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The problem in answering a question like this one is not its breadth, although that is an issue, it isn’t in figuring out how many have been killed—though that’s difficult too—and it isn’t even the entire “history of mankind” bit—though that is perhaps too fogged by time to address properly; the real problem is separating out religion from other causes of violence.People fight over the damndest things—and apparently always have—and religion is only one cause among many. As a group, in order of the number of wars that have been fought, we have gone to war over power, politics, economics, ethnicity, nationalism, geography, ideology, and—oh yeah—religion.Yes, religion is at the bottom of that list.The idea that religion is a major cause of violence is a holdover from the Enlightenment era.Famous Enlightenment personages like Voltaire and Condorcet (who had an axe to grind with Christianity in their time), and others like Benedict Spinoza, Thomas Hobbs, John Locke, Edward Gibbon, and Rousseau projected their critique of religion onto their interpretation of recent wars in their polemical anti-religious writings. Their views were based on their belief religion itself was the “last gasp of medieval barbarism and fanaticism before the darkness was dispelled.”I don’t know how a person could get much more biased than that, but they were the leading scholars of their day, and their views were simply accepted —and passed on— without being objectively studied and substantiated.It turns out, the majority of the so called religious wars of the reformation era and the post-reformation era weren’t primarily religious after all.And that’s the real problem here: for wars—violence—to be considered religious, it needs to be predominantly driven by religion, or at least be one of the primary causes, and that just hasn’t happened much.Authors Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod list 123 wars from known history that have been driven by a religious cause. This is less than 7 percent of all wars and less than 2 percent of all people killed in warfare.[1]Approximately one to three million people were killed in the Crusades, which were genuinely religious wars.At least 108 million people were killed in wars in the twentieth century. Nearly 35 million soldiers and civilians died in the secular slaughter of World War I alone. Estimates for the total number of people killed in wars throughout all of human history range from 150 million to 1 billion. Not many of those were the result of religion.This question says religious violence, not just war, so expanding on that still leaves religion out as a major actor. That is, unless you start adding in all the times religion has been on the receiving end of that violence, which doesn’t seem quite fair. It isn’t religion acting, but it is religion being acted against, so perhaps in your definition that still qualifies as religion causing violence.During the Roman era Christians were mutilated—had their hands and feet cut off and their eyes gouged out for example—and were killed in a variety of inventive ways—such as being burned alive:... the Christian, stripped naked, was forced to put on a garment called the tunica molesta, made of papyrus, smeared on both sides with wax, and was then fastened to a high pole, from the top of which they continued to pour down burning pitch and lard, a spike fastened under the chin preventing the excruciated victim from turning the head to either side, so as to escape the liquid fire, until the whole body, and every part of it, was literally clad and cased in flame.[2]Churches and sacred texts were confiscated and burned, and any home where they were found was also burned, they had no appeal as many legal rights were unavailable to professing Christians; inheritances were confiscated, Christians were sanctioned by their government, and blamed and scapegoated for bad weather and poor crops and illness and attacked by mobs for it; they were arrested by various local leaders, tortured—one of the elderly Bishops at Lyons was kept in a cell about the size of a modern dishwasher—and they were eventually hounded with all the might of the Roman empire in an effort to eliminate them and their religion or convert them to paganism.When Christians took over, they confiscated and destroyed pagan literature, sanctioned and forbid paganism and all its practices, confiscated and closed temples, and converted some of them to churches. Not quite the same level of violence, but it qualifies as active opposition.There were a couple of riots that included Christians. In 391 riots broke out between supporters of Theodosius's Imperial Prefect and the supporters of the independent Patriarch of Alexandria as to who really governed in Alexandria. The rioters opposing the Patriarch took refuge in the Serapeum and used it as a fortress. When order was restored the prefect ordered it demolished so future rioters could not use it for the same purpose…. or it was destroyed by the Christian mob … or by Roman soldiers … several conflicting accounts exist.The historian Peter Brown frames it against a long-term backdrop of frequent mob violence in the city, where the Greek and Jewish quarters had fought for four hundred years since the 1st century BC. Was that ethnic—or political—or religious? We can’t really know.Charlemagne killed Saxons at the massacre of Verden—but in all fairness, they kind of had it coming. Charlemagne’s reign (768-814) was one of almost continuous warfare, but his longest and most difficult war was against the Saxons whom he fought for thirty years. His father had fought the Saxons. His grandfather had fought the Saxons. The Saxons had raided Frankish borders for a century.The events of 782 started when Widukind, the Saxon leader, persuaded a group of Saxons who had submitted to Charlemagne, to rebel. They went to battle with a Frankish army and annihilated it, killing two of the King’s chief lieutenants, some of the king’s closest companions and counsellors, his tent-sharers, and the men of his hall. By the standards of the day, a good lord could not fail to respond.Charlemagne responded. He gathered his forces, returned to Saxony, and unleashed a massacre at Verden, giving the captured rebels the option, convert or die, allegedly killing 4500 people in one day.Does it qualify as religious violence? At least in part it does. Was it justified by the standards of the day or was it monstrous? I would have killed them—but then, I’m no pacifist.There are many who judge Christians by the expectation of absolute pacifism—but the majority of Christians are supporters of just war principles, not pacifism.Do people—including the religious—have the right to defend themselves? The law says yes. By those standards the Crusades were justifiable. Neither side was any more brutal than the other. War of the day was brutal, period, and honestly, in the end, the more brutal side won.The anti-religious Enlightenment formed many of our modern views about the inquisitions as unjustly violent. Today, there is so much popular misunderstanding and misconception about the inquisitions there isn’t room here to cover them all. It was the civil courts who did much of what the inquisitions were accused of doing. Mostly the inquisitions were a response to mob violence and the need for law and order. The inquisitions did not instigate the witch trials, the people did, though they made them worse in some significant ways. Yes there were legal abuses in the hundreds of years and thousands and thousands of trials, but their failure rate was not, in general, worse than ours. There are abuses and failures in all court systems unfortunately.I exclude the Spanish inquisition from that assessment since Ferdinand (Machiavelli’s model for “The Prince”) used the inquisition in Spain as a tool for controlling