Computer Security Incident Handling Incident Communications Log: Fill & Download for Free

First of all you should understand that ethical hacking does not come as a job post. Today ethical hacking is known as Cyber Security. Cyber Security people have various work according to their involvement in this domain. It totally depends in which domain or on which post your are doing job in the Cyber Security domain.If you are a Security Consultant then you have to meet with clients to advise them on how to best protect their organizations’ cyber security objectives efficiently and cost effectively.If you are a Security Systems Administrator then you have to do installing, administering, maintaining and troubleshooting computer, network and data security systems. Typical tasks include systems monitoring and running regular backups, and setting up, deleting and maintaining individual user accounts.If you are Security Engineer then you have to design the security systems to counter potentially catastrophic issues. They are often involved in systems maintenance, performing security checks to identify potential vulnerabilities, as well as keeping logs and developing automation scripts to track security incidents.If you are Security Architect then you are responsible for establishing and maintaining network security for his or her organization. They develop and implement organization security policies and procedures for employees and others with access to computer, network and data systems. They are responsible for the hands-on repair of issues raised in problem reports as well as analysis of breaches following security incidents.If you are a Penetration Tester then you concerns the proactive authorized employment of testing techniques on IT infrastructures to identify system vulnerabilities. They attempt to hack into computer and network systems to preemptively discover operating system vulnerabilities, service and application problems, improper configurations and more, before outside intruders have the opportunity to cause real damage. Its basically breaking into the system. You also have to make reports for your testing.If you are Information Security Analyst then you are responsible for the protection of an organization’s computer systems and networks. They plan and execute programs and other measures, including installing and using software for data encryption and firewalls. Additionally, they help design and execute plans and methods for the recovery of data and systems following a cyberattack. They must continuously stay on top of the latest industry trends and cyber threats, which involves researching new security technologies and networking with other professionals.If you are a CISO (Chief Information Security Officer) then your job is to oversee the general operations of a company’s or organization’s IT security division. They are directly responsible for planning, coordinating and directing all computer, network and data security needs of their employers. They work directly with upper-level management to determine an organization’s unique cyber security needs. They are commonly tasked with assembling an effective staff of security professionals, which means that the position requires an individual with a strong background in IT security architecture and strategy, as well as solid communication and personnel management skills.Lastly if you are a Computer Forensic Analyst then you have to review computer-based information for evidence following a security breach or other incident. Tasks include handling hard drives and other storage devices and employing specialized software programs in order to identify vulnerabilities and recover data from damaged or destroyed devices.I hope this answer will help you.

1. The pilot who got stuck outside the aircraft at 17,000 ft​This is one of the most fascinating flying stories of all time. I am going to explain this incident by combining, editing and modifying the text from various online sources. I will also be using the screenshots from National Geographic's "Air Crash Investigation."British Airways Flight 5390 left Birmingham Airport at 7.20am on a fine morning in 1990, heading for Malaga in Spain. At the controls were Captain Tim Lancaster, 42, and his co-pilot, 39-year-old Alastair Atchison, both experienced flyers, and their take-off was routine.Co-pilot Atchison handled a routine take-off, and relinquished control to Lancaster as the plane established itself in its climb. Both pilots subsequently released their shoulder harnesses, while Lancaster loosened his lap belt as well.About 15 minutes into the flight, the cabin crew had begun to prepare for meal service. The plane had climbed to 17,300 feet (5,270 m) over Didcot, Oxfordshire. Suddenly, there was a loud bang, and the fuselage quickly filled with condensation. The left windscreen, on the captain's side of the cockpit, had separated from the forward fuselage. Lancaster was jerked out of his seat by the rushing air and forced head first out of the cockpit, his knees snagging onto the flight controls. This left him with his whole upper torso out of the aircraft, and only his legs inside. The door to the flight deck was blown out onto the radio and navigation console, blocking the throttle control which caused the plane to continue gaining speed as they descended, while papers and other debris in the passenger cabin began blowing towards the cockpit.On the flight deck at the time, flight attendant Nigel Ogden quickly latched his hands onto the captain's belt. Susan Price and another flight attendant began to reassure passengers, secure loose objects, and take up emergency positions. Meanwhile, Lancaster was being battered and frozen in the 550+ KMH wind, and was losing consciousness due to the thin air.​Atchison began an emergency descent, re-engaged the temporarily disabled autopilot, and broadcast a distress call. Due to rushing air on the flight deck, he was unable to hear the response from air traffic control. The difficulty in establishing two-way communication led to a delay in British Airways being informed of the emergency and consequently delayed the implementation of the British Airways Emergency Procedure Information Centre plan.Ogden, still latched onto Lancaster, had begun to suffer from frostbite, bruising and exhaustion. He was relieved by the remaining two flight attendants. By this time Lancaster had already shifted an additional six to eight inches out the window. From the flight deck, the flight and cabin crew were able to view his head and torso through the left direct vision window. Lancaster's face was continuously hitting the direct vision window; when cabin crew saw this and noticed that Lancaster's eyes were opened but not blinking despite the force against the window, they assumed that Lancaster was dead. Atchison ordered the cabin crew to not release Lancaster's body despite the assumption of his death because he knew that releasing the body might cause it to fly into the left engine and cause an engine fire or failure which would cause further problems for Atchison in an already highly stressful environment.​Atchison eventually received clearance from air traffic control to land at Southampton, while the flight attendants managed in extreme conditions to free Lancaster's ankles from the flight controls and hold on to him for the remainder of the flight. By 07:55 the aircraft had landed safely on Runway 02 at Southampton. Passengers immediately disembarked from the front and rear stairs, and emergency crews retrieved Lancaster.The captains body had suffered tremendous physical trauma, getting sucked out of the cockpit and getting pinned down by 600 kmph winds on the cockpit window at -17 degree Celsius. He would have also suffered oxygen deprevition for more than 22 minutes.Despite the trauma captain Lancaster suffered, there is a small twist to his story. He somehow survived this horrific ordeal with two bone fractures, bruising ,shock frostbite and a broken finger.There were no casualties on this flight.Less than five months after the accident Lancaster was working again. He later retired from British Airways when he reached the company's mandatory retirement age of 55 at the time. In 2005 Lancaster was reported flying for EasyJet.