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There is no recent data on this issue. However, we have evidence for such marriages among women born between 1956–1980 (and married before 25 years of age). Around 35% of these marriages had no consent from the women.Source: Banerji M, Martin S, Desai S (2013) Are the young and educated more likely to have ‘love’ than arranged marriage? A study of autonomy of partner choice in India. Working Paper Series (pp. 1-43). New Delhi: NCAER (academia.edu/download/41315141/IUSSP2008RevisedDecember2014.pdf)There is spatial variation of this number, with the northeastern, western and southern states faring better.SourceThe percentage of marriages that took place without consent is highly correlated to the literacy of the woman. For illiterate women, it is around 47%, whereas for women who attended college it is around 11%.There is also another way of looking at this issue. One could look at the incidence of child marriages in the country. Among those aged 20–24, 26.8% of women were married before age 18 according to the National Family Health Survey (2015–16).SourceWe can therefore say that close to 25% of the marriages are arranged without the consent of the couple in India.

Sorry on this first day of the new year to be a party pooper but the US,on the national level, is not and was not designed to be a democracy. This can be explained in two ways:The Framers, who were half slave owners, feared and despised democracy, tho our Founding Fathers (Jefferson, Paine, et al ) had founded the nation on democratic principles (equality and consent of the governed), But the Framers were a very different group and even included some who had opposed independence.The slave owners (like Madison, who owned 100 slaves) who wrote the Constitution, created an electoral scheme, which was justified on specious grounds) which allowed the Electoral College to overturn the public vote and a Senate voting scheme which has allowed, as of TODAY, rural/conservative states like Montana and Wyoming to have twice the Senators and votes as a state like like California, which has 97% more actual citizens. Fearing the People, the authors crafted a document that allowed the minority of slave owners to control the new nation, with 10 of the first 12 Presidents having owned slaves and coming from the slave states, which had far fewer citizens.A good source for this is the classic Merrill Jensens’s New Nation, which fully documents the way in which the Constitution was a slaveowners counter-revolution against the democratic origins of our nation.Let’s now fast-forward to our new Century, where, of the last 3 Presidents, only one actually won the public vote (ie consent of the governed, which our founding document makes the essential justification for legitimate rule), with two (Bush and Trump) gaining power (as Hitler and Mussolini did) after losing the popular vote.So we today have a President who has never had consent (which Jefferson insisted was based on the “sacred” and” essential” principle of majority rule) and thus, according to our founding document, tho not the Constitution which enabled such a result, is unjust and illegitimate.Let’s turn to the Senate, now controlled by Republicans and prepared to exonerate the President on impeachment charges. The current Senate has a minority party (the Democrats) who actually received 15 million more votes than the Republicans.And so the Supreme Court is controlled by conservatives who gained their appointments through the power of a party that itself came to power in violation of the founding principle of consent, having been chosen by a party that year in and year out loses the popular vote but ascends to control.This is not a Democracy. Democracy is based on equality (at a minimum of votes) and the consent of the governed, which means the actual citizens and voters. And where a majority is not attained (Lincoln, Clinton, et al), the winner, in a democracy, is the candidate with the most votes, not the loser.One more caution: due to gerrymandering, the House at times, supposedly the bulwark of democracy, has been ruled by the party with the fewest votes. This happened in 2012, when Democrats had 1,400,000 more votes but Republicans ruled with 234 seats to 201 for the Democrats. Where the minority gains power, only a deceiver will call it democracy.The oldest democracy may be Switzerland which had direct democracy as far back as the 1200s, but the US has yet to complete the American Revolution and join the ranks of democratic republics.Lack of majority rule also happens frequently at the state level: “November 13, 2018Majorities of voters in at least three battleground states — Pennsylvania, Michigan and North Carolina — chose a Democrat to represent them in the state’s House of Representatives. Yet in all three states, Republicans maintained majority control over the chamber despite winning only a minority of votes.For that, you can thank gerrymandering — the process by which partisan lawmakers draw legislative districts in a way to disadvantage their opponents. Its effects are well-documented at the federal level: In states like North Carolina, U.S. House delegations feature huge Republican majorities, even when the majority of voters choose a Democratic representative.”In at least three states, including Pa., Republicans won House while losing popular vote | AnalysisAnd so, we are not a democracy but rather, based on an objective study by Northwestern/Princeton an oligarchy, where the will of ordinary people, which theoretically is the foundation of legitimate rule, is ignored and the will of the wealthy and the corporations dominates: thus we are an oligarchy (or plutocracy, or in terms of modern history, a corporatocracy (Mussolini's term for fascism) pretending to be a democracy and often engaging in wars abroad on behalf of a democracy we only pretend exists at home.“The U.S. government does not represent the interests of the majority of the country's citizens, but is instead ruled by those of the rich and powerful, a new study from Princeton and Northwestern universities has concluded.The report, "Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens" (PDF), used extensive policy data collected between 1981 and 2002 to empirically determine the state of the U.S. political system.After sifting through nearly 1,800 U.S. policies enacted in that period and comparing them to the expressed preferences of average Americans (50th percentile of income), affluent Americans (90th percentile), and large special interest groups, researchers concluded that the U.S. is dominated by its economic elite.The peer-reviewed study, which will be taught at these universities in September, says: "The central point that emerges from our research is that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on US government policy, while mass-based interest groups and average citizens have little or no independent influence."Researchers concluded that U.S. government policies rarely align with the preferences of the majority of Americans, but do favour special interests and lobbying organizations: "When a majority of citizens disagrees with economic elites and/or with organized interests, they generally lose. Moreover, because of the strong status quo bias built into the US political system, even when fairly large majorities of Americans favour policy change, they generally do not get it."Major Study Finds The US Is An OligarchyCONCLUSION: we must stop trying to “protect” the illusion of American democracy, admit the truth, and create it. It is time to complete the American Revolution, overthrowing a hereditary aristocracy only to see it replaced by an enslavers aristocracy and then after the Civil War, a plutocracy of the corporations. It is time to fulfill our birthrights of equality and consent of the governed and a democratic republic representing not the 1% or special interests but rather “We the People.”We can advance this cause by supporting the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC), which currently has 196 electors and needs only 74 more to make the Electoral College representative. Then we must fight to make gerrymandering illegal and create a Senate which is ruled not by 15% of the population in small/conservative states but by the majority, with the minority having inviolable rights that enable them to become the majority, thus creating a genuine democracy “of, for, and by the people” instead of a sham operation designed to fool the people into supporting the rule of the wealthy. This is our birthright, and it is time to take it back!

John Locke, specifically because of his Second Treatise on Civil Government. This text, and Locke's view of the social contract, were fundamental in the founding fathers' establishment of the country and in the founding documents and the modern Constitution. Crucial features in Locke's political philosophy, that have dominated American politics from its founding to the modern day, include its focus on the consent of free individuals, the idea that the aim of the social contract is to set "the terms of political association" (from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), and what the substantive terms of political association should be. Contrast this with a Rousseaun view of the social contract or a Hobbesian view. Locke's social contract was principle philosophical basis for our political values and it has influenced generations of Americans in how they approach political problems and voting. Many Americans have internalized the idea that flows from the Lockean social contract such as pursuing their self-interest subject to certain restrictions that preserve civil society.Modern political issues including tax rates, wealth transfers, religious preferences, foreign policy preferences and commitment to principles of representative government are often considered by American voters through this lens.See also: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism/ and http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism-contemporary/Link to the full text PDF of Locke's Second Treatise: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdf/locke2tr.pdf