his new kingdom. The Pope tried more than once to shut the Spanish inquisition down. Ferdinand threatened to take Spain down the path of England and Germany, and the Pope backed down. It was power politics—does that count as religious violence since he claimed catholicism? I think, no, on this one.The Albigensian crusade was supposedly conducted by the Roman church against the Cathar “heretics”— except it was actually conducted by the French king and his representatives who wanted the southern Languedoc region to become part of France: the king needed a Mediterranean port. The Treaty of Paris ended the war with the king obtaining what he set out to get—and the heretics still alive and well and practicing with no provision in the treaty for ending their “heresy.” Isn’t that odd if that’s what it was actually about?This could go on for an entire book, so please accept that the modern study of history has demonstrated Christianity has not been the primary cause of most of the violence it has been accused of.Of course, this question doesn’t specify Christian does it? It just says religious. So—all the religious violence in the history of mankind? WOW. Okay, let’s give it a go.At the time of the Arab-Islamic conquest of the mid 7th century AD the populations of Mesopotamia and Assyria, Syria, Phoenicia, Egypt, Jordan, North Africa, Asia Minor and Armenia were predominantly Christian and non-Arab. By the eighth century, Muslim armies had conquered all of Christian North Africa and Spain. In the eleventh century, the Seljuk Turks conquered Asia Minor (modern Turkey), which had been Christian since the time of St. Paul. The Byzantine Empire, was reduced to little more than Greece. Were these conquests religiously driven? At least in part yes.Tamarlane instigated large scale massacres of Christians in Mesopotamia, Persia, Asia Minor and Syria in the 14th century AD. Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world’s population at the time. He was Mongol, and Islamic, but religion was not his driving force. His goal was to reestablish the Khan dynasty.The Massacres of Badr Khan were conducted by Kurdish and Ottoman forces against the Assyrian Christian population of the Ottoman Empire between 1843 and 1847, resulting in casualties ranging from 80,000 to 300,000, and 50,000 orphaned children. The massacres … turned into indiscriminate anti-Christian pogroms in some cases, such as the Diyarbekir massacre, where some 25,000 Assyrians were killed (see also Assyrian genocide). The slaughter of more than 10,000 indigenous Assyrian civilians of the Hakkari region, included many thousands more being sold into slavery. Hamidian massacres - Wikipedia. These were all partly religious as well as political and ethnic.[3]During the April Uprising in Bulgaria against Ottoman rule, over 15,000 non-combatant Bulgarian civilians were massacred by the Ottoman army between 1876 and 1878, with the worst single instance being the Batak massacre. These were almost entirely political.The Adana massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in April 1909. Reports estimated that the Adana Province massacres resulted in the deaths of as many as 30,000 Armenians and 1,500 Assyrians. An incidence of mob violence, this was largely economic and ethnic and only nominally religious. The Assyrians were educated and prosperous and the uneducated Turks didn’t like their attitude.Between 1915 and 1921 the Ottoman Empire conducted a series of massacres against ancient indigenous Christian populations known as the Armenian Genocide, Assyrian Genocide, Greek Genocide, and the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon which accounted for the deaths of up to 3,500,000 Armenian, Assyrian, Greek, Maronite Christians, and some Georgian Christians. Many Armenians and Assyrians were made destitute by forced deportations of survivors, and the destruction or theft of almost 2500 of their farmsteads, towns and villages.Hundreds of churches and monasteries were also destroyed or forcibly converted into mosques. Unarmed Assyrian women and children were raped, tortured and murdered.Some of this was religiously motivated, some was ethnic, some was economic and some was power politics.Hinduism and Terror - by Paul MarshallAbhinav Bharat is a right wing nationalist Hindu organization that is alleged to have been involved in the Malegaon terrorist bombings, the 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings, Malegaon blasts, Mecca Masjid bombing and Ajmer Sharif Dargah blast.The 2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka refer to the wave of attacks directed against Christian churches and prayer halls in the Indian city of Mangalore and the surrounding area in September and October 2008 by Hindu organizations, Bajrang Dal and the Sri Ram Sena. This is at least in part religious violence but is primarily ethnic and nationalistic.Graham Stuart Staines(1941 – 23 January 1999) was an Australian Christian missionary who, along with his two sons Philip (aged 10) and Timothy (aged 6), was burnt to death by a gang of Hindu fundamentalists while sleeping in his station wagon at Manoharpur village. Staines had been working in Odisha among the tribal poor and lepers since 1965.Here are 18 Wikipedia pages of persecution of others by Hindus: 1969 Gujarat riots, 1970 Bhiwandi riots, 2015 Ballabhgarh riot, 2017 Alwar mob lynching, 2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka, Demolition of the Babri Masjid, Best Bakery case, 1946 Bihar riots, 2015 Dadri mob lynching, 1985 Gujarat riots, 2002 Gujarat riots, Gulbarg Society massacre, Naroda Patiya massacre, 2017 Patan riots, Persecution of Buddhists by Hindus, Persecution of Christians, 2017 Pratapgarh lynching, Pune techie murder caseThese are all mostly ethnic nationalism in all its glory.State atheism has caused its fair share of violence, usually aimed at religion. It was first practiced during the French revolution. Called The Dechristianization of France, approximately 30,000 Catholic priests were forced to leave France, and thousands who did not leave were executed. A massacre of 6,000 Catholic Vendée prisoners, many of them women, took place after the battle of Savenay, along with the drowning of 3,000 Vendée women at Pont-au-Baux.There were 5,000 Catholic priests, old men, women, and children killed by drowning at the Loire River at Nantes in what was called the "national bath" where prisoners were tied in groups, placed on barges, then sunk into the Loire. By July 1796, the estimated Vendean dead hovered around 500,000, out of a population of around 800,000.Some historians call these mass killings the first modern genocide because the intent to exterminate the Catholics was clearly stated. This was violence by the state aimed at religion.This type of anti-religious violence was repeated when Revolutionary Mexico instituted state-atheism, and other communist states have done the same.The Soviet Union has a long history of state atheism, which required individuals to profess atheism, and attempted for decades to eliminate religion altogether. This anti-religious attitude was especially militant during the Stalinist era from 1929-1939 when thousands of religious people were killed for refusing to embrace atheism.The total number of Christian victims under the Soviet regime since 1917 has been estimated to range between 12 and 20 million. Jenny Hawkins' answer to Why has religion not disappeared yet?The Soviet Union attempted to suppress religion over wide areas of its influence, including places like central Asia and the post-World War II Eastern bloc.Remembering the biggest mass murder in the history of the worldThe darker side of BuddhismA Short History of Buddhist Violence Against ChristiansThe Ashokavadana MassacreBuddhism and violence - WikipediaDuring that era when Christianity had conquistadores, Buddhism had ‘warrior monks’ (Yamabushi ).The sōhei or ‘warrior monks’ appeared in Japan during the Heian period. The beginning of "Buddhist violence" in Japan relates to a long history of feuds among Buddhists.Violence and Buddhism Are Opposites - or Are They?Almost all Japanese Buddhist temples strongly supported Japan's militarization in World War II.In more modern times, instances of Buddhist-inspired terrorism or militarism have occurred in Japan, such as the assassinations in the League of Blood Incident.Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists maintain they are the Buddha's “chosen people”. This has contributed to multiple violent events and the persecution of non-Buddhists. The number of attacks against Christian churches rose from 14 in 2000 to over 200 in 2003, with extremist Buddhist clergy leading the violence in some areas.Anti-Christian violence has included "beatings, arson, acts of sacrilege, death threats, violent disruption of worship, stoning, abuse, unlawful restraint, and even interference with funerals".In Southeast Asia, Thailand has had several prominent virulent Buddhist monastic calls for violence. In the 1970s, Buddhist monks argued that killing Communists did not violate Buddhist precepts.The militant side of Thai Buddhism became prominent in 2004 when Buddhist monks determined “practical realities require deviations from religious ideals”.In recent years the military regime of Burma strongly encouraged the conversion of ethnic minorities by force as part of its campaign of assimilation. Myanmar has become a stronghold of Buddhist aggression and such acts as the military offensives against ethnic minority populations, which included acts that violated international humanitarian law, are spurred by hardline nationalistic monks.As of 2012, the 969 Movement by monks helped create anti-Islamic nationalist movements in the region, and have urged Myanmar Buddhists to boycott Muslim services and trades, resulting in persecution of Muslims in Burma by Buddhist-led mobs.These are all almost exclusively driven by ethnic nationalism.Michael Jerryson said, “While the ideals of Buddhist canonical texts promote peace and pacifism, discrepancies between reality and precepts easily flourish in times of social, political and economic insecurity.”Well, duh. Whether you’re a Buddhist or a Roman Catholic or an atheist, that’s true. That means religion is not the major factor—the other things are. Doing away with religion—even if you could—wouldn’t touch the problem.We know politics is part of most wars—are we discussing doing away with politics? People can’t stop being political any more than they can stop breathing in my view. I can’t see any way to get people to stop fighting over money. We can’t very well do away with ethnicity—the effort to do exactly that seems to be a singularly significant cause of many conflicts.I don’t know of any way to stop nationalism. People need to belong and have a home they think of as their own. They want to be proud of it. Nationalism is tribal, it’s in our bones, it’s the love of family writ large. I don’t think there’s a way to stamp out such loyalty. We would not be better off as people if there was.Religion is not a major cause of violence, but even if it were, efforts to get rid of it have, historically, only exacerbated violence.So where is the value in this effort to tie violence to religion? How is it even possible to fairly separate out people’s motives?What’s the goal here?If the point is to look for the causes of violence and armed conflicts and wars, then we will have to look elsewhere.For as long as human beings have existed there is evidence of human violence—even as far back as 10,000 years ago. An Ancient, Brutal Massacre May Be the Earliest Evidence of War.Does this leave us without hope?Are we doomed to perpetual violence?According to the London based Institute for Economics and Peace[4] countries need eight things to be peaceful and avoid violence. (The absence of religion is not one of them.)The absence of any of these eight things contributes to violence:A Well-functioning Government– A well-functioning government delivers high-quality public and civil services, engenders trust and participation, demonstrates political stability, and upholds the rule of law. This includes supporting police and the military. We get the government we create.—The absence of a politically stable government able to provide safety and security to its people is a significant factor in all forms of violence.A Sound Business Environment– The strength of economic conditions as well as the formal institutions that support the operation of the private sector are key. Business competitiveness and economic productivity are both associated with the most peaceful countries.Countries that struggle economically, have high levels of poverty and unemployment, and a low GNP, provide little hope for youth and are dependably ripe for violence from the young.Equitable Distribution of ResourcesPeaceful countries tend to ensure equity in access to resources such as education, health and, to a lesser extent, income distribution.The absence of opportunity often leads to civil unrest, especially for the adolescent and young adult. The death of hope inexorably leads to violence.Acceptance of the Rights of OthersPeaceful countries tend to have formal laws that guarantee basic human rights and freedoms, such as freedom of religion, that allow differing groups with differing views to co-exist.The causes of war are often seen as political or economic when in fact the majority of all conflicts in history have been, and still are, ethnically based. The inability to accept and even protect the rights of those who are of a different ethnicity or religion has led to most of the world’s genocides.Good Relations with NeighboursPeaceful relations with other countries are as important as good relations between groups within a country.Countries with positive external relations are more peaceful and tend to be more politically stable, have better functioning governments, are regionally integrated and have lower levels of organized internal conflict.Religion is often an important factor in establishing peace.[5]Free Flow of InformationA free and independent media disseminates information in a way that leads to greater knowledge and helps individuals, businesses, and civil society make better decisions. This leads to better outcomes and more rational responses in times of crisis.Biased press, and government controlled or repressed media are common factors in all conflict zones.High Levels of Human CapitalA skilled human capital base reflects the extent to which societies educate citizens and promote the development of knowledge, thereby improving economic productivity, care for the young, political participation and social capital.The absence of education leads to poverty which leads to conflict like dominoes. The likelihood of violence can be estimated based on adolescent involvement in education all by itself.Low Levels of CorruptionIn societies with high levels of corruption, resources are inefficiently allocated, often leading to a lack of funding for essential services and civil unrest.Low corruption enhances confidence and trust in institutions which improves resiliency when disasters strike.These are the qualities a country needs for peace and it is their absence (or perversion) that leads to violence, conflict and war—not religion.It is our responsibility to promote these. It requires our participation. If you genuinely care about reducing violence, begin by getting rid of biases that religion is the great evil that causes it.Begin by personally spreading tolerance and acceptance of others—including the religious. Advocate for freedom of religion and the neutral non-bias of the press. Support law and order. Invest in small businesses—even if they are religious. Do not be corrupt or turn a blind eye to it. Support education by getting educated about these things yourself. Volunteer and help the young do so as well so they can have hope and a future.Footnotes[1] https://www.politicalavenue.com/freepoliticalebooks/books/ENCYCLOPEDIA_OF_WARS-LIBRARY_ON_WORLD_HISTORY-POLITICALAVENUE_DOT_COM.jpg.pdf[2] Death by burning - Wikipedia[3] 1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari - Wikipedia[4] Institute for Economics and Peace[5] List of Christian Nobel laureates