​Actual photo of the WindshieldBy flying alone, battling 600+KMPH of winds at -17 degree Celsius and oxygen deprivation, Co-Pilot Alastair Atchison's achievement in saving this plane is truly outstanding.First Officer Alastair Stuart Atchison and cabin crew member Susan Gibbins were awarded the Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air award in recognition of their extraordinary flying under extreme conditions.Accident investigators later discovered that when the windscreen had been refitted to the plane the night before, the wrong bolts had been used to secure it; they were little more than half a millimeter too small, and had failed under intense air pressure. Surprisingly the old bolts were also incorrect ones; the engineer, working under pressure and without reference to manuals, had simply replaced the old bolts with new ones on a like-for-like basis.As a result of the incident, windscreens on British Airways planes are now secured by bolts on the inside of the plane, rather than the outside, putting them under even less pressure.It is highly recommended that you watch the documentary "Aircrash Investigation : Ripped out of the cockpit"Sources:1. Wikipedia: British Airways Flight 53902. June 10, 1990: Miracle of BA Flight 5390 as captain is sucked out of the cockpit – and survives2. Ghost Plane!​SituationA Helios Airways Boeing 737 is circling the city of Athens for more than two hours in a holding pattern. There is no communications from the plane even after multiple attempts. The Greek air force sends two of its fighter jets to investigate the situation. One of them is in a shooting position behind the 737 while the other one is trying to visually access the situation. The fighter pilot can see passengers on their seats but none of them are moving or reacting to the presence of a fighter jet. There is one non responsive person on the pilots seats slumped over the controls.​Then the fighter pilot radios that there is one person moving in the cockpit! But this person is not communicating with the fighter pilot.​Sounds like a movie?This true story is as suspenseful as a good thriller movie. I strongly suggest that you watch this episode of Air Crash Investigation. It is highly dramatized and made nearly like a movie itself.Air Crash Investigation - Ghost Plane - Helios Flight 5223. AirCraft roof ripped off​\\​Aloha Airlines Flight 243 was a scheduled Aloha Airlines flight between Hilo and Honolulu in Hawaii. On April 28, 1988, a Boeing 737-297 serving the flight suffered extensive damage after an explosive decompression in flight. Earlier, in the first incident, we saw the captain enduring a huge physical stress, in this case, the passengers are sitting on an airplane seat with no roof.I suggest you to watch "Air Crash Investigation: Hanging by a thread":Per Page on youtube.com:The flight departed Hilo at 13:25 HST on 28 April 1988 with six crew members and 89 passengers, bound for Honolulu. No unusual occurrences were noticed during the pre-departure inspection of the aircraft. The aircraft had previously completed 3 round-trip flights from Honolulu to Hilo, Maui, and Kauai that day, all uneventful. Meteorological conditions were checked but no advisories for weather phenomenon occurred along the air route, per Airman’s meteorological information (AIRMET) or significant meteorological information (SIGMET). The captain was 44-year-old Robert Schornstheimer. He was an experienced pilot with 8,500 flight hours; 6,700 of those were in Boeing 737s. The first officer was 36-year-old Madeline "Mimi" Tompkins. She also had significant experience flying 737s, having logged 3,500 of her total 8,000 flight hours in them.No unusual occurrences were reported during the take-off and ascent. Around 13:48, as the aircraft reached its normal flight altitude of 24,000 feet (7,300 m) about 23 nautical miles (43 km) south-southeast of Kahului, Maui, a small section on the left side of the roof ruptured with a "whooshing" sound. The captain felt the aircraft roll left and right, and the controls went loose. The first officer noticed pieces of grey insulation floating over the cabin. The door to the cockpit was gone so the captain could look behind him and see blue sky. The resulting explosive decompression tore off a large section of the roof, consisting of the entire top half of the aircraft skin extending from just behind the cockpit to the fore-wing area.​First officer Madeline "Mimi" Tompkins was flying the plane at the time of the incident. After discovering the damage, the captain took over and steered the plane to the closest airport, on Maui island. Thirteen minutes later, the crew performed an emergency landing on Kahului Airport's Runway 2. Upon landing, the crew deployed the aircraft's emergency evacuation slides and evacuated passengers from the aircraft quickly. Tompkins assisted passengers down the evacuation all, 65 people were reported injured, eight seriously. At the time, Maui had no plan for a disaster of this type. The injured were taken to the hospital by the tour vans from Akamai Tours (now defunct) driven by office personnel and mechanics, since the island only had a couple of ambulances. Air traffic control radioed Akamai and requested as many of their 15-passenger vans as they could spare to go to the airport (three miles away) to transport the injured. Two of the Akamai drivers were former medics and established a triage on the runway. The aircraft was a write-off.58 year old Flight Attendant Clarabelle Lansing was the only fatality; she was swept overboard while standing near the fifth row seats. Despite an extensive search her body was never found. She was a veteran flight attendant of 37 years at the time of the accident.​Real photo of the planeSource: Wikipedia Aloha Airlines Flight 2434. Strange Lights around the plane + all four engines fail​British Airways Flight 9, was a scheduled flight from London Heathrow to Auckland, with stops in Bombay, Madras, Kuala Lumpur, Perth, and Melbourne. It is a Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet with 263 people on board.​The plane was flying above Indian ocean near Java at night. After few hours, strange bright lights started appearing all around the aircraft. Despite the weather radar showing clear skies, the crew switched on engine anti-ice and the passenger seat belt signs as a precaution.I strongly suggest to watch this dramatized documentary " Aircrash Investigation: Falling from the sky" here --> youtube.com.This incident is better watched than read. Even a book was written about this incident named All Four Engines Have Failed: The True and Triumphant Story of Flight BA 009 and the Jakarta Incident: Betty TootellBut if you choose to read then continue (otherwise skip to the next incident):As the flight progressed, smoke began to accumulate in the passenger cabin of the aircraft; it was first assumed to be cigarette smoke. However, it soon began to grow thicker and had an ominous odour of sulphur. Passengers who had a view out the aircraft windows noted that the engines were unusually bright, with light shining forward through the fan blades and producing a stroboscopic effect.At approximately 13:42 UTC (20:42 Jakarta time), the number four Rolls-Royce RB211 engine began surging and soon flamed out. The flight crew immediately performed the engine shutdown drill, quickly cutting off fuel supply and arming the fire extinguishers. Less than a minute later, at 13:43 UTC (20:43 Jakarta time), engine two surged and flamed out. Within seconds, and almost simultaneously, engines one and three flamed out, prompting the flight engineer to exclaim, "I don't believe it — all four engines have failed!"Without engine thrust, a 747-200 has a glide ratio of approximately 15:1, meaning it can glide forward 15 kilometres for every kilometre it drops. The flight crew quickly determined that the aircraft was capable of gliding for 23 minutes and covering 91 nautical miles (169 km) from its flight level of 37,000 feet (11,000 m). At 13:44 UTC (20:44 Jakarta time), Greaves declared an emergency to the local air traffic control authority, stating that all four engines had failed. However, Jakarta Area Control misunderstood the message, interpreting the call as meaning that only engine number four had shut down. It was only after a nearby Garuda Indonesia flight relayed the message to Air Traffic Control that it was correctly understood. Despite the crew "squawking" the emergency transponder setting of 7700, the 747 could not be located by Air Traffic Control on their radar screens.Many passengers, fearing for their lives, wrote notes to relatives. One such passenger was Charles Capewell, who scrawled "Ma. In trouble. Plane going down. Will do best for boys. We love you. Sorry. Pa XXX" on the cover of his ticket wallet.Owing to the high Indonesian mountains on the south coast of the island of Java, an altitude of at least 11,500 feet (3,500 m) was required to cross the coast safely. The crew decided that if the aircraft was unable to maintain altitude by the time they reached 12,000 feet (3,700 m) they would turn back out to sea and attempt to ditch into the Indian Ocean. The crew began engine restart drills, despite being well outside the recommended maximum engine in-flight start envelope altitude of 28,000 feet (8,500 m). The restart attempts failed.Despite the lack of time, Captain Moody made an announcement to the passengers that has been described as "a masterpiece of understatement":"Ladies and gentlemen, this is your captain speaking. We have a small problem. All four engines have stopped. We are doing our damnedest to get them going again. I trust you are not in too much distress."