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Let’s analyze as per the History.Guru Gobind Singh:—Birth Year 1666 ADGuru reached Anandpur Sahib in 1673 AD to meet his father. The city was founded by the 9th Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur. He has purchased the land from the Sivalik Hill Kings.Guru Gobind Singh became the Guru in the year of 1676 AD.****************************************************************************************Reason behind the war between the Guru and Sivalik Hill Kings (Hindu)The military strength of the Guru have increased. Guru have constructed a new war drum named “Ranjit Nagara” which was beaten every day and night.This was taken as a threat by the leader of Sivalik Kings -Raja Bhim Chand-King of Kahlour/BilaspurRaja Bhim Chand got jealous of the gifts that the Guru used to get from the devotee. He tried to take control of a Parshadi Elephant which was a gift given to Guru from King of Assam. Raja Bhim Chand asked the elephant as a loan from the Guru but the Guru denied him which further infuriated him.The Hill Chiefs were not in favor of Langar system as one has to sit in the same line with other people who may not be of their caste.The Formation of Khalsa in 1699 AD was seen as a treat by the Brahmins as the Gurus have dissolved the Varna System. They complained this to their Hill kings and asked them to wage war against the Guru.Raja Ajmer Chand- the son of Raja Bhim Chand along with other Kings and Brahmins complained to Emperor Aurangzeb about the formation of Khalsa by the Guru.Their memorandum spoke of his establishing the new order of the Khalsa “which is contrary to all our cherished beliefs and customs”The first Battle that Guru fought was the “Battle of Bhangani”. It was fought between the Guru and the Hill Kings. No Mughal was involved.The Hill Kings included Bhim Chand-of Bilaspur, Fateh Shah of Srinagar, Gopal Chand of Guier, Kirpal Chand of Kangra, Bir Sain of Mandi, Kesri Chand of Jaswal, Dial Chand of Kathgarh, Hari Chand of Handur, Karm Chand of Bhambore, Umaid Singh of Jaswan, Daya Singh of Nurpur, Bhag Singh of Tilokpur, Gurbhaj of Indore, Sansar Chand of Nadaun, Hari Chand of Kotiwal, Lachhu Chand of Kasauli etc.,The “Battle of Naudan” was the only battle where the Hill Kings and Guru fought together against the Mughal armies. The reason was that the Hill Kings didn’t paid tribute to the Mughal Government for a long time as the Emperor was busy in Deccan fighting the Marathas.When the Hill Kings failed to destroy the Guru , then they sided with the Mughals for their cause. Mohammad Qasim Lahori in Ibrat Nama terms them (Hill Kings) ishab-i-gharz, person who were moved by self interest.They send a petition to Emperor Aurangzeb which reads:-"The Guru compels us", said they, "to renounce our religion in favour of his own, to give up our loyalty to Your Majesty, and to join him in his fight against Your Majesty's forces. We have tried our combined strength against him with the assistance of the Nawab of Sarhind as well. But we have failed to defeat him. The imperial army alone can exterminate this dangerous common enemy of us all."Guru Gobind Singh writes about the Hill Kings in Zarfanama. Zarfarnama is the letter which Guru wrote to Emperor Aurangzeb after the Battle of Chamkaur.The 95th couplet, in Persian, referring to his battles with the Mughal-allied hill rajas of the Sivalik, states:"I, too, have fought against the hill-chieftains (kūhīyān, "hill-men") [who] venerate idols. As they are idol worshippers, so I am the idol-breaker."So therefore we conclude from the above reasons that the motive behind the war waged by the Sivalik and Mughals was the revolutionary change which Guru has brought. Guru has discarded the long prevalent Varna system and was the promoter of Democracy which was taken as a threat by the aristocratic society (Sivalik and Mughals) and the Priestly Class.The wars fought by the Guru was not to seen as “Sikh-Hindu” or “Sikh-Muslim” war. It was a war against the tyrannical powers who were exploiting the common mass. There were good numbers of Hindu Soldiers in the Mughal armies and similarly there were good number of Muslim soldiers in the Guru army. It was the war between the good and evil. A war for the Justice and equality that has been waved by the Guru Gobind Singh.Mahatama Gandhi has reportedly said Guru Gobind Singh to be a “Misguided Patriot”as the Guru has used the method of “Sword” against the evil or tyrants. But Mahatama never made any such comments regarding Lord Rama (Ramayana) and Arjuna (Mahabharta).How could a person declare that in offering armed resistance to the forces of evil arrayed against him, devastating the land and devouring the people, the tenth Master acted as a misguided patriot, and, at the same time, maintain that he had ever been 'seeking literally to live up to the teachings of the Gita, and had been always a genuine devotee of Lord Krishna'? In Holy Geeta ,Lord Krishna says “War should be the last option” and in the Zafarnama, Guru says “I have been forced to take up the arms as all other means were exhausted”. In fact, such profound faith in that 'Blessed' Lord' and his divine utterances, as the Mahatma professed to cherish, fitted ill with his views about the Master, his mission, and his methods.******************************************************************************************************Brief description of the Battles fought by Guru Gobind SinghBattle of Bhangani:—Fought between Guru Gobind Singh and Raja Bhim Chand, Ruler of Kahlour/Bilaspur and the other Sivalik Hill Kings in the year of 1689 AD.Guru’s Army:- 500 Pathans who were led by Hiyat Kahan, Kale Khan, Najabat Khan, Umre Khan, and Bhikhan Khan. They were brought to the Guru’s Service by Pir Buddhu Shah- a Muslim Sufi.Udasis:- 500 Udasis were present with the Guru but except Mahant Kirpal of Hehar all ran away before the battle.5000 Strong Forces defeated the forces of Sivalik Hill Kings.The reason of the battle was the increasing power of the Guru. Sivalik Kings wanted the Guru to become his subject. They were against the equality of the people and were in support of Varna /Caste System to which Guru have always raised his voice.Battle of Nadaun:-Fought between Guru Gobind Singh and Alif Khan-Mughal Commander of the Governor of Jammu in the year of 1690 AD.Guru Gobind Singh were supported by Sivalik Hill Kings including Raja Bhim Chand whereas Mughals got the support of Raja Kirpal Chand of Kangra and Raja Dayal of BijharwalReason of the battle:-The Hill-Chiefs had not paid the tribute to the Emperor of Delhi for a number of years. In 1690 A.D. Mian Khan, Governor of Jammu, received orders from Delhi, calling upon him to take active steps to collect the arrears of tribute from the Hill-Chiefs. He sent Alif Khan, a military commander of his to make and enforce the demand.Battle of Guler: Fought between Guru Gobind Singh and Hussain Khan-Mughal Commander of the Governor of Lahore who were aided by the Hill Kings in the year of 1690 AD.To avenge the defeat at the Battle of Naudan, Mughal Governor of Lahore Dilawar Khan sent Hussain Khan. Hussain Khan was aided by the Sivalik Hill Kings including the new ruler of Kahlor Raja Ajmer Chand -the son of Raja Bhim Chand.Battle of Anandpur: Fought between Guru Gobind Singh and Painde Khan & Dina Beg- who were aided by the Hill Kings in the year of 1700 AD.(June)The reason of the battle was the Formation of Khalsa which eradicated the Varna System. All the Castes were dissolved by the Guru and everyone was treated equally. The Brahmins and Hill Kings complained to Emperor Aurangzeb about the Guru.Their memorandum spoke of his establishing the new order of the Khalsa “which is contrary to all our cherished beliefs and customs” and went on to add, “He wants us to join hands with him to fight our Emperor against whom he harbours profound grudge. This we have refused to do, much to his annoyance and discomfiture. He is now gathering men and arms from all over the country to challenge the Mughal empire. We cannot restrain him, but loyal subjects of your Majesty, we seek your assistance to drive him out of Anandpur and not to allow grass to grow under your feet. Otherwise, he would become a formidable challenge to the whole empire, as his intentions are to march soon upon Delhi itself.”Battle of Anandpur:-Fought between Guru Gobind Singh and the Hill Kings in the year of 1700 AD.(September)The resultant battle which lasted four days saw feats of rare heroism. Bachittar Singh pierced the wild elephant’s armour which ran back to cause havoc in hill forces, while Udai Singh chopped the head of Raja Kesari Chand Jaswaria.The hill chiefs, thereafter, resorted to a startegem. On their swearing on cow and yagyopavit (sacred thread), Guru Gobind Singh agreed to withdraw from Anandgarh for some time to defuse the crises. He withdrew to Nirmohgarh hillock near Kiratpur, a few kilometres away.Battle of Nirmohgarh: Fought between Guru Gobind Singh and the Raja Ajmer Chand -the leader of Hill Kings who was aided by the Mughal Governor of Sirhind in the year of 1700 AD.(October)Battle of Chamkur:-Fought between Guru Gobind Singh and the Mughal Generals -Sayyad Beg and Alif Khan in 1703 AD. (January)The Mughal Generals were sent by Hill Kings to attack the Guru .The General demanded two thousand rupees a day. The Hill-Chiefs agreed.Sayyad beg had been a mild admirer of Guru .His inner consciousness didn’t allow him to fight a Faqir Soldier of Allah and therefore he Joined Guru Gobind Singh and Alif Khan fled the battlefield.Battle of Anandpur:-Seeing their defeat Hill Kings once again combined their armies and attacked Anandpur in 1703 AD but as usual they got defeated.Battle Of Anandpur:-Fought between Guru Gobind Singh and combined forces of Mughals and Hill Kings in 1704 AD. After their defeat in 1703 AD again a representative was sent to Emperor Aurangzeb by the Hill Kings. This time Emperor sends Saiyed Khan. Saiyed Khan was the brother-in-law of Pir Buddhu Shah and always wondered if The Guru was a holy man and after meeting with the Guru he got changed and moved to a cave in Kangra for meditating on God.The battle was continued by Ramzan Khan but couldn’t achieved victory against the Guru.Seeing the increasing power of the Guru a second petition was sent by the Hill Kings under the leadership of Raja Ajmer Chand-King of Kahlour.Accordingly, a joint petition was drafted. In it they stressed their own loyalty and obedience to the Emperor, and represented the Guru as a mortal foe of the Mughal rule, of all loyal supporters of the Mughal rule, and of Islam and the Hindu religion. "The Guru compels us", said they, "to renounce our religion in favour of his own, to give up our loyalty to Your Majesty, and to join him in his fight against Your Majesty's forces. We have tried our combined strength against him with the assistance of the Nawab of Sarhind as well. But we have failed to defeat him. The imperial army alone can exterminate this dangerous common enemy of us all."Battle of Anandpur-1705 AD:- Fought between the Guru’s Forces against the combined armies of Mughals and Hill Kings. Viceroy of Sarhind Wazir Khan and Viceroy of Lahore Zabardast Khan brought a large imperial army. They were supported by Raja Ajmer Chand of Bilaspur, Ghumand Chand of Kangra, Bir Singh of Jaspal and the Rajas of Kullu, Kainthal, Mandi, Jammu, Nurpur, Chamba, GuIer, Srinagar, Bhijarwal, Darauli, and Dadhwal. The Ranghars and Gujjars also