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The Etruscans had a great influence on early Rome in many ways. Rome was greatly transformed from a primitive settlement of huts into a city do to Etruscan influence.How did the Etruscans shape Roman history and society?Leonard Stark's answer to What influence did the Etruscan civilization have on the Romans?Rome as a villageRome as a cityEtruscans would influence the Romans in many area of art and architecture.Greek & Etruscan Influences on Roman Art - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.comEtruscan And Roman ArchitectureRoman bronze sculptures were influenced by Etruscan bronze sculptures.Mars of TodiBronze Equestrian Statue of AugustusThe Tuscan order of Etruscan architecture became popular with the Romans and thus it was adopted by them.Reconstruction of an Etruscan temple using the Tuscan orderRoman columns using the Tuscan orderAccording to Roman writers such as Livy, a dynasty of Etruscan kings the Tarquinii ruled Rome until 509 BC.Learn About the Seven Early Kings of RomeLucius Tarquinius PriscusLucius Tarquinius Priscus acted as regent do to Marcius’ sons being too young but was soon elected as king. Tarquinius is said of constructed the Circus Maximus and a temple to Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. He also drained the damp lowlands by constructing the Cloaca Maxima.Temple of Jupiter Optimus MaximusServius Tullius succeeded Tarquinius as king. He expanded the city of Rome to include the Quirinal, Viminal, and Esquiline hills. Servius instituted many reforms that extended voting rights to certain groups such as the commoners by creating Servian Constitution. His reforms would provide the groundwork for the Roman Republic. Servius is also credited with creating institution of the Compitalia festivals, building temples to Fortuna and Diana, and the invention of Rome’s first coinage. He was assinated by his daughter Tullia and son-in-law Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, who would eventually be removed from power in 509 BC which paved the way for the founding of the republic and abolition of the monarchy.It was through the Etruscans that the Romans were introduced to Greek culture and ideas. The Etruscans fought and traded with the Greeks. Etruscan alphabet was derived from the Greek alphabet which serve as a basis for Latin alphabet. The Tarquin kings introduced the Romans to Greeks culture. Many Roman nobles would learn about Greek literature and philosophy by sending their sons to schools in Etruscan cities.Etruscans greatly influenced Roman religion. A lot of Etruscan deities were adopted by the Romans. Many of the oracles in Rome were of Etruscan origin known as the Haruspices. Etruscan soothsayers who could interpret the will of the gods by observing a phenomenon such as lightning would pass on their skills to local Roman priests. One of the Tarquin kings purchased the Sibylline books from an Etruscan temple which became the prophetic literature of Rome.Etruscan ReligionEtruscan mural of TyphonAnother area the Etruscans influenced the Romans in would be the custom of gladiator games. It was a custom practiced by the Etruscan city states where men fought to the death at the funeral of a noble or king. The Romans would later adopt the custom of gladiator games most likely during the period of Tarquinii ruleFresco of gladiators

I’m a fluent Polish speaker and also an intermediate Russian speaker, so I think I’m qualified to answer. As most other answers have already stated, in general no, Russian is not understandable to Poles if they have never studied it. There is, to be sure, some mutual intelligibility: many words are understandable, and even some sentences. Whether this is enough for a meaningful interaction, depends on many factors.I think it might be useful to give an explicit example; I’ll analyse a short dialogue from a phrasebook:Russian text:- Сегодня на обед мне хочется съесть какое-нибудь экзотическое блюдо.- Тогда давай пойдём в китайский ресторан.- Хорошая мысль. А ты знаешь какой-нибудь поблизости?- Поблизости их нет, я знаю один рядом с вокзалом.- Это слишком далеко. Жаль терять время.- Успокойся. Мы поедем на такси.- Дорогой ресторан, тачка. Ты получил наследство?- Не переживай. Мы живём лишь раз.English literal translation:-Today for lunch I’d like to eat some exotic dish.