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Green Books 1940, 1956 and 1960 (The Green Book Chronicles)The year is 1950. You and a car full of relatives are cruising in a '47 Buick, driving west on the Dixie Overland Highway to California.. Unfortunately, you might not even make it to the Texas border. It is not a flat tire, low fuel or overheated radiator that has sidelined your vacation. Rather it is due to the color of your skin- for you are African American, driving through the Deep South, and night is coming.With the expansion and improvement of roads and highways and a burgeoning fascination with road trips by the 1930s, publishers provided guidebooks for travelers.[1] From Maine to California, thousands of communities isolated African Americans (or sometimes Chinese Americans, Jewish Americans, etc.) by force, law, or custom. It didn’t matter if you were Dorothy Dandridge, Lena Horne, Duke Ellington or Ralph Bunche traveling state to state, if the road was not friendly or obliging, there was no safe haven for African American travellers.The real story of the Green Book, the guide that changed how black people traveled in America"For the Negro traveler, whether on business or pleasure, there was always trouble finding suitable accommodation in hotels and guest houses where he would be welcomed."[2]For black Americans traveling by car in the era of segregation, the open road presented serious dangers. Driving interstate distances to unfamiliar locales, black motorists ran into institutionalized racism in a number of pernicious forms, from hotels and restaurants that refused to accommodate them to hostile “sundown towns,” where posted signs might warn people of color that they were banned after nightfall. Signs typically read "Nigger, Don't Let The Sun Go Down On You In ___."[3] Many brought along boxed lunches in order to avoid being turned away from restaurants or dining cars. [4]Paula Wynter, a Manhattan-based artist, recalls a frightening road trip when she was a young girl during the 1950s. In North Carolina, her family hid in their Buick after a local sheriff passed them, made a U-turn and gave chase. Wynter’s father, Richard Irby, switched off his headlights and parked under a tree. “We sat until the sun came up,” she says. “We saw his lights pass back and forth. My sister was crying; my mother was hysterical.”[5]Victor Hugo Green - WikipediaVictor H. Green, a 44-year-old black postal carrier in Harlem[6] , relied on his own experiences and on recommendations from black members of his postal service union for the inaugural guide bearing his name, The Negro Motorist Green-Book, in 1937.[7] The 15-page directory covered Green’s home turf, the New York metropolitan area, listing establishments that welcomed blacks.[8] The guide's power was that it created a safety net. If a person could travel by car—and those who could, did—they would feel more in control of their destiny. The Green-Book was what they needed.From the preface of the 1940 issue:"The idea of 'The Green-Book' is to give the motorist and tourist a guide not only of the hotels and tourist homes in all of the large cities, but other classifications that will be found useful wherever he may be. Also facts and information that the Negro motorist can use and depend upon."You will find it handy on your travels, whether at home or in some other state, and is up to date. Each year we compile new lists as some of these places move or go out of business and new business places are started, giving added employment to members of our race."[9]The directories listed establishments that catered to blacks—businesses and services including hotels, taverns, nightclubs, restaurants, service and automotive repair stations, tourist homes, roadhouses, barbershops and beauty salons, golf courses and state parks.[10]Listings were organized by state and city, with the vast majority located in major metropolises such as Chicago and Detroit. More remote places had fewer options—Alaska only had a lone entry in the 1960 guide, but even in cities with no black-friendly hotels, the book often listed the addresses of home owners who were willing to rent rooms.[11]Mail carriers were uniquely situated to know which homes would accommodate travelers; they mailed reams of listings to Green.[12] And black travelers were soon assisting Green—submitting suggestions, in an early example of what today would be called user-generated content. For example, in 1949 for Montgomery, AL, the guidebook recommended the Douglas Hotel and Bonnie’s Restaurant as safe places.[13] It listed eight locations in Alabama deemed “safe” for the Negro traveler. That was a pretty low number considering Georgia had 17…Tennessee had a whopping 66. Even Mississippi had 38 locations listed.[14]A.G. Gaston Motel Partnership: The City of Birmingham and the National Park Service (U.S. National Park Service)Later added to the list was the restaurant at Birmingham’s A.G. Gaston Motel. Built in the 1950’s, it later became known as the place Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. would stay as he held strategy sessions around the civil rights movement in that city.