joined them.two envoys-a Brahmin and a Sayyid-were sent to the Guru, charged with the message that if he evacuated Anandpur, they would not molest him in any way. He might even return to the city after some time. They swore on the cow and the Quran that the promises were made in genuine sincerity and would be kept in true faith.To show their true faces Guru sent a caravan filled with dust and stones which the Mughals and Hill Kings thought to be Guru’s Treasury and attacked it .'At last, came an autograph letter from Aurangzeb-"I have sworn on the Quran not to harm thee. If I do, may I not find a place in God's court hereafter ! Cease warfare and come to me. If thou desire not to come hither, then go whithersoever thou pleasest." Once again Hill Kings swore on Holy cow but Guru had not faith on them.But under the pressure of the Sikhs, Guru vacated the fort and when they were crossing Sirsa river they were again attacked by the Mughals and Hill Kings.Battle of Chamkaur -1705 AD—At the Chamkaur mud fortress of Chaudhary Budhi Chand, the Guru had 40 Sikhs with him. They were again attacked by the combined armies of Mughals and Hill Kings. In the ensuing battles Guru’s 2 elder son attain martyrdom.The five Sikhs, for the first time in Sikh history, now adopted the first Gurmatta, resolution, asking Guru Gobind Singh to make good his escape. He took along with him four of them - Bhai Daya Singh, Dharam Singh, Man Singh and Ram Singh. He put his dress and aigrette on Bhai Sant Singh who resembled him. Sangat Singh Bangeshri was the other left to meet martyrdom at Chamkaur the following dayBattle of Muktsar-1705 AD—Guru were escorted by the Pathan brothers as “Uch ka Pir”. Guru travelled several places and reached Muktsar where once again Mughal forces led by Wazir Khan attacked him. Mata Mai Bhago brought with her 40 Sikhs who deserted Guru at Anadpur(1705) and gave tough fights to Mughals. At the end Mughals retreated back.

The Arab Nation, note: best picture I found online.The borders will be discussed, first concerning the outer borders between the Arab states and neighboring countries and then between the Arab states themselves. From east to west.Iran-Iraq borderThe border between what was then the Ottoman Empire’s eastern boundary and the Safavid Empire’s western boundary was set in 1639 in the Treaty of Zuhab, following a 16 year war between the Ottomans and Safavids from 1623 to 1639. The Safavids previously controlled Iraq, but lost it in the campaigns of Suleiman the Lawgiver in the Ottoman-Safavid war from 1532 to 1555 in which Baghdad was captured in 1534 thus, the Safavids had already lost Iraq for over a century. Later treaties would confirm the border the latest of which was in the second Treaty of Erzurum in 1847 which also gave the Ottoman Empire full control over the Shatt Al Arab.Iraq/Syria-Turkey borderThis was decided in the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish War of Independence. Initially, the territory of French Syria was expected to be larger and further up to the north, but it did not come to pass due to Mustafa Kemal’s resistance movement against the colonial powers who aimed to establish control over Turkish lands. Alexandretta would remain under French control until 1938, when it would be declared an independent state known as Hatay and the following year annexed by Turkey with French blessings.Sykes-Picot agreement, territory that was to be French in blue.Borders following the Treaty of Lausanne.Borders with Sub-Saharan African and Maghreb statesThese borders were mainly decided by colonial powers as they consisted primarily of desert and nomadic Saharan tribes. The modern borders between Libya and Chad were decided between the French and Italians in the 1930s. The border between Algeria and Mali and Niger other French colonies were drawn by the French through the desert. The borders of Mauritania were drawn similarly.Sudan-Chad border.Set in 1916, following the British incorporation of Darfur into Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, a condominium established in 1899 following the defeat of “Mahdist” Sudan by British and Egyptian forces. Though the British had the upper hand in the relationship and Sudan was administered as would a regular colony.Sudan-Ethiopia borderDecided in 1902 after negotiations between the British and Emperor Menelek of Ethiopia. Territories that were effectively occupied by the Ethiopians that were considered part of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan were ceded to Ethiopia by the British.Sudan-South Sudan borderBecame effective as the boundary between two independent states in 2011. Following the First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972) the Addis Ababa Agreement was signed defining the borders of the Southern Autonomous Region which is essentially the border between the two countries today. The autonomous region would be abolished in 1983 leading to the Second Sudanese Civil War which would last from that year until 2005.Somalia/Djibouti-Ethiopia borderConfirmed in 1948 following the Second World War and the defeat of Italy. The Somali dominated Ogaden Plateau and Haud grazing lands which through British treaties with Somali tribes in 1884 and 1886 were meant to be protected against foreign encroachment were ceded to Ethiopia. This was as a result of a latter treaty between Emperor Menelek of Ethiopia and the British, French, and Italians in their respective “Somalilands” and Djibouti which defined the border between their territories in the Horn of Africa which the Ethiopians were rewarded for their assistance against what the Europeans viewed as aggressive tribes. Pressures following the Second World War would lead to Britain enforcing the boundaries of the treaty.Region ceded to Ethiopia based on the 1897 agreement and dominated ethnically by Somalis.Now with how the borders between Arab states and their non-Arab neighbors came to be defined done, it must be established how borders between Arab states came to be.Iraq/Jordan/Palestine- Syria and LebanonThe border that separates the Southern Levant and Iraq from Syria and Lebanon was decided in the secret Sykes-Picot Treaty in 1916 between Britain and France. Initially the Mosul Vilayet was meant to be placed under French control, but the British who occupied the territory had reason to believe oil reserves could be found there. Which were accurare. The Treaty of Sèvres in 1920 formally split the Ottoman Empire with the British controlling Iraq and the Southern Levant and France the Northern Levant. In 1923 with the Treaty of Lausanne, the new Republic of Turkey under Mustafa Kemal which claimed Mosul agreed to cede all territories south of the defined southern Turkish border. Iraq became the British Mandate of Mesopotamia, Jordan and Palestine the British Mandate of Palestine, and the French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon was controlled by France.The border that separated French controlled territory from British controlled territory in 1922.Syria-Lebanon BorderIn 1919, the Arab Kingdom of Syria which encompassed the whole of the Levant was established by King Faisal bin Al Hussein Al Hashimi son of Sharif Al Hussein bin Ali Al Hashimi of Mecca and King of the Hejaz. It was not to last as in 1920, in an attempt to establish its control over territories cede to it through League of Nations Mandate by the Ottoman Empire in the Treaty of Sèvres the French invaded. It was also prompted by attacks by Arab militias on French troops in the Levant in order to establish control for the new kingdom and expel colonial occupiers. King Faisal surrendered attempting to avoid severe bloodshood that would ensue, but not all his commanders obeyed. Yousef Al Athma faced the French at the Battle of Maysalun in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, 12 kilometers west of Damascus. He was defeated and was killed and the French entered Damascus the same day, abolishing Faisal’s Kingdom and establishing their Mandate. Once entering Damascus, French General Henri Gourard or the commander under him who had captured Damascus Mariano Goybet visited the tomb of Salahaldin Al Ayyubi who had liberated Jerusalem and much of the Levant from the Frankish Crusaders many centuries earlier, and proclaimed “Saladin, nous voici”…. “Saladin, We’re back”.In September of 1920, Syria was split into separate states by the French among them “Greater Lebanon” which can be seen it the prior map. The reason it was called “Greater Lebanon” was because a much smaller Mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon already existed autonomously under the Ottoman Empire from 1861 following European pressure to create a safe haven and homeland for Maronite Christians with the Mutasarrif being a Maronite. The French occupied the territory in 1918 and in 1919, the Christian representatives of Lebanon called for extending the borders even if demographics might change to create a large Muslim minority in order for the new Lebanese state to have access to the fertile farmlands surrounding Mount Lebanon. Tripoli and Sidon as well as the Bekaa valley were incorporated into Lebanon, doubling the size of the territory and establishing the border between Lebanon and Syria. With Lebanon initially being defined as a seperate region for Christians much as the Alawite region was for Alawites and the Jabal Druze region was for the Druze, with the mainly Sunni areas being split into Aleppo and Damascus. All the territories aside from Lebanon would unite to form the Syrian Republic which would gain independence in 1946.The Arab Kingdom of Syria, territories claimed dotted black, territories controlled by it in Green, the territories of Palestine were controlled by the British and the coasts of Syria and Lebanon were controlled by the French.Dotted black was the Mutasarrifate of Mount Lebanon laid back against Lebanon’s borders today and an ethno-religious map of Lebanon.Jordan-Palestine BorderThe territory west of the Jordan river was already occupied by the British. However following the French invasion of Syria and the collapse of Faisal’s kingdom in the Levant, the British extended their territory to that established in the Treaty of Sèvres and ceded to it by the Ottoman Empire east of the Jordan river. Faisal instead of Syria was compensated by his allies the British by making him the King of Iraq instead. His elder brother Abdullah who was meant to be King of Iraq was instead made the autonomous Emir of Trans-Jordan under the British Mandate of Palestine.Iraq-Saudi BorderIn May 1922, Sir Percy Cox the British High Commissioner of the British Mandate of Mesopotamia met with Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman Al Saud, the Sultan of Najd who now had a vast boundary with Iraq following his conquest of the Rashidi Emirate of Ha’il. Boundaries in the Arabian Peninsula were not traditionally defined geographically, but the power of the various rulers and Emirs extended based on the loyalty of settlements and various tribes. Thus the deserts of what is today Iraq was dominated by tribes loyal to Ibn Saud and thus that territory belonged to him. The Treaty of Mohammerah was signed in 1922, in which the defining of a border was forestalled and aimed to avoid conflict between the British and Ibn Saud. The borders were defined geographically with Ibn Saud losing considerable territory later that year with the Treaty of Uqair which was signed between the Sultanate of