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Why do some people have a soft spot in their heart for Bush Jr. when he presided over the beginning of the Great Recession, failed to anticipate 9/11 in spite of warnings and started two wars that, collectively, have killed over a million people?
Original Question: Why do some people have a soft spot in their hear for Bush Jr. when he presided over the beginning of the Great Recession, failed to anticipate 9/11 in spite of warnings and started two wars that, collectively, have killed over a million people?Because the people who appreciate GW Bush understand what actually happened and who did what.Presided over the Great RecessionDemocrats, in the 1990s, put a lot of work into creating the housing market bubble that they crashed in 2007–2008. They had to get control of Congress, which they did in the 2006 election, to pull it off. Even Barack Obama was a player in setting it up.Obama Sued Citibank Under CRA to Force it to Make Bad Loans – UPDATEDLenders were set up for a fall by Democrat bullying, Republicans tried to stop it.Housing Bubble, Financial Crisis – What Happened, Who is Responsible"Affirmative Action" forced on the home lenders by Clinton Administration, leading to eventual disasterVideo of Clinton's HUD Secretary boasting of victory in forcing lenders to complySo, let’s give credit where it is due. Democrats set up and triggered the Great Recession, then used it to engage in massive wealth transfer to their favored recipients. They are doing it again this year, using COVID as the excuse. Notice how Pelosi keeps holding up relief bills until Democrats can include massive wealth transfers and other items that have nothing to do with helping people pay their bills."In the beginning the organizer's first job is to create the issues or problems." - Saul D. Alinsky"You never want a serious crisis to go to waste. And what I mean by that is an opportunity to do things you think you could not do before." - Rahm EmanuelThe legislative demands came after House Majority Whip James Clyburn (D., S.C.) told House Democrats on Thursday that the coronavirus stimulus represented 'a tremendous opportunity to restructure things to fit our vision.'Pelosi and Schumer blocked payments to struggling American families over 'wind and solar tax credits'failed to anticipate 9/11 in spite of warningsThere weren’t specific warnings for that attack, but it was understood the Islamists would make another attempt. GW Bush prepared a military operation to take out the parties responsible: al Qaeda in Afghanistan and Saddam in Iraq. But, the attack that had been prepared during the Clinton Administration, with Clinton running cover for the guilty parties, hit before Bush could send his forces to attack Afghanistan and Iraq. Here’s a little history.In 1993, after the first World Trade Center attack, the Clinton Administration was warned that the failure to take down the towers meant another attempt would be likely. They were warned that hijacking of airliners was a goal of the Islamists. Al Gore prepared a very costly plan for airlines to beef up security to help prevent that. The airlines poured money into the Clinton / Gore re-election campaign and the proposed requirements were withdrawn. Nothing happened year after year.Bill Clinton appointee Jamie Gorelick was responsible for issuing a policy that prevented the CIA from warning the FBI about Mohammed Atta and others who who were preparing the attack.Bill Clinton gave cover to Saddam Hussein, whose man Ramzi Yousef had organized the first World Trade Center attack, then worked with Terry Nichols to take down the Oklahoma City Federal Building using the same type of truck bomb.Statement of Laurie Mylroie to the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United StatesIraq behind 1993 WTC attack, 9/11 and others. Ramzi Yousef, Yasin key players. Khaleid Sheik Mohammed.Clinton had his people shift blame over to American militias, to keep Americans from noticing Saddam had kept his promise to have “individual Arabs” strike inside the USA.US Ambassador April Glaspie's Interview with Pres. Saddam Hussein, July 25 1990Finally, all these efforts to run cover for Saddam and the Islamists paid off. The attack that had been prepared in the final years of the Clinton Administration was triggered a few months after GW Bush took office.Saddam really tried to tell us what he had achieved in the 9/11 attack but Bill Clinton’s political machine kept this out of our news cycle.What were Democrats really trying to accomplish by giving cover to the Islamists to stage more and more massive attacks on the USA?Joe Biden Drafted the Core of the Patriot Act in 1995 … Before the Oklahoma City Bombing - Global ResearchThey wanted to establish a massive intelligence operation to spy on Americans. They had to get Americans to BEG for it, first, by creating a crisis that they could leverage to get the Patriot Act passed. It was a hard sell so it took extreme measures.started two warsLet’s think about this assertion. If someone walks up and punches you in the face, then you start to fight back, are you “starting” the fight?Al Qaeda’s repeated attacks on the USA and other nations triggered a response. GW Bush sent our troops to take out their training center in Afghanistan. They started the war, long before GW Bush took office.Saddam Hussein’s military invasion of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to seize control of Middle East oil triggered a response by a coalition of nations to put a stop to his military ambitions. Saddam never gave up on those ambitions. He sent agents to repeatedly attack in the USA, just as he warned Ambassador Glaspie he would do. The first was a massive truck bomb attack on the World Trade Centers in 1993 that almost toppled one of the towers. But the truck was parked in the wrong place. People died but the attempt failed. Then his agent, Ramzi Yousef, teamed up with Terry Nichols for a second major attack. Yousef’s Uncle, Khalid Sheik Mohammed, organized the third, the 9/11 attack.But you say GW Bush “started” the war against Iraq? Perhaps you are too young to remember the history of the 1990s.Bill Clinton engaged in constant shootouts during the 1990s. Saddam refused to turn over WMD, manufacturing equipment and supplies, as he was required to do by the terms of the temporary cease-fire.Democrats for Regime Change Clinton defines need for action against Saddam, IraqDemocrats for Regime ChangeFinally, in 1998, Bill Clinton got Congressional approval to RESUME WAR against Iraq, to kill Saddam and install a new government.Transcript: President Clinton explains Iraq strike1998 Iraq Liberation Act - the full text and supporting argumentsCongress approves Clinton plan for resumption of full hostilities against Saddam regimeText - H.R.4655 - 105th Congress (1997-1998): Iraq Liberation Act of 1998Clinton engaged in a massive bombing campaign to kill Iraq’s defenders and help the Islamists seize control of Iraq ( just as he did to Kosovo ). He tried to kill Saddam but failed.Operation Desert Fox - Clinton bombing campaign against Iraq in 1998Clinton resumes full hostilities due to Saddam's defiance of UN Resolutions and disarmament mandatesOperation Desert FoxBoth Al Gore and GW Bush promised, on the campaign trail, to finish the job where Bill Clinton had failed. They promised to send in the troops and take down Saddam, to end the decade-long war with a US victory.GW Bush was elected.GW Bush kept the promise, sent in the troops and brought the ‘endless war’ to an end. Democrats were infuriated. So, they started screaming that Bush had started the war. They lied.And after our troops rolled in, they found a lot of the WMD that Saddam had been hiding, including the same nuclear weapons starter kit that had been used by Iran and North Korea to kick-start their nuke programs. Clinton’s warnings were correct.Bush Admin found that A.Q. Khan and his network supplied nuclear program kits to several rogue nationsFather of Pakistani Bomb Sold Nuclear SecretsCIA Statement on Recently Acquired Iraqi Centrifuge EquipmentNuke program parts unearthed in Baghdad back yardHundreds of Chemical Weapons Found in Iraq Since 2003, U.S. Intelligence Report SaysThousands of Iraq Chemical Weapons Destroyed in Open Air, Watchdog Says (Published 2014)Those ignorant of the history may believe the false claims used to smear GW Bush. I hope this opens a few eyes to the truth.