[15]Another of Green’s innovations laid the foundation for modern residential lodging networks; like Airbnb, his guide listed private residences where black travelers could stay safely.[16]In 1954, it suggested that visitors to tiny Roswell, New Mexico, should stay at the home of a Mrs. Mary Collins.[17] Indeed, it was an honor to have one’s home listed as a rooming house in the Green-Book, though the listings themselves were minimalist: “ANDALUSIA (Alabama) TOURIST HOMES: Mrs. Ed. Andrews, 69 N. Cotton Street.”[18] In 1956, travelers to Hartford, CT, could stay at Mrs. Johnson’s house at 2016 Main St.[19]The Green-Book was indispensable to black-owned businesses. For historians, the listings offer a record of the rise of the black middle class, and in particular, of the entrepreneurship of black women.The Remarkable Black Businesswomen Who Found Success in Segregated AmericaAt the helm of the Green Book during its apogee was Alma Duke Green.. The widow of Victor Hugo Green (the couple married in 1917 and remained childless), Alma continued to publish the guide, with assistance of an all-female editorial staff.[20] Alma’s personal experiences with Jim Crow and the hazards of travel went even deeper, however. Whereas Victor was born in New York and had lived nearly all his life in either New York or New Jersey,[21] Alma was born in Richmond on June 9, 1889. She was an early participant in the Great Migration, joining approximately 1.6 million African Americans in the first wave of the movement, which lasted from 1910 to 1940.[22] As a result of these experiences, Alma knew fully and personally how the Jim Crow laws of the American South affected those who lived under their yoke, as well as what traveling to and from the North entailed in the early 1900s.1956 opening of Esso Gas Station (1956-photo-of-the-grand-opening-of-Esso-gas-station-Memphis-Tennessee_fig3_286124463/amp)In 1952, Green retired from the postal service to become a full-time publisher. Subscriptions to the guide sold for 25 cents an issue ( the final issue cost $1) and continued to be published for 7 years after Green's death.[23] At the height of its circulation, Green printed 20,000 books annually.[24] Distributed mostly through mail order, AAA also offered Green's guidebook, as did black churches, the Negro Urban League and Esso gasoline stations (due in part to subsidies between Standard Oil and Esso)[25] . Esso not only served black customers, but the company also willingly franchised to blacks, unlike most franchisers of the day.[26]Writing in the 1948 edition, Green predicted:“There will be a day in the near future when this guide will not have to be published. That is when we as a race will have equal opportunities and privileges in the United States.”[27]Victor Green died in 1960, four years before Congress passed the Civil Rights Act making segregation illegal[28] and rendering the Green Book unnecessary. Until then it was essential, with a circulation of two million by 1962.[29]Final Edition (The Negro Motorist Green Book - Wikipedia)The Green-Book's final edition, in 1966-67, filled 99 pages and embraced the entire nation and even some international cities.[30] The guide pointed black travelers to places including hotels, restaurants, beauty parlors, nightclubs, golf courses and state parks.Green’s lasting influence was showing the way for the next generation of black entrepreneurs. Asking people to open their homes to unfamiliar travellers was a radical concept. Some charged a little, but many charged nothing.Footnotes[1] The Green Book: The First Travel Guide for African-Americans Dates to the 1930s[2] https://www.nalc.org/news/the-postal-record/2013/september-2013/document/09-2013_green-book.pdf[3] Sundown Towns by James W. Loewen[4] 'Green Book' Helped Keep African Americans Safe on the Road[5] Overground Railroad[6] Victor Hugo Green - Wikipedia[7] The Green Book Chronicles[8] The Negro Motorist Green Book (1936-1964)[9] The Negro Motorist Green-Book: 1940[10] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/news/the-green-book-the-black-travelers-guide-to-jim-crow-america[11] The Travelers' Green Book: 1960[12] ‘The Green Book’[13] Full text of "The Negro Motorist Green Book, 1949"[14] What the Original 'Green Book' Had to Say About Alabama — Á la Carte Alabama[15] A.G. Gaston Motel Partnership: The City of Birmingham and the National Park Service (U.S. National Park Service)[16] Beyond the Banks: Doing it by the 'Green Book'[17] https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/federal_government/road-guide-for-african-american-civil-rights-activists-pointed-way-to-1963-march/2013/08/27/1085a2c4-0f64-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html[18] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book_1940.