Najd, Emirate of Kuwait under British protection, and British controlled Mandatory Iraq. A neutral zone was established between Najd and Iraq, with Ibn Saud losing considerable territory on that frontier. The neutral zone would be split between Iraq and Saudi Arabia in 1981, but following the outbreak of the Gulf War with Saudi Arabia on the side of Kuwait, Iraq canceled all previous agreements with Saudi Arabia; however the Saudis responded by lodging the agreements with the United Nations. Thus by 1991, the neutral zone was officially disestablished.Kuwait’s borders with Iraq and Saudi ArabiaIn 1919–1920 a war was fought between Ibn Saud’s realm and Kuwait led by Sheikh Salem Al Mubarak Al Sabah. Kuwait managed to repel Ibn Saud’s invasion and preserve its borders from Hafr Al Batin in the east to Jabal Manifa in the south. However Sheikh Salem would soon pass in 1921 after a four year reign and would be succeeded by his young nephew Sheikh Ahmed Al Jaber Al Sabah. In 1922, the Uqair conference was called and while Sheikh Ahmed was permitted a representative, he allowed the British vested in Sir Percy Cox to represent him in his stead as he thought they would take into consideration his best interest and he would be wrong. Ibn Saud in this conference would concede much of his territory in the deserts of what is today Iraq to the British Mandate of Iraq, in exchange more than two thirds of Kuwait’s land was given to him by the British. Ibn Saud pushed for more claiming that Kuwait’s border was its wall, referring to Kuwait City’s defensive walls but took what he could. The same conference gave Iraq Safwan and Um Qasr two towns on the border with Kuwait and set a neutral zone between Iraq and Najd and Kuwait and Najd.When Sir Percy Cox went to Kuwait and presented the agreement for it’s Emir, Sheikh Ahmed to sign he felt rightfully ripped off and asked why he would sign such an agreement that stripped him of the majority of his lands. Cox explained that Ibn Saud was powerful and this was to prevent him from taking the whole of Kuwait. Which could have been seen as a threat seeing that Britain through agreement was sworn to protect Kuwait. Sheikh Khaz’al bin Jabir Al Kaabi of Mohammerah having signed a similar protection agreement with Britain would soon be an example that Britain’s agreement was based on political calculation that need not be upheld despite obligation when Khaz’al’s realm in Ahwaz would be attacked and subjugated by Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1923–1924.Cox furthered that Kuwait was not as powerful as it was a decade before when Sheikh Mubarak was in power and the borders were decided but not ratified in the Anglo-Ottoman Agreement of 1913, when power could be projected through tribes that far off. Sheikh Ahmed then asked if he were to become as powerful as his grandfather if he would be allowed to retake his lands he lost. Cox said yes, knowing that most likely that would not be the case. While the south-western border and the border with Iraq would stay stable since 1922, the southern border in the neutral zone was decided in 1970 between the State of Kuwait and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Both countries agreed to split the neutral zone, each annexing half. However with shared oil rights in both sides of the divided zone.Changes to Kuwait’s territory. From right to left: Borders from 1914–1922, borders from 1922–1970, borders from 1970-present.The neutral zones between Iraq and Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.Jordanian-Saudi BorderIn 1925, the Hadda Agreement was settled between the British in the Mandate of Palestine and the Kingdom of Hejaz, and the Sultanate of Najd concerning their boundaries with Trans-Jordan. With the eastern borders being settled with Najd while the western borders could not be agreed upon with the Hejaz particularly pertaining to Aqabah being given to Trans-Jordan. Latter that year, Ibn Saud would conquer Hejaz and rule both Najd and Hejaz and in the Treaty of Jeddah in 1927, the British recognized Ibn Saud as King of Najd and Hejaz and their dependencies with Ibn Saud agreeing to maintain the status quo in terms of the boundary with Trans-Jordan. A proper border would not be demarcated until 1965, in which an exchange of territories took place between the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Thus giving Jordan more territory extending 19 kilometers on the coast and territory in the interior as well.Red territory was ceded by Jordan to Saudi Arabia, Green territory was ceded by Saudi Arabia to Jordan.Bahrain-Qatari maritime borderSee for more detail: Abdulaziz Al Meajel's post in Gulf Cooperation CouncilProminence would only resume in the latter half of the 20th century in territorial disputes between Qatar and Bahrain in which Bahrain claimed Zubarah as part of its territory while Qatar claimed the Hawar islands. This dispute was settled through international arbitration in which the Hawar islands were to be Bahraini and Zubarah Qatari.Saudi-Emirati-Omani borderBoth the First Saudi State and Second Saudi State controlled what is today the United Arab Emirates and was a participant in the conflicts between the Qawasim in one side, and the Imams of Oman on the other. After Ibn Saud’s conquest of Al Hasa, the eastern boundary of his realm became a source of contention with Ibn Saud claiming the Buraimi Oasis (constituting Al Ain in the UAE and Buraimi in Oman) and most of the territory in the west inland part of Abu Dhabi for his own domain. This was particularly fueled following the Second World War with oil exploration and exploitation in full swing and bringing in a new source of wealth. British companies and American companies contested for exploitation rights and this exacerbated the border dispute between Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi, and Oman. The Americans who signed an agreement with Ibn Saud backed his claim, while the British supported the claim of the states they were protecting Abu Dhabi and Oman.This led to the Buraimi War in 1952, in which Saudi commander Turki bin Abdullah Al Otaishan supported by the local Na’im tribe led by their Emir, Sheikh Saqer bin Sultan Al Nua’imi, the Shawamis tribe led by Sheikh Rashid bin Hamad Al Shamsi, and the Bani Ka’ab tribe led by Sheikh Obaid bin Jum’ah Al Kaabi occupied the village of Hamasa one of the villages belonging to Oman in the oasis. Britain intervened to maintain a ceasefire which would last for two years. In 1954, joint Omani and Abu Dhabi forces backed by Britain attacked the Saudi positions in Hamasa and expelled them but they maintained control in Buraimi. A ceasefire ensued in order for international arbitration to take place but failed due to attempts by Saudi forces in distributing gifts in order to convince the locals and their leaders to support the Saudi claim. Which led to resumed fighting in 1955 where the Saudis were completely expelled from the oasis.In 1971 following the union of the emirates, the United Arab Emirates and Oman formally agreed to split the Buraimi oasis based on the status quo. With Oman maintaining the three settlements of Buraimi, Hamasa, and Su’ra and the Emirate of Abu Dhabi within the UAE maintaining Al Ain and six other villages. As for the disputed territories between Saudi Arabia and Abu Dhabi, the dispute was settled in the Treaty of Jeddah of 1974. Abu Dhabi would cede the territory east of Khor Al Udayd granting Saudi Arabia an outlet to the Gulf and causing Qatar to lose its border with the Emirates, with its sole land border being with Saudi Arabia. As well as that Abu Dhabi would cede all oil rights to the Shayba-Zarrara oil field now in Saudi territory in exchange Saudi Arabia would recognize Emirati sovereignty over its part of the Buraimi oasis. Though the agreement was never lodged officially.Old Saudi map depicting much of Abu Dhabi and Oman as part of Saudi Arabia, prominently the Buraimi oasis.Before Treaty of Jeddah.After Treaty of Jeddah.Emirati-Omani borderThe border between Oman and the UAE remained largely undefined until 1999, when Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahayan, President of the United Arab Emirates and Ruler of Abu Dhabi met with Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said of Oman in Sohar, Oman to discuss the demarcation of their common border from Umm Al Zumul from their common border with Saudi Arabia in the south to East Eqailat in the north. This agreement would be ratified and confirmed in 2005 and formalized in Muscat. The border between Abu Dhabi and Oman was largely agreed upon based on agreements made between Sheikh Shakhbout bin Sultan, Emir of Abu Dhabi and brother of Sheikh Zayed and Sultan Said bin Taimur, father of Sultan Qaboos in 1959 and 1960.However this does not mean the lack of demarcation did not result in tensions for a time. In 1977, tensions broke out between Oman and Ras Al Khaimah a constituent emirate of the UAE on their common border between Ras Al Khaimah and the Omani exclave of Musandam. Oman sent infantry and a naval vessel to the border in order to pressure Ras Al Khaimah to stop oil production in a newly discovered reserve the disputed territory. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia intervened to mediate in the dispute offering solutions such as one similar to the agreement they signed in 1970 which split the neutral zone in half with joint revenues from oil production or a referendum can take place in the disputed territory or even international arbitration.Sheikh Zayed and Sultan Qaboos in the border demarcation meeting in 1999 in Sohar.The case of the United Arab Emirates and partly OmanThe United Arab Emirates is a federation of seven emirates each ruled by a different ruler. Before their union and necessary to it, the boundaries of where the individual independent sheikhs and their states under British protection, exercised their authority; had to be laid out especially with the discovery of oil as well as with Muscat and Oman. The rulers agreed to British arbitration and British envoy and Consul-General in Dubai Julian Walker was set to the task.He would travel into the desert and ask different tribes and settlements to which Emir their loyalty lay with and where they believed the boundaries were and mapped overlapping claims. Some tribes he had to show that he came in peace by approaching alone without his car. One tribe had never even seen a car before and thought it was some kind of animal and asked if it was male or female and whether it ate (It could be a joke though, Arabs like fooling around like that). He also took into account maps of the coast drawn by earlier British political agents. He drew thirty one hand-drawn maps in all that would be used by the British government to arbitrate between the Arab rulers. After arriving in Abu Dhabi in 1953, it took him four years until 1957 to complete the boundaries set between the emirates and between the emirates and territories belonging to the Sultan of Muscat and Oman. In 1963, the first official map of boundaries between the emirates and Oman was presented and accepted by all the rulers involved with only one boundary in the exclave of Hatta belonging to Dubai being changed. This eased the transition into union between the emirates as it removed much of the tension between them that disputed territories brought along and made the union in 1971 more smooth.Saudi- Omani/Yemeni borderThe Saudi border with Oman goes through the