​Without the engines noise, the planes was totally silent and the lights in the cabin went out!As pressure within the cabin fell, oxygen masks dropped from the ceiling – an automatic emergency measure to make up for the lack of air.Without the engines, most of electronic things will stop working including the public addressing system.Lead Flight attendant came to the the cabin with a megaphone and announced:"Can you hear me. There is a small problem with our public addressing system. Place your mask over your mouth and nose and breath normally"​On the flight deck, however, Greaves's mask was broken; the delivery tube had detached from the rest of the mask. Moody swiftly decided to descend at 1,800 m per minute to an altitude where there was enough pressure in the outside atmosphere to breathe almost normally.​At 13,500 feet (4,100 m), the crew was approaching the altitude at which they would have to turn over the ocean and attempt a risky ditching. Although there were guidelines for the water landing procedure, no one had ever tried it in a Boeing 747, nor has anyone since. As they performed the engine restart procedure, engine number four finally started, and at 13:56 UTC (20:56 Jakarta time), Moody used its power to reduce the rate of descent. Shortly thereafter, engine three restarted, allowing him to climb slowly. Shortly after that, engines one and two successfully restarted as well. The crew subsequently requested and expedited an increase in altitude to clear the high mountains of Indonesia.As the aircraft approached its target altitude, the strange lights on the windscreen returned. Moody throttled back; however, engine number two surged again and was shut down. The crew immediately descended and held 12,000 feet (3,700 m).As Flight 9 approached Jakarta, the crew found it difficult to see anything through the windscreen, and made the approach almost entirely on instruments, despite reports of good visibility. The crew decided to fly the Instrument Landing System (ILS); however, the vertical guidance system was inoperative, so they were forced to fly with only the lateral guidance as the first officer monitored the airport's Distance Measuring Equipment (DME). He then called out how high they should be at each DME step along the final approach to the runway, creating a virtual glide slope for them to follow. It was, in Moody's words, "a bit like negotiating one's way up a badger's arse." Although the runway lights could be made out through a small strip of the windscreen, the landing lights on the aircraft seemed to be inoperable. After landing, the flight crew found it impossible to taxi, due to glare from apron floodlights which made the already sandblasted windscreen opaque.They had landed the jumbo jet blind as their windscreen had nearly became opaque due to scratches caused by the strange lights!The crew received various awards, including the Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air and medals from the British Air Line Pilots Association. Following the accident, the crew and passengers formed the Galunggung Gliding Club as a means to keep in contact. G-BDXH's engineless flight entered the Guinness Book of Records as the longest glide in a non-purpose-built aircraft (this record was later broken by Air Canada Flight 143 and Air Transat Flight 236).One of the passengers, Betty Tootell, wrote a book about the accident, All Four Engines Have Failed. She managed to trace some 200 of the 247 passengers on the flight, and went on to marry a fellow passenger, James Ferguson, who had been seated in the row in front of her. She notes: "The 28th December 2006 marks the start of our 14th year of honeymoon, and on the 24th June 2007 many passengers and crew will no doubt gather to celebrate the 25th anniversary of our mid-air adventure."​Post-flight investigation revealed that this flights problems had been caused by flying through a cloud of volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Galunggung. Because the ash cloud was dry, it did not appear on the weather radar, which was designed to detect the moisture in clouds. The cloud sandblasted the windscreen and landing light covers and clogged the engines. As the ash entered the engines, it melted in the combustion chambers and adhered to the inside of the power-plant. As the engine cooled from inactivity, and as the aircraft descended out of the ash cloud, the molten ash solidified and enough of it broke off for air to again flow smoothly through the engine, allowing a successful restart. The engines had enough electrical power to restart because one generator and the on-board batteries were still operating; electrical power was required for ignition of the engines.The strange lights were initially called St Elmo's fire, but later it was found that the glow experienced was from the impact of ash particles on the leading edges of the aircraft, similar to that seen by operators of sandblasting equipment.5. Gimli Glider - Ran Out of FuelOn July 23, 1983, Captain Robert Pearson, 48, and First Officer Maurice Quintal are at the controls of a brand new Air Canada's Boeing 767.At 41,000 feet (12 497 m) over Red Lake, Ontario, the cockpit warning system chimed four times and indicated a fuel pressure problem on the left side. Thinking the fuel pump had failed the pilots turned it off; the tanks are above the engines so gravity will take over and feed the engines. The computer said that there was still plenty of fuel, but this was based on the wrong calculations. A few moments later a second fuel pressure alarm sounded, and the pilots decided to divert to Winnipeg. Within seconds the left engine failed and preparations were made for a one-engine landing.While they attempted to restart the engine and communicate with controllers in Winnipeg for an emergency landing, the warning system sounded again, this time with a long "bong". The sound was the "all engines out" sound, an event that was never simulated during training. Seconds later the right side engine stopped and the 767 lost all power leaving the cockpit suddenly silent and allowing the cockpit voice recorder to easily pick out the words "Oh, f%$#!".The 767 is based on a "glass cockpit" concept in which mechanical instruments are replaced with display screen monitors. The jet engines also delivered electrical power to the aircraft, so most of the instrumentation suddenly went dead. One of the lost instruments was the vertical-rate indicator, which would let the pilots know how fast they were sinking and therefore how far they could glide.The engines also supplied power to the hydraulic systems, without which a plane the size of the 767 could not be controlled.However, Boeing actually planned for this possible failure and included a device known as a ram air turbine that automatically popped open on the side of the plane, using some of the plane's residual velocity to spin a propeller-driven generator and provide enough power to the hydraulics to make it controllable.