Lb 1097: Fill & Download for Free

The FIM-92 Stinger is a Man-Portable Air-Defense System (MANPADS) that operates as an infrared homing surface-to-air missile (SAM). It can be adapted to fire from a wide variety of ground vehicles and helicopters (as an AAM). Developed in the United States, it entered service in 1981 and is used by the militaries of the United States and 29 other countries. It is principally manufactured by Raytheon Missile Systems and is produced under license by EADS in Germany and by Roketsan in Turkey with 70,000 missiles produced.Light to carry and easy to operate, the FIM-92 Stinger is a passive surface-to-air missile that can be shoulder-fired by a single operator (although standard military procedure calls for two operators, spotter and gunner). The FIM-92B missile can also be fired from the M-1097 Avenger and the M6 Linebacker. The missile is also capable of being deployed from a Humvee Stinger rack, and can be used by airborne troops. A helicopter launched version exists called Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS).Production historyDesignerGeneral DynamicsDesigned1967ManufacturerRaytheon Missile SystemsUnit costU.S.$38,000Produced1978–presentVariantsFIM-92A, FIM-92B, FIM-92C, FIM-92D, FIM-92GSpecifications (FIM-92 Stinger)Mass33.5 lb, 15.19 kgLength59.8 in (1.52 m)Diameter2.76 in (70.1mm)Crew1WarheadHigh explosive annular blast fragmentationWarhead weight3 kg (6.6 lb)EngineSolid-fuel rocket motorGuidancesystemInfrared homingLaunchplatformMANPADS, M6 Linebacker, Multi-Mission Launcher, Eurocopter Tiger, AN/TWQ-1 Avenger, MQ-1 Predator, AH-64 Apache, T-129 ATAK

No.Why?Ship in “the age of sail” needed wind to move when at sea. That is what the sails are for, after all.Assuming that they “had the wind gauge” with them, the fastest of them could manage a speed of 9 knots on a good day. When these ships went into battle they often used something called “Battle sails”.This is when the sails are trimmed on the lowest sections of the mast to avoid damage while still giving the ship freedom to maneuver.This is a 42 pounder canon like what the HMS Victory carried.This was the biggest and best gun ships of that day carried.In 1738, the 70-gun Hampton Court "fire 400 rounds in twenty-five minutes which suggests that each gun fired about one round every two minutes." (Rodger 540). The USS Constitution could fire its 24-pounders, which had a twelve-man crew, one round every three minutes.These Guns had a maximum range of 1,200 yards or 1097 meters.Now we know how the ships moved when EVERYTHING was just right and how far they could shoot and how fast.Now lets look at how they fought. Holding the weather, or windward, gage conferred several important tactical advantages. The admiral holding the weather gage held the tactical initiative, able to accept battle by bearing down on his opponent or to refuse it, by remaining upwind. The fleet with the lee gage could avoid battle by withdrawing to leeward, but could not force action. Even retreating downwind could be difficult once two fleets were at close quarters because the ships risked being raked as they turned downwind. A second disadvantage of the leeward gage was that in anything more than a light wind, a sailing ship that is sailing close hauled (or beating) will heel to leeward under the pressure of the wind on its sails. The ships of a fleet on the leeward gage heel away from their opponents, exposing part of their bottoms to shot. If a ship is penetrated in an area of the hull that is normally under water, she is then in danger of taking on water or even sinking when on the other tack. This is known as "hulled between wind and water". Finally, smoke from the gunfire of the ships to windward would blow down on the fleet on the leeward gage. So it was common for battles to involve days of maneuvering as one admiral strove to take the weather gage from his opponent in order to force him to action, as at the battles of Ushant (1778), St Lucia Channel (1780) and the First of June (1794).So we know that position to wind was critical to the tactics that these ship used.The evolution of naval cannons during the first half of the 17th century soon led to the conclusion that the fleet had to fight in a single line to make the maximum use of its firepower without one ship's getting in the way of another.The line of battle was traditionally attributed to the navy of the Commonwealth of England and especially to General at Sea Robert Blake who wrote the Sailing and Fighting Instructions of 1653. One of the first documented deliberate uses seems to be somewhat earlier in the Action of 18 September 1639 by Dutch Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp against the Spanish. The tactic was used by both sides in the Anglo-Dutch Wars, and was codified in written 'fighting instructions'. These formed the basis of the whole tactical system of the 17th and 