vast and uninhabited Rub’ Al Khali desert. This border was not defined until 1990 between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Sultanate of Oman, in which the border was defined and an agreement was signed on shared grazing and water rights. As for the border between Saudi Arabia and Yemen through the Rub’ Al Khali that border was not defined until the Treaty of Jeddah in the year 2000. In 1992, the issue of demarcation arose due to the discovery of oil reserves on the border thus leading for the need to define the border between them.Omani-Yemeni borderThe relationship between Oman and South Yemen was tense through the 1970s and 80s until they began to thaw towards the beginning of the 90s. This was mainly due to the communist government of South Yemen supporting a communist insurrection in Dhofar in Oman on the border with Yemen. After the unification of North and South Yemen in 1990, the Sultanate of Oman and the newly formed Republic of Yemen defined the border between them officially.Saudi-Yemeni borderThis border was demarcated in 1934, following the Saudi-Yemeni War in which the Imam of Yemen ceded Najran to Ibn Saud and renounced his claims on Asir. Though the border east of Najran and continued on to South Yemen in the Rub’ Al Khali was undemarcated until the year 2000. I explain more in detail here:Abdulaziz Al Meajel's answer to To what extent did context and time enable Ibn Saud form establishing Saudi Arabia?Egypt-Sudan borderAfter Muhammad Ali Pasha the Ottoman governor of Egypt overthrew the Mamluks in 1812 and had them killed; the survivors made their way upriver to Dongola in Sudan under the control of the Funj Sultanate. In July 1820, Muhammad Ali Pasha sent his son Isma’il Kamil Pasha to pursue and in order to capture slaves to create a new slave army who would be able to act as a bulwark against the Turks and Albanians that he depended on and that he feared might mutiny. 4,000 troops departed from Cairo, consisting of Albanians, Turks, and Arab and Berber tribal forces as well as being later joined by Abanda Beja tribesmen who inhabited Nubia and set up tolls to collect dues from those trading downstream from the Sudan, the toll collecting would be recognized by the Egyptian government on an official basis in response.Dongola would soon be taken with some of the surviving Mamluks there surrendering to Isma’il Kamil Pasha’s army while the rest moved further upriver to the domains of King Nimr of the settlement of Shendi. By March the town of Berber would surrender, and later that same month King Nimr also pledged his allegiance to the Egyptian forces instead of his traditional loyalty to the Funj (Blue) Sultanate based in Sennar further upstream. The remaining Mamluks largely surrendered and would be taken back to Egypt where they would remain under the watchful eye of Muhammad Ali Pasha. Those who did not take the deal and they were fewer in number would flee and no reports of their whereabouts would be confirmed with them vanishing into obscurity. By June, Isma’il’s forces now supported by more Sudanese tribes such as King Nimr’s forces and the defeated Shayqiyya tribe made it to Sennar where Sultan Badi surrendered without a fight and would be allowed to retain his seat in Sennar in exchange for his allegiance. Sennar would then act as a base for Isma’il Pasha’s forces.A second Ottoman Egyptian army sent by Muhammad Ali Pasha and led by Muhammad Bey Khusraw supported by the Sudanese Kababish tribe would secure Kordofan and take it from the Sultan of Darfur successfully. Though they did not have the resources to take over Darfur itself. By 1822, Sudan was split into four administrative regions, one based in Dongola ruled by Abdeen Bey originally Isma’il Pasha’s second in command, another based in Shendi governed by the Kurdish Mahu Bey, one in Kordofan governed by Muhammad Bey, and one in Sennar governed by Isma’il Pasha himself. High taxes were enforced in an attempt to gain enough slaves to send downstream to Egypt. The high taxes made it so that the only established means to pay them was through the handing over of slaves to the Egyptians and this led to revolt. Isma’il Pasha would go to Shendi and demand six thousand slaves and a high sum of money within three days from King Nimr who claimed it was impossible. Isma’il Pasha disrespected him and struck him across the face with what was either his long Ottoman tobacco pipe or riding stick which drew the ire of Nimr. That night, King Nimr ordered the camp of Isma’il Pasha’s troops attacked and all his soldiers killed, and the house he stayed in set ablaze and Isma’il Pasha would be killed. Cavalry reinforcements arriving two days later were also killed and the region of Shendi along with some territories of Sennar would revolt and King Nimr would besiege Berber where Mahu Bey was now based.Muhammad Bey Khusraw departed from Kordofan and relieved Berber of the siege. Joined by Mahu Bey, he would travel down to Shendi through the Jazira region laying waste to towns and suppressing revolts brutally. King Nimr was to go into exile. The initial conquest of the Sudan was over. Further conquests such as the campaign into Kassala in 1840, Fashoda in 1855, the red sea coast in 1865, Equatoria region in 1870, and Darfur in 1874 would set the core of the modern boundaries of the Sudan.In 1881, a heavily taxed Sudan part of an increasingly indebted Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt revolted. A man by the name of Muhammad Ahmad bin Abdullah declared himself the Mahdi. Or the rightly guided one, who is believed by Muslims to be the Islamic ruler at the time of the end of days who would support the Messiah Jesus son of Mary Peace be upon him, in fighting the Masih al Dajjal (Anti-Christ). His claim was not to be supported by traditional Islamic scholars in Sudan particularly in Khartoum, but it would be taken up as a sort of national revolt by many of Sudan’s inhabitants and particularly those influenced by Sufi spiritual sects. By 1883, Kordofan and Darfur would fall defeating the Egyptian troops garrisoned there led by British officers. By 1895, he would capture Khartoum defeating the joint Anglo-Egyptian force stationed there and soon afterwards would capture Kassala and Sennar and he would die six months later of disease and would be succeeded by one of his commanders Abdullah bin Muhammad who would declare himself “Khalifatul Mahdi” “Successor of the Mahdi”. The Red Sea coast and the border region nearby Egypt would remain in Egyptian hands.The new ruler would suppress revolts against his rule until 1891 and would lead campaigns and raids against neighboring territories such as in Ethiopia where Emperor Yohannes IV would be killed in battle and Gondar sacked. In 1896, a joint Anglo-Egyptian force with some local Sudanese factions that supported Egyptian rule would invade Mahdist Sudan with Dongola being captured and then Berber in 1897. By 1898, the Mahdist capital in Omdurman was the site of the last great battle in the war where the Mahdist forces were crushed and Abdullah bin Muhammad would go into hiding but would be found in Kordofan and killed.A remnant of that war is the boundaries between Egypt and Sudan. In 1899, the British wanted to cement their control over the Sudan more officially rather than their unofficial occupation in Ottoman Egypt. An agreement was signed in which Sudan would be a condominium (shared territory) between Egypt and Britain. A border was set at the 22nd parallel. In 1902, an administrative boundary was set in which the Hala’ib triangle north of the line would be set to Sudan as it was where the grazing land of the Beja tribe while the Egyptians were given Bir Tawil which was patrolled by the Ababda tribe. The issue is Egypt claims the 1899 treaty while Sudan claims the 1902 treaty. Thus both claim the Hala’ib triangle while claiming Bir Tawil belongs to the other and is claimed by no one. It was not considered a problem initially as Sudan was considered part of Egypt and the King of Egypt was known as “King of Egypt and the Sudan”. Only when Jamal Abdulnasser came to power in Egypt did he renounce Egypt’s claim over Sudan in order to pressure the British to leave, and Sudan was granted independence from the condominium in 1956 with the territorial disputes becoming an issue. Though the Hala’ib triangle is under Egyptian administration.Mahdist Sudan.Disputed territories between Egypt and Sudan today.Libya-Egypt/Sudan borderThe territories of Kufra and Jarabub were ceded to Italy by the British dominated Egypt; though legally independent as the Kingdom of Egypt, in 1925. While the Italians were able to take control of Jarabub, Kufra was dominated by Senussi rebels led by Omar Al Mukhtar who opposed the Italian colonization and fought both them and the British in Kufra from 1915 to 1918. The Senussi forcres attack British positions in the western coast of Egypt and Italian positions in the rest of Libya answering the call to Jihad by the Ottoman Caliph. While initially managing to repel the British, they were later defeated unable to contribute much to the war in the east of the Suez Canal to contribute to the Ottoman war effort. A deal was signed between the British and the Senussi forces in 1917 and the British would recognize Muhammad Idris as Emir of Barqah where he would be able to rule Kufra and Jarabub autonomously but under the Sultan of Egypt. He would later go on to become King of Libya following the Second World War and the Italian defeat.Exhausted Italian forces who had been fighting local forces since 1911 during the war against the Ottomans; signed an agreement with Idris in 1917 with a ceasefire as well recognizing his autonomous rule over Barqah. Most of Libya was ruled by local forces and in 1918 the Republic of Tripolitania was declared in Western Libya though lacking in international recognition. In 1922, the Tripolitanians invited Idris to become Emir of Tripolitania as well as his position as Emir of Barqah, however soon the Italians wanted to re-establish their control over the country and in 1923 began a war to reconquer Libya under Benito Mussolini.Throughout the 1920s, the Senussi forces would be a bane on the Italians in Libya with Omar Al Mukhtar leading guerrilla campaigns against them. The Italians managed to restore their control over Tripolitania and most of Fezzan and northern Barqah; however could not restore control over the Jebal Akhdar in eastern Barqah which became a center of resistance. The Italians initially took over the central region around the town of Sirte using mobile logistical tactics and aerial bombardment to cut off contact between the local forces in Tripolitania and Barqah and by 1930 fully taking Fezzan leaving the resistance only in Eastern Libya. The Italians executed 12,000 people in Barqah and forcefully migrated the 100,000 inhabitants of the Jebel Akhdar to concentration camps across the desert in Benghazi, shooting those who could not keep up with most of those taken being women, children, and the elderly. Forty thousand of those one hundred would die in the camps. In total over a quarter of the people of Barqah were killed during the Italian occupation.In 1925, the British influenced Egypt officially ceded Kufra and Jarabub to Libya. The Senussi forces however controlled the territory and the Italians would not take control under 1931 when the Italians cut off the Libyans’ supply lines from Egypt and closed mosques where the locals would meet. Kufra was