​RAM Air TurbineWith nothing in the emergency guide on flying the aircraft with both engines out, Pearson glided the plane at 220 knots (407 km/h), his best guess as to the optimum airspeed. Copilot Maurice Quintal began making calculations to see if they would reach Winnipeg. He used the altitude from one of the mechanical backup instruments, while the distance travelled was supplied by the air traffic controllers in Winnipeg, who measured the distance the plane's echo moved on their radar screens. The controllers and Quintal both calculated that Flight 143 would not make Winnipeg, as the plane had lost 5,000 ft in 10 nautical miles (1.5 km in 19 km) giving a glide ratio of approximately 12:1.Stationed at the former Royal Canadian Air Force Base, Quintal selected Gimli to be the attempted place of landing. Since his time in the service, Quintal did not know the Gimli airport had become a drag racing ground. Also not knowing one of its parallel runways was now being used for auto racing. To further complicate the situation, there were many cars, campers and families close to the former runway as it was "Family Day" for the Winnipeg Sports Car Club.As they approached Quintal did a power-off "gravity drop" of the main landing gear, but the nose wheel, despite being built to open by swinging backwards with the force of the wind, would not lock. The ever-reducing speed of the plane also reduced the effectiveness of The "RAT" (Ram Air Turbine, a propeller driven hydraulic pump tucked under the belly of the 767. The RAT can supply just enough hydraulic pressure to move the control surfaces and enable a dead-stick landing) and the plane became increasingly difficult to control. As they grew nearer it became apparent that they were too high, and Pearson executed a manoeuvre known as a "forward slip" to increase their drag and reduce their altitude. This gave passengers on one side of the aircraft a view of the ground while passengers on the other side of the plane seen blue skies. With the reduction of speed and altitude the 767 silently leveled off and the main gear touched down. Pearson "stood on the brakes" the instant the plane touched the runway, blowing out several of the plane's tires.Two kids were cycling at the end of the runway. They looked back and saw a big jet approaching them. The terrified kids tried to outrun the plane.​The plane came to a stop at the end of the runway in a nose-down position due to the unlocked nose gear, only a few hundred feet from spectators of Family Day and the kids at the end of the runway.None of the 61 passengers were hurt during the landing, the only injuries that resulted from the landing of Flight 143 came from passengers exiting the rear emergency slide, a near vertical angle because of the nose down position of the plane. A minor fire in the nose area was quickly put out by course workers, who rushed over with fire extinguishers.​Real photoWithin two days the aircraft was repaired and flown out of Gimli, after approximately one million dollars worth of repairs, Aircraft #604 the Boeing 767 known as "The Gimli Glider", is to this day still in the Air Canada fleet.Note: The mechanics sent from Winnipeg Airport to repair the aircraft, also ran out of fuel in their van on their way to Gimli.​Why this plane crashed?At the time of the incident, Canada was converting to the metric system. As part of this process, the new 767s being acquired by Air Canada were the first to be calibrated for metric units (litres and kilograms) instead of customary units (gallons and pounds). All other aircraft were still operating with Imperial units (gallons and pounds). The pilots miscalculated the fuel required for the trip in pounds instead of kilograms.Instead of 22,300 kg of fuel, they had 22,300 pounds on board — 10,100 kg, about half the amount required to reach their destination. This simple problem with the units had caused this crash.Sources:- Gimli Community Web, Gimli GliderIf you would like to watch it, then search for "Air Crash Investigation: Gimli Glider"6) Kids fly a commercial jet​Aeroflot Flight 593, an A310 was en route from Sheremetyevo International Airport to Hong Kong Kai Tak International Airport with 75 occupants aboard, of whom 63 were passengers. Most of the passengers were businessmen from Hong Kong and Taiwan who were looking for economic opportunities in Russia.The relief pilot, Yaroslav Kudrinsky, was taking his two children on their first international flight, and they were brought to the cockpit while he was on duty. Aeroflot allowed families of pilots to travel at a discounted rate once per year. Five people were in the cockpit: Kudrinsky, copilot Igor Piskaryov, Kudrinsky's son Eldar , his daughter Yana, and another pilot, V. Makarov, who was flying as a passenger.With the autopilot active, Kudrinsky, against regulations, let the children sit at the controls. First his daughter Yana took the pilot's left front seat. Kudrinsky adjusted the autopilot's heading to give her the impression that she was turning the plane, though she actually had no control of the aircraft. Shortly thereafter Eldar occupied the pilot's seat. Unlike his sister, Eldar applied enough force to the control column to contradict the autopilot for 30 seconds. This caused the flight computer to switch the plane's ailerons to manual control while maintaining control over the other flight systems. A silent indicator light came on to alert the pilots to this partial disengagement. The pilots, who had previously flown Russian-designed planes which had audible warning signals, apparently failed to notice it.The first to notice a problem was Eldar, who observed that the plane was banking right. Shortly after, the flight path indicator changed to show the new flight path of the aircraft as it turned. Since the turn was continuous, the resulting predicted flight path drawn on screen was a 180-degree turn. This indication is similar to the indications shown when in a holding pattern, where a 180-degree turn is intentional to remain in one place. This confused the pilots for nine seconds. During this confusion, the plane banked past a 45-degree angle (steeper than it was designed for). This increased the g-force on the pilots and crew, making it impossible for them to regain control. After the plane banked to 90 degrees, the remaining functions of the autopilot tried to correct its plummeting altitude by putting the plane in an almost vertical ascent, nearly stalling the plane. The co-pilot and Eldar managed to get the plane into a nosedive, which reduced the g-forces and enabled the captain to take the controls. Though he and his co-pilot did regain control and level out the wings, their altitude by then was too low to recover, and the plane crashed at high vertical speed, estimated at 70 m/s (14,000 ft/min). All 75 aboard were killed.The aircraft crashed with its landing gear up, and all passengers had been prepared for an emergency, as they were strapped into their seats. No distress calls were made prior to the crash. Despite the struggles of both pilots to save the aircraft, it was later concluded that if they had just let go of the control column, the autopilot would have automatically taken action to prevent stalling, thus avoiding the accident.The wreckage was located on a remote hillside approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Mezhdurechensk, Kemerovo Oblast, Russia; the flight data recorders were found on the second day of searching.If you would like to watch it, then search for "Air Crash Investigation: Kids in the cockpit"Source: Aeroflot Flight 593I will add more details and more incidents soon.7. TACA Flight 110 [Remarkable landing]8. Hudson River Ditching9. Air Transat flight 236 [Flying with empty fuel tank]10. Malaysian Airlines MH370 (But I have only theories and assumptions, so I am going to leave it.)by - Kshitij SalgunanPS:- Due to readers demand for explanation of the Ghost plane story, I have written a fully fledged answer here : What happened to Helios flight 522-the ghost plane?

Once a specialty only associated with government agencies and defense contractors, cyber security has now entered the mainstream. Industries such as health care, finance, manufacturing and retail all hire cyber security professionals to protect valuable information from cyber breaches. The demand for specialists in the field is high. A report by job analytics firm Burning Glass Technologies found job postings for openings in cyber security have grown three times faster than those for IT job overall, and cyber security professionals are earning 9 percent more than their IT counterparts. Read more to learn how to get started in a cyber security career, from the types of degrees available to the various careers in the field.**WHAT DOES A CAREER IN CYBER SECURITY ENTAIL?