” She texted him back, but received no reply. An investigative report revealed Weaver knew he would be confronted with potentially dangerous criminal activity – that may have cost him his life.Diana ZachariasFrom the outset, it seemed like Diana Zacharias’ dream of visiting the Grand Canyon was doomed. This 22-year-old Northwestern State University of Louisiana student hitched a ride to the airport with her dad in April, 2016, only to learn her plane broke down.Diana ZachariasHe drove her to another airport, and she made another flight – and wouldn’t be seen alive again. She set this selfie as her Facebook profile picture the day she went missing. When her mom texted to ask if she’s on her way to the airport to go home, Diana replied, “No, I am not going.” Four months later, her remains were found.Amy Lynn BradleyAmy Lynn Bradley disappeared from a large cruise ship named Rhapsody of the Seas in March, 1998. She was traveling with her family on a weeklong cruise, and this photo is the last one ever taken of her, alongside her brother, just one day prior.Amy Lynn BradleyThe 23-year-old was last seen by her dad in the early morning, but he found she was missing later in the day. The ship was on its way to Curacao at the time, and a thorough search upon arrival turned up nothing. Despite numerous potential sightings through the years, Amy remains missing – and may have fallen victim to human trafficking.Source : Chilling last photos of people before they went missing | Geeky Camel

Olive Oatman- Possibly the First Tattooed Caucasian American WomanOlive Oatman after she was ransomed (Olive Oatman - Wikipedia)2012 was the first year in which more women than men were tattooed in the U.S (twenty-three per cent of women, compared with nineteen per cent of men).[1] Tattoos appeal to contemporary women both as emblems of empowerment in an era of feminist gains and as badges of self-determination at a time when controversies about abortion rights, date rape, and sexual harassment have made them think hard about who controls their bodies—and why.[2]For thousands of years, across numerous cultures, women have tattooed themselves as a symbol of maturity, affiliation and cultural heritage. In the early 19th century, tattoos had long been associated with criminals, sailors, the underworld and native peoples- individuals occupying the fringes of America society.[3] So how did people react when a young teenage girl returned to mainstream society after living with a Mojave tribe for several years with a distinctive and permanent blue tattoo symbolizing her inclusiveness with the Mojave?Olive Oatman was a fourteen-year-old girl whose family was killed in 1851 in present-day Arizona by Native Americans, possibly the Yavapai, who captured and enslaved Olive and her sister. A year later Mojave Indians adopted the two girls. After four years with the Mojave, during which time her sister died of starvation, Olive returned to white society. Her story has been told, retold and embellished so many times – in the media and in her own memoir and speeches – that the truth is not easy to discern.Born into the family of Royce and Mary Ann Oatman in Illinois in 1837, Olive was one of seven children who grew up in the Mormon religion. Royce Oatman conducted a mercantile business, until the economic decline of 1842, when his business went bankrupt.[4] He moved temporarily to Pennsylvania for a time, but soon returned to Chicago, Illinois, where he engaged in farming. Having received a serious injury while assisting a neighbor dig a well,[5] Royce decided to go to New Mexico, where it was thought the milder climate would be beneficial.In 1850 they joined a wagon train led by James C. Brewster, a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS), whose attacks on, and disagreements with, the church leadership in Salt Lake City, Utah, had caused him to break with the followers of Brigham Young in Utah and lead his fol-lowers--Brewsterites--to California, which he claimed was the "intended place of gathering" for the Mormons.[6]Referred to in several books of the Bible as rich pastureland for cattle with rugged mountains and beautiful plains, Brewster believed Bashan to be the true Zion and that it was located at the confluence of the Gila and Colorado Rivers.[7]In the days of the Oregon Trail, travelers headed West were exposed to serious dangers, but many of them packed up and left the East anyway.