taken and was the last stronghold of the rebels in 1931 with those escaping being air bombed and Omar Al Mukhtar was captured and sentenced to death. He would be hanged and martyred that same year, ending the second resistance war against the Italian occupation of Libya.The Sarra triangle would be given to Italy by Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1935. Along with Kufra and Jarabub that would form Libya’s eastern border today with Egypt and Sudan.Omar Al Mukhtar after his capture by the Italians.Libya-Tunisia-Algeria borderThe borders between Algeria and Libya were set in 1919 during the Paris Peace Conference. As Italy did not gain any territory from German colonies. They were instead given territory in the region between Algeria and Libya in Fezzan and by the British in their Kenyan colony to Italian Somaliland. As for Tunisia, in 1881 in response to tribal raids against the French in Algeria based in Tunisia, the French invaded and by 1883 controlled the whole country and gave the Bey; the autonomous ruler of the territory under the Ottoman Empire an option to choose to be a protectorate of the French. Which he did. Ali Bey bin Al Hussein became nominally independent as a result from the Ottoman Empire, but it was in name only as the French ran Tunisia as they did any other colony. The Ottomans never recognized this change and would continue to see Tunisia as an autonomous part of the Empire, just like Egypt however Egypt was always nominally part of the Ottoman Empire despite British occupation, the British played fiddle to that tune, but the French did not.Between 1970 and 1993, Tunisia and Algeria officially demarcated the borders between them.Dark Green: Territories cede to Italy by the Ottoman Empire in 1912, Light Green: Given by France to Italy in 1919, White: Territory controlled by Britain and Egypt but claimed by Italy following Ottoman collapse and ceded to Italy in 1925 but not controlled until 1931, Medium green: Ceded by Britain to Italy in 1925, Red: Ceded by Anglo-Egyptian Sudan to Italy, Darkest red: Unratified agreement between France and Italy in 1935 to cede the Aouzou strip to Italy.Algeria-Morocco borderSince Morocco became a French protectorate in 1912, it was recognized as nominally independent, though like Tunisia was ruled as would any other colony. Morocco was divided between France, Spain, and an international zone in Tangier in the Gibraltar straits. The Rif and southern Morocco would be governed by a Spanish protectorate and the remainder French. Initially the borders between Algeria and Morocco were largely undefined, with the Moroccan Sultan having much influence in the eastern and southern regions of Algeria. The border between Algeria in Morocco was set twice in 1912 and 1938 with different maps showing different borders, but they did not care much to the implications seeing as it was an uninhabited desert territory and the borders were for administrative purposes.Oil and other natural resources would be found in the border area, and thus the disputed territories in Tindouf and Bechar would be more defined. However the French would rather have in their direct colony of Algeria rather than a protectorate such as Morocco and in 1952 administratively placed the territories under Algeria. After the protectorate over Morocco ended in 1956, the Moroccan government claimed the disputed territories which was rejected by the French. This would lead to the Sand War between the newly independent Algeria and Morocco from September 1963 to February 1964 leading to a stalemate and no change in boundaries with Tindouf and Bechar remaining under Algerian administration.Mauritania-Morocco/Algeria bordersMauritania’s borders were decided by the French in 1904 as it was an administrative part of French West Africa and initially governed from Senegal. I lack much information on the history to explain in detail, but the issue in the region here is that concerning the Western Sahara. Two thirds of which is controlled by Morocco with one third ruled by the Polisaro Front calling for the independence of the “Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic” backed by Algeria. If we are to look at purely the border of the Western Sahara, then it was drawn between the Spanish and French separating their colonies. Both Morocco and Mauritania claimed authority over the Western Sahara and in 1975 joint administrative authority was given to them both after Spanish withdrawal with Morocco claiming the territory since 1957.The complicated nature of the disputed territories in Western Sahara.And that is how the borders of Arab countries came to be.عسى الله يحفظ بلاد العرب والمسلمين من كل شر ومكروه.May God protect the lands of Arabs and Muslims from all evil and that which is hated.

A lot can be explained by the entire day-to-day events (on both sides) of what happened in Gaza 2014Constant harassment, destruction and attacks by Israel on Gazans and other Palestinians. Finally, Israel fires bombs first to elicit a response, then unleashes hell on Gaza. This is a repeated pattern designed to make Gaza unlivable and force the Gazans to leave.2014 Day-by-day: A Year in Palestine2014 Day-by-day: A Year in PalestinePalestine -Past, Present, Future·Monday, January 18, 2016·2014February 25, 2014 the Israeli army stormed al-Aqsa Mosque, the third holiest Muslim site, and opened fire. The timing was no accident. It coincided with the date of the Ibrihimi Mosque Massacre in Hebron on the same date in 1994, where 53 died and 125 were wounded.Israeli soldiers killed 24 more and injured others as worshippers fled.06 Mar 2014 Al-JazeeraApril 24: Nine months of U.S.-mediated peace talks collapse.May 15 two Palestinian teenagers (Nadeem Nawara, 17, and Mohammad Daher, 16,) were killed during clashes with Israeli forces outside Ofer military prison on May 15, the day that Palestinians mark their uprooting during the Mideast war over Israel's 1948 creation. Israel denies using live fire (see Nov 20) Defense of Children International-Palestine, The Guardian, CNNJune 2: A Palestinian unity government is sworn in, a major step toward reconciliation between the rival Fatah and Hamas factions. Israel denounces the government because it includes Hamas.June 12: Three Israeli teenagers - Eyal Yifrah, 19, Gilad Shaar, 16, and Naftali Fraenkel - are abducted and killed by Hamas operatives in the West Bank.June 13: Israel launches a broad military operation to find the teens, arresting hundreds of Hamas members. Hamas militants in Gaza respond with rocket attacks.*****July 2: Mohammed Abu Khdeir, a 16-year-old Palestinian from east Jerusalem, is abducted near his home and burned to death by Israeli extremists in a revenge attack for the deaths of the Israeli teens. The death triggers violent protests.The July 8 ITIC report also divulged why Hamas launched its first rocket fire at Israel in more than 19 months on July 7: On that night Israeli forces had bombed and killed 6 Hamas members in Gaza. The ITIC report includes a picture of the six Hamas members. Thus, a report from an authoritative Israeli source described the provocation for the resumption of rocket fire: Hamas rocket fire began only after Israeli forces had engaged in nearly a month of military operations in violation of the ceasefire agreement and had killed 6 Hamas members in Gaza.Why Did Bernie Sanders Get Gaza So Wrong?July 8: Israel launches a military campaign against Hamas in Gaza. The war lasts 50 days and kills more than 2,100 Palestinians, mostly civilians, according to the United Nations. Seventy-two people die on the Israeli side, nearly all were military.Times of Israel: "Hamas operatives were behind a large volley of rockets which slammed into Israel Monday morning, the first time in years the Islamist group has directly challenged the Jewish state, according to Israeli defense officials.. The security sources, who spoke on condition of anonymity, assessed that Hamas had probably launched the barrage in revenge for an Israeli airstrike several hours earlier which killed one person and injured three more.. Hamas hasn't fired rockets into Israel since Operation Pillar of Defense ended in November 2012.The Nation: "During ten days of Operation Brother's Keeper in the West Bank [before the start of the Gaza conflict], ****Israel arrested approximately 800 Palestinians without charge or trial, killed nine civilians and raided nearly 1,300 residential, commercial and public buildings. Its military operation targeted Hamas members released during the Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange in 2011."July 13Palestinian Death toll by Sunday July 13 160 deaths--80% civilians, 35 children, 27 womenWounded 1,140: 296 Children, 233 WomenIsraeli Death Toll: 1 soldier, 1 civilianSource: UN Office for the Co-Ordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA22 July 2014 ‘Gaza hospitals are no longer safe’Dr Medhat Abbas from al-Aqsa Hospital says that nobody is safe in Gaza. "If you want to stay alive, stay far from children, because these are the declared targets of the Israeli army," he says.July 26 Palestinian casualties: Over 1000 dead, 5, 870 wounded80% civilians, 20% unconfirmed what they are.Israeli: 40 soldiers dead, 2 civilians dead (they went to war zone and were not killed in civilian areas). Source BBC NewsAugust 7, a settler ran over and injured an eight-year-old Palestinian girl in the southern West Bank. September 2014 – MondoweissAugust 14, a 23-year-old man was hit as he was trying to cross a street near the illegal settlement of Barkan, in Salfit - September 2014 – MondoweissAugust 17, a Palestinian man was killed after being knocked down by an Israeli settler in East Jerusalem. -September 2014 – Mondoweiss4 Sept. In the first 48 hours of the ceasefire:Israel:Annexed another 500 acres of West Bank land Not coincidentally, the land slated for expropriation is located adjacent to the settlement of Asfar (Metzad).2. Killed a 22 year old, Issa al Qatari, one week before his wedding3. Killed a prisoner, Raed al Jabari, possibly due to torture4. Killed a 5 year old girl in Gaza, who succumbed to her injuries and died last night5. Arrested two children, aged 7 and 8, from the courtyard of their house in Silwad and tear gassed their mother6. Arrested a seven year old boy in Hebron7. Broken the ceasefire by attacking and setting fire to a fishing boat, arresting four fishermen8. Broken the ceasefire by not easing the border restrictions9. Destroyed part of the bedouin community Khan al Ahmar, leaving fourteen people homeless10. Rolled over and destroyed a swathe of farmland in Rafah with tanks11. Ordered the dismantling of a small monument in Jerusalem to Mohamed Abu Khdeir, who was murdered by an Israeli lynch mob.12. Prevented students from entering al Quds University, firing stun grenades and rubber bullets at those who tried to enter.13. Set fire to an olive grove near Hebron14. Earned unknown millions in being the sole provider of reconstruction material to Gaza.In the last 48 hours, Israel has:1. Stormed the al Aqsa mosque compound with a group of far right settlers.2. Refused 13 members of the European Parliament entry into Gaza.3. Arrested nine people in night raids.4. Destroyed a house in Jerusalem where medical supplies en route to Gaza were being stored.5. Raided and extensively damaged a health centre & a nursery school in Nablus.6. Destroyed a water well near Hebron.7. Assisted hundreds of settlers in storming Joseph’s Tomb in Nablus.8. Tortured