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiep4v71pXoAhUBGc0KHalWBT4QFjAQegQIBhAC&usg=AOvVaw0lfYtKwyIOjWFp9TvuiRfU[19] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.nalc.org/news/nalc-updates/body/Green-Book-handout.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjTv8OZ15XoAhXBAp0JHdUVBDEQFjAAegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw0jQJh51GiA1PoGRPwH2as_&cshid=1584041863163[20] The Mother of the Green Book Ignored by History[21] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/news/the-green-book-the-black-travelers-guide-to-jim-crow-america[22] The Long-Lasting Legacy of the Great Migration[23] Opinion | Traveling While Black: The Green Book’s Black History[24] The real story of the Green Book, the guide that changed how black people traveled in America[25] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/news/the-green-book-the-black-travelers-guide-to-jim-crow-america[26] Esso, and the Green Book[27] The Negro Motorist Green Book: 1948[28] Civil Rights Act of 1964 (U.S. National Park Service)[29] The Mother of the Green Book Ignored by History[30] 'Green Book' Helped Keep African Americans Safe on the Road

★★★★I went to the book fair today (11 January) and it was an awesome experience. Everyone should definitely experience it. The entire fair is divided into 14 halls, with each hall containing books related to different topics except one (Hall number 7) which contains stalls from different countries. Now, onto the review:The good:Variety of books available was simply breathtaking. Any book from any topic; you name it they have it. More than 500 publishers had their stalls. Even books in Gujarati, Telegu, Bengali, Assamese and other regional languages were available, and people were actually intrested in them.In Hall 7, in the Indian culture ally, lots of ancient original manuscripts are present, including Panini's grammer and Ved Vyas's Mahabharat. Its a really humbling experience, although you cant understand anything written.Kuchipudi performance by world renowned dancer Meena Thakur. You look at their dance forms and their expressions, and you realize why modern bollywood dances are more like exercies. Dance in itself is a language and the language needs to tell a beautiful story. Kudos for telling a good story MeenajiGovernment book stalls contain very good books. And they are offering flat 10% discounts.And the best part is National Book Trust ofIndia is offering a lifetime membership at only rs. 100. Become a member, and you get 20% discount on all its books forever. Great is'nt it. :DThere is a stall of Samskrit Bharti (I dont remember the hall number. Probably 8). Do visit the stall. They are a trust that wants to propogate Sanskrit learning in India. They have a 15 days short camp in order to do so. Not only that, they have weekend classes in big cities (for Gurgaon its definitely true, for others I am not sure. Did not ask). Plus, if you can gather 10-15 people who are enthusiastic and want to learn Sanskrit, they send volunteer to your locality, who teaches free of cost. Last, but definitely not the least, they were all conversing in Sanskrit, and WOW!Remember Nagraj, Doga, Super Commando Dhruv? Want to revisit the childhood memories? Well, Raj Comics has its own stall and it had all my childhood superheroes. Thank you Raj Comics for a great childhood. (Off course I have bought the comics :D)Free books. If someone stops you outside the halls with a pamphlet, stop. In one of the cases, it turned out to be 3 free books. These are Mahirshi Dayanand Saraswati's works: "Navyug ki Aahat", "Aaryabhivinay" and "Satyarth Prakash" (This book has been a source of inspiration for many many revolutionaries in the Indian Freedom struggle including Ram Prasad Bismil). In hall 14, 2 stalls are there, one gives free Bible and other Jain stall gives free "vegeterian vs Non Vegeterian"There was also very intresting stall in Hall 14 by soem army institute, the books of which are like think tank material on various strategic and diplomatic issues. Anyone interested in foreign policy and strategic thinking, should definitely visit that stall .The bad:I really wish this point to be in the good, but unfortunately it isnt. Hall number 7 where many countries displayed their regional works. I really wish they have had bought translated in Hindi or English works and not the native works. There was book in Chinese stall on Ancient Silk Route, which I really wanted, but unfortunately I cant read mandarin. The hall left me with a bad taste.The hall with Children books was a huge disappointment. I really wanted to see how innovations has changed this space, but it was a total disappointment. "Rajkumari" has become "Princess", and "Princess" has become "Barbie", and the "10 Rs. cost" has become "100 Rs. cost". Thats it thats teh extent of innovation. And the smart classroom stall reminded me of online grocery apps. My kiranewala provides the same delivery services faster and more efficiently, its just that ordering on an app is much more cooler.Promotion of Islam outside half the