[8] Along with the enticing Gold Rush, there was another promise drawing settlers across the continent: the Mormon holy lands in Utah and California. With so many white travelers crossing through Native American tribal lands in the plains and desert, it was only a matter of time before conflicts started to arise.[9] There were numerous reports of settlers clashing with natives, usually over issues stemming from lack of resources in a part of the country where water and food was already scarce.[10]The Brewsterite emigrants, numbering close to 90, left Independence, Missouri, August 5, 1850.[11]Dissension caused the group to split near Santa Fe in New Mexico Territory, with Brewster following the northern route. The Oatmans and several other families chose the southern route via Socorro, Santa Cruz, and Tucson.[12] Near Socorro, Royce Oatman took command of the remaining wagons. They reached New Mexico Territory early in 1851 only to find the terrain and climate extremely unfavorable. Consequently, they abandoned the idea of reaching the mouth of the Colorado River.When they reached Maricopa Wells, they learned that the trail ahead was rough and the Indians hostile.[13] The other families decided to stay at Maricopa Wells, but this was not what Royce Oatman had envisioned for his family. He was determined to find a place where he could build a future for his seven children, who ranged in age from one to seventeen. Eight of the wagons followed the Rio Grande-Gila route with Royse Oatman at the helm.[14] With a shift in his objective and a new determination to go to California, Oatman led his party with little mercy. They rode long and hard under the sun’s oppressive heat and atop the unruly terrain, and when several of his oxen collapsed from exhaustion and members of the crew wanted to stop and rest, Oatman forged on with his family, fearing that his stock would perish before reaching California.Site of the Oatman massacre (Olive Oatman - Wikipedia)On the fourth day of their solo travels, a group of Native Americans approached them, requesting tobacco, guns and food. Olive later identified them as Apaches, commonly assumed, at the time, to encompass a variety of dangerous Southwest tribes, her captors were probably much less notorious.[15] Their proximity to the murder site, regular contact with the Mohave Indians, hunter-gatherer lifestyle and small scale farming practices suggest they were one of four fluid groups of Yavapais.[16] Most likely they were Tolkepayas[17], a name that distinguishes them more geographically than culturally from other free-ranging yet interconnected Yavapais.On February 18, 1851, a group of Yavapai tribesmen attacked them Oatmans on the banks of the Gila River 80–90 miles east of what is now Yuma, Arizona. Royce, Mary and four of their children were killed at the scene, and fifteen-year-old son Lorenzo was badly injured.[18] Lorenzo regained consciousness to find his family killed and Olive and Mary Ann missing. He eventually reached a settlement where he was treated for his wounds, and rejoined the original wagon train.[19] Three days later, Lorenzo backtracked and found the bodies of his slain parents and siblings.Lorenzo and the men who accompanied him had no way of digging proper graves in the rocky soil, so they gathered the bodies together and formed a cairn over them.[20] It has been reported that the remains were reburied several times in the ensuing years, and Arizona pioneer Charles Poston supposedly moved them to the river for a final reinterment.[21]Olive, age 14, and Mary Ann, age 7, were captured and held as slaves at a village near the site of modern Congress, Arizona. They recollect that their attackers divided into two groups, one herding the animals and carrying the looted items while the others shepherded the captured girls about half a mile to a campsite.[22]Tied with ropes and forced to walk along the Arizonan desert, the girls' health suffered deeply; they became hungry and dehydrated. Whenever they asked for rest or water, they would be poked by their captors with lances. After a brief rest and some food, which the girls refused, they continued their march. By this time their captors had removed the girls’ shoes, knowing that would prevent their escape. Their feet were quickly bruised and bloodied by the volcanic rock.[23]The Reason This Woman From The Wild West Had A Tattoo On Her Face Is Frankly ChillingAfter arriving at the Yavapai rancheria, the girls were treated in a way that appeared threatening, and both feared they would be killed. However, they were used as slaves, forced to forage for food, carry water and firewood, and other menial tasks; they were frequently beaten and mistreated.