Is the British Army good?I will take this to mean British Armed Forces overall and just the army when answering, first let us have a look at the capability of the armed forces.After all it is already the case that - Europe’s security depends on British and American generositythe UK has effectively subsidised European security to the tune of $23 billion over the past five years.Europe's security depends on British and American generosity - CapXEuropean military spending has unrelentingly shrunk. The reductions in European defence expenditure have become so legendary that they have become a bad joke. Recall that most mainland EU countries are also Nato members. In 2006, they agreed to spend 2 per cent of their Gross Domestic Product on defence. Remember also, that, with threats growing in their eastern and southern neighbourhoods, they recommitted to this target at the Nato Summit in Newport in 2014.However, using calculations based on official Nato statistics, it is clear that mainland Europeans, with few exceptions, have not remained united and have failed to meet their commitments. Based on the 2 per cent of GDP guideline, they have underfunded Nato by a massive $451 billion over the past five years (2012-2016). So on the issue of defence spending, not only do the would-be European peace creators stand naked, they stand with their skin stripped fully to the bone.Oddly, the largest EU and Nato countries are the leading miscreants. France, ostensibly the alliance’s third-strongest military power, has short-changed Nato by approximately $24 billion over the past five years, meaning it has missed the alliance’s spending target by 9 per cent. Over the same timeframe, Germany, with all its vast trade surplus, has short-changed Nato by a whopping $142 billion. This means it has fallen short of its Nato spending target by 39 per cent. Italy, despite its economic difficulties, still a large and wealthy country of 60 million people, has short-changed Nato by $90 billion, or 43 per cent. Spain has short-changed Nato by $75 billion, which means it has failed to meet the organisation’s target by a colossal 54 per cent. And the Netherlands, smaller but still very affluent, has short-changed Nato by $64 billion, or 42 per cent.Indeed, insofar as it has exceeded Nato’s guideline, the UK has effectively subsidised European security to the tune of $23 billion over the past five years. So, far from being a vandal, Britain has continued to behave as a leading custodian of the European peace.The wealthier Europeans, of course, want no attention drawn to their inability to protect their integrationist dream. They will respond by claiming that the EU is distinct from Nato, or even that the EU bears greater responsibility for European peace. Yet such assertions are as mythical as they are false. European integration is a product of peace and security on the mainland, not its cause. So while the EU has undoubtedly helped to dampen distrust between ancient opponents, the real reason order finally emerged in Europe, and indeed, across most of the Euro-Atlantic region, is because of the commitment of the UK and US. They have been willing to cough up the cash to provide sophisticated armed forces and nuclear systems to deter countries – both within and without Nato, and by extension the EU – from disrupting the status quo.And I believe that the UK is “a top military power” but of course not “the top military power”, meaning it is amongst the top military powers of the world.One reason for this is the ability to project power globally helped by having a Blue Water navy.Blue-water navy - WikipediaA blue-water navy is a maritime force capable of operating globally, essentially across the deep waters of open oceans. While definitions of what actually constitutes such a force vary, there is a requirement for the ability to exercise sea control at wide ranges.The term "blue-water navy" is a maritime geographical-term in contrast with "brown-water navy" and "green-water navy".Note that the UK is considered to be a “Rank 2” Blue Water Navy meaning “Limited global-reach power projection meaning At least one major power projection operation globally”, a rank shared with France.The US Navy is of course Rank 1 - “Global-reach power projection - Multiple and sustained power projection missions globally”.For comparison Russia is considered to be Rank 3 - “Multi-regional power projection - Power projection to regions adjacent its own”and China as Rank 4 “Regional power projection - Limited range power projection beyond exclusive economic zone (EEZ)”Experience, the UK military has had centuries of experience, but has also had relevant modern experience.Falklands War - WikipediaMilitarily, the Falklands conflict remains the largest air-naval combat operation between modern forces since the end of the Second World War. As such, it has been the subject of intense study by military analysts and historians. The most significant "lessons learned" include: the vulnerability of surface ships to anti-ship missiles and submarines, the challenges of co-ordinating logistical support for a long-distance projection of power, and reconfirmation of the role of tactical air power, including the use of helicopters.Conqueror is the only nuclear-powered submarine to have engaged an enemy ship with torpedoes, sinking the cruiser General Belgrano during the 1982 Falklands WarandDuring the 1982 Falklands War, Operations Black Buck 1 to Black Buck 7 were a series of seven extremely long-range ground attack missions by Royal Air Force(RAF) Vulcan bombers of the RAF Waddington Wing, comprising aircraft from Nos 44, 50 and 101 Squadrons against Argentine positions in the Falkland Islands, of which five missions completed attacks. The objectives of all missions were to attack Port Stanley Airport and its associated defences. The raids, at almost 6,600 nautical miles (12,200 km) and 16 hours for the return journey, were the longest-ranged bombing raids in history at that time.Our Special Forces capability is so good that it has been influential on many other’s special forces.Special Air Service - WikipediaFollowing the post-war reconstitution of the Special Air Service, other countries in the Commonwealth recognised their need for similar units. The Canadian Special Air Service Company was formed in 1947, being disbanded in 1949. The New Zealand Special Air Service squadron was formed in June 1955 to serve with the British SAS in Malaya, which became a full regiment in 2011. Australia formed the 1st SAS Company in July 1957, which became a full regiment of the Special Air Service Regiment (SASR) in 1964.On its return from Malaya, the C (Rhodesian) Squadron formed the basis for creation of the Rhodesian Special Air Service in 1961. It retained the name "C Squadron (Rhodesian) Special Air Service" within the Rhodesian Security Forcesuntil 1978, when it became 1 (Rhodesian) Special Air Service Regiment.Non-Commonwealth countries have also formed units based on the SAS. The Belgian Army's Special Forces Group, which wears the same capbadge as the British SAS, traces its ancestry partly from the 5th Special Air Service of the Second World War. The French 1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment (1er RPIMa) can trace its origins to the Second World War 3rd and 4th SAS, adopting its "who dares wins" motto.The American