**CYBER SECURITY DEGREES AND CAREERS AT-A-GLANCEFrom “ethical hackers” who probe and exploit security vulnerabilities in web-based applications and network systems to cryptographers who analyze and decrypt hidden information from cyber-terrorists, cyber security professionals work hard to ensure data stays out of the wrong hands. Cyber security professionals work in virtually every industry, responding rapidly to real-world threats. While there are cyber security associate degree programs, high-level careers require an array of technical IT skills and advanced analysis capabilities found in graduate-level degree programs.CYBER SECURITY DEGREES AND CAREERS IN-DEPTHA four-year cyber security degree program focuses on the array of methods used to protect data and information systems. Students receive training in technical and business skills such as database applications, systems administration and data recovery. Coursework combines criminal psychology, digital forensics and policy analysis to provide a complete perspective if IT security. There are hundreds of job titles in cyber security, but some of the top positions include:* Security Analyst* Security Engineer* Security Architect* Security Administrator* Security Software Developer* Cryptographer* Cryptanalyst* Security Consultant**HOW TO BECOME: PURSUING A CYBER SECURITY DEGREE & CAREER**1EARN A BACHELOR’S DEGREEWhile it’s possible to find certain entry-level cyber security positions with an associate’s degree, most jobs require a four-year bachelor’s degree in cyber security or a related field such as information technology or computer science. Coursework in programming and statistics combined with classes in ethics and computer forensics prepare students with the technical and analytical skills required for successful careers in cyber security.In an environment where data breaches are becoming the norm, more cyber security degree programs are being added every year. Before choosing a cyber security degree, prospective students should make sure that it is not only accredited, but also aligns with their career goals.2COMPLETE ADVANCED TRAININGSome employers will require candidates to hold an advanced degree such as a master’s degree in cyber security. Prospective employers may offer tuition assistance to meet this goal. A master’s degree takes an additional one to two years to complete after the bachelor’s degree-level and provides advanced instruction in protecting computer networks and electronic infrastructures from attack. Students learn the ethics, practices, policies and procedures of cyber security as they study how to tackle network security defense techniques and countermeasures. Cyber security professionals can also earn certification to boost their skills while working full-time to gain hands-on experience.3PASS SECURITY CLEARANCES (IF APPLICABLE)Security clearances are necessary for those who wish to work with classified information as part of a military of government agency. A variety of agencies issue both personnel and facility security clearances, but most are issued by the Department of Defense. Each type of clearance has its own procedures and paperwork. The process, which takes three months to a year, does not begin until an employer decides to hire you, at which point you receive a conditional offer of employment. The first step is to submit clearance documentation, followed by a Background Investigation.**FIND THE RIGHT CYBER SECURITY DEGREE PROGRAM**The field of cyber security focuses on network and data protection at various levels. Whether looking for an accredited online program or a traditional on-campus program, students have many options when it comes to cyber security degrees. For those unsure which degree level they want to pursue, the table below looks at the options.Career Goals & Educational NeedsAssociateBachelor’sMaster’sOnlineCertificateI’ve always wanted to work in cyber security but haven’t pursued a degree because of my busy personal and professional schedules. I need a program that allows me to take classes from home on my own flexible schedule. I would like to find an accredited online college that offers a program for students who want a cyber security career.While I think I would like to work as a computer support technician, I’m not sure if I should explore other options in cyber security. I want to enroll in a program that allows me to learn about all aspects of cyber security on a general level. Then I can decide whether to continue my education in a four-year degree program.I’ve followed the stories in the news about companies experiencing major data breaches. I want to work in the field and make a difference as a cyber security analyst.After working in cyber security for several years, I want to hone my skills and specialize in cryptography.I have a bachelor’s degree in cyber security and may eventually work on a master’s degree full-time. For now, I’d like to develop digital forensic skills by taking courses that I can apply to a master’s degree program later on.**CYBER SECURITY DEGREE LEVELS**While still a relatively new field, cyber security degrees are available at all levels, from associate degrees to PhD degrees. Students can pursue cyber security degrees online or in a campus-based environment. Each degree-level prepares students for specific opportunities, from entry-level employment to careers in academia. Before choosing a cyber security program, students should make sure it supports their goals. Find out more about each type of cyber security degree below.**Associate Degree in Cyber Security**An associate degree in cyber security is a two-year program appropriate for the following types of situations:* Securing entry-level work as a computer support technician or a related position* An additional qualification for those already working in the field* A step on a path to a four-year cyber security degreeAssociate degree coursework covers the vulnerabilities of various hardware and software systems, network technologies, and key cyber security concepts such as security administration and intrusion detection. Many programs also prepare students for certification exams often required for full-time employment, ranging from basic CompTIA Security+ to ISC2 Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP). Here are several courses offered in a typical associate degree in cyber security program.**INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER FORENSICS AND CYBER CRIME**Basic foundation in the concepts, terminologies and terms used to communicate and understand the history of computer forensics and cybercrime.Skills Gained* Processing crime scenes* Digital evidence controls* Recovering image files* E-mail investigations* Network forensics**DATABASE SECURITY**Provides a framework in the importance of database security; students learn how to protect a company’s technology infrastructure and intellectual property.Skills Gained* Understand database security models* Advantages and disadvantages of access control models* Defending against common attacks* Knowledge of common integrity constraints**COMPTIA SECURITY+**Introduces the concepts and understanding of the field of computer security and how it relates to other areas of information technology.Skills Gained* Hardening systems* Securing networks* Cryptography**Bachelor’s Degree in Cyber Security**While there are plenty of bachelor’s degrees in cyber security, it is also possible to enter the field with a four-year degree in a related field such as computer science, computer engineering or even mathematics.The curriculum in bachelor’s degree in cyber security program is similar to that of a computer science degree. It begins with a foundation in programming, database applications and statistics. Then students have the opportunity to delve into more advanced topics such as artificial intelligence, cryptography and ethical hacking.Graduates are qualified for employment as cyber security analysts, information security analysts and computer forensic analysts. Below are some of the courses in a bachelor’s degree program.**FUNDAMENTALS OF NETWORKING**Overview of networking technologies for local area networks, wide area networks and wireless networks; students learn how to recognize the network design appropriate for a given scenario.Skills Gained* Open system interconnection model* Security protocols* Networking protocols**INSTALLING AND CONFIGURING WINDOWS SERVER**Preparation for the Installing and Configuring Windows Server exam, part of MCSE Server Infrastructure Certification; covers how to install, configure and troubleshoot Windows Server operating systems.Skills Gained* Configure server roles and features* Configure Hyper-V* Deploy and configure core network services* Install and administer Active Directory* Create and manage Group Policy**ETHICAL HACKING**Instruction in the development of the structured knowledge base needed to discover vulnerabilities and recommend solutions to protect data from potential hackers; focuses on penetration-testing tool and techniques.Skills Gained* Safe techniques on World Wide Web* Hands-on techniques to defend a computer against security attacks* Hands-on techniques to defend a LAN against security attacks**Master’s Degree in Cyber Security**Master’s degree programs in cyber security teach students how to be sophisticated practitioners in the industry as they protect vital computer networks and electronic infrastructures from attack. Coursework in these two-year programs investigates key technologies such as digital forensics, cryptography and biometrics. Graduates are prepared for careers as security-application programmers, penetration testers, vulnerability analysts and security architects. Some students choose employment developing security products.The following courses are often found in a master’s degree in cyber security program:**PENETRATION TESTING AND VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS**Introduces methodologies, techniques and tools to analyze and identify vulnerabilities in stand-alone and networked applications.