[24] Mary Ann and Olive were forced to hard labor, and would be bothered by Yavapai children, who used sticks to burn them.[25]A year later, a group of Mojave Indians lead by a young woman who, Olive later learned, was the daughter of their chief, “beautiful, intelligent, well-spoken, fluent in the languages of both tribes,” and most importantly, sympathetic to the predicament of the girls,[26] visited the Yavapai village and traded two horses, vegetables, blankets, and other trinkets for the girls. Once the transaction was complete, they were forced to walk several hundred miles to a Mojave village where the Gila River met the Colorado River, near what is now Needles, California.[27]Tribal leader Espianola and his family immediately adopted Mary Ann and Olive Oatman.[28] The Mojave were more prosperous than the Yavapai, and both Espianola’s wife Aespaneo and daughter Topeka took an interest in the Oatman girls. Aespaneo arranged for the Oatman girls to be given plots of land to farm.[29] Olive expressed her deep affection for these two women numerous times over the years.Taken after her ransom, this photo of white Mormon Olive Oatman shows her blue cactus ink tattoo given to her on her chin by the Mohave who adopted her: five vertical lines, with triangles set at right angles. (Olive Oatman, the Pioneer Girl Abducted by Native Americans Who Returned a Marked Woman)Native Americans have extensive cultural traditions that involve tattooing, but each group has different customs. In the past, several factors affected their tattooing, such as the location of the group, the natural resources to which they had access, and the religion and creation stories in which they believed.A specific example is the Mojave tribe, which was known at least as far back as the 16th century by the Spanish. Located mainly in California and Arizona along the Colorado River, the tribe used ink from the blue cactus plant to tattoo adolescents as a rite of passage.[30]As with most North American Indians, they were fond of personal adornment. Two of their favorites were tattooing and body painting. Men and women would tattoo their chins and sometimes their foreheads. Both sexes would also paint striking designs on their faces, hair and body. There was no special guild of tattooists and most tattooing was done on people between the ages of 20 and 30. Part of the Mohave belief is that any man or woman without a tattoo on the face would be refused entrance to Sil'aid, the land of the dead. Their belief was so strong that black paint would be rubbed on the tattoo marks of the dead so they were more visible on judgment day. Because of this belief, many old folks who had not been tattooed in their youth were tattooed on their deathbeds.[31]The Mojave also got tattoos for luck and protection when heading into battle and for religious ceremonies.The Mojave marked both Oatman girls on their chins with indelible blue cactus tattoos in keeping with tribal custom. According to Mojave tradition, such marks were given only to their own people to ensure that they would have a good afterlife.[32]“[They] pricked the skin in small regular rows on our chins with a very sharp stick, until they bled freely,” Olive would later write.[33] The sticks were then dipped in weed juice and blue stone powder which was then applied to the pinpricks on the face.Mohave Indians, Illustrated by Balduin Möllhausen, during Lt. Amiel Weeks Whipple’s 1853-54 expedition (Heart Gone Wild - True West Magazine)Olive stated that Mary Ann died "about a year" before her own release in 1856.[34] Mary Ann, after 3–4 years with the Mojave, died of starvation during a famine in which many Mojave died as well.[35] In 1855, according to contemporary weather reports, the tribe experienced a severe drought and an accompanying shortage of food.Shortly before dying, she tried to comfort her sister by telling her "I have been a great deal of trouble to you, Olive. You will miss me for a while, but you will not have to work so hard when I'm gone."[36]Engraving of the death of Mary Ann Oatman (Mary Ann Oatman - Wikipedia)The date of Mary Ann's death is significant because it suggests that the two girls had at least partially assimilated into the tribe. Whether Olive and Mary Ann were truly adopted into that family and the Mojave people is unknown. Olive told one of the first reporters to interview her that the Mohaves always told her she was free to leave when she wanted to, but that they wouldn’t accompany her to the nearest white settlement for fear of retribution for having kept her for so long.