18th centuries in naval warfare.So we know those 50 hypothetical ships would want to have the wind gauge and they would want to array in a single file line to fight an enemy at a range of less than 1,200 yards.There are no “modern Battleships” so we will go with the most recently retired “Battleship” from American History.This is the USS Missouri.Missouri was 887 feet 3 inches (270.4 m) long overall and had a beam of 108 ft 2 in (33 m) and a draft of 36 ft 2.25 in (11 m). Her standard displacement amounted to 48,110 long tons (48,880 t) and increased to 57,540 long tons (58,460 t) at full combat load. The ship was powered by four General Electric steam turbines, each driving one screw propeller, using steam provided by eight oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers. Rated at 212,000 shaft horsepower (158,000 kW), the turbines were intended to give a top speed of 32.5 knots (60.2 km/h; 37.4 mph). The ship had a cruising range of 15,000 nautical miles (28,000 km; 17,000 mi) at a speed of 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). Her crew numbered 117 officers and 1,804 enlisted men.The ship was armed with a main battery of nine 16 in (406 mm) /50 caliber Mark 7 guns[a] guns in three triple-gun turrets on the centerline, two of which were placed in a superfiring pair forward, with the third aft. The secondary battery consisted of twenty 5 in (127 mm) /38 caliber dual purpose guns mounted in twin turrets clustered amidships, five turrets on either side. As designed, the ship was equipped with an anti-aircraft battery of eighty 40 mm (1.6 in) guns and forty-nine 20 mm (0.79 in) auto-cannon.The main armor belt was 12.1 in (307 mm) thick, while the main armor deck was 6 in (152 mm) thick. The main battery gun turrets had 19.7 in (500 mm) thick faces, and they were mounted atop barbettes that were protected with 11.3 in (290 mm) of steel. The conning tower had 17.5 in (444 mm) thick sides.[2] Beginning with Missouri, the frontal bulkhead armor was increased from the original 11.3 in (287 mm) to 14.5 in (368 mm) in order to better protect against fire from frontal sectors.the ship was upgraded in the 1980s with the most advanced weaponry available; among the new weapons systems installed were four Mk 141 quad cell launchers for 16 RGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missiles, eight Mk 143 Armored Box Launcher mounts for 32 BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missiles, and a quartet of Phalanx Close In Weapon System rotary cannon for defense against enemy anti-ship missiles and enemy aircraft. Also included in her modernization were upgrades to radar and fire control systems for her guns and missiles, and improved electronic warfare capabilities. During the modernization Missouri's 800 lb (360 kg) bell, which had been removed from the battleship and sent to Jefferson City, Missouri for sesquicentennial celebrations in the state, was formally returned to the battleship in advance of her recommissioning.So lets see how we compare.Age of sail fleet top speed: 9 knots if the wind is just right.USS Missouri: 32 knots and doesn't care about the wind.Age of sail fleet firepower: roughly 2500 42 pounder guns ( not counting firepower on opposite side of ship as guns can not be brought to bear and thus have zero effect ) that on a good day can fire one round every two minutes a distance no greater than 1097 meters.USS Missouri firepower: tomahawk cruise missiles can be nuclear and that just isn't fun to nuke the enemy from over the horizon. so lets just take them out of the equation for this scenario. The 16 inch guns have an maximum effective range of 20.550 nautical miles. Still further than the enemy fleet can even see. let get rid of those.That leaves us with these.Those are 5 inch gun turrets.Each Mk 28 Mod 2 Mount carried two Mark 12, 5in/38cal gun assemblies, electric-hydraulic drives for bearing and elevation, optical sights, automatic fuze setter, automatic sight setter, and an upper handling room. Each armored twin mount weighed 170,635 lb (77,399 kg). The mount had a crew of 13, not including the ammunition movers in the upper handling room and magazines, drawn from the sailors and Marines serving aboard the ship.The Mk 12 Gun Assembly (pictured) was a semi-automatic, power rammed, vertical sliding-wedge breech block type gun.The periscopic sights (the boxes on the side of the mount) allowed the trainer and pointer to see the target from inside the armored enclosure. Each sight had movable prisms that allowed its line of sight to be moved relative to the barrel's bore axis.