**APPLIED CRYPTOGRAPHY**Examines Modern Cryptography from both a theoretical and applied perspective; emphasis is on provable security and application case studies.**DIGITAL FORENSICS**Instruction in the application of forensic science principles and practices for collecting, preserving, analyzing and presenting digital evidence; covers topics from legal, forensic, and information-technology domains.**Cyber Security Certificates**Many colleges and universities offer certificates in cyber security for those professionals who want to develop further expertise in the field or add credentials to their resume. Students examine principles of computer systems security, including attack protection and prevention. Courses explore cryptographic techniques, legal issues in computer security, digital forensics and designs for network perimeter defenses.Most certificates are 12-18 credits and available online. In some cases, students can apply credits earned in a certificate program to a master’s degree in cyber security later on. There are several types of cyber security certificates that cover cyber security technology, cyber security management and related areas.The following courses are often offered in a cyber security certificate program.**TECHNOLOGY AND NATIONAL SECURITY**Explores the impact of technology on national security and the lessons learned by the U.S. through multiple conflicts and wars; examines the advantages and risks of technological innovations on our military power.Skills Gained* Terrorism* National security policy* Intelligence gathering* Military platforms* Nuclear and biological weapon technologies**INTRODUCTION TO PENETRATION TESTING**Lab-based course providing students with an understanding of the threat vectors and exploitation techniques used to penetrate systems and networks.Skills Gained* Assessment* Exploitation* Remediation techniques**CYBER RISK MANAGEMENT FOR DECISION MAKERS**Explores the issues and concerns surrounding cyber risk management; students learn to identify high-level risks and map their impact across an organization.Skills Gained* Conducting assessments within multiple areas* Mitigation strategies* Standards, ethics, and legal issues**Look, Feel, & Smell your best** (http://D.Sc)**. Degree in Cyber Security**For those with a solid foundation in computer science, the Look, Feel, & Smell your best (Look, Feel, & Smell your best). in cyber security is an opportunity to combine their computer science emphasis with applied research in IT security. Students learn the latest techniques in specialized cyber operations activities such as reverse engineering, data collection, analysis of malicious code, and software exploitation. Graduates can bring their knowledge to intelligence, military and law enforcement organizations as well as employers in data-driven industries.The Look, Feel, & Smell your best (Look, Feel, & Smell your best). in cyber security program typically takes students 3-5 years to complete and includes a dissertation. Although there are online programs, students are usually required to complete annual on-site research seminars.Here are some of the seminars offered in a cyber security doctoral program.**FULL SCOPE SECURITY TESTING**Review of the tools, techniques, and sources of digital information and its role in attacking and defending software systems and network environments.Skills Gained* Penetration testing processes* Exploitation**ADVANCED MALWARE ANALYSIS**Covers advanced techniques used in malware analysis; focuses heavily on static analysis of unknown binaries utilizing reverse engineering tools and procedures.Skills Gained* Anti-debugging processes* x86 assembly language* IDA proCyber security concerns the technologies, methods, and practices employed to protect the virtual world – including computers, mobile devices, databases, networks and programs – from infiltration and attack by unauthorized individuals and organizations. The number and sophistication of cyberattacks is evolving, threatening national security and the global economy. Effective security requires highly trained professionals who have specialized knowledge to protect a wide variety of environments.This guide offers a comprehensive review of careers in cyber security, including an overview of the steps one can take to enter this profession, as well as job outlook and earning potential.**CAREER PATHS IN CYBER SECURITY**New cyber threats appear constantly, creating new and innovative career opportunities. And because any individual or organization is a potential target for cyberattacks – from governments to banks to hospitals – cyber security professionals can find employment in a wide range of industries. Some of the more common career paths in this field include:**Chief Information Security Officer**The chief information security officer (CISO) is typically a mid-executive level position whose job is to oversee the general operations of a company's or organization's IT security division. CISOs are directly responsible for planning, coordinating and directing all computer, network and data security needs of their employers. CISOs work directly with upper-level management to determine an organization's unique cyber security needs. They are commonly tasked with assembling an effective staff of security professionals, which means that the position requires an individual with a strong background in IT security architecture and strategy, as well as solid communication and personnel management skills.**Education requirements**CISO positions normally require, at minimum, a bachelor's degree in cyber or information security, information technology or other computer science-related subject. Additionally, most midsize and large organizations prefer CISOs with a master's degree in one of the above-described subjects or an MBA in a related subject such as information technology or database administration.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (Computer and Information Systems Managers)**Forensic Computer Analyst**The forensic computer analyst is the detective of the cyber security world. Forensic computer analysts review computer-based information for evidence following a security breach or other incident. Tasks include handling hard drives and other storage devices and employing specialized software programs in order to identify vulnerabilities and recover data from damaged or destroyed devices. Forensic computer analysts must be sensitive to the security concerns of their employers or clients and follow closely all privacy procedures when dealing with financial and personal information. They must also keep detailed and accurate logs and records of their findings, which are often used in litigation.**Education requirements**Employment as a forensic computer analyst normally requires holding a bachelor's degree in computer security, forensic computing or a related subject. Previous experience may also be necessary.Source: Payscale.com (http://www.payscale.com/research/US/Job=Forensic_Computer_Analyst/Salary)**Information Security Analyst**An information security analyst (ISA) is responsible for the protection of an organization's computer systems and networks. They plan and execute programs and other measures, including installing and using software for data encryption and firewalls. Additionally, ISAs help design and execute plans and methods for the recovery of data and systems following a cyberattack. ISAs must continuously stay on top of the latest industry trends and cyber threats, which involves researching new security technologies and networking with other professionals.