What was LBJ’s life after the presidency?
There was an article from the The Atlantic website entitled “The Last Days of the President: LBJ in retirement” by Leo Janos from a July 1973 Issue and this is what was written:On the night before Christmas, 1971, Lyndon Baines Johnson played the most improbable role of his varied and controversial life. Protected from public view behind the gates of his Texas ranch, and no longer suffering the cloying presence of a battalion of White House reporters, Johnson donned a red suit and false beard, climbed aboard a small tractor, and drove to the hangar adjoining his airstrip. Assembled inside were the families of his ranch hands for what had become a traditional ceremony over the years: receiving greetings and gifts from LBJ. This time, they were so stunned at the sight of the former President ho-ho-hoing aboard a chugging tractor that they greeted his arrival with disbelieving silence. Undeterred, Johnson dismounted the tractor and unloaded a bag of toys for the children, sent to him for the occasion by an old friend, New York toy manufacturer Louis Marx, father of Patricia Marx Ellsberg."I'm going to enjoy the time I've got left," Johnson told friends when he left Washington in January, 1969, a worn old man at sixty, consumed by the bitter, often violent, five years of his presidency. He had never doubted that he could have won the 1968 election against Richard Nixon if he had chosen to run for another term. But in 1967 he launched a secret actuarial study on his life expectancy, supplying personal histories of all the males in the recent Johnson line, himself included. The men in the Johnson family have a history of dying young," he told me at his ranch in the summer of 1971, "My daddy was only sixty-two when he died, and I figured that with my history of heart trouble I'd never live through another four years. The American people had enough of Presidents dying in office." The prediction handed to Johnson was that he would die at the age of sixty-four. He did.He returned to the Texas hill country so exhausted by his presidency that it took him nearly a full year to shed the fatigue in his bones. From the outset he issued the sternest orders to his staff that the press was to be totally off limits. "I've served my time with that bunch," he said, "and I give up on them. There's no objectivity left anymore. The new style is advocacy reporting—send some snotty-nosed reporter down here to act like a district attorney and ask me where I was on the night of the twenty-third. I'm always guilty unless I can prove otherwise. So to hell with it." His press grievances were usually accompanied by favorite examples of anti-Johnson stacked decks—among these, the flurry of comment generated when he had lifted his shirt to expose ample belly and fresh surgical scar. He explained: "Rumors were flying that I really had cancer. I had to prove I really had my gall bladder taken out." By contrast Nixon, he thought, had intimidated the press into fair treatment. "The damn press always accused me of things I didn't do. They never once found out about the things I did do," he complained with a smile. One result of such self-righteous bitterness was that the man who had been the world's most powerful and publicized ruler was simply swept down a hole of obscurity, surfacing only occasionally at University of Texas football games or at the funerals of old friends such as Hale Boggs and Harry Truman. A logical surmise was that Johnson was brooding in silence on his ranch porch, pouting at the unfriendly, unloving world beyond his guarded gates. But LBJ's temperament was more complicated than that: relaxed, easy, and friendly for days, he would suddenly lapse into an aloof and brooding moodiness, only to give way to a period of driving restlessness. He was a seesawing personality for as long as anyone could remember.His first year in retirement was crowded with projects. He supervised nearly every construction detail of the massive LBJ Library complex on the University of Texas campus, which houses not only thirty-one million documents acquired over thirty-eight years in Washington, but also the LBJ School of Public Affairs. At one point, university regent Frank Erwin approached Johnson about an Indiana educator who was interested in running the LBJ School. Johnson frowned at the mention of the state which sent to the Senate one of Johnson's least favorite persons, and among the most vocal of his war critics, Vance Hartke. "Frank," Johnson responded, "I never met a man from Indiana who was worth a shit."There was fresh bitterness over a series of hour-long interviews, with Walter Cronkite for which Johnson had contracted with CBS before leaving the White House. The first show, on Vietnam, had been a fiasco. "I did lousy," Johnson admitted, and raised hell over what he claimed had been an unfair CBS editing practice—Cronkite refilming new questions to answers he had originally given during the interview at the ranch. "Cronkite came down here all sweetness and light, telling me how he'd love to teach journalism at Texas someday, then he does this to me," he fumed. The critical reaction to his television interview on Vietnam reinforced Johnson's conviction that his presidential memoirs should be divided into two separate books, one on domestic policies, the other on foreign affairs. In this way, he reasoned, the Great Society would be spared from the critical response he anticipated to his explanations of Vietnam policy. His publishers talked him out of separate books, and Johnson cautiously began unfolding his version of his presidential years. Assisted by two trusted staff writers, Robert Hardesty and William Jorden, he issued only one firm guideline, that not one word should appear in the book that could not be corroborated by documentation. To aid in this effort, Johnson threw open to his writers every file and document from his White House years, including telephone conversations he had held as President, which were recorded and transcribed for history. (Exposure to this material was largely for his writers' background information; few revelations or previously unpublished documents appeared in Johnson's book.) Jorden, a former New York Times reporter who had worked as an assistant to Walt Rostow, was particularly impressed with his research reading. "My God," he said, "I thought I knew just about everything involving Vietnam during my White House days. I discovered that I had missed a lot."William Jorden worked on the book's Vietnam chapters, which went to twenty drafts, and were read by McGeorge