[30] These prisms could be controlled by the fire control system when the mount was in Automatic, or by the mount's sight setter operator when the mount was in Local. Local control was not the preferred combat method, but it could be used if the fire control systems were damaged. The mount captain was trained in aiming and correcting the fall of shot.The Mark 37 Gun Fire Control System (GFCS) was the primary Fire Control System for the Secondary Battery. There were four Mk37 GFCSs on board; one forward above the navigation bridge, two amidships on either side of the forward stack, and one aft between the aft Mk38 Director and Turret three. The major components of the Mk 37 GFCS were the Mk 37 Director, and the equipment in the plotting room.The function of the Mark 37 director (pictured) was to track the present position of the target in bearing, elevation, and range. To do this, it had optical sights (the rectangular windows on the front), an optical rangefinder (the tubes sticking out each side), and Fire Control Radar antennas. On the MK 37 Director pictured, the rectangular antenna is for the Mark 12 FC radar, and the parabolic antenna on the left is for the Mk 22 FC radar. They were part of an upgrade to improve tracking of aircraft.[9] The Director Officer also had a Slew Sight that he could use to quickly point the director towards a new target.What does all of this mean?It means that using some of it’s Least effective weapons, the Modern Battleship can fire 5 inch shells at 15 rounds per minute to maximum effective range of 17,392 yards (15,903 m) they could fire 12 of these gun at once as the Missouri carried 6 two gun turrets of this type ( three on each side ).So it looks like Missouri has enough speed and electronic ability to see the enemy fleet long before they can she her. She has the speed to dictate the battle ( or even if there will be a battle ). The fire power at ranges the enemy can not compete with to destroy the entire enemy fleet before they are close enough to fire a single shot.But lets for fun say that Missouri went in close for a in your face 500 yard knife fight. They age of Sail fleet still cant sink her. Why? The Missouri has an Armor belt that is 12.1 inches thick. The 42 pounders shells just cant punch through that.The end result, no matter how you want to look at this is a total and utter defeat for the poor age of sail fleet.

The Crown Jewels of Scotland were presented to Queen Elizabeth 2nd in the year of her coronation in 1953 at a National Service of Thanksgiving in Saint Giles Cathedral. She has not worn them since, although they have been present at formal ceremonies relating to Scotlands’ devolved Parliament.The regalia along with other jewels belonging to The Crown have been on display in the Crown Room at Edinburgh Castle for many years and can be viewed by the public. In May 1999 the Crown was present at the Royal opening of the first Scottish Parliament after power was devolved from London. The Crown was presented on a cushion as it was thought to be too fragile for the Queen to wear. (My personal view is that it would be rather heavy for an aging Queen to have worn for any length of time). The Crown was also present at the first opening of the Scottish Parliament in its’ new building in 2004 and has been present at every opening of parliament since.The Crown Jewels of Scotland have few ceremonial occasions for them to be used at present - with the exception of the opening of parliament. The only reason for the Queen to have used them would have had to be Ceremonial. They have a really interesting history and are well worth a visit to see them if you happen to be in Edinburgh.Like the Crown Jewels of England they are on permanent display (except for rare occasions when being used). They are best described as belonging to the Nation rather than the Monarch as they cannot be sold and once used must always be returned to the collection.I have included below a history of the Scottish Crown Jewels by Wiki. They (mostly) have survived turbulent times - if only they could talk.Honours of ScotlandFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaHonours of ScotlandThe crown at the Opening of the Scottish Parliament in 2011The Honours of Scotland, informally known as the Scottish Crown Jewels, dating from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, are the oldest surviving set of crown jewels in the British Isles.The regalia were used together for the coronation of Scottish monarchs from Mary I in 1543 until Charles II in 1651. They were used to represent Royal Assent to legislation in the Estates of Parliament before England and Scotland were unified under one parliament in 1707, at which time the Honours were locked away in a chest and the English Crown Jewels were adopted by British monarchs. They were rediscovered in 1818 and have been on public display at Edinburgh Castle ever since. The Honours have been used at state occasions including the first official visit to Scotland as monarch by George IV in 1822 and the first such visit by Elizabeth II in 1953. The Scottish Parliament was founded in 1999 and the Honours are used there once again to represent Royal Assent.There are three primary