unit, 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta, was formed by Colonel Charles Alvin Beckwith, who served with 22 SAS as an exchange officer, and recognised the need for a similar type of unit in the United States Army. The Israeli Sayeret Matkal has also been modelled after the SAS, sharing its motto. Ireland's Army Ranger Wing (ARW) has also modelled its training on that of the SAS. The Philippine National Police's Special Action Force was formed along the lines of the SAS.With the Iran Embassy Siege meaning that the expertise of our special forces became in greater demand from foreign governments. Iranian Embassy siege - WikipediaNonetheless, the operation brought the SAS to the public eye for the first time and bolstered the reputation of Thatcher. The SAS was quickly overwhelmed by the number of applications it received from people inspired by the operation and experienced greater demand for its expertise from foreign governments.The UK military has unfortunately been underfunded by all governments for a number of years now, though despite that, it is still a top military power but it does need to be properly funded to maintain that level of capability.Our Navy is still a capable one.The Type 26 Frigate could be the most capable Royal Navy warship in decades if funded properlyThe Type 26 Frigate, or ‘City class’, represents one of the most capable warships the Royal Navy has owned in decades, albeit one of the most costly.It’s no secret that the Type 26 is designed with modularity and flexibility in mind to enhance versatility across a wide range of operations ranging from counter piracy and disaster relief operations to high intensity combat. The final BAE design had a large amidships mission bay instead of the stern well deck featured in previous designs. BAE have commented regarding the mission bay:“A key feature is the flexible mission space, which can accommodate up to four 12 metre sea boats, a range of manned and unmanned air, surface or underwater vehicles or up to 11 20ft containers or ‘capability modules’, and the most advanced sensors available to the fleet.”Once integrated with the Type 26, the MK 41 VLS will offer the Royal Navy “unparalleled flexibility and capability” say BAE, but only if money is made available to fill it.“Lockheed Martin has a long and successful partnership with the Royal Navy, and we look forward to working with BAE Systems to integrate the MK 41 VLS with the Type 26,” said Paul Livingston, Group Managing Director of Lockheed Martin UK Rotary and Mission Systems.“The MK 41 VLS will provide the Royal Navy’s Type 26 Global Combat Ships with a proven and cost-effective vertical launching solution.”Each Type 26 will be equipped with three 8-cell MK 41 VLS modules. BAE Systems initial order includes nine MK 41 VLS modules, enough for the first three ships of the class.A capable air force (again requires proper funding)What's so good about the F-35 anyway?It’s no secret that the F-35 has had severe cost and schedule issues but as the programme matures, it’s shaping up to be a very capable platform.Where the strength of these aircraft really exists is in a key element of 21st century air power, enabling coalition operations. The F-35 provides a (currently) unique integrated air combat capability whereby coalitions of joint or allied F-35s can be supported in common, with information being shared prolifically. The F-35 was designed from the outset to bring information sharing capabilities to any force with which they’re deployed.Two networks are core to this: the Link-16 and the new Multi-Function Advanced Datalink (MADL). These systems allow the F-35 to communicate with nearly all current and future NATO assets.The jet is a quantum leap in capability, able to give the pilot as much information as only theatre commanders have previously had. While the primary value of the jet is in its sensor and networking capabilities, it is also valuable in that it’s able to perform many tasks designed to increase the lethality of not only itself but other assets, such tasks include the ability to co-ordinate small fleets of unmanned combat aircraft, guide weapons launched from other platforms (even warships as detailed above), launch a wide-range of its own weapons and use it’s own radar to conduct electronic attacks.What is the purpose of Tempest?Tempest’s purpose is to explore the technologies and systems that could form a future combat air system. It is not yet at the stage of building a demonstrator aircraft, it may never end up being in any way similar to the mock-up.According to a Commons Library briefing paper which provides a brief overview of the Strategy, the process is still at very early stages and is focused more on exploring and developing potential technologies. It states that:“Tempest was a fighter aircraft in World War Two, although the Strategy only uses this term in the context of ‘Team Tempest’ – it does not confirm this will be the name of whatever aircraft or system emerges.”The companies involved have given some indications of the technologies and techniques they are looking at. The Strategy itself discusses ‘Pyramid’: the project to develop open mission systems architecture. This should make upgrades simpler and more cost effective and allow partners/export customers to easily integrate their own mission systems.Rolls Royce has talked of developing a future power system that drives not just the aircraft but provides a “step-change levels of electrical power (for the future systems on board)”.BAE say that a future combat air system must be able to survive the most challenging combat environments meaning that payload-range, speed and manoeuvrability will be key.“We expect that the system will be equipped with a range of sensors including radio frequency, active and passive electro-optical sensors and advanced electronic support measures to detect and intercept threats.”The aircraft, say the defence giant, is likely to operate with kinetic and non-kinetic weapons.A capable army, although again proper funding is required.The Government must stop twisting the numbers – it’s time to properly fund the British Armed ForcesThrough almost four hundred years of service, the British Armed Forces have proven their outstanding merit time and time again. Whether intervening against genocide in the Balkans, breaking the seemingly invincible powers of Napoleon or Hitler, or defending British sovereignty in the Falklands.Our armed services have always gone above and beyond the call of duty in their defence of this nation and its interests. Yet in recent years there has been a worrying decline in the Government’s willingness to invest in our armed forces.Despite the Royal Navy requesting thirteen of the new Type 26 Global Combat Ship, only eight are to be ordered, with the Ministry of Defence (MoD) now filling the gap with 5 smaller, less capable Type 31e frigates. More worryingly the size of the army has been greatly reduced with fewer soldiers available now than at any time in the past century. Yet, despite continuous cuts since 2010 it was only last December that Phillip Hammond suggested that the British Army ‘only needs 50,000 troops’. If this were to happen it would make the army smaller than it has even been. Stern opposition from Defence Secretary Gavin Williamson and the threat of a major rebellion in the Commons caused the Government to abandon any plans for further cuts. But nevertheless, for the party that is supposedly the “most patriotic”, it is hard to defend the willingness to slash defensive spending to save money.Vikings in Norway as Royal Marines train Americans on their vehiclesThe Royal Marine commandos of Viking Squadron are teaching their American counterparts how to operate their all-terrain vehicle.According to a Royal Navy press release:“Viking is similar to the long-serving BV tracked vehicle – except it’s