-Then let’s go to a Chinese restaurant.-Good idea! Do you know any nearby?-Nearby there are none, I know one next to the train station.-That’s too far. It’s a pity to waste time.-Relax. We’ll go by taxi.-An expensive restaurant, a cab ride… Have you received an inheritance?-Don’t worry about it. We live only once.Russian text in Polish transcription: I highlighted in bold words which are not (IMO) understandable to Poles, and in italics words only very vaguely understandable; words in normal font should be more-or-less understandable:- Siegodnia na obied mnie choczetsia sjest´ kakoje-nibud´ ekzoticzeskoje bludo.- Togda dawaj pojdiom w kitajskij riestoran.- Choroszaja mysl. A ty znajesz kakoj-nibud´ poblizosti?- Poblizosti ich niet, ja znaju odin riadom s wokzałom.- Eto sliszkom daleko. Żal tieriat´ wriemia.- Uspokojsia. My pojediem na taksi.- Dorogoj riestoran, taczka. Ty połucził nasledstwo?- Nie pierieżywaj. My żywiom lisz raz.In order to give an approximate feeling of what the text above reads like to Poles, here’s a pseudo-English rendition in which I changed some words and spellings (keeping the same formatting as above):- Vandaag for lonch I lykets to eet one-mebee eggozotic bload.- Laten come-on we gaw into a Kitan reestaurante.- Knap idee! Do you know one-mebee noyrheer?- Noyrheer none are, I know onne naast with bahnhoff.- That’s ogsa far. It’s a pity to verspill jooper.- Calm dawn. We’ll gaw on taxi.- An exppensovve reestaurante, a barrow… Have you an inquiry erven?- Don’t warry about it. We live slechts once.Overall I think a Pole would understand that there is a discussion about a restaurant and a trip by taxi, but many details would be obscure and in actual practice it’d be easy to get lost while listening to it.Also, this was a very simple text, using simple day-to-day vocabulary, and such texts are easiest to understand between Poles and Russians. A technical or literary text would be much more difficult. This is the opposite situation with respect to English and Latin languages such as French or Italian, for which technical and literary texts are generally much easier than day-to-day language.I’ll give as an example of a more difficult text the same passage I used in my analysis of the understandability of Ukrainian for Poles (Lorenzo Lodi's answer to Are Polish and Ukrainians mutually intelligible?), a short fragment from a popular science book on physics.Russian text:Когда большая звезда сжигает всё своё сгораемое вещество (водород), она умирает. Остатки звезды больше не поддерживаются теплом сгорания и сжимаются под собственным весом в точку, где искривляют пространство настолько, что оно схлопывается в настоящую дыру.English literal translation:When a big star burns out all its combustible matter (hydrogen), it dies. The remains of the star are no longer supported by the heat of the combustion and they shrink under their own weight into a point, where they bend space to such an extent that it collapses into a real hole.Polish transliteration, with incomprehensible words in bold, and very difficult (near-incomprehensible) words in italics; words in normal font are (kind-of) understandable:Kogda bolszaja zwiezda sżygajet wsio swojo sgorajemoje wieszczestwo (wodorod), ona umirajet. Ostatki zwiezdy bolsze nie poddierżywajutsia tiepłom sgoranija i sżymajutsia pod sobstwiennym wiesom w toczku, gdie iskriwlajut prostranstwo nastolko, czto ono schłopywajetsia w nastojaszczuju dyru.In my opinion the text above would be in practice completely unintelligible to Poles; I don’t think one can even understand that is is about stars or black holes. It’s difficult to make head or tails even of words which I marked as understandable or near-undestandable such as “zwiezda, sżymajutsia, iskriwlajut” (cognates in Polish: gwiazda, wyżymają się, krzywią), because of lack of context. What is immediately understandable are merely a handful of words (its…hydrogen… it dies… heat… where… into…). A possible pseudo-English rendition of a similar level of understability might be as follows (same formatting as above):Wanneer a grote shter verbrandt alle its brennbaren Stoffeits (hidroxen), it dies. The overblijfselen of the shter don’t meer ondersteund by the heat of the verbranding and they krimp under hun eigen gewicht into a stip, where they bend ruimte so stark that it storts into a echt gat.