elements of the Honours of Scotland: the crown, the sceptre, and the Sword of State. The gold crown, decorated with gems and pearls, is Scottish, and the sceptre and sword were gifts from the pope made in Italy. They also appear on the crest of the royal coat of arms of Scotland and on the Scottish version of the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, where the red lion of the King of Scots is depicted holding the sword and sceptre and wearing the crown. Robes, a pair of spurs and a ring also had been part of the Scottish regalia, and queens consort had their own consort crown, none of which survives today.The secondary Honours comprise a silver-gilt wand, three items of insignia and a ring once owned by James VII added in 1830, and a necklace with a locket and pendant bequeathed to Scotland by the Duchess of Argyll in 1939.HistoryEarly historyUse of regalia by monarchs in Scotland can be traced back to when Britain was converted to Christianity in the Middle Ages.[2] In the earliest known depiction of a Scottish king wearing his symbols of sovereignty, King Edgar wears a crown and bears a sword and a sceptre on his Great Seal; he reigned from 1097 until 1107. His son, Alexander I, is shown holding an orb – a pictorial emblem of divine kingship that was not actually part of the Scottish Honours. By the reign of John Balliol, the regalia consisted of a crown, sceptre, sword and ring.[3] After the English invasion in 1296, the regalia and Stone of Scone, upon which monarchs of Scotland were invested and crowned, were captured by the English army and taken south to London.[4]New items were made for subsequent coronations, and these were gradually replaced during the 16th century with the current set of Honours, consisting of a crown made in Scotland by John Mosman and a sword and a sceptre both made in Italy and given to Scotland as papal gifts.[5] A consort crown was made for Mary of Guise, wife of James V, in 1539; it does not survive among the Honours.[6] The monarch's regalia were first used together by Mary, Queen of Scots in 1543.[7] By the second half of the century, they represented royal authority in the Scottish Parliament, and Acts of Parliament were given royal assent when the monarch or one of his or her commissioners touched it with the royal sceptre.[8]17th centurySaving the Honours from Oliver Cromwell. Tableau at Edinburgh Castle.Spurs – emblems of knighthood and chivalry – were presented to Charles I at his Scottish coronation in 1633; the spurs and coronation robes also have been lost.[9] The Honours were last used at coronation in 1651 by Charles II. His father Charles I had been overthrown and executed by order of the Parliament of England, which ordered almost all of the English Crown Jewels to be melted down and struck into coins. However, the Honours of Scotland were hidden, firstly in Dunnottar Castle, which was later besieged by the New Model Army, and from where the Honours were smuggled out; secondly under the floor of Kinneff Parish Church, to be recovered after the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660. Although they had been found, the Honours were no longer used to crown Scottish sovereigns after Charles II.[10]Until the Acts of Union 1707, which united the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Honours of Scotland were taken to sittings of the Parliament of Scotland to represent the monarch, who lived in England since the Union of the Crowns in 1603. After the Act of Union, the two parliaments having been dissolved, the Parliament of Great Britain sat in London; the Honours of Scotland, having no symbolic role in the unified British Parliament, were locked away in a chest at Edinburgh Castle.[11]19th century[edit]Rediscovering the Honours in 1818. Tableau at Edinburgh Castle.There they remained, almost forgotten, until 1818 when the future George IV, acting as Prince Regent, issued a royal warrant authorising the historian Walter Scott and a group of officials to break down the wall of the ancient Crown Room on 4 February. Half expecting to find the oak chest empty, they were relieved to open it and discover the crown, sceptre and sword exactly as they had been left 111 years earlier. The Royal Standard was hoisted above Edinburgh Castle in celebration of the historic moment. Cheers of excitement rippled through the castle, and members of the public gathered outside to hear the news.[12] On 26 May 1819, the Honours went on public display in the Crown Room.[13] They were guarded by two veterans of the Battle of Waterloo dressed in a Tudor-style Yeoman's outfit.[14]George IV was crowned king in 1821 and his visit to Scotland the following year was the first by a monarch since 1651. On 12 August 1822, the Honours were escorted in procession to the Palace of Holyroodhouse. There was a carnival atmosphere, with people lining the streets and observing from windows. Three days later, the king arrived at the palace and symbolically touched the regalia. Before leaving the country a week later, he took part in a return procession to the Castle, where the Honours would remain until the 20th century.