[37] Since she didn’t know the way, she reasoned, she couldn’t go.Later she would claim that she and Mary Ann were captives and that she was afraid to leave. Yet it seems Olive grew accustomed to life with the Mohave. Over time she acclimated to their society and even began following their customs, taking on a clan name of Oach.[38] The Mohave referred the girls as “ahwe,” meant “stranger” or “enemy,” not “slave” or “captive.” The tribe loved teasing and obscene nicknames. Olive’s name, Spantsa (“unquenchable lust”) appeared on the travel pass that was sent by the U.S. army to the Mohave for her ransom.[39]When a group of railway surveyors under the command of Amiel Weeks Whipple visited the village in March 1854, she did not attempt to identify herself to the visitors.[40] Years later she met with a Mojave leader named Irataba in New York City and spoke with him of old times.[41] While Olive sometimes spoke with fondness of the Mojave, she became less positive about her experience over time; she may have suffered from Stockholm Syndrome.[42]Lorenzo Oatman (The Extraordinary Story of Olive Oatman)During the time the two girls were with the Mojave, their brother, Lorenzo Oatman continued to search for his sisters. At some point during the winter of 1855-56 the U.S. Army received word that Olive was living with the Mojave.When Olive was 19 years old, a Yuma Indian messenger named Francisco arrived at the village with a message from the authorities at Fort Yuma, which is in Imperial County, California, across the Colorado River from Yuma, Arizona.[43] Rumors were circulating that a white girl was living with the Mojave and the post commander requested her return – or to know why she chose not to return.The Mojave initially sequestered Olive and resisted the request, first denying that Olive was white. Over the course of negotiations, they also expressed their affection for Olive. Shortly thereafter Francisco made a second fervent attempt to persuade the Mojave to part with Olive, offering them blankets and a white horse in exchange, and he passed on threats that the whites would destroy the Mojave if they did not release Olive.[44]After some discussion, in which Olive was included, the Mojave decided to accept these terms. On February 28, 1856, Olive Oatman was ransomed and escorted on a twenty-day journey to Fort Yuma.[45] Topeka (daughter of Espianola and Aespaneo) went on the journey with Olive. She described the negotiations as follows:“I found that they had told Francisco that I was not American, that I was from a race of people much like the Indians, living away from the setting sun. They had painted my face, and hands, and feet of a dun, dingy color that was unlike that of any race I ever saw. This they told me they did to deceive Francisco; and that I must not talk to him in American. They told me to talk to him in another language, and to tell him that I was not American. Then they waited to hear the result, expecting to hear my gibberish nonsense, and to witness the convincing effect upon Francisco. But I spoke to him in broken English, and told him the truth, and also what they had enjoined me to do. He started from his seat in a perfect rage, vowing that he would be imposed upon no longer.”Before entering Fort Yuma, Olive insisted she be given proper clothing, as she was clad in a traditional Mojave skirt with no covering above her waist.[46] She washed the paint from her face, the dye from her hair, and dress in appropriate Western clothing before entering the fort. Inside the fort, Olive was surrounded by cheering people. Within a few days, she discovered her brother Lorenzo was alive and had been looking for her. Their reunion made headlines across the West.Olive cried into her hands when she was delivered to the U.S. Army at Fort Yuma. She paced the floor and wept at night after she and Lorenzo moved to Oregon to live near their cousins. A friend described her as a “grieving, unsatisfied woman” who longed to return to the Mohave.[47] When Olive heard that a tribal dignitary named Irataba was traveling to New York in 1864, she went to visit him.[48] Interviews given after her return to society indicated that her time woth the Mojave was not the Indian nightmare so mamy expected.There are numerous unsubstantiated rumors that Olive was married to the son of the Mojave chief and that she gave birth to two boys when married to him.