a prisoner in Jerusalem's main detention centre to the point of hospitalisation.9. Broken the ceasefire by not easing the border crossing.10. Broken the ceasefire by arresting two fishermen at the old fishing limit.11. And another woman in Egypt and man in Jerusalem succumbed to wounds suffered during the assault in Gaza and died.Compiled by Omar Robert Hamilton Thu Sept 4, 20147 Sept. 2014 Israeli authorities confirmed confiscation of 2,000 dunams of Palestinian-owned land in the West Bank's South Hebron Hills area. PA: Confiscation constitutes "new stab" by Israel on efforts to achieve peace and the two-state solution. The land was privately owned and cultivated. The original order was issued in 1997, and noted that the land was taken for "military purposes". The confiscated land, however, has yet to be altered by the Israeli army and is located to the west of the settlement of Karmel, which has been expanding in the past year. Confirmation of this confiscation order comes just days after Israel announced confiscation of 4,000 dunams of land in the Gush Etzion settlement bloc, the largest such land grab in thirty years.07 September 2014 | Alternative Information Center | Ahmad Jaradat7 Sept. 2014 RAMALLAH (Ma'an) -- Israeli forces detained 127 Palestinians across the West Bank during the first week of September alone, a prisoner rights watchdog said Sunday. The Palestinian Prisoner's Society said in a statement that the largest number of detainees were from Hebron district, where 28 Palestinians were taken by Israeli forces. The statement said that 23 of the detainees were from the Jenin district in the northern West Bank, 21 from Ramallah, 20 from Jerusalem, 12 from Bethlehem, eight from Tulkarem, six from Nablus, three from Qalqiliya, and six from the Tubas/Salfit district. The statement also said that Israeli forces detained 10 Palestinians overnight Saturday, of whom seven were taken from Hebron, one from Bethlehem, and two from Beit Sira village in western Ramallah district. More than 7,000 Palestinians are currently being held in Israeli prisons, including around 2,000 detained during Israeli arrest campaigns over the last three months alone. 127 Palestinians detained in last week alone6 Sep, 2014, Medical personnel claim Israel tested new weapons during attacks on Gaza Ambulance officer Ibrahim Abu Kas of the Palestinian Red Crescent Society has worked through the last three wars between Israel and Hamas. “In this war, I saw things I never could have imagined,” he says. “The five children from the al-Jaal family in Zeitoun were the strangest thing I ever saw in my life. ” The room where three girls and two boys were sleeping was hit by an Israeli tank shell while their mother, father and grandmother sat in another room. “Their bodies were hot. Their hair and skin were black liked charred wood. When their parents arrived at the hospital, they didn’t recognise them,” Abu Kas continues. “But there had been no fire, only white smoke.” Medical personnel claim Israel tested new weapons during attacks on Gaza24 Sept — Israeli settlers tried to kidnap a Palestinian child on Wednesday in Jerusalem -24 Sept — Hundreds of Palestinian Muslim worshipers were allowed to access the Al-Aqsa mosque compound in the Old City of Jerusalem on Wednesday at noon after being prevented from entering the Muslim holy site the day before and in the morning. Director of the Al-Aqsa Mosque, sheikh Omar al-Kiswani, told Ma‘an that Israeli police reopened some of the gates of the compound, allowing Palestinian worshipers of all ages to enter the compound. The change in the Israeli authorities’ policy followed heavy clashes with security forces in the morning that left 15 Palestinians injured by rubber bullets and shrapnel from stun grenades. -24 Sept — Israeli settlers tried to kidnap a Palestinian child on Wednesday in Jerusalem -September 2014 – Mondoweiss24 Sept — Hundreds of Palestinian Muslim worshipers were allowed to access the Al-Aqsa mosque compound in the Old City of Jerusalem on Wednesday at noon after being prevented from entering the Muslim holy site the day before and in the morning. Director of the Al-Aqsa Mosque, sheikh Omar al-Kiswani, told Ma‘an that Israeli police reopened some of the gates of the compound, allowing Palestinian worshipers of all ages to enter the compound. The change in the Israeli authorities’ policy followed heavy clashes with security forces in the morning that left 15 Palestinians injured by rubber bullets and shrapnel from stun grenades. - September 2014 – MondoweissSept 25, 2014 An Israeli settler deliberately ran over a Palestinian child in the occupied east Jerusalem town of Silwan on Thursday,September 2014 – MondoweissSept. 26. 2014 There are approximately 7000 Palestinians who are currently held by Israel in 17 prisons and detention camps. Information on Palestinian political prisoners held by Israel: Two Female Detainees Released, 18 Still Behind Bars -Oct. 1: Israel gives final approval for construction of a new housing development in east Jerusalem, the section of the city claimed by the Palestinians as their future capital.Oct. 2: Israeli nationalists move into apartments secretly purchased in the heart of the Arab neighborhood of Silwan in east Jerusalem.Oct 19: A young Palestinian girl who was struck by an Israeli settler vehicle earlier Sunday has succumbed to her wounds, medics told Ma'an news agency. Einas Khalil, 5, died after being hit by a car driven by an Israeli settler near the central West Bank town of Sinjil, medical sources at Palestine Medical Complex in Ramallah said. AlAkhbarEnglish and Ma’an News AgencyOct. 20: Israeli nationalists move into more apartments in Silwan.Oct. 22: A Palestinian rams his car into a crowded Jerusalem train station, killing a 3-month-old Israeli-American girl and a woman from Ecuador. The attack comes after weeks of clashes around a sensitive holy site revered by Jews and Muslims. (see Nov. 19, 2014)Oct. 24, 2014 The Twilight Zone || Assaulted for being Arab. In a Jerusalem hotel, a group of guests from Afula attacked an Arab employee, an education student. They were released quickly. He’s still afraid to leave home Mohammed Azam is so frightened he won’t leave his house. He’s petrified of traveling on a bus, on the light-rail train and even in a taxi. His father drives him everywhere. He’s also apprehensive about going back to the university when the academic year begins next week. He’s ashamed to face other students while he is still bandaged, limping and wracked by painOct. 29: A Palestinian on a motorcycle shoots and seriously wounds Yehuda Glick, an Israeli-American rabbi campaigning for more Jewish access to the contested Jerusalem holy site. Electronic IntifadaOn 31 August, Israeli police shot sixteen-year-old Muhammad Sinokrot in the head at close range with a sponge-tipped bullet as he chatted on his cell phone while making his way to mosque for night-time prayers in East Jerusalem’s Wadi al-Joz neighborhood. He died days later.CALL FOR PEACENov. 3: 106 retired Israeli generals, spy chiefs urge Netanyahu to push for peace. “Israel has the strength and means to reach a two-state solution that doesn't entail a security risk,” signatories write in a letter sent to the prime minister. Former Armored Corps commander, Maj. Gen. (res.) Amnon Reshef. was referring to the Saudi-backed peace proposal that was adopted unanimously by the Arab League in 2002 and later endorsed 56-0 by the 57-member Organization of Islamic Cooperation, with Iran abstaining. It has since been repeatedly reaffirmed and its terms softened. As currently framed, it offers full peace, diplomatic recognition and “normal relations” between the Arab states and Israel in return for Israeli withdrawal to borders based on the pre-1967 armistice lines, with negotiated land swaps, and a “just” and mutually “agreed” compromise solution to the Palestinian refugee problem. חדשות כלכלה, בורסה וצרכנות מהארץ והעולם - דה מרקרNov. 3, 2014 | 3:06 PMCALL FOR DEATHNov. 5 At the 24th memorial anniversary of assassination of terrorist Meir Kahane, Israeli settler, Bentzi Gopstein, brandishes a noose and calls for hanging of Palestinians. A resident of Kiryat Arba, an Israeli settlement colony in the occupied West Bank, Gopstein is the leader of Lehava, an extreme rightwing organization that campaigns against romantic relationships between Jewish women and Arab men. (see Nov. 16 and Nov 17)Submitted by Patrick Strickland on Wed, 11/19/2014 - 03:46 Electronic Intifada.RISING TENSIONS AND ATTACKSNov. 5: A Hamas militant slams a minivan into crowd waiting for a train in Jerusalem, killing two. (see Nov 19)On 06 November 2014, 3 students at Bir Zeit University were wounded during a protest in the vicinity of Ofer detention facility, southwest of Ramallah.On 07 November 2014, 3 civilians were wounded in a similar protest around Ofer detention facility as well, while 3 others, including 2 children, were wounded in a protest around Qalandia checkpoint, north of Jerusalem. Moreover, a child was wounded during a protest at Hawwara checkpoint at the southern entrance of Nablus.Nov. 8: Israeli police shoot and kill an Arab Israeli protester at a demonstration in northern Israel. Video indicates the man was walking away from the officer when shot.On 09 November 2014, a Palestinian civilian was wounded during an Israeli incursion in Saida village, northeast of Tulkarm.. On 09 November 2014, In the Gaza Strip, Israeli navy forces opened fire 3 times at fishermen Israeli gunboats stationed off Rafah shore opened fire at a fishing boat sailing within 200 meters near the naval borders between the Gaza Strip and Egypt. As a result, the boat was burnt and 2 fishermen on board sustained shrapnel wounds. On the same day, Israeli gunboats opened fire at a fishing boat sailing within 800 meters off the fishermen harbour in Rafah. As a result, the boat was burnt and no casualties were reported.On 10 November 2014, guards of "Gosh Etzion" settlement opened fire at a Palestinian civilian, who drove his car into a bus station, south of occupied Jerusalem, and stabbed 3 settlers there. As a result, the Palestinian civilian was wounded from a close range and was then taken to Hadassah Hospital for medical treatment.Nov. 10: Palestinian attackers kill two Israelis in Tel Aviv and the West Bank in separate stabbing attacks. APDuring the reporting period, Israeli forces killed a Palestinian civilian in al-Aroub refugee camp, north of Hebron. They wounded 26 civilians, including 10 children, in the West Bank. Five of these civilians were wounded during Israeli incursions, including 3 children, and one of them was arrested. Moreover, 3 civilians, including an international human rights activist, were wounded in Bil'in weekly protest, west of Ramallah, while 17 others, including 7 children, were wounded in other peaceful protests. A civilian was also wounded by settlement guards as he ran down and stabbed Israeli soldiers at "Kfar Etzion" settlement, south of Bethlehem. In the Gaza Strip, Israeli navy forces opened fire 3 times at Palestinian fishing boats. As a result, 2 fishermen were wounded and 2 boats were burnt.11 November 2014, In the West Bank, in excessive use of force, Israeli forces killed a Palestinian civilian in al-'Aroub refugee camp, north of Hebron.On 11 November 2014, a 17-year-old civilian sustained a bullet wound to the right thigh when Israeli forces moved into Mothallath al-Aqaba, south of Doura, southwest of Hebron. Israeli