Bundy, Generals Earle Wheeler and William Westmoreland, and Abe Fortas, LBJ's pre-eminent confidant, among others, before receiving final approval. The result of all this effort was a fully researched but flat and predictable apologia of the Johnson years, most of its vital juices evaporated many drafts ago.Hurt and disappointed by the adverse critical reaction to his book, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963-1969, Johnson found solace working the land of his 330-acre ranch, which he bought in 1951. Under a fiery Texas sun, the Pedernales River runs clear and full. Fat cattle graze languidly in the shade of live oaks. Johnson knew that he owned some of the loveliest property in Texas, and unleashed his energies as a working rancher like a restless child entering a playpen. LBJ installed a complex irrigation system (and was observed clad only in paper shorts helping to lay pipe in the middle of the shallow Pedernales), constructed a large hen house, planted acres of experimental grasses sufficiently hardy to withstand severe hill country weather, and built up his cattle herds through shrewd purchases at the weekly cattle auctions near Stonewall. On one occasion, ranch foreman Dale Milenchek talked Johnson into purchasing an $8000 breeding bull. The massive animal impregnated only a few cows before suffering a fatal leg infection. Johnson complained, "Dale bought me the most expensive sausage in the history of Texas."No ranch detail escaped his notice. Once, driving some friends around the spread, LBJ suddenly reached for his car radiophone, which crackled just as much in retirement as it had when he was President. "Harold, Harold, over," he barked. "Why is that sign about selling the Herefords still posted? You know we sold them last week. Get it down." At the LBJ State Park, across the road, Johnson enjoyed escorting his guests to a slide show and exhibit on the hill country. On another occasion, I observed Johnson watching a preview of a new slide show with increasing annoyance as the bearded face of a local Stonewall character appeared in various poses, slide after slide. Turning angrily to his park supervisor, Johnson exclaimed: "Will you please tell me why we need six slides of Hondo Crouch?" Another must on a Johnson-chauffeured tour was the family graveyard, a few hundred yards from his home. "Here's where my mother lies," he solemnly declared. "Here's where my daddy is buried. And here's where I'm gonna be too." Then, a sudden acceleration and the white Lincoln Continental would roar to the cow pastures.Old friends invited to dine with the squire of the Pedernales would be advised that dinner was at eight. But not until ten or eleven would Johnson appear, happily tired and dung-booted, to regale his guests about the new calf or progress with his egg production. "He's become a goddamn farmer," a friend complained. "I want to talk Democratic politics, he only talks hog prices." Often, Johnson took friends to a favorite hill on his spread to watch the sunset. His Secret Service bodyguard, Mike Howard, unpacked an ice chest and glasses, and the group would relax and drink to the setting sun. Meanwhile, back at the ranch, cook Mary Davis, a keenly intelligent black lady, would begin pressuring Lady Bird to get Johnson and his guests back before dinner was ruined. "Another half hour and I simply cannot be responsible for this roast," Mary would complain. With a sigh, Lady Bird would begin the artful manipulation of her husband. Contacting him on the car radio, she would suggest: "Honey, why don't you take everyone over to Third Fork and show them the deer?" (Third Fork was only a quarter of a mile away, in the direction of home.) Such ploys often failed, however. "Damn it," Johnson would reply, "I'm not going to be pressured into keeping to anyone's schedule but my own."He was still very much "Mr. President" to the retinue serving him in retirement, including three round-the-clock Secret Service protectors, a Chinese butler named Wong, brought to Texas from the White House, two secretaries, a dozen former White House staffers, who worked at the library but could be tapped for other duties when the occasion demanded, as well as a dozen or so ranch hands who were kept scrambling. A phone call would dispatch an Air Force helicopter to carry him forty miles from his ranch into Austin, where a landing pad had been built on the library roof. For longer trips he used his own twin-engine turboprop. A visitor expressed surprise that LBJ could still summon a helicopter to fly him around the Austin area. An aide responded, "He was living this way when he was in the Senate."He took up golf, puttering around courses in Fredericksburg, and on trips to Mexico. One day, playing with a few aides and friends, Johnson hit a drive into the rough, retrieved it, and threw the ball back on the fairway. "Are you allowed to do that?" one of the wives whispered to a Secret Service agent. "You are," he replied, "if you play by LBJ rules."Each December 21 he would host a rollicking party at the Argyle Club in San Antonio to celebrate his wedding anniversary. The guest list was limited to his closest friends, including a Texas businessman named Dan Quinn, who on the day of the wedding had had to run out and buy a ring for Lyndon to give to Lady Bird, since the groom had forgotten that particular detail. The hired band was instructed to play danceable music only, and Johnson, a classy ballroom dancer of the first rank, would dance with every lady present into the wee hours.Each February Johnson would take over a seaside villa in Acapulco for a mouth's siege. The exquisite estate is owned by former Mexican President Miguel Alemán, a business partner with LBJ on several Mexican ranchland deals. Johnson would fly in family, friends, and aides, as well as his own cook, food, bottled water, and even air-conditioning units. He brought his own food, water, and liquor to Acapulco to avoid the embarrassment of his 1970 trip when nearly all of his guests developed classic cases of "Mexicali revenge" after being fed local produce. At night, films would be shown, courtesy of LBJ friend Arthur Krim, who would have the newest releases flown down. Johnson also loved to visit Alemán's ranch, Las Pampas, deep in the Mexican interior, enjoying the total isolation and rugged beauty of the place. He was moved by the poverty of some of the ranch hands, who almost invariably had large families. Using an interpreter, Johnson would lecture the wives about birth control and the need to have small families if you are poor. Back in Texas, he began sending the families packages of birth control pills, vitamins, clothing, and blankets. "If I became dictator of the world," he said, "I'd give all the poor on earth a cottage, and birth control pills—and I'd make damn sure they didn't get one if they didn't take the other."Each Friday morning, a White House jet landed at the LBJ ranch, depositing foreign policy briefing papers prepared especially for Johnson by Henry Kissinger's staff. On two occasions Kissinger himself arrived at Johnson's door for personal briefings on the peace talks; twice he sent his deputy, General Alexander Haig. In all, LBJ's relations with the Nixon White House were cordial, although he sensed that the briefing papers told him only what Nixon wanted him to know. His death canceled plans he had negotiated with the White House to entertain Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir in Texas, following her February meeting in Washington with