**Education requirements**ISAs need to earn a bachelor's degree in computer science or related area. There is a growing trend toward undergraduate degree programs specializing in the information security field, which may become the preferred choice of employers in the future. Some employers, particularly large corporations or organizations, may prefer job candidates with an MBA in information systems.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (http://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/information-security-analysts.htm)**Penetration Tester**Penetration testing concerns the proactive authorized employment of testing techniques on IT infrastructures to identify system vulnerabilities. Simply put, penetration testers attempt to (with authorization) hack into computer and network systems to preemptively discover operating system vulnerabilities, service and application problems, improper configurations and more, before outside intruders have the opportunity to cause real damage. Penetration testers must be highly creative in their methods, often using testing tools of their own design, to "break into" the systems under scrutiny. Penetration testers are required to keep careful records of their activities and discovered vulnerabilities.**Education requirements**Penetration testers typically earn a bachelor's degree in information technology, cyber security or other closely related subject. Many employers additionally require applicants to have earned relevant professional certifications.Source: Payscale.com (http://www.payscale.com/research/US/Job=Penetration_Tester/Salary)**Security Architect**A Security architect is responsible for establishing and maintaining network security for his or her organization. Security architects work in all sectors of the economy for companies, government agencies, and nonprofits. They may be employees of companies or independent contractors. In addition to working on specific security systems, security architects develop and implement organization security policies and procedures for employees and others with access to computer, network and data systems. Security architects are responsible for the hands-on repair of issues raised in problem reports as well as analysis of breaches following security incidents. They typically work in an office environment on a full-time basis.**Education requirements**A job as a security architect normally requires a bachelor's degree in information security, information technology or computer science. Some previous work experience is often required in addition to an undergraduate degree.Source: Payscale.com (http://www.payscale.com/research/US/Job=Security_Architect,_IT/Salary)**IT Security Engineer**Security engineering provides a specialized engineering approach to cyber security, specifically regarding the design of security systems to counter potentially catastrophic issues. Security engineers are often involved in systems maintenance, performing security checks to identify potential vulnerabilities, as well as keeping logs and developing automation scripts to track security incidents. To succeed as a security engineer, individuals must have strong math and communication skills and a solid working knowledge of computer operating systems and languages.**Education requirements**A bachelor's degree in engineering (electrical engineering preferable) or computer science is required for employment as a security engineer. Many employers additionally require some level of previous experience and/or professional certification(s) in the field.Source: Payscale.com (http://www.payscale.com/research/US/Job=Security_Engineer/Salary)**Security Systems Administrator**A security systems administrator's core responsibilities are quite similar to those of many other cyber security jobs: installing, administering, maintaining and troubleshooting computer, network and data security systems. The main distinction between security systems administrators and other cyber security professionals is that the security systems administrator is normally the person in charge of the daily operation of those security systems. Typical tasks include systems monitoring and running regular backups, and setting up, deleting and maintaining individual user accounts. Security systems administrators are additionally often involved in developing organizational security procedures.**Education requirements**Security systems administrators need to earn, at minimum, an associate degree in computer science or a closely related field. In most cases, however, employers will look for job candidates with a bachelor's degree, preferably in information security or systems administration. Work experience and professional certification may also be required.Source: Payscale.com (http://www.payscale.com/research/US/Job=Systems_Administrator/Salary)**IT Security Consultant**IT security consultants meet with clients to advise them on how to best protect their organizations' cyber security objectives efficiently and cost effectively. They are often hired by smaller companies and agencies that cannot afford to handle their security issues in-house, but are also employed by larger businesses to supplement their security teams and provide an unbiased outside perspective to current systems issues. Working as an IT security consultant can require long, flexible hours and often involves a fair amount of traveling to client business locations.**Education requirements**Employment as an IT Security Consultant commonly requires a bachelor's degree in computer science, information technology, cyber security or other closely-related subject. In addition, many clients will require IT security consultants to have obtained one or more professional certifications.Source: Payscale.com (http://www.payscale.com/research/US/Job=Security_Consultant,_IT/Salary)**CYBER SECURITY SALARIES**The explosion in the demand for skilled cyber security professionals combined with a scarcity in talent supply has resulted in high wages and excellent benefits for qualified applicants. Below is a brief look at the national median salaries (as of September 2015) available for some of the most in-demand cyber security careers:$143,334**Chief Information Security Officer**$124,624**Security Director (Computing, Networking, IT)**$113, 905**Security Architect**$89,209**Security Engineer**$81,980**IT Security Consultant**Source: Payscale.com (http://www.payscale.com/)**ESSENTIAL SKILLS, TOOLS, AND TECHNOLOGY FOR CYBER SECURITY CAREERS****SKILLS**There are a number of core skills needed by anyone entering the cyber security employment market, whether starting his or her first professional job or transitioning from another computer-related field. Here are a few of the key required skills:**Communication Skills**Cyber security professionals must have strong written and verbal communications skills. Jobs in the field require the ability to communicate clearly and concisely with clients and executives, network administrators, legal professionals and law enforcement, media and public relations staff, fellow team members, and others.**Ability to Work in a Team Environment**A required skill for practically anyone, the ability to work with others as an effective team member is particularly important for cyber security professionals. Team members must have a clear understanding of their delegated responsibilities and need to complete their work on time, while additionally being able to contribute positively to accomplishing larger team goals.**Integrity and Discretion**By its very nature, working in the cyber security field requires sensitivity to an organization's security vulnerability issues and be able to tackle those issues in a way that engenders trust.**Organizational and Problem Solving Skills**One important characteristic of the cyber security business is the sheer mass and complexity of data involved. Cyber security professionals must develop solid organizational and problem solving skills or risk being overwhelmed.**Programming Skills**A variety of scripts and programming tools are required to design effective security programs and analyze cyber attacks and breaches. Experience in system and network programming is a must.**Understanding of Security Principles**An understanding of basic security principles, such as privacy, confidentiality, authentication, access control, and others, results in a greater chance that systems will be less vulnerable to failures and attacks.**Risk Analysis**Cyber security personnel must be able to assess a client's particular security needs in light of its organizational goals, which requires knowledge of risk analysis principles.