[49] The Arizona Republican in Phoenix, dated 30 April 1922, reported “opening skirmish of one of the most interesting legal battles in the history of Mohave county . . . in Oatman Court of Domestic Relations when John Oatman, wealthy Mohave Indian, was sued for divorce by his wife, Estelle Oatman . . . John Oatman claims to be the grandson of Olive Oatman, famous in Arizona history.”[50]Contrary to stories circulating after her release, Olive almost certainly didn’t marry a Mohave or bear his children. If she had, it would have been a highly unusual, thus memorable, piece of tribal history. However, Olive did confess to a friend (according to the friend) that she had married a Mohave man and had two sons with him – and that her depression upon returning to society was actually grief at having left them behind.[51]The late Llewellyn Barrackman, who was the tribe’s unofficial historian, reported that if Olive had, “we would all know.”[52] He added that the children would have stood out as mixed-race Mohaves who could have been easily traced to her. Furthermore, though she married after her ransom, Olive never had biological children, which raises the possibility that she couldn’t. Finally, a half century after her ransom, when the anthropologist A.L. Kroeber interviewed a Mohave named Musk Melon who had known Olive well, he said nothing about her having been married.[53]Olive had assimilated so well into Mohave culture during the four years that she lived among them that she had nearly forgotten English. But after returning to the east to live with relatives in Albany, New York and attending school, she quickly regained her mother tongue.[54]Stories about white people being captured by Native Americans and enslaved were a popular genre at the time. They tended, however, to have racist overtones and chimed with a widespread belief that Native Americans were barbaric savages. Olive’s story had all the right ingredients, and her tale was all the more gripping because of the tattoos that marked her face.The Reason This Woman From The Wild West Had A Tattoo On Her Face Is Frankly ChillingIn 1857, the Reverend Royal Stratton wrote Olive’s story: Life Among the Indians: Captivity of the Oatman Girls, one of the few published accounts of Indian captivity at that time.[55] It was incredibly successful and sold out three editions in one year, a best-seller. In 1858, the Oatmans moved to New York with Stratton, and Olive went on the lecture circuit to promote his book. Royalties from Stratton’s book paid for the education of Lorenzo and Olive at the University of the Pacific.[56]These appearances were among the few occasions on which she appeared in public without wearing a veil to cover her tattooed face. Olive stated that the Mojave tattooed their captives to ensure they would be recognized if they escaped. “You perceive I have the mark indelibly placed upon my chin,” she said, neglecting to mention that most Mojave women wore chin tattoos.[57] Stratton’s book also claimed that the girls received designs specific to “their own captives.” But the very pattern Olive wore appears on a ceramic figurine of the late 19th-early 20th century that displays traditional Mohave face painting, tattoo, beads and clothingMuch of what actually happened to Olive Oatman during her time with Native Americans remains unknown. In response to rumors to the contrary, Olive denied that she had been married to a Mojave or was ever raped or sexually mistreated by either tribe.[58] In Stratton’s book she declared that “to the honor of these savages let it be said, they never offered the least unchaste abuse to me.”[59]In November 1865, Olive married cattleman John Fairchild.[60] After her marriage, she gave up all of her lecture activities, remaking herself into a proper Victorian lady, complete with a child (the couple adopted) and a beautiful house. Olive did charity work, and like a many a Victorian woman, she apparently suffered from neurasthenia, a malady Olive may have been more susceptible to after her years of freedom, fresh air, and activity with Mohave.[61] They lived in Detroit, Michigan for seven years before moving to Sherman, Texas in 1872, where Fairchild was president of the City Bank. He made his fortune there in banking and real estate. During 1876, they adopted a baby girl named Mary Elizabeth (called Mamie) and moved into a handsome two-story house.[62]Although Olive was a respected member of the Sherman community and Fairchild was one of its most prominent businessmen, she was clearly troubled. Shy and retiring, Olive was interested in the welfare of orphans but rarely discussed her own youth as an orphan and Indian captive. She always kept a jar of hazelnuts, a staple Mojave food, as a reminder of her earlier adventures.