Nixon. Johnson thought it would be a splendid idea to have Mrs. Meir participate in a question-and-answer session with the students of the LBJ School. Through an old supporter, New York industrialist Abe Feinberg, he queried Mrs. Meir on the matter and received word she would be delighted to visit with the students and attend a Johnson-hosted luncheon in Austin. The White House arranged to fly Mrs. Meir to Texas. A few weeks before Johnson's death, Richard Nixon called to tell him that a cease-fire was imminent. Johnson got in touch with his veteran speechwriter, Horace Busby, and asked him to prepare a statement on the cease-fire. "Get this thought in," Johnson instructed Busby. "No man worked harder or wanted peace more than I."Johnson had decidedly mixed emotions about his successor. He was puzzled by Nixon's cold style ("Imagine not inviting one member of Congress to Tricia's wedding. If you don't respect them, they won't respect you") and aghast at some of Nixon's domestic policies. Shortly after leaving the White House, he remarked to a Texas businessman: "When I took over the presidency, Jack Kennedy had left me a stock market of 711. When I left the White House, it was over 900. Now look at it. That's what happens when the Republicans take over—not only Nixon, but any of them. They simply don't know how to manage the economy. They're so busy operating the trickle-down theory, giving the richest corporations the biggest break, that the whole thing goes to hell in a handbasket." Amused staffers recall that on the trip back to Texas aboard Air Force One, Johnson went up and down the aisles giving financial advice: "Keep all your money in cash," he urged. "Nixon will have us in an inflationary recession before his first year is over." (He had also, he told me, given his outgoing Cabinet members a different, if equally sobering, kind of advice: "Each of you had better leave this town clean as Eisenhower's hound's tooth. The first thing Democrats do when they take power is find where the control levers are. But the first thing Republicans do is investigate Democrats. I don't know why they do it but you can count on it.")Johnson gave Nixon "high grades" in foreign policy, but worried intermittently that the President was being pressured into removing U.S. forces too quickly, before the South Vietnamese were really able to defend themselves. "If the South falls to the Communists, we can have a serious backlash here at home," he warned. "When you think of what the South has been through, and what the government is up against, it is nothing short of a miracle that they have kept everything together for as long as they have. Thieu's no saint, but you have got to respect his ability to keep things together under the worst conditions imaginable." Over a lunch, at which I was a guest, a few days after the first installments of the Pentagon Papers appeared in the New York Times, Johnson ruminated about his own Vietnam policies. "We made a couple of key mistakes," he admitted. "To begin with, Kennedy should have had more than eighteen thousand military advisers there in the early 1960s. And then I made the situation worse by waiting eighteen months before putting more men in. By then, the war was almost lost. Another mistake was not instituting censorship—not to cover up mistakes, but to prevent the other side from knowing what we were going to do next. My God, you can't fight a war by watching it every, night on television."He then launched into a long defense of his policies against the allegations and implications contained in the Times's articles. "All the time, in 1964, I really hoped we could negotiate our way out of a major war in Vietnam," he said. "The Russians shared our hope." As the situation deteriorated in Vietnam, he said, he tried, by proceeding with U.S. troop buildups quietly and slowly, to avoid inflaming hawk sentiment at home and, perhaps more important, forcing Hanoi to call on the Chinese for help. "I told my advisers, 'By God, don't come to me with any plans to escalate this war unless you carry with you a joint congressional resolution.' I wasn't going to follow Truman's mistake in Korea when he went in without congressional approval. They claim I used Tonkin Gulf as an excuse. Hell, the Communists hit us there twice. The first time their torpedo boats hit the day before, I did nothing, hoping it was either a mistake or the action would not be repeated. But when they hit us again the very next day, I was forced to act. And just about every member of Congress was marching right along with me." He was particularly ruffled by the accusation that he had been secretly planning to bomb the North at the time of the 1964 campaign, when Barry Goldwater was calling for precisely such an act. "It is absolutely untrue," Johnson said. "On at least five occasions I personally vetoed military requests for retaliation bombing raids in the North. Only late in 1965 did I reluctantly agree to it. Not one of my principal advisers—Rusk, McNamara, Bundy, and George Ball—opposed my decision not to rush into retaliation strikes. We had contingency plans to bomb in the North for retaliation for terrorist raids in the South. But I didn't want to do this. Finally, they attacked our base in Pleiku in February, 1965, destroying many planes and killing a lot of our men. I was forced to act. I felt I had no choice. All of my civilian advisers, every one of them, agreed with me. Dean Rusk told me, 'Mr. President, this is a momentous decision.' I suppose it was."We were in a private dining room on the third floor of the LBJ Library. Across the hall was a replica of Johnson's White House office. A three-foot electric pepper mill sat at the head of the table, and butler Wong scurried in with a plate of steak and sweet corn. Johnson seated himself ahead of his guests, a presidential practice carried into retirement, and began to eat. Aides arrived to whisper in his ear about incoming calls. He either shook his head or left the table for many minutes. Secret Service agents haunted the surrounding corridors, walkie-talkies in hand. Déjà vu was a decorative theme: on one wall of the dining room were the framed photographs of heads of state whom Johnson visited during his years in office. "Here's my favorite," said Lady Bird, pointing to a photo of South Korea's President, General Chung Hee Park. "He was a real no-nonsense fellow." (Lady Bird was more conservative than the public ever realized.) LBJ laughed. "I remember our trip to Seoul. My God, I've never seen so many people lining the streets. I asked Park, through an interpreter, what would he estimate the crowd to be? The interpreter jabbers a bit and tells me, 'President Park, he say population of Seoul is one million. People on the streets is one million. That's all the people we have. So solly.'"During coffee, the talk turned to President Kennedy, and Johnson expressed his belief that the assassination in Dallas had been part of a conspiracy. "I never believed that Oswald acted alone, although I can accept that he pulled the trigger." Johnson said that when he had taken office he found that "we had been operating a damned Murder Inc. in the Caribbean." A year or so before Kennedy's death a CIA-backed assassination team had been picked up in Havana. Johnson speculated that Dallas had been a retaliation for this thwarted attempt, although he couldn't prove it. "After the Warren Commission reported in, I asked Ramsey Clark [then Attorney General] to quietly look into the whole thing. Only two weeks