armed and armoured, providing both firepower and protection for the ten Royal Marines transported in the rear cab. It also keeps them warm and spares them exhausting marches, especially in the Arctic.For the past few weeks, the Viking Squadron have been teaching the US Marine Corps how to operate their armour under Project Odin, as the ‘Semper Fi guys’ look for a vehicle suited to such extremes as they expand their cold weather warfare capability.”Part of that expansion has involved the commandos teaching the Americans the art of Arctic survival and combat a part of Exercise Cold Enabler according to a release. For 2nd Battalion 2nd Marines, that’s also included driver training on the Viking say the Royal Navy.BAE unveils 'Black Night' - the first fully-upgraded Challenger 2 tankBAE systems say that Black Night comprises cutting-edge technologies and capabilities, which are being offered to the Ministry of Defence as part of the Challenger 2 Life Extension Programme.Simon Jackson, Campaign leader for Team Challenger 2 at BAE Systems said:“The UK is home to some of the world’s finest engineering companies, who have pushed the boundaries of combat vehicle design with Black Night.We are providing the bulk of this upgrade from home soil, however, we have chosen the best defence companies from around the world to collaborate with also, including names from Canada, France and Germany who bring unique skills and proven technology.The British Army has our commitment that we will deliver the most capable upgrade possible, and the best value for money.”And is the home country to BAE systems - BAE Systems - WikipediaBAE Systems plc is a British multinational defence, security, and aerospace company. Its headquarters are in London in the United Kingdom with operations worldwide. It is the largest defence contractor in Europe and among the world's largest defence companies; it was ranked as the third-largest based on applicable 2017 revenues.BAE Systems wins US Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle competitionThe US Marine Corps has awarded BAE Systems a $198 million contract to deliver an initial 30 Amphibious Combat Vehicles (ACV), with options for a total of 204 vehicles which could be worth up to $1.2 billion.BAE Systems, along with teammate Iveco Defence Vehicles, prevailed in the Marine Corps’ robust competition for the next generation of vehicles to get the Marines from ship to shore to engage in land combat operations.“We are well positioned and ready to build the future of amphibious fighting vehicles for the Marine Corps, having already produced 16 prototypes,” said Dean Medland, vice president and general manager of Combat Vehicles Amphibious and International at BAE Systems.“Through this award, we are proud to continue our partnership with the Marine Corps by providing a best-in-class vehicle to support its mission through mobility, survivability and lethality.”As for perhaps the moral aspect, we have already seen that along with the USA, the British Armed Forces (as part of NATO) have effectively been subsiding our fellow European members to the tune of Billions in helping ensure peace on the continent.Otherwise the British Armed Forces help the UK stand up for freedom, justice and upholding the United Nations Charter. Which seems pretty ‘good’ to me.Press Conference at the UNWe stand for freedom, justice and upholding the United Nations Charter. The people for example in the Falklands had freedom and justice and self-determination. They now have it once again. We stand for upholding international law, that means that you must honour the borders of other people's countries, otherwise there is no international law, there is only international anarchy. We stand for self-determination. There was a border poll in Northern Ireland and of course it was won overwhelmingly by those who wished to stay with the United Kingdom. The fact is that the vast majority of the people in Northern Ireland wish to stay a part of the United Kingdom—that is their right to self-determination. It is a right under the United Nations Charter, it is a right which we enjoy in my country, it is a right which is enjoyed in all democratic countries. And I might just point out, we were one of those countries which went to war in 1939 to 1945 to uphold all of those principles and to stop a tyrant holding sway over Europe and even further. And for a time we stood alone. So it is not a question I expect to find asked of me. But in having been asked, it is not a question I find difficult to answer in any way.

International RelationsTrick to Remember G-20 Countries--GURU JI SITA AB SSC FCI ME kaam karti hainG- GermanyU- USAR- RussiaU- U.KJ- JapanI- IndiaS- Saudi ArabiaI- IndonesiaT- TurkeyA- AustraliaA- ArgentinaB- BrazilS- South KoreaS- South AfricaC- CanadaF- FranceC- ChinaI- ItalyM- MexicoE- European unionTrick to Remember ASEAN Countries---Those who pass MBBS watch PTV and buy LIC policy.MBBS PTV LICM- MalaysiaB- BruneiB- BurmaS- SingaporeP- PhillipinesT- ThailandV- VietnamL- LaosI- IndonesiaC- CambodiaTotal= 10 countriesOPEC Countries:NIKE VISA QUILAN- NigeriaI- IndonesiaK- KuwaitE- EcuadorV- VenezuelaI- IranS- Saudi ArabiaA- AlgeriaQ- QatarU- U.A.EI- IraqL- LibyaA- AngolaSCOTRUCK 2 Indiahence member of shanghai cooperation organisation areT-TajikistanR-RussiaU-UzbekistanC-ChinaK-Kyrgystan and KazakhstanIndiaMnemonic for G7 economies:- All G7 countries are wealthy nations. So, they all drink JUICE & have GF (girlfriend).So, its JUICE GF :J- JapanU- USAI- Italy (not India, plz pay attention)C- Canada (not China, plz pay attention)E- England (United Kingdom)G- GermanyF- FranceNote: (i) European Union is also a part of this group which is represented by above mentioned European Countries.(ii) Intially, it was G6, when formed in 1975. Later, in 1976, Canada was added. And again in 1997, Russia was added. So, it became G8. But, due to annexation of Crimea in 2014, Russia was suspended and hence it became G7.Chronology: G6 ➖ G7 ➖ G8 ➖G7.SAARC Countries--MBBS PAINM- MaldivesB- BangladeshB- BhutanS- Sri lankaP- PakistanA- AfganistanI- IndiaN- Nepal6 Members of Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (Very Imp) :LIMCa TVL- LaosI- IndiaM- MyanmarCa- Cambodia (not China, Pay attention)T- ThailandV- VietnamUN always faces the challenges of world. hence they are FACERSF - FrenchA - ArabicC - ChineseE - EnglishR - RussianS - Spanishthese are official languages of UNHeadquarters of International.Rule 1: If the name of any Organization starts with "World or International" and ends with "Organization", their headquarters will be in "Geneva, Switzerland".[ W_O & I_O ] ---- Geneva, Switzerland[ W_O]World Health OrganisationWorld Intellectual Property OrganizationWorld Meteorological OrganizationWorld Trade Organization[ I_O]- Except IMOInternational Labour OrganizationInternational Committee for Red Cross OrganizationInternational Standardization Organization [ISO] ----originally International Organization for StandardizationUnited Nation Conference on Trade And DevelopmentRule 2: Trick for Organizations whose headquarters are in LondonI Am a Common man in LondonI - International Maritime Organization (IMO)Am - Amnesty InternationalCommon - Commonwealth of NationsCommon - Commonwealth Telecommunication OrganizationRule 3: If any Organization is related to "International Money or Monetary organization", its headquarters will be in Washington DC.International Monetary fundWorld BankRule 4: If any Organization is related to "Industrial Development/ Petroleum/ Atomic", its headquarter will be in "Vienna, Austria"United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationInternational Atomic Energy AgencyOrganization of the Petroleum Exporting CountriesRule 5: For Headquarters of Organizations located in Newyork, remember - "UN Child Emergency in New york"UN Child Emergency in New yorkUnited