halls. People with pamphlets "Come to Islam". I am here to visit a book show and not for some religious debate. Have some sense. Better you could have had a free Quran in one of the stalls, and you would definitely have made in my "good" list.Overall it was quite a delightful experience. Do vist and make sure you haveatleast 4-5 hours free to have a greta experience (Even after 5 hours I still feel that I missed something).Some observations on country stalls (Types of books displayed by different countries were very interesting, except for China, which due to being the chief guest country, had quite a large space for themselves and hence, had all kinds of books). All observations are based on hall 7:Saudi Arabia: Lots of books on their kings. Definitely the royal worshiping people.Pakistan: Lots of books about Islam. Definitely still culturally insecure.Nepal: Lots of books on history. Trying to show the world they exist.Indonesia: Lots of children books. Not sure what to make of it.Sri Lanka: Actually a variety. But there is a book on Ravan. Worth reading few pages. Author talks about advanced engineering, nuclear weapons during Ravan's time, mentions there are lots of proofs and then leaves it their, without elaborating on the proofs. I am not saying that its true or false, maybe it was true, but Srilanka if you are displaying a book that talks about some of the most disputed topics against an international crowd in Asia's largest book festival, at least provide some kind of proof. Something!There were stalls of France, Germany, Portugal, Egypt, England, Turkey and Singapore also, but by this time I was so frustrated with these language barrier issues, that I simply stopped observing.

Greetings everyone!My name is Anubhav Panigrahy and I am from Bhubaneswar, Odisha. I completed my B.Tech in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering from National Institute of Technology, Rourkela in 2014. On the day of writing this, I was working as Administrative Officer at New India Assurance Co. Ltd. in Mumbai. The final results of RBI Grade B 2018 Examination were announced on February 20, 2019 and I was one of the shortlisted candidates in the Generalist stream. Since July 29, 2019 I have been working in the Foreign Exchange Department of RBI Central Office, Mumbai. Here I have tried to explain in detail the strategy that I followed to clear this examination. I hope it proves helpful to all those candidates who are working and want to crack this examination.Phase I:I have traditionally always been good at quantitative aptitude, logical reasoning and English. So I never had to refer to any textbooks for the same. However, I used to take a lot of mock tests before the actual examination. Before Phase I of RBI Grade B 2018 I took about 15-20 full-length mock tests. The best test series’ for this phase in my opinion are provided by Oliveboard and Practicemock. Please do not underestimate the importance of taking mock tests. Post-mock analysis is very crucial. Try to solve all the questions that you skipped. Check how long you take to solve these questions. For questions solved correctly, refer to the solutions provided to see if there is an easier way to work out those problems. After a two-hour mock test, at least 30-45 minutes should be spent in the analysis of performance in the mock test. In case one does not possess complete conceptual clarity, she may buy any textbook for quantitative aptitude or logical reasoning, and solve questions chapter-wise. Since I have never practised from any such book, I can’t give suggestions. However, some small/basic tips may be found below:Quant: The first step is to learn how to form equations based on the data given in the questions and then proceed with the calculation. So having conceptual clarity is a must. As mentioned earlier, any good book with chapter-wise problems and solutions would suffice. One can also practise questions directly from mock tests in a non-timed manner. Once you are comfortable with concepts, formulas, etc, the next step is to speed up mental arithmetic. For that, learn multiplication tables. Learn fraction to decimal conversions and vice-versa. Learn perfect squares up to 50 and cubes up to 20. Learn as many tricks as you can for faster mental arithmetic, because this phase is all about speed.Reasoning: My personal strategy was to leave the puzzles for the end and finish all other questions before that so that I secure a certain number of marks prior to delving in to the puzzles. Learn through mock tests which types of puzzles are your fortes and which ones should be left immediately on spotting them in the examination. This section is more about leaving the wrong ones than attempting the right ones. For better clarity on how to approach puzzles, refer to Meritshine’s channel on YouTube.English: Proficiency in English is very crucial to score well not just in this section, but also other sections of Phase I. Think of it this way, the faster you read and comprehend the