later he reported back that he couldn't find anything new." Disgust tinged Johnson's voice as the conversation came to an end. "I thought I had appointed Tom Clark's son—I was wrong."Johnson rarely worked at the LBJ Library, preferring instead to do business at his comfortable ranch office, where on the wall opposite his large desk hung a painting of a Texas landscape by artist Peter Hurd. At Lady Bird's behest, Hurd had been commissioned to paint the official presidential portrait, resulting in what Johnson called "the ugliest picture I ever saw." Reminiscing, Johnson explained: "He didn't follow the strict rules about size and style laid down about those portraits. I like his scenes much better."In March, 1970, Johnson was hospitalized at Brooke Army Medical Center in San Antonio, after complaining of severe chest pains. Doctors reassured him that he had not suffered a heart attack; instead, the pains were caused by angina, a hardening of the arteries to the heart resulting in an insufficiency of blood to the body's most vital organ. Although there was little that could be done to cure the condition, Johnson was urged to lose considerable weight. He had grown dangerously heavier since leaving the White House, gaining more than twenty-five pounds and weighing around 235. The following summer, again gripped by chest pains, he embarked on a crash water diet, shedding about fifteen pounds in less than a month. But shortly before Christmas, 1971, he shocked his friends by suddenly resuming cigarette smoking, a habit he had discarded over fifteen years before, following his first, near fatal, heart attack. "I'm an old man, so what's the difference?" he explained. "I've been to the Mayo Clinic twice and the doctors tell me there is nothing they can do for me. My body is just aging in its own way. That's it. And I always loved cigarettes, missed them every day since I quit. Anyway, I don't want to linger the way Eisenhower did. When I go, I want to go fast." He quickly became a chain smoker.In April, 1972, Johnson experienced a massive heart attack while visiting his daughter, Lynda, in Charlottesville, Virginia. Convinced he was dying, he browbeat Lady Bird and his doctors into allowing him to fly home to Texas. So, late in the night of his third day in intensive care, a desperately sick LBJ was rushed to the airport and ferried back to Brooke Army Medical Center in San Antonio. The departure was so sudden that the Charlottesville hospital director, hearing a rumor that Johnson might try to leave, rushed to the hospital only to find LBJ's empty wheelchair in the parking lot.Miraculously he survived, but the remaining seven months of his life became a sad and pain-wracked ordeal. "I'm hurting real bad," he confided to friends. The chest pains hit him nearly every afternoon—a series of sharp, jolting pains that left him scared and breathless. A portable oxygen tank stood next to his bed, and Johnson periodically interrupted what he was doing to lie down and don the mask to gulp air. He continued to smoke heavily, and, although placed on a low-calorie, low-cholesterol diet, kept to it only in fits and starts.Meanwhile, he began experiencing severe stomach pains. Doctors diagnosed this problem as diverticulosis, pouches forming on the intestine. Also symptomatic of the aging process, the condition rapidly worsened and surgery was recommended. Johnson flew to Houston to consult with heart specialist Dr. Michael De Bakey, who decided that Johnson's heart condition presented too great a risk for any sort of surgery, including coronary bypass of two almost totally useless heart arteries."I once told Nixon," he said, "that the presidency is like being a jackass caught in a hailstorm. You've got to just stand there and take it. That's what I'm doing now." But he was also busy preparing his estate for his death. During the four years of his retirement he had managed nearly to double his considerable estate, which included stock in at least nine Texas banks, television interests in Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana, a real estate and photographic supply company in Austin, 3700 acres of land in Alabama, and extensive property holdings in Mexico, the Caribbean, and five Texas counties.The flagship of Johnson's business empire had been the Austin television station, KTBC, which Lady Bird had launched in 1952, nine years after she bought radio station KTBC. In September, 1972, LBJ engineered the station's sale to the Los Angeles Times-Mirror Corporation for nine million dollars, a premium price which impressed several of Texas' shrewdest horse traders. The sale provided Lady Bird with $4.7 million, and the two Johnson daughters with $1.3 million each. Working with his most trusted assistant, twenty-nine-year-old Tom Johnson, who had served as assistant White House press secretary (and is the newly appointed editor of the Dallas Times-Herald), LBJ negotiated with the National Park Service to take over his ranch home as a national museum after his death and when Lady Bird no longer desired to live there. Most poignant of all, he began a series of tough bargaining sessions with a Tulsa land company to sell the working portion of his beloved ranch. Surprisingly, these financial moves were made without the assistance of his lifelong business partner, Judge A. W. Moursund. "The judge and I have split the blanket," Johnson said. And that is all he would say.Apparently the two had argued about the purchase of a bank, but, whatever the reason, Johnson and Moursund, a Blanco County judge whom LBJ had known since boyhood and who during LBJ's' presidential years had a direct White House line plugged into his hill country ranch, remained totally estranged for the last year of Johnson's life. The split-up offered a rare peek inside Johnson's complicated business empire. Holdings and liabilities jointly filed included more than $700,000 in loans from federal land banks in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. Dividing property, Johnson received a 4000-acre ranch and 214 subdivision lots along Lake LBJ in Austin; while the judge received 3200 acres in Oklahoma and more than 2000 acres in a nearby Texas county. All of the loans were listed in the names of Moursund and his wife.Sick and depressed, Johnson had hoped to attend the 1972 Democratic National Convention in Miami Beach, if only to stand up and take a bow. He needed some warmth and applause, but from Larry O'Brien and others the message filtered back that he had better stay home. The McGovern nomination disgusted him. Nixon could be defeated if only the Democrats don't go too far left," he had insisted. But to Johnson, party loyalty ranked with mother love, so he was far from pleased to find such old colleagues as George Christian, Leonard Marks, and former Commerce Secretary C. R. Smith working for Nixon against other old friends such as Liz Carpenter and Joe Califano, who campaigned for McGovern. Of John Connally, with whom his relationship had long been complicated, and who he thought would run on the GOP ticket as Nixon's running mate, Johnson remarked philosophically: "John sees a good opportunity." But when another close Texas confidant stretched his endorsement of Nixon to include active support for Texas Republican Senator John Tower, Johnson angrily called the offender and exploded: "You're a fat old whore."Johnson's choice to beat Nixon was Edmund Muskie. In his view, Senator Muskie was "crucified by the press. They zeroed in on him because he was the front-runner