Hitler was always a bit of an eccentric and introverted loner, even after he came to power. A stark contrast, to his dramatic public persona of the impassioned and zealously National-Socialist Führer. Who would give his rousing speeches in public forums or party rallies to fire up crowds.But that doesn’t mean he didn’t have any real friends, because he certainly did.And I’m not talking about his comrades in the Nazi party, or the sycophantic Yes-men and sniveling apparatchiks he surrounded himself with during his rule.August Friedrich Kubizek (1888 – 1956)Or “Gustl”, as Hitler affectionately called him.Was one of Hitler’s extremely close and life long friends. The two first met at a theatre in Linz, Austria. Where they were initially butting heads over the best spots to catch a good view of the night’s programme. However they quickly made up, and bonded intensely over their shared passions for opera, theatre, the arts, and the music of German composer, Richard Wagner. Their friendship was so intense and total because of the synergy of their respective roles: Hitler was the confident braggart and firebrand that Kubizek needed to compensate for his meekness, while Kubizek was always the self-effacing and patient listener that Hitler needed to big up his ego. They performed a sort of double act. A great bromance.Eventually, the two would both move into the same apartment, a small room at a boarding house in Vienna. Where they frequently got happily drunk, hit up the local girls, theatres, galleries, exhibitions, and hoped they could ultimately pursue an education in their dream art schools and colleges.Stumpergasse 31: the address where Hitler and Kubizek stayed at while in Vienna is still there if anyone’s interested.Kubizek’s father, however, had different plans. And wished for his son to continue the family’s upholstery business. But Hitler, who had himself fought off his own father’s attempts to influence his life and direction, encouraged Kubizek to strike out on his own, and pursue his dreams of becoming an orchestral composer and conductor. In fact, it was Hitler himself, who was a mere 18 years old at the time, that was able to convince Kubizek’s own father to permit his son’s pursuit of the arts in Vienna. As a result, Kubizek was able to attend the University of Music and Performing Arts — Vienna (then known as the “Vienna Conservatory”). And the man would later express his eternal gratitude to Hitler for doing this for him in his memoirs. Claiming that his friend’s encouragement, “Forever changed my life for the better.”Hitler, however, wasn’t so fortunate. Having been rejected twice from the Academy of Fine Arts — Vienna. He grew incredibly depressed and despondent. And eventually, without telling his friend, Hitler abruptly moved out of their shared flat, and Kubizek was unable to reach him. Now effectively homeless, Hitler subsisted solely off his orphan allowance, and the money he gained as a street artist selling sketches and amateur art pieces. The two stayed out of contact for years. With Hitler eventually moving to Munich in Germany, the First World War having broke out, and just life in general getting in the way.Vienna State Opera House, Adolf Hitler, watercolour, circa. 1912Kubizek would eventually go on to marry and have three children, whilst working as a public servant in Austria. Occasionally returning to dabble in music. Hitler on the other hand gave up art entirely, and became embroiled in the political turmoil of the new Weimar Republic. Where he eventually worked his way into power.Kubizek wouldn’t hear from Hitler again, until he spotted his old friend on the front cover of a newspaper. This caused him to follow his political career with interest, but it wasn’t until Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, that Kubizek wrote to congratulate him. Hitler who was apparently ecstatic about getting back in touch, wrote back to him. Essentially saying that the two ought to catch up, or as Hitler himself put it: “I should be very glad... to revive once more with you those memories of the best years of my life.”The two were reunited when Hitler returned to Linz to tour his childhood town in 1938, and the two spoke for hours. With Hitler eventually offering Kubizek a position at an orchestra. Ever the modest one, Kubizek declined. However, upon hearing that his friend was now a family man, Hitler insisted that he at least be able to sponsor the education of Kubizek’s children. This time Kubizek conceded, thanking Hitler for his generosity. And the pair would meet regularly from then on, with Hitler inviting Kubizek to attend numerous musical festivals allover Germany with him, which the man would later describe as, “the happiest hours of my earthly existence”.As the Second World War dragged on, Hitler became too busy to entertain his friend, and meetings between the two stopped. However, their correspondence was still regular, and the politically apathetic Kubizek eventually joined the Nazi Party on his own accord, out of loyalty to his friend. The two made plans to meet again one day “after the war” , but of course that day never came, as Hitler offed himself and his new wife Eva Braun. Just right before Berlin fell to the advancing Red Army in 1945.After the war was over, Kubizek was detained and imprisoned by the Allied occupation over his Nazi-Party membership and closeness to Hitler.While he was in Allied American custody, Kubizek was interrogated on the nature of his relationship with Adolf Hitler. The following is a transcript from one such interrogation taken from Kubizek’s book and memoirs (“Adolf Hitler, mein Jugendfreund” // “Adolf Hitler, My Childhood Friend”) —"You are a friend of Adolf Hitler's?""Yes.""Since when?""Since 1904.""What do you mean by that? At that time he was nobody.""Nevertheless, I was his friend.""How could you be his friend when he was still a nobody? What did you get out of it?""Nothing.""But you admit that you were his friend. Did he give you money?""No.""Or food?""Neither.""A car, a house?""Not that either.""Did he introduce you to beautiful women?""Nor that.""Did he receive you again, later on?""Yes.""Did you see him often?""Occasionally.""How did you manage to see him?""I just went to him.""So you were with him. Really? Quite close?""Yes, quite close.""Alone?""Alone.""Without any guard?""Without any guard.""So you could have killed him?""Yes, I could have.""And why didn't you kill him?""BECAUSE, HE WAS MY FRIEND."So YES, even old evil Uncle Adi had real friends.Kubizek in his later yearsAfter he was released, Kubizek went on to write about his relationship with Adolf Hitler, and frequently contributed to the orchestral scene in Austria whenever he had the time.He passed away in 1956.