questions, faster you are going to solve the questions. You can save valuable minutes by just quickly going through the questions. English is the toughest to prepare for because there are no shortcuts. Develop the habit of reading newspaper everyday without fail. The Hindu is still the most widely read newspaper by aspirants, but The New Indian Express is also just as good. Focus more on the editorials and columns, because they will also prove helpful while drafting an essay for Phase II. Read books, novels, magazines, just about everything you can lay your hands on. Keep a diary to note down new words that you learn every day. Read grammar from Wren & Martin.GA: 40% of Phase I is GA so needless to say this section has to be done well. Most of the people who are already preparing for banking examinations have an easier time scoring well in this section. One should not target anything less than 50 in this section. A lot of the questions in this section are based on current affairs and recent events, along with some basic questions on macroeconomic concepts. Nowadays there are a lot current affairs websites that provide daily, weekly, and monthly PDFs for current affairs. Studying these PDFs for the period of 3–4 months just before the Phase I examination would be enough to score well. I would suggest either Affairs Cloud or GK Today for this. Gradeup comes out with a Static GK PDF and one can have a quick look through that as well. Make sure to keep track of the countries that are in news because our President or Prime Minister visited that particular country, and learn their capitals, currencies, famous stadiums, etc. A good score in this section would ensure that you qualify for Phase II even by scoring average marks in the other three sections.Phase II:This phase tests the basic understanding of an aspirant, as well as one’s general awareness. So it is necessary to have a good mix of both. Standard textbooks have to be coupled with notes drawn from current affairs. Revision is highly necessary, and that too multiple times. I would advise everyone to stick to a very few selected sources, but revise them again and again. While a lot of online portals provide mock tests of this phase, I personally did not find any of them very useful for the actual examination. However, it never hurts to practise a few tests before the D-day. I went with the same mock tests as for Phase I, i.e. Oliveboard and Practicemock. For current affairs, I studied monthly PDFs of Affairs Cloud and Vision IAS for the period of around 6–8 months before the Phase II examination. The monthly PDFs of GK Today are also quite good. While not necessary, you may also start reading a business newspaper to get a better perspective of the ongoing activities in the economic space. I would suggest reading The Hindu BusinessLine, especially their op-ed pieces and columns. Business Standard is also good.ESI: Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh is the most suitable book for this section. In fact, this book will also cover some of the theoretical concepts of the Finance section as well. Almost all the chapters in this book (barring a few) are relevant for the examination. For people looking to read something simpler, the book on Indian Economy by S.K. Verma is also good. Focus should be on getting the basic concepts right. Mrunal’s Economy video series can also prove fruitful for this. I will reiterate the importance of revision here. Make sure to go through the topics at least 4-5 times before Phase II examination. The Budget, Economic Survey of India and recent government schemes need to be prepared thoroughly. But one need not go through the entire official documents. Condensed forms of the same are made available by Affairs Cloud, Vision IAS, etc and they shall prove more than enough. Vision IAS comes up with a consolidation of government schemes which is quite helpful. RBI publishes two annual reports viz. the Annual Report and Trends & Progress of Banking in India. Most of the newspapers will cover the vital statistics/observations made in these reports, so you need not go in to them in detail.FM: This portion is more static than ESI. Finance numerical questions have proven to be the toughest challenge for aspirants over the last few years, especially for people with no background in finance. Although there were no numerical questions asked in 2018, one cannot skip them. Just basic understanding of such problems can bring you easy 15-20 marks. These concepts can be done from the book Financial Management – Theory & Practice by Prasanna Chandra. Please note that this book does not have to be read in entirety. Compare the contents of the book with the syllabus and go through only the relevant chapters, both theoretical and numerical concepts. I even found Meritshine’s videos on YouTube quite helpful with regard to understanding finance numericals. Meritshine since then has come up with its own paid course for RBI Grade B examination, so it is possible you may not find