and pounded him out, just like they did to Romney in 1964." His disappointment was mollified slightly by his own estimations of the Maine senator, which he had discussed with friends a few years before. "Muskie," he had said, "will never be President because he doesn't have the instinct to go for his opponent's jugular." Prior to the convention, Johnson held long telephone conversations with both Muskie and Chicago's Mayor Daley on the strategy to stop McGovern. He advised Muskie to stand firm and hold out to see whether there would be a second ballot. But he refused to act on Daley's plea that he, Johnson, take an initiative and speak out against McGovern. "Johnson knows that if he takes such a stand it will be counterproductive," a friend said at the time. "If he goes against McGovern, it will only boost McGovern's stock. Lyndon just doesn't carry any weight in the party anymore, and he knows it. It's a miserable fact for a man who only four years ago was President of the United States. But it is a fact."So Johnson suffered the election in silence, swallowing his nitroglycerin tablets to thwart continual chest pains, endorsing McGovern through a hill country weekly newspaper, meeting cordially with the candidate at the ranch. The newspapers showed a startling picture of Johnson, his hair almost shoulder-length. Former aide Bob Hardesty takes credit for this development. "We were working together one day," Hardesty recalls, "and he said, in passing, 'Robert, you need a haircut.' I told him, 'Mr. President, I'm letting my hair grow so no one will be able to mistake me for those SOB's in the White House.' He looked startled, so I explained, 'You know, that bunch around Nixon—Haldeman, Ehrlichman—they all have very short hair.' He nodded. The next time I saw him his hair was growing over his collar."During the final months of his life he was suffering terrible pain. One of his last public appearances, his dramatic speech at the Civil Rights Symposium at the LBJ Library, proved to be so exhausting that he spent the next two days in bed. He filmed a final interview with Cronkite, taking long rests between camera loadings. Against the urgings of his wife and friends, he attended the mass funeral of fourteen Austin youngsters killed in a bus crash. "Those people supported me when I needed them over the years," he insisted, "and I'm going to support them now."Lady Bird noticed that he was unusually quiet on that cold January morning, but nothing seemed wrong, so she decided to drive into Austin for shopping. At mid-afternoon, on January 22, the Secret Service placed an urgent call to her via the car-telephone, and Lady Bird, in a shaking voice, called aide Tom Johnson at the television station. "Tom," she said, "this time we didn't make it. Lyndon is dead."FOOTNOTE:One of the more secretive Presidents, Johnson nevertheless was unexpectedly willing to open up portions of his archives to scholars as quickly as possible. At the time of his death, he had arranged for the LBJ Library curator to meet at the White House with Nixon's then chief of staff, H. R. Haldeman, to discuss declassification of Johnson's foreign policy papers. The basis of the meeting was Nixon's new executive order providing more flexible guidelines on declassifying documents. LBJ hoped his papers would meet these new guidelines.Copyright (c) 2018 by The Atlantic Monthly Group. All Rights Reserved.
What exactly are Indian courts (Native American)?
It is very, very complex. There are hundreds of tribes with courts and each is a little different.The general rule is that States have no jurisdiction over the activities of Indians and tribes in Indian country. Basically the principal is the land and jurisdiction was before the existence of the states or territories, in many cases. What they have is the land remaining after the ceded the rest by forced treaty or land given ins compensation of what they ceded. The tribal courts cover some laws and then the federal courts cover the rest. The land is held in trust for the tribes by the federal government so they have the responsibility of administering justice. The tribal lands are NOT state lands. But, it depends a great deal on what state and what reservation you are on. Just as is true in the rest of the US, most law and courts are is different from place to place. General Rules Criminal Jurisdiction in Indian CountryGenerally, tribal courts have civil jurisdiction over Indians and non-Indians who either reside or do business on federal Indian reservations. They also have criminal jurisdiction over violations of tribal laws committed by tribal members residing or doing business on the reservation. It depends a lot on who the victim and perpetrator are (tribal or not) and on what tribal land it happened. The latest numbers of enrolled triabl members who might be under a courts jurisdiction is they were living on the reservation is 12 years out of date. In 2005 the total number of enrolled members of the (then) 561 federally recognized tribes was shown to be less than half the Census number, or 1,978,099. There are now 567 tribes and the population has grown, probably above 2.1 million. Most, however, do not live on Indian lands and thus would only be effected by this when they visit. About 60–70% don’t live on reservation lands.Tribal courts are responsible for appointing guardians, determining competency, awarding child support from Individual Indian Money (IIM) accounts, determining paternity, sanctioning adoptions, marriages, and divorces, making presumptions of death, and adjudicating claims involving trust assets. There are approximately 225 tribes that contract or compact with the BIA to perform the Secretary’s adjudicatory function and 23 Courts of Indian Offenses (also known as CFR courts) which exercise federal authority. The Indian Tribal Justice Act of 1993 (P.L. 103-176, 107 Stat. 2005) supports tribal courts in becoming, along with federal and state courts, well-established dispensers of justice in Indian Country.There are Also CFR courts (Code of Federal Regulations).After the reservations in Oklahoma were opened by land runs to non-Indian homesteading, and federal Indian policy sought to weaken tribal governments and break up tribal land holdings, the courts over time lost their funding and consequently ceased to function. With the void in the enforcement of tribal law, the state began to assert its authority over the remaining tribal and allotted Indian lands even though no jurisdiction properly existed. In recent decades, the Indian tribes have regained the jurisdiction over these lands and have re-established tribal court systems.The State of Oklahoma once contended that tribal governments had no authority to operate their own justice systems, arguing that the Indian nations had no land remaining under their jurisdictions. Much confusion arose because many thought that tribes only asserted jurisdiction over “reservation” lands. Many people in Oklahoma incorrectly assumed that reservations were terminated at statehood. Recent court decisions have made it clear that tribes assert jurisdiction over all lands that are “Indian country”, including reservations, dependent Indian communities, and Indian allotments. These Indian country lands from the basis of tribal jurisdiction today. Since few Indian tribes had operating judicial systems in place in the late 1970's. When tribal jurisdiction was re-affirmed, the Court of Indian Offenses for the Anadarko Area Tribes now the Southern Plains Region Tribes was created. Courts