[63] She rarely left her home and, when she did, attempted to cover her chin tattoo with veils and face powders.Her time spent with the native tribes marred the rest of Olive Oatman’s life, since she lived, literally as a marked woman. If she had, in fact, been married to a native man or even if she’d engaged in sexual activity with any of them, the pressure to hide it would be serious, now that she was away from the so-called savages and back in conservative Western society, where a woman’s virginity was sacrosanct.[64] Even friendships between white and Native American people were frowned upon, to say nothing of sexual relationships. She already had the social fallout from the face tattoo to deal with, and the pressure of instant celebrity didn’t helpIn her forties, Olive battled debilitating headaches and depression. In 1881, she spent nearly three months at a medical spa (sanitarium) in Canada, largely in bed.[65] Oatman seemed to suffer from some chronic form of post-traumatic stress for most of her later life. Letters found after her death bore evidence to the psychological scars she had suffered in her early years.[66] Often ascribed to mistreatment by the Indians, her emotional problems were just as likely due to the loss of her family members and the bittersweet memories she left behind in the Mohave Valley.Olive Ann Fairchild (Oatman) 1837 - 1903 BillionGraves RecordOlive died in Sherman on March 21, 1903, at the age of sixty-five from a heart attack. John Brant Fairchild died four years later, on April 25, 1907. Both were interred in an elaborate grave Fairchild had prepared in Sherman’s West Hill Cemetery.Footnotes[1] Tattooed women outnumber men in a new poll[2] A Secret History of Women and Tattoo[3] Encyclopedia of Body Adornment[4] Oatman[5] The Tattooed Pioneer Girl[6] Church of Christ (Brewster)[7] Gila Bend and the Oatman Tragedy[8] What Life on the Oregon Trail Was Really Like[9] The Incredible Story of Olive Oatman, The Tattooed Texas Woman[10] Native American Timeline of Events[11] Royce Boise Oatman, Sr.[12] Oatman[13] Olive Oatman, the Pioneer Girl Abducted by Native Americans Who Returned a Marked Woman[14] Gila Bend and the Oatman Tragedy[15] 10 Myths About Olive Oatman | True West Magazine[16] Nature, Culture and History at the Grand Canyon[17] Surviving Conquest[18] Oatman Massacre: The Bones Still Speak[19] The story of the young pioneer girl with the tattooed face[20] Oatman Massacre: The Bones Still Speak[21] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://arizonaexperience.org/remember/charles-poston&ved=2ahUKEwjaiK7mntXiAhUCzlkKHc8YBEcQFjALegQIChAB&usg=AOvVaw0sbx36EgMo-Qbn7zJZAiVh&cshid=1559837359285[22] Olive Oatman’s Rescue: A True Indian Captive Story[23] Oatman Massacre: The Bones Still Speak[24] Olive Oatman - Wikipedia[25] Olive Oatman’s Rescue: A True Indian Captive Story[26] Oatman Massacre: The Bones Still Speak[27] The Strange Story of a 19th Century American Settler and The Bizarre Tattoos on Her Face[28] The story of the young pioneer girl with the tattooed face[29] The Extraordinary Story of Olive Oatman[30] The Blue Tattoo | The Mohave Indians | Olive Oatman[31] Olive Oatman[32] Olive Oatman: The Girl With the Mojave Tattoo | JSTOR Daily[33] Hell on Wheels Handbook – Olive Oatman, a Historical Counterpart to Eva[34] Captured: Olive Ann Oatman[35] The High Chaparral Oatman Girls[36] http://McGinty, Brian (2014). The Oatman Massacre: A Tale of Desert Captivity and Survival. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0806180242[37] r/HumanPorn - Olive Oatman, a White woman who lived with a Mojave tribe for 5 years after being kidnapped at 14 and traded by a Yavapai tribe. Seen here with traditional Mojave face tattoo [1000 × 1478][38] Olive Oatman, The Mormon Girl Who Was Raised By The Mohave[39] The Reason This Woman From The Wild West Had A Tattoo On Her Face Is Frankly Chilling[40] Amiel Weeks Whipple - Wikipedia[41] http://Brian McGinty. The Oatman Massacre: A Tale of Desert Captivity and Survival. 2004.