these videos on YouTube anymore. For current affairs, the same sources may be followed as for ESI section. For Management section, I first went through IGNOU's reading material on the subject. Since my chosen optional for UPSC CSE was Public Administration, I already had a fair idea of management theories and concepts. Ultimately however, I almost entirely relied on Edutap notes. In fact, the entire FM module of Edutap if done well can fetch decent marks in a very limited period of time. However, just reliance on these notes will not be enough and they have to be complemented with self-made notes from other sources as mentioned above. A book commonly followed by aspirants for the Management section is Principles and Practice of Management by L.M. Prasad. However, I myself have never gone through that.English: This section is the most “selection-defining” section of Phase II examination, mostly because in my opinion it is neglected by a lot of the aspirants. A lot of focus is directed towards just ensuring that there are no typing or grammatical errors, at the cost of providing good content. The English section, in general, contains essay, précis writing, and a passage. Essay topics are usually drawn from recent issues in banking and finance. So it is essential to be abreast with all recent happenings around the globe. The fodder for your essay is going to come from newspaper editorials. Editorials and columns are so designed that they cover all aspects of a particular issue and provide clear arguments for and against such issues, along with hard facts. Hence, read editorials daily and save articles that you think might be important for the examination. Revise these articles at regular intervals, and update them as you go along. Selection of essay topic may also influence your score, so make sure you choose a topic that you have ample content to write on. In précis writing and passage reading, the key point to remember is to use one’s own words as much as possible. Be brief and be to the point. Overall, while it may seem like 90 minutes is sufficient to answer this section, I can’t emphasize enough the need for speed in typing. So make sure you cover that base too before you go to attempt the examination.Interview:The interview is the make-or-break round of this examination. It’s more a personality test than just a regular interview. All your lead/lag in Phase II examination can be washed away in just 15-20 minutes time in the presence of the interview panelists. Since I had not fared that well in Phase II, I had made sure to leave no stone unturned for the interview. I read 4-5 newspapers (only editorial section) everyday, most of them business newspapers like The Hindu BusinessLine, Mint, Business Standard, and Economic Times. I checked the RBI website regularly for updates, press releases, notifications, policy decisions, speeches, etc. and made my own notes on them. I thoroughly went through the functions of RBI and their various departments. It is very important to know about RBI as an organization, in and out. A book called “RBI Functions & Working” published by the Reserve Bank Staff College proved to be very helpful in this regard. It can be found on the RBI website. I went through that book at least thrice. Make sure to prepare answers for questions that can be drawn straight from your bio, like your family background, hometown, current work experience, etc. Remember that you can be faced with any kind of question in the interview. So in case you are not sure of an answer, just politely say you do not know, instead of venturing a guess out of the blue. Above all, remember to stay cool and composed, and answer everything with confidence. While I understand it is easier said than done, some practice before the actual interview can help in achieving this. Try speaking to yourself in front of the mirror. Ask your friends to study your body language and mannerisms while you speak. Try to attend as many mock interviews as you can, online or otherwise. I attended just one mock interview by Edutap over the phone, but that was enough to give me a direction. Ultimately, the interview is supposed to be a stress test, and the ones who manage to hold their nerves better are the ones who finally make it to the list.I have tried to cover all aspects of my preparation in this piece. Please remember that this is not a one-size-fits-all strategy. You may take suggestions from my experience, but it is always advisable to chart your own course towards the goal of getting selected to work for RBI. It may all seem intimidating initially, but with proper time management it will not be as tough as one might think. A period of around 6 months of preparation, where one is studying around 3–4 hours everyday, is more than sufficient to clear this examination. The important thing is to just get started. Be very honest with your efforts. Always remember that there could be a thousand reasons why you fail, but there should be no excuses. Thank you and all the best!