of Indian Offenses are established throughout the U.S. under the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), providing the commonly used name — the “CFR” Court”. Until such time as a particular Indian tribe establishes their own tribal court, the Court of Indian Offenses will act as a tribe’s judicial system. The only difference between CFR Courts and Tribal Courts is the form of laws they enforce.When the court was re-established in western Oklahoma in 1979, there were four CFR Courts covering eighteen Indian nations. A number of tribes have since established their own systems of justice. Accordingly, the CFR Courts for these tribes have been deactivated. In 1991, a separate CFR Court system was established for Eastern Oklahoma Region Tribes covering eastern Oklahoma, which is headquartered in Muskogee, Oklahoma.One big difference between Tribal courts and other types of state or local courts, is that, as in many places on other lands that are controlled or held in trust by the Federal government, some serious crimes are not dealt with by the local, tribal or state authorities but by the FBI and the Federal courts. This is analogous to what happens with crime is a Federal Park or BLM or Forest land, or on a military base. What crimes on Indian reservations are dealt with by the FBI.“The FBI is responsible for investigating the most serious crimes in Indian Country— such as murder, child sexual and physical abuse, violent assaults, drug trafficking, gaming violations, and public corruption matters. Nationwide, the FBI has investigative responsibilities for some 200 federally recognized Indian reservations. More than 100 agents in 19 of the Bureau’s 56 field offices work Indian Country matters full time.” Indian Country Crime There are 566 federally recognized American Indian Tribes in the United States, and the FBI has federal law enforcement responsibility on nearly 200 Indian reservations. This federal jurisdiction is shared concurrently with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Office of Justice Services (BIA-OJS).Here is a map of the Indian Country Federal judicial districts. Indian Country in Judicial DistrictsHere is the General Crimes Act (18 USC 1152): This federal statue (enacted in 1817 and set forth below) provides that the federal courts have jurisdiction over interracial crimes committed in Indian country as set forth below:Except as otherwise expressly provided by law, the general laws of the United States as to the punishment of offenses committed in any place within the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, except in the District of Columbia, shall extend to the Indian Country.This section shall not extend to offenses committed by one Indian against the person or property of another Indian, nor to any Indian committing any offense in the Indian Country who has been punished by the local law of the tribe, or to any case where, by treaty stipulations, the exclusive jurisdiction over such offenses is or may be secured to the Indian tribes respectively.The Major Crimes Act : The Major Crimes Act (enacted following the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1883 Ex Parte Crow Dog decision) provides for federal criminal jurisdiction over seven major crimes when committed by Indians in Indian country. Over time, the original seven offenses have been increased to sixteen offenses currently. So, these crimes are usually prosecuted in Federal District courts.In 1953, Public law 280 was passed. It grants certain states criminal jurisdiction over American Indians on reservations and to allow civil litigation that had come under tribal or federal court jurisdiction to be handled by state courts. However, the law did not grant states regulatory power over tribes or lands held in trust by the United States; federally guaranteed tribal hunting, trapping, and fishing rights; basic tribal governmental functions such as enrollment and domestic relations; nor the power to impose state taxes. These states also may not regulate matters such as environmental control, land use, gambling, and licenses on federal Indian reservations.This changed things in Some states. The states required to assume civil and criminal jurisdiction over federal Indian lands were Alaska (except the Metlakatla Indian Community on the Annette Island Reserve, which maintains criminal jurisdiction), California, Minnesota (except the Red Lake Reservation), Nebraska, Oregon (except the Warm Springs Reservation), and Wisconsin. In addition, the federal government gave up all special criminal jurisdiction in these states over Indian offenders and victims. The states that elected to assume full or partial jurisdiction were Arizona (1967), Florida (1961), Idaho (1963, subject to tribal consent), Iowa (1967), Montana (1963), Nevada (1955), North Dakota (1963, subject to tribal consent), South Dakota (1957-1961), Utah (1971), and Washington (1957-1963).Subsequent acts of Congress, court decisions, and state actions to retrocede jurisdiction back to the Federal Government have muted some of the effects of the 1953 law, and strengthened the tribes’ jurisdiction over civil and criminal matters on their reservations.Here is a summary of who has what jurisdiction: 689. Jurisdictional SummarySummary of which government entity has jurisdiction in various types of scenarios.Where jurisdiction has not been conferred on the stateOffender Victim JurisdictionNon-Indian Non-Indian State jurisdiction is exclusive of federal and tribal jurisdiction.Non-Indian Indian Federal jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 1152 is exclusive of state and tribal jurisdiction.Indian Non-Indian If listed in 18 U.S.C. § 1153, there is federal jurisdiction, exclusive of the state, but probably not of the tribe. If the listed offense is not otherwise defined and punished by federal law applicable in the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, state law is assimilated. If not listed in 18 U.S.C. § 1153, there is federal jurisdiction, exclusive of the state, but not of the tribe, under 18 U.S.C. § 1152. If the offense is not defined and punished by a statute applicable within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, state law is assimilated under 18 U.S.C. § 13.Indian Indian If the offense is listed in 18 U.S.C. § 1153, there is federal jurisdiction, exclusive of the state, but probably not of the tribe. If the listed offense is not otherwise defined and punished by federal law applicable in the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, state law is assimilated. See section 1153(b). If not listed in 18 U.S.C. § 1153, tribal jurisdiction is exclusive.Non-Indian Victimless State jurisdiction is exclusive, although federal jurisdiction may attach if an impact on individual Indian or tribal interest is clear.Indian Victimless There may be both federal and tribal jurisdiction. Under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, all state gaming laws, regulatory as well as criminal, are assimilated into federal law and exclusive jurisdiction is vested in the United States.Where jurisdiction has been conferred by Public Law 280, 18 U.S.C. § 1162Offender Victim JurisdictionNon-Indian Non-Indian State jurisdiction is exclusive of federal and tribal jurisdiction.Non-Indian Indian "Mandatory" state has jurisdiction exclusive of federal and tribal jurisdiction. "Option" state and federal government have jurisdiction. There is no tribal jurisdiction.Indian Non-Indian "Mandatory" state has jurisdiction