Nations OrganizationUnited Nation International Children Emergency FundRule 6: If any Organization is related to the term "Economic & Educational", its headquarter will be located in ParisOrganization for Economic Co-Operation DevelopmentUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationTrick to Remember the Headquarters of some other International OrganizationsASIAN Development Bank [ ADB ]--MANila, Philippines [ ASIAN MANila ]Association of South East Nations [ ASEAN ]-- JAKarta, Indonesia [ ACE JACK ] --Remember Playing cardsFOOD Agriculture Organisation [ FAO ]--Rome, ITALY [ FOOD IDLY ]International COURT of JUSTICE-- The HAGUE, Netherlands [ Remember COURT given JUSTICE HANGUE ]South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation [ SAARC ]--Khatmandu, NepalHISTORYBuddhas eight fold path --- VISAL CEM (vishal cement)right View, Intention, Speech, Action, Livelihood, Concentration, Effort, Mindfulness ( view, intention , mindfulness also called as faith , thought remembrance)Code of conduct of BuddhaCLIP no Violenceno Corruptionno Liesno usage of Intoxicants, andno to covet the Property of othersMahavira principles and vowsThe three principles of Jainism, also known as Triratnas (three gems), are:KFC- right Knowledge- right Faith- right Conduct.1) Human being start to use C.B.I in sequence..means COPPER,BRONZE and IRON.2) HSBC stands for Harappa,Suktagandor,Banawali ,Chahundaro..! are places shows different -2 stages of growth of Harappa civilization.3) GPRS Harappa civilization’s important places Gujrat,Punjab,Rajasthan, Sind.Ruling Dynasties of Ancient History:HASINA MASHUKA AA.HA- Haryanka DynastySI- Sishunga DynastyNA- Nanda DynastyMA- Maurya DynastySHU- Shunga DynastyKA- Kanwa DynastyAA- Andhra DynastyDelhi Sultanate :Sab Khao Tamatar Sab Lo MazeS = Slave (Mamluk)K = KhiljiT = TughlaqS = SayyidL = LodiM = MughalsBehtar Hota Agar Ja Sakte Agra BhiB= Babur 1526 – 1530H = Humayun 1530 – 1540 1555 – 1556A = Akbar 1556 – 1605J = Jahangir 1605 – 1627S = Shah Jahan 1628 – 1658A = Aurangzeb 1658 – 1707B = Bahadur Shah ZafarAs we know C.P.F(Central Police Force) ,read it like Courage,Peace,Faith.. represent by tri-color respt. From saffron to green..As 'CAB'...(means taxi)..remember it like..C for CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY,A for ADVISOR,B for B.N RAO..means b.n rao was advisor to constituent assembly who prepare draft of constitution.Countries located around the Adriatic Sea (in clockwise direction): "Incredibly Slimy Cockroach Bit My Aunt" (Italia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania).Seven Hills Of Rome : "Can Queen Victoria Eat Cold Apple Pie?" (Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, Aventine, and Palatine.Arrival Of European companies in chronological order:Putra ADa Dad FaSa.P = Portuguese (1498)A = Angrej( English) (1600)D = Dutch (1602)D = Dennis (1616)F = French (1664)S = Swedish (1731)Buddhist councils in sequenceRAVA PAKA1-First Buddhist council (c. 400 BCE) - RAjigriha2-Second Buddhist council (c. 4th century BCE) - VAisali3-Third Buddhist council (c. 251 BCE) - PAtaliputra4-The Fourth Buddhist Councils - KAshmirDalhousie made annexations only on weekends i.e. Saturday and Sunday.(Sat and SUN)Sat- SataraS- SambhalpurU- UdaipurN- Nagpurand then JhansiRemember Who fought 1st Anglo-Mysore warMEN vs Hyder ali·M-Maratha·E-English·N- NizamsRemember Kings who followed Buddhism“Bapu Ka hath”· B– Bimbisara· A-Ashoka· P– Prasanjeet· U-Uday sen· Ka- Kaniska· Hath-Harsha vardanaPolityFormation of states in Chronological Order:AaM GuNaH Hi Meg ManTri Si GArMi de sakta haiA = Andhra Pradesh (1953)M = Maharashtra (1960)Gu = Gujarat (1960)Na = Nagaland (1963)H = Hariyana (1966)Hi = Himanchal Pradesh (1971)Meg = Meghalaya (1972)Man = Manipur (1972)Tri = Tripura (1972)Si = Sikkim (1975)G = Goa (1987)Ar = Arunanchal Pradesh (1987)Mi = Mizoram (1987)States With Bicameral SystemKAMBUJTJ – Jammu & KasmirU - Uttar PradeshM - MaharastraB – BiharA – Andhra PradeshK – KarnatakaT - TelanganaRemember the WritsCPM Head Quarters· ‘C’ for Certiorari· ‘P’ for Prohibition,· ‘M’ for Mandamus,· ‘H’ for Habeus Corpus· ‘Q’ for Quo WarrantoLanguages added to 8th schedule under 92nd amendmentB.D.M.S meansBODODOGRIMAITHILISANTHALIRemember Sessions of Lok SabhaB.M.W· Budget (February to May),· Monsoon (June to September)· Winter (November to December).CAMPASCabinet Mission, had members nameP for Pathic lawrenceA for A.V.Alexendarand S for Strafford CrippsEconomicsDirect and Indirect Taxes :a) Indirect Tax:ExCuSe ME SPEx= Excise DutyCu = Customs DutySe = Service TaxM = Motor vehicle taxE = Electricity , Entertainment TaxS = Sales TaxP = Passenger taxb) Direct Tax:WEALTH and PROPERTY gives INCOME as GIFT .Mnemonic for 7 different fields of Rainbow Revolution :AFSPA Fauran HataoAFSPA is u all kno Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act. Irom Sharmila is fighting to remove it.AFSPA Fauran Hatao :A- AgricultureF- ForestryS- SugarcaneP- PoultryA- Animal HusbandryF- Fishery (Fauran)H- Horticulture (Hatao)8 Core Industries of India :CCC FRENSC- CoalC- Crude OilC- CementF- FertilizersR- Refinery ProductsE- ElectricityN- Natural GasS- SteelFive year plans:(Important Facts From First To Eleventh Five Year Plan)1. First five year plan (1951 -56)SIPCOTS - Social ServiceI - IndustryP - PowerCo - CommunicationT - Transport2. Second Five Year Plan (1956 -61)MADRASM - Mahalanobis ModelA - Atomic Energy CommissionD - Durgapur Steel Company, Tata Inst Of Fundamental ResearchR - Rourkela Steel Company, Rapid IndustrialisationA - AgricultureS - Socialistic Pattern Of Society3. Third Five Year Plan (1961-66)SADS - Self RelianceA - AgricultureD - Development Of Industry4.5. Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-79)PSTMP - Poverty EradicationS - Self RelianceT - Twenty Point ProgrammeM - Minimum Need Programme6. Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85)MAILM - ManagementA - Agriculture ProductionI - Industry ProductionL - Local Development Schemes7. Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90)EFGHE - Employment GenerationF - Food grain Production Was DoubledG - Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (1989)H - Hindu Rate Of Growth8. Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97)LPGL - LiberalizationP - PrivatizationG - Globalization9. Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002)ESPNE - Employment For Women, SC's And ST'sS - Seven Basic Minimum ServiceP - Panchayat Raj Institutions, Primary Education, Public Distribution SystemN - Nutrition Security10.11. Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007 -2012)TEACHERST - Telecommunications (2G)E - Electricity, Environment ScienceA - AnemiaC - Clean WaterH - Health EducationE - Environment ScienceR - Rapid GrowthS - Skill DevelopmentGeographyCountries around Caspian Sea :TARIK (Date)T- TurkmenistanA- AzerbaijanR- RussiaI- IranK- KazakhstanCountries bordering Red Sea :DESSEY :D- DjiboutiE- EritreaS- Saudi ArabiS- Sudan (not somalia: pay attention and keep rem)E- EgyptY- YemenCountries collectively called as Horn of Africa:SEED :S- SomaliaE- EthiopiaE- EritreaD- DjiboutiCountries bordering Black Sea ::So, its GURR BuTG- GeorgiaU- UkarineR- RussiaR- RomaniaBu- BulagariaT- TurkeyCountries bordering Baltic Sea are :RuDe Germany SELL Poland & Finland :Ru- RussiaDe- DenmarkGermanyS- SwedenE- EstoniaL- LatviaL- LithuaniaPolandFinlandRUSSIA is the only country which borders three different land locked seas :BBCBlack SeaBaltic SeaCaspian SeaRivers north west India"In June Cars Run Bit Slow"IndusJhelumChenabRaviBeasSatlujCities Of Australia When Moving In Clockwise DirectionB.S.C M.A. PhDB risbaneS ydneyC anberraM albourneA delaideP erthD arwinLength of Boundary India Shares In Decreasing OrderBACHPANBangladesh China Pakistan NepalSeven Sister States:ATM ANa Money MilegaA = Arunachal PradeshT = TripuraM = MeghalayaA = AssamNa = NagalandM = ManipurMi = MizoramImportant fold mountains:U ARe A HimalayaU - Ural MountainA - Alps MountainR - Rocky MountainA - Andes MountainH- Himalaya.All important tributaries of Ganga:GoRa Ghaghara K BaG M PunYa SoTa :GoRa Ghaghara K BaG M ---- These are left bank tributariesPunYa SoTa---- These are right bank tributariesGo- GomatiRa- RamgangaGhagharaK- KoshiBa- BagmatiG- GandakM- MahanandaPun- PunpunYa- YamunaSo- SonTa- TamsaAll important tributaries of Godavari :ShiBa KaKa Sab TIPPu --- Left bank tributariesShi- ShivanaBa- BangangaKa- KadvaKa- KadamSab- SabariT- TaliperuI- IndravatiP- PranhitaPu- PurnaSiPra MaMa Ki DaNa---- Right bank TributariesSi- SindphanaPra- PravaraMa- MajiraMa- ManairKi- KinnerasaniDa- DarnaNa- NasardiTropic of Cancer Passes through eight states:West Me Gujarat Rajasthan, Mujhe Jharkhand Chahiye Tha.W- West BengalM- Madhya PradeshG- GujaratR- RajasthanM- MizoramJ- JharkhandC- ChhattisgarhT- TripuraFive Great lakesHOMES· H for Huron.