[42] Heart Gone Wild - True West Magazine[43] Location, Clothes, Food, Lifestyle, History and famous Chiefs***[44] The Abduction of Olive Oatman[45] Olive Oatman's First Account of Her Captivity Among the Mohave[46] Redirect Notice[47] Olive Oatman's First Account of Her Captivity Among the Mohave[48] http://800 Copeland Ave La Crosse, WI 54603[49] The Incredible Story of Olive Oatman, The Tattooed Texas Woman[50] Olive Oatman: More Than the Girl with the Chin Tattoo[51] Remembering Olive Oatman, the Pioneer Girl Who Became a Marked Woman[52] The Rhythmic Journey Home -- Birdsingers Ensured Victory at Ward Valley[53] Captivity of the Oatman Girls[54] Remembering Olive Oatman, the Pioneer Girl Who Became a Marked Woman[55] Myths and Traditions of the Crow Indians[56] Olive Oatman, ca. 1860[57] Olive Oatman, The Mormon Girl Who Was Raised By The Mohave[58] Olive Oatman: More Than the Girl with the Chin Tattoo[59] Myths and Traditions of the Crow Indians[60] FAIRCHILD, OLIVE ANN OATMAN[61] Taking it on the Chin[62] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://medium.com/%40belleoftheplain/olive-oatman-the-mohave-tribe-4ba8c9135abf&ved=0ahUKEwjgqcy_89XiAhUFQ60KHZAsB7YQ2aoCCNEBMBg&usg=AOvVaw0A_nsUpSa7IyH6h89OIr0V[63] Location, Clothes, Food, Lifestyle, History and famous Chiefs***[64] Colonial Women in Indian Captivity: Assumptions About Gender & Race[65] https://www.google.com/amp/s/blogs.ancestry.com/cm/the-girl-with-the-tattooed-face/amp/[66] Oatman family member to speak about historic massacre

ANSWERED 12 JULY 2017 - UPDATED 12 DECEMBER 2020—INTRODUCTION: I’m writing about Infantry Training in the pre-Vietnam early 1960’s. My experience was different, yet similar, from what I read here regarding today’s SOI (School of Infantry). In the early pre-Vietnam early ‘60’s, infantry training was called ITR (Infantry Training Regiment). The process for me went like this:DISCUSSION: I graduated from Boot Camp at MCRD San Diego on December 3 after 13 weeks. Then I reported to ITR (Infantry Training Regiment) at Camp Pendleton for 3 weeks of Infantry Training (ITR). After ITR, I had a 10 day leave.My leave was followed by 6 weeks of advanced ITR, also in Camp Pendleton.Advanced ITR was followed by 3 weeks of Cold Weather Training at Pickle Meadows, the Marine Base in the High Sierra north of Mammoth Mountain Ski Resort and west of Bridgeport, CA.Bridgeport has recorded some of the coldest temperatures in the 48 states. Minus 25 below zero F is not uncommon in the dead of winter. (As a kid, I thought the expression, “Dead of Winter,” meant that no one recovered from the frigid temperatures. As an adult, I learned that I wasn’t too far from being right).After Pickle Meadows, I reported to my permanent duty assignment as an Infantry Grunt in Camp Pendleton.Not all Marines went to Advanced ITR. It seemed as though it was a random assignment. Also, it seemed random who was assigned to Cold Weather Training at Pickle Meadows. Like Advanced ITR, not everyone received Cold Weather Training.As it turned out, Advanced ITR and Cold Weather Training were perfect complements to my Force Recon Training several years later before deploying to Vietnam.But let’s return to ITR. As I said above, we finished our 13 weeks of boot camp and graduated a few days before Pearl Harbor Day. Like all new Marines, we were elated. There are 3 or 4 moments in my life that have been so exciting as to make me ecstatic. These are moments I will remember for the rest of time. Being born into the Marine Corps is one of these moments.On that day, our Boot Camp Graduation included our platoon and the 3 other platoons that created our Series of four Recruit Platoons. All of us graduated with hugs and kisses from family and lots of photos, and base liberty (but no off base liberty). We also had a wonderful graduation dinner (at the base mess hall with family and friends invited). Then, we turned in for the night at our Quonset hut barracks with lights out at 2200.At 0600 the following morning, all four Recruit Platoons boarded cattle car buses and we headed north 60 miles to Camp Horno, also known as Tent Camp 2. We entered the base at the Northern most gate in Camp Pendleton, east of I-5 directly across from San Onofre Beach.I was sitting on the right side of the bus as we drove east towards Tent Camp 2. We were singing and hooting and hollering. Then, as we watched the slope of Horno Ridge grow higher and steeper our mood turned somber. As Horno Ridge got higher, the canyon that creates the approach to Tent Camp 2 got darker and we got quieter.Then, one of the guys shouted, “Jesus. Look at that!”A Deep and Deafening Silence fell over the bus. You could hear noises from the bus’s suspension that we hadn’t known were there.The guys on the left side of the bus rushed to the right side and all of us shared the view. We were looking at green cotton utility uniforms clustered on the side of Horno Ridge. They were moving relentlessly toward the top. It was about 0730 and we could just make out their packs, M-1 rifles, and