forces also arrested the boy.On the same day, 2 Palestinian children sustained bullet wounds when Israeli forces moved into Beit Foreek village, east of Nablus.Israeli forces used excessive force against peaceful protests organised by Palestinian civilians, international and Israeli human rights defenders in protest at the construction of the annexation wall and settlement activities in the West Bank. As a result, 3 protestors were wounded, including 22-year-old Camellia who sustained a bullet wound to the left leg during Bil'in weekly protest, west of Ramallah. Moreover, a 33-year-old civilian sustained a bullet wound to the back, while a 19-year-old one sustained a bullet wound to the right arm.In the same context, 17 Palestinian civilians, including 7 children, were wounded during other protests against Israeli soldiers' and settlers' practices in al-Aqsa mosque. On 11 November 2014, 7 Palestinian civilians were wounded during protests marking the 10th anniversary of the death of Yasser Arafat. In the vicinity of Ofer detention facility, 3 civilians, including 2 children, were wounded. In addition, 2 others, including a child, were wounded in Jabal al-Taweel area adjacent to "Psagot" settlement in al-Bireh. Two other civilians, including a child, were wounded in a protest around Qalandia checkpoint between Jerusalem and Ramallah.On 11 November 2014, Israeli gunboats stationed off al-Sudanya shore, west of Jabalia, north of the Gaza Strip, opened fire at fishing boats sailing within 3 nautical miles. Fishermen sailed back leaving their fishing nets behind, but no casualties were http://reported.https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/14957-torture-in-israeli-prisons-200-methods-used-against-palestinian-prisonersOn 12 November 2014, a Palestinian civilian sustained 3 bullet wounds when Israeli forces moved into Beitounya village, west of Ramallah.MOSQUE ATTACKSNov. 12 Iraeli settlers have torched a mosque in the occupied West Bank village of Al Mughayir, Palestinian officials said, amid growing tensions and violence in the territory and occupied East Jerusalem. The attack on the mosque just before dawn on Wednesday, near the Jewish settlement of Shilo, came after separate Palestinian knife attacks on Monday killed a settler in the southern West Bank, and an Israeli soldier in Tel Aviv. *Also overnight, a molotov cocktail was thrown at an ancient synagogue in the Arab Israeli town of Shfaram, causing minor damage, police said. The structure is not currently used for worship. Al Jazeera Nov 12, 2014Nov. 13: U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry meets Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Jordan's King Abdullah II in Amman; the trio agrees on steps to defuse tensions at Jerusalem holy site.DEATH OF PALESTINIAN CHILDREN-DEMOLITION OF HOMESOn 13 November, Israeli police shot eleven-year-old Saleh Samer Attiyeh Mahmoud between the eyes at close range with a sponge-tipped bullet in Issawiyeh — a village in occupied East Jerusalem — permanently blinding him in his left eye and severely damaging the vision in his right. US media erase Israeli state and settler violenceNOV 13 Israel has reinstated its policy of demolishing the homes of terrorists nine years after it was deemed counterproductive, deciding that the procedure has since proven itself effective in the fight against terror and in preventing future attacks, Defense Minister Moshe Ya’alon said Thursday during a visit to the West Bank settlement bloc of Gush Etzion. (see Nov 13 above about diffusing tensions! and Nov 22) HaaretzOn Friday, 14 November, Mayar Amran Twafic al-Natsheh, ten years old, was riding in her grandfather’s car near the Shuafat refugee camp checkpoint when Israeli forces opened fire on their vehicle, striking Mayar in the face with a rubber-coated steel bullet that penetrated and shattered the car window.Nov. 14: Israel lifts age restriction at holy site; Friday prayers go off without incident.LYNCHINGNov. 16, 2014 The Palestinian physician who participated in the autopsy of a Palestinian bus driver found hanged in a Jerusalem bus on Sunday asserts that he was probably murdered and did not commit suicide as Israel Police surmises. The body of Yusuf Hassan al-Ramouni, a 32-year-old Egged driver, was found in a bus depot in the West Jerusalem area of Mt. Scopus late Sunday night. Clashes broke out in East Jerusalem overnight after the body was discovered. | חדשות כלכלה, בורסה וצרכנות מהארץ והעולם - דה מרקר Nov. 17, 2014 | 9:00 PM (see Nov 5th and Nov 17)On 16 November, Israeli forces from the Nahal Brigade opened fire on a ten-year-old Palestinian boy for walking too close to the southern fence of the Kissufim checkpoint between present-day Israel and Gaza. Electronic IntifadaNov. 16: Police say Israeli man stabbed in the back by an "Arab" attacker in Jerusalem and wounded. Assailant escapes.Nov. 17: Israeli government says it will step up punitive demolitions, gives notices to families of Palestinian attackersNov 17 twitter feed David Sheen @davidsheenHours before Palestinian found hanging dead, head of “Death To Arabs!” mobs changes avatar to himself holding a noose. Picture was taken on Nov. 5 where Bentzi Gopstein, brandishes a noose and calls for hanging of Palestinians.INCREASED ATTACKS ON PALESTINIANSNov. 18, 2014 JERUSALEM (Ma'an) -- A Palestinian man was stabbed by a group of Israelis in north Jerusalem on Tuesday, relatives told Ma'an. News Agency He was stabbed three times in the legs, and once in the back. The victim was found bleeding in the street and taken to Hadassah hospital for treatment. Doctors said he was in a serious condition. Israeli police spokesman Micky Rosenfeld told Ma'an that "an Arab man was approached by three suspects" who asked him for light. They then stabbed him in the leg with a small knife. Ma'an. News AgencyNov. 18, 2014 RAMALLAH (Ma'an) -- An Israeli settler shot and seriously injured a Palestinian teenager Tuesday after a settler demonstration on the outskirts of Beitin village east of Ramallah. Ibrahim Mahmoud, 16, was shot with a live bullet and taken to Palestine Medical Complex with serious injuries. He is now stable and was placed in the ICU. An Israeli army spokeswoman said she was looking into the report. Earlier a Palestinian man was stabbed by a group of Israelis in north Jerusalem. Ma’an News Agency Nov. 19, 2014Nov. 18 In the West Bank, however, some 200 Palestinians and 50 settlers clashed between the settlement of Yitzhar and the village of Urif. Israel Defense Forces and Border Patrol units tried to disperse the crowds with gas http://grenades.In the village of A-Ram, north of Jerusalem, some 40 Palestinians clashed with Israeli security forces. According to the IDF, the Palestinians hurled rocks and threw firecrackers at the soldiers, who responded with tear gas and stun grenades. No injuries were reported. Dozens of Palestinians threw rocks and firebombs at an IDF guard tower near Bir Zeit, Ramallah. Soldiers responded with stun and gas grenades. Haaretz Nov. 18SYNAGOGUE ATTACK AND AFTERMATHNov. 18: Two Palestinians storm Jerusalem synagogue, kill four and wound six.Nov. 18, 2014 Spanish lawmakers on Tuesday urged their government to recognize Palestine as a state, albeit only when the Palestinians and Israel negotiate a solution to their long-running conflict. חדשות כלכלה, בורסה וצרכנות מהארץ והעולם - דה מרקר Wednesday, November 19, 2014 Cheshvan 26, 5775CONDEMNATION OF ATTACKS*Palestinian President Mahmoud Abas condemned the (synagogue) attack: In a statement, Abbas’s office said he “condemns the killing of the worshippers in a synagogue in west Jerusalem”.The GuardianNov. 18, 2014*Relatives of the attackers linked the attack to the “lynching” of a Palestinian bus driver on Sunday. “The US secretary of state, John Kerry, said he spoke to Netanyahu after the assault and denounced it as an “act of pure terror and senseless brutality and violence”.” The Guardian Nov. 18, 2014*Palestinian President Mahmoud Abas condemned the (synagogue) attack: In a statement, Abbas’s office said he “condemns the killing of the worshippers in a synagogue in west Jerusalem”.The Guardian Nov. 18, 2014 *"The presidency condemns the attack on Jewish worshippers in their place of prayer and condemns the killing of civilians no matter who is doing it," his office said in a statement to Reuters. Nov 18Nov. 18, 2014 Synagogue attack a 'crime,' says Bahraini foreign minister The attack will only add to the 'collective punishment and aggression' against the Palestinians, says Khalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa in an unusually critical statement.Turkey's Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu said that Turkey condemns attacks on all holy places irrespective of where such attacks come from."The thoughts and prayers of the American people are with the victims and families of all those who were killed and injured in this horrific attack and in other recent violence," Obama said in a statement. "I strongly condemn today’s terrorist attack on worshipers at a synagogue in Jerusalem, which killed four innocent people” חדשות כלכלה, בורסה וצרכנות מהארץ והעולם - דה מרקר Nov. 18, 2014Nov. 18, 2014 Shin Bet chief: “Abbas does not encourage terror.” The terrorists who carried out Tuesday's attack on the synagogue in Jerusalem have no previous security records and did not operate within the framework of any organization, Shin Bet security service chief Yoram Cohen told members of a Knesset committee after the http://incident.Haaretz.comWednesday, November 19, 2014 Cheshvan 26, 5775 חדשות כלכלה, בורסה וצרכנות מהארץ והעולם - דה מרקרShin Bet chief: Abbas does not encourage terrorNov. 19: Day after synagogue attack, an interfaith plea for tolerance. Spiritual leaders meet in Har Nof, denounce terrorism, reject murder as being ‘far from any religious belief’. Sheikh Muhammad Kiwan, chairman of the Council of Muslim Leaders in Israel, and former MK Rabbi Michael Melchior called on believers of all faiths to work towards quelling violence and promoting peace. With Greek Orthodox Patriarch Theofilis III of Jerusalem and Latin Patriarch Fuad Twal in attendance, Sheikh Samir Assi, the imam of the Al-Jazaar mosque in the northern Israeli city of Acre, also condemned the Palestinians’ attack on the synagogue. “We came to this place to take a stand toward this criminal act, which involves an assault against the sanctity of the house of God, and against the unarmed worshipers,” Assi said. AP and Times of Israel staff (See Nov 21)MORE ATTACKS ON PALESTINIANSNov. 19, 2014 Israeli security forces have destroyed the East Jerusalem home of a Palestinian who carried out a suicide car attack in October (see Oct 22) that left two people dead, the military said, as pitched street battles raged in the aftermath of an attack on a synagogue in West Jerusalem that killed five Israelis. Four families who lived in the building, including that of the attacker AbdelRahman al-Shaludi, had to evacuate*At least 10 Palestinians were wounded in violence near al-Ram, a Jerusalem neighbourhood that has been cut off from the rest of the city by the Israeli separation wall.Approximately 25 others were wounded in Sur Baher, south of Jerusalem, Palestinian medical sources told Al Jazeera. Violence also flared in the occupied West Bank with Israeli settlers attacking a school in the village of Urif, south of Nablus. Clashes ensued and at least five Palestinians were wounded by rubber-coated steel bullets while others were taken to hospital with tear-gas-related injuries. Israeli settlers also attacked Palestinian cars at bypass roads in the Hebron area, south of the West Bank. [AFP] Al JazeeraNov. 