· O for Ontario.· M for Michigan.· E for Erie.· S for Superior.Lakes according to their flow from West to East“Super Man Helps Every One”· S is for Superior.· M is for Michigan.· H is for Huron.· E is for Erie.· O is for Ontario.OceansPAISA· P-Pacific· A-Arctic· I-Indian· S-Southern Ocean(Antarctic Ocean)· A-AtlanticTaxonomy“Keep Pots Clean, Otherwise Family Gets Sick.”· Kingdom· Phylum· Class· Order· Family· Genus· SpeciesNational aquatic animal ganges dolpjin is found in 7 states they are BMWRAJUB - BiharM - Madhya PradeshW - West bengalR - RajasthanA - AssamJ - JharkandU - Uttar PradeshKyotowe all know that those supporting the cause for curtailing pollution are a MINORITYHence under KYOTO NCMs(national commission for minorities) has been set upand sponsored by HPN-NitrogenC-carbon dioxideM-MethaneS-Sulphur hexaflourideH-HydroflourocarbonP-perflouro carbonthese are gasses monitored under kyoto protocolUKUK is made of WINESW- WalesIN- Ireland northE- EnglandS- ScotlandFor Tropical( Kharif) CropsCo Ba Ma ki Tu Jo Ri (Cobama ki Tujori)Cotton, Bajra, Maize, Tur, Jowar, RiceFor Temperate ( Rabi) Crops):Whe Ba G Ra M ( Vibha Garm)Wheat , Barley , Gram, Rapeseed, MustardTropical Evergreen Trees:R E M A (Rema)Rosewood, Ebony, Mahogany, AiniSemi Evergreen:C H K (check)cedar, hallock, KailTropical Deciduous Dry:P A K ka T A B ela ( Pak ka Tabela)Palas, amaltas, Khair, Tendu, Axlewood , BelTropical Deciduous Moist:SSS AT ( Three Sat)Sandalwood, Sal, Shisham, Amla, TeakConventions and Protocols:Ramsar Convention- wetlandsBonn Convention- On migratory birdsVienna Convention- Ozone layerMontreal Protocol- Ozone layerMinamata Convention- MercuryGeneva Protocol- Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of WarfareStockholm Convention- Persistant Organic pollutants(POP)Rotterdam Convention- Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain hazardous Chemicals and PesticidesBasel Convention- Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their DisposalReports published by International Institutions:. World Bank(WB)Ease of Doing BusinessWorld Development ReportLogistics Performance IndexEase of Living Index[WB- Warren Buffett. THE Warren BuffettSince he's a business tycoon-> so DOES his BUSINESS EASILY due to his great influence; EASILY LIVES HIS life since money can buy happiness; transports goods to customers easily(LOGISTICS) buy buying ships,aeroplanes,ola cab, uber cab that PERFORM exceptionally well, since too much money dawg!, no one disappoints him ; all this purchase helps him in creating jobs hence less poverty-> WORLD DEVELOPS]IMF(International Monetary Fund)World Economic OutlookGlobal Financial Stability ReportFiscal Monitor[IMF-> I M Fucked.So what do I do to change my situation? LOOK for ECONOMIC opportunities that could get me quick money(start playing poker). Once I get good at it, my FINANCIAL condition becomes STABLE and I start purchasing shit I don't need to impress people that I don't like. Too much transactions without paying taxes creates doubt in governments mind, so they start MONITORING my FISCAL transcations hence catching me because they can and making me pay my debts just like lannisters]. World Economic Forum(WEF)Global Competitiveness ReportTravel and Competitiveness ReportGender Gap IndexGlobal Risk ReportGlobal Information Technology Report[WEF-> WifeWives vs Wives -> COMPETITION between various wives in terms of getting at the top of economic ladder,dressing sense etcImagine anyone's wife. Let it be Genelia.Genelia loves TRAVELLING to new places with his hubby Ritesh Deshmukh but since he is always busy in politics and making movies, she decides to travel alone. She goes to rural households, encounters the GENDER GAP prevailing in rural household(4 boys to 1 girl and girl child getting less food as compared to girls) and also sees the vast RISKS involved in maintaing a poor house with no chimney->harmful gases inhaled. She decides to complain about it and passes the INFORMATION to TECH-giants like Google to spread awareness about it.]. International Energy Agency(IEA)World Energy OutlookSouth Asia Energy OutlookWorld Energy Investment[IEA-> Energy Agency->ONGCWhat does ONGC do? ONGC LOOKS to exploit new ENERGY resources to create Indian optimus prime and bumblebee.They go to SOUTH ASIA as too much terrorism in west and middle east. Plus they love momos.They found yellow metal cake(uranium) instead of oil(ENERGY) and started INVESTING in South Asia and start mining in their fields]. International Labour Organisation(ILO)World Employment DataSocial Outlook ReportBasic Needs Approach[ILO-> Labours Organisation.Labours of different organisation organise and form union, hence their number increase and too much DATA on their EMPLOYMENT stats(chaiwala,panwala) as they are from different company, shops, paan waa, chai wala etc.By organising their union they can demand for their rights more effectiveley and become more SOCIALLY active and LOOK out for each other. What kind of rights they demand? Since they are poor so they only demand small BASIC NEEDS of life like food,electricity to be met and then they can think about the pretentious needs of prevailing upper middle-class.]. World Wide Fund(WWF)Living Planet Report[WWF->wrestling.Since the wrestlers are the most fit with their 6-pack abs so they are sent first to space exploration to look for a LIVING PLANET and fight with them bare handed first, bazooka later.]Key for any answer on Environment in mains → MC-FACTRM: Mitigation (Kyoto/Paris/Mitigation CO2/GHG/Ozone/Montreal/Kigali/HCFCs/HFCs/Euro/Bharat Emission norms/Aviation climate deal/Fly Ash reuse)C: Capacity Building (National Solar Mission/Green Grid/Green Corridor/Sendai Framework)F: Finance (GCF/GEF/CDM/CC/Climate International Fund (WB)/BioFin/Addis Ababa Action Agenda (SDG)/Carbontax Green Bonds/Green Masala bonds/Coal Cess/Polluters Pay Principle/CAMPA Fund)A: AdaptationNAPCC (National Action Plan for Climate Change) → SEHWAG HK· S: National Solar Mission· E: National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency· H: National Mission on Sustainable Habitat· W: National Water Mission· A: National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture· G: National Mission for a Green India· H: National Mission for the Himalaya Ecosystem· K: National Mission on Strategic Knowledge Climate ChangeEnergy Conservation Building Code (GRIHA)Urban Waste Management/RecyclingPower Production from waterElectronic VehicleIncentives for use of Public transportsWater use efficiency through pricingAfforestation - GM/Drought resistance cropsC: Commitment (NDCs (Paris)/ SDGs/BRoSM/Basel/Rotterdam/ Stockholm (PoP)/Minamata/ RE TargetT: Technology Transfer - CDM/GEFR: Review -> Periodic Review (Update Target/Check Progress/Course Correction/ Capability & Capacity Building)PATNA : To remember Missiles under integrated program.PrithviAgniTrishulNagAkash