steel helmets. (Remember, this was in the early ‘60’s and we were still training with M1’s and WWII steel pots, no M-14s or M-16’s yet).The green cluster of utilities was about 1/3 from the top of Horno Ridge. All of us silently calculated the distance the cluster had traveled from the bottom of the slope. None of us was comforted from the answer we got to our silent calculation.About 0800 we arrived at Tent Camp 2. The bus doors opened, and we heard the Cruelest and Loudest voice probably any of us had ever heard. It was much more intense, and with a greater volume, than the DI Growl’s that we had become accustomed to. This was a Malevolent Parrot sound, a combination of Shrill and Screach. The voice Screamed “Get off the Fucking bus and fall in. Now!”The voice belonged to our new Gunny, and his screech was our introduction to being Marines. The Gunny set the tone for the rest of the NCOs. They called us Marine, and you wished they hadn’t. In Boot Camp, we weren’t yet Marines, so every derogatory name in the English Language was used on us, but they never called us Marine. Here, in ITR, we deserved the accolade, and the NCOs relentless use of Marine scared the living shit out of us!In Boot Camp, as Recruits, we were awakened at 0400. In ITR, as Marines, we were awakened at 0300. In Boot Camp, we had about an hour before falling in for roll call and morning chow. In ITR, we had about 15 minutes to shower and shave for roll call. After roll call, we were dismissed to mill around for an hour or so before falling in for chow.I kid you not when I say mill around. We did nothing for about an hour or so in the pre-dawn except walk around shivering in our lightweight cotton field jackets, hands in our pockets.Ice had formed on the puddles from the rain water that collected in the shallow spots on the asphalt that surrounded the Quonset huts. Temperatures routinely dropped below freezing at nighttime that winter at Tent Camp 2. We milled around outside because we weren’t allowed back inside the Quonset huts after morning roll call. Actually, it wasn’t much warmer in the huts as the kerosene heaters weren’t permitted to be turned on.That year, we had a rainy California winter and for the next 3 months we climbed muddy hills with 50 pound WW2 canvas field packs. For every 2 steps forward, we slid back 1 foot on muddy hills so steep that Big Horn Sheep would have struggled. We also spent considerable time, and a lot of energy, running on muddy trails with full packs until our lungs wanted to explode in relief, and fast marching on these same muddy trails so fast that we wanted to run because it would have been easier.The reason for climbing the hills was to attend instructional classes held outdoors on the mountain meadows that proliferate Camp Pendleton. Because of the heavy winter rains, the meadows were lush and wet with beautiful wild grass. At these classes, we learned infantry tactics until we dreamed infantry tactics because we repeated the tactics again and again until we could recite tactics like we were in a high school English class reciting memorized poetry. About half the time in ITR, we stayed on top in the wet meadows sleeping in muddy fox holes until our utilities were dirty beyond technology’s ability to clean them.Notably, our NCOs, including our Gunny, climbed the muddy trails with us step for step, and slept in the same muddy holes that we did.There was no graduation from ITR, or from Advanced ITR, at Camp Pendleton, or from Cold Weather Training at Pickle Meadows. Each session simply ended, and you moved on to the next one.We received a weekend off base pass after our 3 week ITR stint. Most of us went to lovely Oceanside where the townspeople despised us. This was followed by 6 weeks of Advanced ITR. Here, we got a weekend pass every other week. After advanced ITR, it was on to Pickle Meadows in the High Sierras and 3 weeks of Cold Weather Training with no liberty, not even base liberty.After 6 months, we moved to our permanent duty assignments and settled in as new members of the FMF (Fleet Marine Force). By then we were hard as nails with body fat well under 10%. Most of us felt like old salts. Some of us had gotten a little mean and were ready for battle, but in the early 60s, wars there were none! So we just lived with our meanness. The good news is the guys we met at our permanent duty assignments beat the meanness out of us in due course.Welcome to the Old Corps!Semper Fi-JE-PhD—Political Science (Political Theory, Economics, History, and Mathematics)Old Corps, New Corps, Same Corps