19, 2014: Palestinian child today died of his wounds from July Israeli offensive on Gaza Mohammed Siam, 14 years, from Gaza lost his leg in an Israeli bombardment during the latest aggression on Gaza last July. After he lost 12 members of his family, and both of his legs, Mohammad was moved to Jerusalem to receive treatment there. Later he was moved to Turkey where he obtained artificial legs and finally improved his health. On Tuesday, Mohammed needed a respiratory tract and lung operation, where he died. Source : PNN with Kyle L Clayton.Nov 19 Wednesday’s Bnei Sakhnin-Beitar Jerusalem game ended in a confrontation on the pitch between players of the two soccer teams, which respectively represent Arab-Israelis and nationalist Jews. Despite a police ban on flags, Beitar fans smuggled in Israeli flags, while Sakhnin fans snuck in Palestinian flags. As the game, which host Sakhnin won 1-0, wound down, players began fighting. Beitar fans started yelling, “Death to Arabs,” while Sakhnin fans waved Palestinian flags and threw objects onto the pitch. Sakhnin fans were also heard yelling, “With our spirit and blood we will redeem Al-Aqsa.” Haaretz Nov 24Nov 20: The members of a Hamas cell that planned to assassinate Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman during the summer war with Hamas in the Gaza Strip have been arrested and charged in a military court, the Shin Bet security service revealed on Thursday. "We have no information about this issue. However, we stress that leaders of the Occupation (Israel) who are responsible for the killing of children and women and for defiling the sacred sites are legitimate targets for the resistance," Hamas spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri said.Nov 20: Amid Jerusalem violence, Arab workers pay with their livelihoods. Hundreds of taxi drivers, bus drivers, and other Arab workers are attacked, cursed, or lose their jobs in wake of synagogue attack. Many quit in fear. Haaretz Nov 21.Nov 20; Ramallah, November 20, 2014—Video analysis conducted by Forensic Architecture on behalf of DCI-Palestine has identified the Israeli border policeman who shot and killed Nadeem Nawara, 17, six months ago in the West Bank city of Beitunia. Although Israeli authorities initially asserted that no live fire was used by soldiers during the May 15, 2014 protests, one border policeman, whose name has not been released, has since been arrested by Israeli police and faces manslaughter charges. This arrest follows Defense for Children International-Palestine’s release of video footage from security cameras which captured the fatal shootings of Nawara and 16-year-old Mohammad Abu Daher, as well as an autopsy’s ruling that a live bullet was the cause of Nawara’s death.Nov 20 On Thursday night, four girls from the West Bank settlement of Yitzhar were arrested in Jerusalem on suspicion of spraying Arabs in the capital with tear gas. In the first incident, a Palestinian taxi driver reported that he had been attacked on King George Street by four girls, who fled on foot. Shortly after, another Palestinian reported a similar attack. HaaretzNov 21: Twenty-seven East Jerusalem (Palestinian) bus drivers quit their jobs, other go on strike, after fellow driver found hanged in bus; 'people are frightened.' HaaretzNov 21 Vandals defaced the car of Sheikh Samir Assi, the imam of the Al-Jazaar mosque in Acre, overnight Thursday, in what the city's mayor called an unfortunate incident. Police suspect the vandals poured acid on the car, which was parked outside the religious leader's home. The imam was among clergy representing Christians, Jews and Muslims who met Wednesday, near the Jerusalem synagogue where five people were killed in a grisly Palestinian attack, to plead for tolerance amid spiking regional tensions. He denounced the attack. (see Nov. 19). HaaretzNov. 21, 2014 Israeli Occupation Authority breaks into Burj Al-Luqluq Social Center SocietyEarlier today, Israeli forces broke into Burj Al-Luqluq Social Center Society in the Old City of Jerusalem. For almost two hours and half, forces of police and Intelligence searched all over the society and destroyed its contents. Muntasir Idkaidik, the executive manager, also indicated that they did not only target the society, but they broke into the kindergarten, where 40 children were having a normal school day. This action spread horror and terror among those children, especially when they saw how many those forces were. Muntaser Ayoub Dkaidek post of FacebookNov 21 Jordanian PM sent condolence letter to Jerusalem synagogue attackers' families. The letter was reportedly sent Friday to families of Ghassan and Oday Abu Jamal, who killed five when they attacked worshipers at the synagogue in Har Nof. Haaretz Nov 22Nov 21: on Friday, four Palestinians were wounded in clashes with Israeli forces in the West Bank near the Qalandiya checkpoint and in Kafr Qaddum. Haaretz Nov 21Nov 21 Two Jewish young adults were assaulted Friday evening in Jerusalem, suffering minor injuries. Police are reporting that the two were part of a group of worshipers on their way from Beit Hachoshen to Beit Orot, near Jerusalem's Mount of Olvies. Haaretz Nov 22CALLS TO REVOKE CITIZENSHIP AND TO DISCRIMINATE AGAINST ARABSNov. 22: Jerusalem Mayor Nir Barkat on Friday called for Israel to revoke the citizenship of terrorists' *families* who support attacks against Israelis. "We must be extremely focused [in or efforts] against evil people, to locate them and deal with them firmly," Barkat told Army Radio. Haaretz and Ynet news (Nov 20)NOV. 22 Human Rights Watch called on Israel Saturday to immediately impose a moratorium on its policy of demolishing the family homes of Palestinians suspected of carrying out attacks on Israelis. According to the international organization, the policy deliberately and unlawfully punishes people not accused of any wrongdoing, and when carried out in the West Bank and East Jerusalem amounts to collective punishment, which is a war crime. “Punitive home demolitions are blatantly unlawful,” said Joe Stork, the organization's deputy Middle East and North Africa director. “Israel should prosecute, convict, and punish criminals, not carry out vengeful destruction that harms entire families.” Haaretz Nov. 20, 2014Nov 23 Attorney General Yehuda Weinstein came out strongly against Netanyahu’s intention to ask the cabinet to approve the private bills, in a letter to Cabinet Secretary Avichai Mendelblit on Friday. 'Jewish nation-state' bill is attack on Israel's democratic nature. He added that some aspects of the bill “would make a real change to the basic principles of constitutional law as enshrined in the Declaration of Independence and the Basic Laws of the Knesset, and lead to deterioration of the democratic characteristic of the state.”HaaretzNov. 23 Netanyahu's cabinet approves controversial bill enshrining Israel as 'Jewish nation-state'. Haaretz Nov 23Nov. 23 Settlers torched West Bank Palestinians home Nobody was hurt in the incident, but racist graffiti was sprayed in the area and a building was heavily damaged. Several family members were at home when firebombs were thrown at their building, sparking flames. "Luckily, the women were able to wake up and leave the house and call neighbors for help," said Daghlas. HaaretzNov 23 Israeli forces shot dead 32-year-old Fadel Mohammed Halawa on Sunday. Soldiers shot the farmer in the back as he searched for songbirds east of Jabalya refugee camp in Gaza. Sky News also reports that a Palestinian home has been torched in a village near Ramallah, in the West Bank, with "Death to Arabs" scrawled on a wall. Sky News Nov. 23Nov 23, 2014 N.J. rabbi: Arabs in Israel ‘must be vanquished’ The rabbi of a major modern Orthodox synagogue in New Jersey has written a blog post that calls for Israel to collectively punish Arab Israelis and Palestinians until they realize “they have no future in the land of Israel.” In the post, written Friday and titled “Dealing with Savages,” Rabbi Steven Pruzansky of Congregation Bnai Yeshurun in Teaneck offers suggestions that range from destroying whole Palestinian towns to uprooting the Dome of the Rock. “There is a war for the land of Israel that is being waged, and the Arabs who dwell in the land of Israel are the enemy in that war and must be vanquished,” Pruzansky writes. The post has since been deleted, but it’s cached here. Pruzansky refers to “the Arab-Muslim animals that span the globe chopping, hacking and merrily decapitating,” and then writes, “At a certain point, the unrestrained behavior of unruly animals becomes the fault of the zookeeper, not the animals.” Read more: N.J. rabbi: Arabs in Israel 'must be vanquished' - Jewish Telegraphic AgencyNov. 24: "The nation of Israel is galloping blindly in a time tunnel to the age of Bar Kochba and his war on the Roman Empire. The result of that conflict was several centuries of national existence in the Land of Israel followed by 2,000 years of exile." Former Mossad chief Shabtai Shavit's op-ed for Haaretz.Nov 24. Egyptian President Abdul-Fattah Al-Sisi told an Italian newspaper that his country is ready to send troops to Palestine in order to guarantee Israel's security and work jointly against terrorism. In an interview with the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera, Al-Sisi said: "We are prepared to send military forces inside a Palestinian state. They would help the local police and reassure Israelis in their role as guarantors." Middle East Monitor Nov 24thNov 24 The Council for Higher Education approved the establishment of a public college in Nazareth - the first in an Arab-Israeli city. The official language will be Hebrew. Some courses will be in English and Arabic HaaretzNov 24 Earlier Monday evening, Israeli media reported Monday that a 45-year-old Jewish man had arrived at a police station in Jerusalem's Old City with stab wounds to his abdomen, saying he had been attacked by "Arabs." Ma'anJERUSALEM (Ma'an) -- Israeli settlers late Monday assaulted a young Palestinian man near the illegal Israeli settlement of French Hill, the man told Ma'an.Nov 25 A mentally disabled Palestinian man accidentally wandered into settlement and was beaten by settlers until rescued by the IDF. HaaretzNov. 25- Israeli driver 'hits Palestinian teen' in Jerusalem, flees scene JERUSALEM (Ma'an) -- A Palestinian teenager sustained injuries late Monday when an Israeli ran into him with his car and fled the scene, the teen's father said. Ma’an.Nov. 25- NGOs accuse Israel of shoot-to-kill policyJERUSALEM (AFP) -- Human rights groups have accused Israel of encouraging a shoot-to-kill policy after a wave of incidents in which police shot dead Palestinians involved in, or accused of, attacking Israelis. The alleged practice of killing suspects without trying to arrest them has caused concern after a series of deadly Palestinian attacks also resulted in the perpetrators' deaths -- and not always at the scene.Amnesty International told AFP it had "strong suspicions" about a policy of "deliberate killings," even though "the authorities have the absolute duty to ensure that their forces comply with the law." Israeli rights group ACRI said in a statement the expectation that "police officers will act as jury, judge, and executioner, is improper and unacceptable."