[15]20th century to present day[edit]In 1911 the sword was carried before George V at the official opening of the Thistle Chapel in St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh – the first time any of the regalia had left Edinburgh Castle since 1822.[16] During the Second World War, the Honours were hidden at the Castle owing to fears they might be lost if the UK fell to Germany. The crown and Stewart Jewels were buried under the floor of a water closet, while the sceptre, sword and wand were hidden inside a wall. The only officials who knew of the hiding places were George VI, the Scottish Secretary of State, the King's Remembrancer, and the Governor General of Canada.[17] In 1953, they were presented to the newly crowned Elizabeth II at a National Service of Thanksgiving in St Giles' Cathedral.[18] Keen to avoid the service being interpreted as a Scottish coronation, Winston Churchill, then Prime Minister, advised the Queen to dress with relative informality.[19]From 1971 until 1987 the sword was used at the installation of a Knight of the Order of the Thistle, Scotland's highest Order of Chivalry.[16] When the Stone of Scone was returned to Scotland in 1996 it also was placed in the Crown Room alongside the Honours.[20] During renovations in the 1990s, the Honours were temporarily stored at an anonymous bank in Edinburgh.[21] The Crown of Scotland was present in May 1999 at the first sitting of the devolved Scottish Parliament. It was carried on a cushion, the official reason being that it was too fragile for the Queen to wear.[22] The crown was present again in October 2004 at the opening of the new Scottish Parliament Building and at the opening ceremonies of each new session of the Scottish Parliament.[23]In 2018 plans were announced to renovate the "past its sell-by date" Honours exhibition and improve accessibility.[21]RegaliaCrownCleaning the Scottish Crown Jewels on YouTube (2:00)It is not known exactly when the original Crown of Scotland was made, but it can be seen in its pre-1540 form in a portrait of James IV in the Book of Hours that was created for his marriage to Margaret Tudor in 1503.[24] Arches were added to the crown by James V in 1532, making it an imperial crown, symbolising the king's pretensions of being an emperor of his own domain, subservient to no one but God. Arches first appeared as pictorial emblems on coins under James III, who in 1469 claimed "ful jurisdictione and free impire within his realm".[25]In 1540 the base was melted down and recast by the Edinburgh goldsmith John Mosman with the addition of 22 gemstones to the original 20 and an extra 1.2 kilograms (41 oz) of gold. James V first wore it to his wife's coronation in the same year at Holyrood Abbey. It weighs 1.6 kilograms (3 lb 10 oz) and the base is decorated with alternating fleurs-de-lis and crosses fleury. Two gold arches, preserved from the original, are surmounted by a gold monde enamelled blue with stars representing the night sky. On top of the monde is a cross decorated with black enamel, pearls, and a large amethyst. A purple velvet cap was manufactured by Thomas Arthur of Edinburgh; this was changed to a red cap by James VII (1685–88), and the present cap dates from 1993. Four gold ornaments with a large pearl in the centre are attached to the cap between the crown's arches.[24]Sceptre[edit]The Sceptre of Scotland was a gift made in Italy from Pope Alexander VI to James IV in either 1491 or 1494 and was remodelled and lengthened in 1536. It is made of silver gilt and topped by a finial of polished rock. The sceptre includes grotesques and Christian symbols: stylised dolphins – symbols of the Church – appear on the head of the rod, as do images of the Virgin Mary holding a baby Christ, of Saint James the Great, and of Saint Andrew holding a saltire.[26]Sword of State[edit]The Sword of State of Scotland was also a papal gift: Pope Julius II presented it to James IV in 1507 (see blessed sword and hat). It was made by Domenico da Sutri and replaced a native sword that had been made in 1502. The etched blade, measuring 99 centimetres (3.25 ft) in length, includes figures of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, as well as the etched name of Julius II. The 38.7-centimetre-long (1.27 ft) silver-gilt handle bears figures of oak leaves and acorns, with a crossguard in the form of dolphins. It is accompanied by a wooden scabbard which is bound in crimson velvet with silver-gilt repoussé work and hung from a woven silk and thread-of-gold belt that has a silver-gilt buckle.