**Network Protocols**A working knowledge of common network protocols, their similarities and differences, how they work and what they are used for.**Malicious Codes**Additionally, cyber security professionals need a working knowledge of malicious codes, how they are propagated and the risks associated with each.**Intruder Techniques**In analyzing attacks, personnel should be able to recognize known intruder techniques, their characteristics and effects, and identify new intruder techniques by means of elimination of known ones.There are also a variety of certifications that can be earned by cyber security professionals. Choosing the most effective depends on an individual's specific interests/goals and job requirements. The list below outlines a small number of the most popular professional credentials among cyber security personnel:CompTIA Security + (http://certification.comptia.org/certifications/security)Covers essential principles for network security and risk management.Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) (https://www.isc2.org/cissp/default.aspx)For competence in the design, implementation, engineering and management of information security programs.Global Information Assurance Certification (GIAC) (http://www.giac.org/certifications)Certifications available in several categories including Security Administration, Forensics, Audit, Management, Legal, Software Security and GSE.EC-Council Certifications (http://www.eccouncil.org/)EC-Council offers a number of security-related certifications including Certified Security Analyst, Licensed Penetration Tester, Certified Chief Information Security Officer, Certified Ethical Hacker, and others.ISACA Certifications (http://www.isaca.org/CERTIFICATION/Pages/default.aspx)Professional certifications available in IT Audit, Security, Governance and Risk.**TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY**The most effective tools employed by cyber security experts are software programs designed to protect against hackers, viruses, and the like. Here are some of the most pressing areas cyber security technology is focused on today:**Access Management**Third-party identity and access tools are used to provide additional protection for security gaps from Microsoft's Active Directory.**Botnet Protection**Defends against botnets that would otherwise require individual identification and deletion.**Cloud-Based Security**There are a variety of cloud-based SOS security tools available for network protection.**Data Encryption**Provides added security for data as its being transferred.**Data Leak Prevention**Ensures system information is secure from intruder access and stores information in a secure form in the event of a security breach.**Endpoint Protection**Endpoint protection addresses security issues for endpoints such as PCs, mobile devices, network connected printers, servers and others.**Intrusion Protection**Filters access to websites by blocking potentially harmful files.**Malware/Virus Security**Prevents attacks from viruses and malware designed to harm both software and hardware.**Next Generation Firewall**An advancement when compared to traditional firewalls. Provides additional capabilities like integrated intrusion protection, stateful inspection, and application and identity awareness.**Wireless Security**Provides WEP/WAP security for data transmitted over wireless connections.**CYBER SECURITY JOB GROWTH AND OUTLOOK**According to Cisco Systems, Inc., there is a distinct shortage of cyber security professionals, particularly those with data science skills. As a result of this scarcity, many computer science workers, particularly those currently in the IT field, are eyeing employment in cyber security.Indeed, as job growth goes, it's hard to find a profession that outpaces cyber security. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, for example, job growth from 2012 to 2022 for Information Security Analysts is projected to be 37 percent compared with 18 percent for all computer occupations and 11 percent for all occupations.So why is job growth in cyber security expected to be so robust? Cyber crime continues to be a significant and growing problem, both in the United States and around the world. For example, a record 79 percent of respondents to a recent PricewaterhouseCooper's study (http://www.pwc.com/us/en/increasing-it-effectiveness/publications/assets/2015-us-cybercrime-survey.pdf) reported that they had detected a security incident within the past 12 months.**What Do Related Occupations Make?**As the demand for cyber security experts grows, as does the variety of cyber security job titles. Here are a few examples of closely related careers, along with estimated total annual pay:Source: Payscale.com (http://www.payscale.com/), September 2015**RELATED OCCUPATIONS: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW**As far ranging as it is, cyber security is just one of countless career options within the larger computer science field. Determining the right option for anyone requires time and effort in researching what each has to offer. Below is a brief look at a few occupations related to those in the broader computer science field:COMPUTER AND INFORMATION RESEARCH SCIENTIST**15%**Salary$102,190**Education and Training:**Doctorate in computer science. Bachelor's may be sufficient for some government positions.COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGER**15%**Salary$120,950**Education and Training:**Bachelor's in computer science or IT, or related field. MBA in some cases.COMPUTER HARDWARE ENGINEER**7%**Salary$100,920**Education and Training:**Bachelor's in Computer Engineering.COMPUTER NETWORK ARCHITECT**15%**Salary$91,000**Education and Training:**Bachelor's in Computer Science, Information Systems, Engineering or related field. MBA in information systems preferred by some employers.COMPUTER NETWORK SUPPORT SPECIALIST**7%**Salary$59,090**Education and Training:**High School Diploma or Associate's degree with some computer knowledge, in most cases. Some employers require Bachelor's degree.COMPUTER PROGRAMMER**8%**Salary$74,280**Education and Training:**Bachelor's in Computer Science in most cases, but Associate's degree may suffice.COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYST**25%**Salary$79,680**Education and Training:**Bachelor's in Computer Science or Information Science is common, but degree in business or liberal arts with experience may suffice.DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR**15%**Salary$77,080**Education and Training:**Bachelor's in IT or other computer-related subject.SOFTWARE DEVELOPER**22%**Salary$93,350**Education and Training:**Bachelor's in Computer Science, Software Engineering or related subject.WEB DEVELOPER**20%**Salary$62,500**Education and Training:**Associate's in Web Design or related subject. Some employers may prefer Bachelor's.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (http://www.bls.gov/home.htm)**CYBER SECURITY DEGREES & CAREER RESOURCES**National Initiative for Cyber security Careers and Programs (https://niccs.us-cert.gov/home/students)Information about cyber security or becoming a cyber security professional offered by the Department of Homeland Security.US-CERT United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (https://www.us-cert.gov/)Provides response, support, and defense against cyber attacks for the Federal Civil Executive Branch and responds to major incidents with trusted partners. Individuals can report incidents, phishing, malware or software vulnerabilities and share indicators through links on the site.Cybercrime (https://www.justice.gov/criminal-ccips)A clearinghouse of cyber crime information, this site includes legal and policy issues and instructions for reporting computer crimes.Security Bloggers Network (http://securitybloggersnetwork.com/)This site is the largest collection of information security-related blogs and podcasts in the world, including corporate security and individual security blogs.Information Systems Security Association (https://www.issa.org/)ISSA is an organization of information security professionals and practitioners that provides educational forums, publications, and networking opportunities.National Cyber security Student Association (http://www.cyberstudents.org/)As the largest association of cyber security students, NCSA provides members with access to the latest cyber security research and development, conferences and training events, and networking opportunities.For more detailshttps://www.learnhowtobecome.org/computer-careers/cyber-security/ (https://www.learnhowtobecome.org/computer-careers/cyber-security/)