[27]Other jewels in the Crown Room[edit]Since 1818 the coronation regalia have been supplemented in the Crown Room with other pieces of ceremonial jewellery.Wand[edit]Alongside the crown, sceptre and sword, Walter Scott found a silver-gilt wand. It measures 1 metre (3.3 ft) in length and is topped with a faceted crystal monde surmounted by a cross. The wand has a wooden core and the unknown maker's initials F.G. The object's intended role – if it had one at all – has been forgotten, and its presence among the regalia is still a mystery. Walter Scott thought it may have been carried before the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland. Although the Treasurer did have a mace it was a different shape.[28]Stewart Jewels[edit]Four objects taken into exile by James VII after the Glorious Revolution in 1688 are also displayed: a locket, a Great George and collar, and a ruby ring. They all returned to Britain 119 years later and were given to Edinburgh Castle on permanent loan by William IV in 1830.[29]The St Andrew Jewel of the Order of the Thistle is a gold and silver locket suspended from a ribbon that contains an oval piece of chalcedony into which is carved a cameo figure of Saint Andrew. The cameo is bordered with 12 diamonds. Inscribed on the back is the Order's Latin motto: NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT, meaning "no one attacks me with impunity". Inside is a miniature portrait of Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern, wife of Prince Charles Edward Stuart, the elder son of James VII. The object is variously of English, French, Italian and Dutch origin, was altered several times, and measures 6.5 cm (2.6 in) by 4 cm (1.6 in).[30]The Collar and the Great George of the Order of the Garter consist of an enamelled gold figure of Saint George, the patron saint of England, slaying a dragon made for Charles II in 1661 suspended from a gold collar made in 1685. The George is set with 122 diamonds and measures 7.2 cm (2.8 in) by 6.4 cm (2.5 in). The saint's cloak and a large suspension loop are both missing. The collar is 1.57 metres (5.2 ft) long and has 26 alternating knots and enamelled badges, each with a tudor rose in the centre.[31]The Ruby Ring was probably used at the English coronations of Charles I and Charles II, and certainly that of James (known in England as James II). It has a large ruby etched with a St George's Cross and bordered by 26 diamonds applied in the 19th century.[32]Lorne Jewels[edit]Queen Victoria's fourth daughter Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll, died in 1939 and left a necklace, locket, and pendant to the nation of Scotland. The London-made jewellery was a gift to Louise from her husband the Marquis of Lorne (later the Duke of Argyll) in 1871. The necklace contains 190 diamonds and 13 pearls; it suspends the locket, consisting of a large pearl surrounded by 30 diamonds; from which hangs the pear-shaped pendant, set with diamonds, emeralds and sapphires, having a relief depiction of the Galley of Lorne and the motto of Dukes of Argyll: NE OBLIVISCARIS, meaning "do not forget".[33]Commissioners for the Keeping of the Regalia[edit]Under the terms of a Royal Warrant of 1818,[34] the holders of four of the Great Offices of State in Scotland, the Lord Justice Clerk, the Lord Advocate, the Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland (the First Minister of Scotland), and the Lord Clerk Register, are ex-officio Commissioners for the Keeping of the Regalia.[35] The warrant gave the keepers the power to appoint a deputy-keeper and Yeoman-keepers. Accordingly on 8 December 1818 Captain Adam Ferguson was appointed.[36][37] Since 1996, the commissioners have also been empowered by another Royal Warrant for the safekeeping of the Stone of Scone and for the arrangement of its return to Westminster Abbey for the next British coronation.[38]Seeing the Honours of Scotland.HONOURS OF SCOTLAND - from edinburghcastle.scotThe Honours of Scotland are currently closed. (Covid)The Honours of Scotland, on display in the Crown Room, are the oldest Crown jewels in Britain. Made of gold, silver and precious gems, the priceless crown, sceptre and sword of state are objects of immense significance.The crown was made for James V, who first wore it at the coronation of Queen Mary of Guise in 1540. Mary Queen of Scots was the first to be crowned using the new crown and sceptre together, in 1543. The origins of the sceptre are less certain – it may have been a papal gift to James IV.The Honours have had a turbulent past. They were removed from the castle and hidden in 1651–60 to keep them from Oliver Cromwell’s army. In 1707, following the Act of Union between England and Scotland, they were locked in a chest and sealed away.In 1818, Sir Walter Scott, the famous novelist, rediscovered the Honours – along with a mysterious silver wand.The Honours of Scotland and their accompanying exhibition are located on the first floor of the Royal Palace on the East side of Crown Square