exclusive of federal government but not necessarily of the tribe. "Option" state has concurrent jurisdiction with the federal courts.Indian Indian "Mandatory" state has jurisdiction exclusive of federal government but not necessarily of the tribe. "Option" state has concurrent jurisdiction with tribal courts for all offenses, and concurrent jurisdiction with the federal courts for those listed in 18 U.S.C. § 1153.Non-Indian Victimless State jurisdiction is exclusive, although federal jurisdiction may attach in an option state if impact on individual Indian or tribal interest is clear.Indian Victimless There may be concurrent state, tribal, and in an option state, federal jurisdiction. There is no state regulatory jurisdiction.Where jurisdiction has been conferred by another statute Offender Victim JurisdictionNon-Indian Non-Indian State jurisdiction is exclusive of federal and tribal jurisdiction.Non-Indian Indian Unless otherwise expressly provided, there is concurrent federal and state jurisdiction exclusive of tribal jurisdiction.Indian Non-Indian Unless otherwise expressly provided, state has concurrent jurisdiction with federal and tribal courts.Indian Indian State has concurrent jurisdiction with tribal courts for all offenses, and concurrent jurisdiction with the federal courts for those listed in 18 U.S.C. § 1153.Non-Indian Victimless State jurisdiction is exclusive, although federal jurisdiction may attach if impact on individual Indian or tribal interest is clear.Indian Victimless There may be concurrent state, federal and tribal jurisdiction. There is no state regulatory jurisdiction.Each tribe has it’s own tribal traditions; history on its own and with the Federal government; language, culture and philosophy; and resources. Most courts are directly based on American laws and traditions. But a few courts have been experimenting with a more tribal tradition based judicial philosophy.The Navajo Nation Peacemaker Courts are an example of this. They basically work the same as if two parties chose to submit to arbitration.People are not forced into these courts. They follow traditional idea of justice which are not revenge or compensation based as in Northern European traditions but which put a priority on balance and harmony and relationships (Hozho and K’e). The Navajo Nation Peacemaking Program. Here is a booklet on what they do. http://www.navajocourts.org/Peacemaking/Plan/PPPO2013-2-25.pdfHere is a statement of how is works and the goals. It is very different than the Anglo-American legal tradition. There are twelve people who work as Peacemakers in these courts. The Navajo Nation has 300,000 enrolled members and is the size of Belgium and Holland combined so they have 11 districts.Hózhóji Naat’aah (Diné Traditional Peacemaking)Traditional Diné Peacemaking begins in a place of chaos, hóóchx̨o’/anáhóót’i’, whether within an individual or between human beings. Perhaps due to historical trauma, Navajos shy away from face-to-face confrontations. However, such confrontations are vital in order to dispel hóóchx̨o’/anáhóót’i’. The Peacemaker has the courage and skills to provide the groundwork for the person or group to confront hóóchx̨o’/anáhóót’i’ and move toward mastering harmonious existence. Life value engagement with the peacemaker provides the sense of identity and pride from our cultural foundations. Hóóchx̨o’/anáhóót’i’ can block and overwhelm clanship, k’é, which is normally what binds human beings together in mutual respect. Through engagement, the Peacemaker educates, persuades, pleads and cajoles the individual or group toward a readiness to open up, listen, share, and make decisions as a single unit using k’é. When hóóchx̨o’/anáhóót’i’ is confronted, people may learn there is a choice to leave it. When harmony, hózh̨̨ó, is self-realized, sustaining it will have clarity and permanent hózh̨̨ó will be self-attainable, hózh̨ǫ́ójí k’ehgo nįná’íldee’ iłhááhodidzaa ná’oodzíí’.Through stories and teachings, the Peacemaker dispenses knowledge, naat'áánii, in order to guide the whole toward a cathartic understanding of hózh̨̨ó that opens the door to transformative healing. The flow of hózh̨̨ó is a movement inwards toward the core issue or underlying truth. Recognition of this truth and the ending of denial provide the opportunity for healing or mutual mending. Realization of the truth occurs when individual feelings are fundamentally satisfied. The resolution of damaged feelings is the core material of peacemaking sessions, hózh̨óji naat’aah. Depending on the skill of the Peacemaker, hózh̨̨ó may be short or may take several peacemaking sessions.The Dynamics of Navajo PeacemakingLiving Traditional Justicehttp://commission-on-legal-pluralism.com/volumes/44/nielsen-art.pdfIndigenous Justice Systems and Tribal SocietyHere is a list of the different tribal courts in the US. They are in 31 of the 50 states. Justice Systems of Indian NationsAlabamaPoarch Band of Creek IndiansPoarch Band of Creek Indians Tribal Court5811 Jacksprings, Atmore, AL 36502AlaskaAlaska Tribal Judges AssociationThere are 79 Alaskan Native tribal villiage courts. There are more in development. This booklet has maps of where they are and lists of what issues they deal with. There are some that are not in this directory —- 2012 Alaska Tribal Court DirectoryCentral Council Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes of AlaskaCentral Council Tlingit and Haida Judicial Branch320 W. Willoughby Ave., Ste. 300, Juneau, AK 99801Ninilchik Village TribeNinilchik Tribal CourtP.O. Box 39070, Ninilchik, AK 99639ArizonaAk-Chin Indian CommunityAk-Chin Indian Community Tribal Court47314 W. Farrell Road, Maricopa, AZ 85139Cocopah Indian TribeCocopah Tribal Court14515 S. Veteran’s Drive, Sommerton, AZ 85350Colorado River Indian TribesColorado River Indian Tribal CourtP.O. Box 3428, Parker, AZ 85344Fort McDowell Yavapai NationFort McDowell Tribal Court10755 North Fort McDowell Road, Ste. 1, Fort McDowell, AZ 85264Fort Mojave Indian TribeFort Mojave TribeS. Highway 95, Mojave Valley, AZ 86440Gila River Indian CommunityGila River Indian Community Judicial Branch721 W. Seed Farm Rd., P.O. Box 368, Sacaton, AZ 85147Havasupai TribeHavasupai Tribal CourtP.O. Box 94, Supai, AZ 86435Hopi TribeHopi Judicial BranchP.O. Box 156, Keams Canyon, AZ 86034Hualapai TribeHualapai Tribal Court960 Rodeo Way, P.O. Box 275, Peach Springs, AZ 86434Kaibab Band of Paiute IndiansKaibab-Paiute Tribe CourtHC65, Box 328, Fredonia, AZ 86022Navajo NationNavajo Nation Judicial BranchNavajo Nation – Chinle District CourtP.O. Box 547 Chinle, AZ 86503Navajo NationNavajo Nation Judicial BranchNavajo Nation – Dilkon District/Family CourtHC63, Box 787, Winslow, AZ 86047Navajo NationNavajo Nation Judicial BranchNavajo Nation – Kayenta District/Family CourtP.O. Box 2700, Kayenta, AZ 86033Navajo NationNavajo Nation Judicial BranchNavajo Nation Supreme CourtP.O. Box 520, Window Rock, AZ 86515Navajo NationNavajo Nation Judicial BranchNavajo Nation – Tuba City District/Family CourtP.O. Box 275, Tuba City, AZ 86045Navajo NationNavajo Nation Judicial BranchNavajo Nation – Window Rock District/Family CourtP.O. Box 5520, Window Rock, AZ 86515Pascua Yaqui TribePascua Yaqui Tribe of Arizona4781 W. Calle Torim, Tucson, AZ 85757Quechan Indian TribeQuechan Tribal CourtP.O. Box 1899, Yuma, AZ 85366Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian CommunitySalt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community Court10005 East Osborn Rd. Scottsdale, AZ 85256San Carlos Apache – Ndeh NationSan Carlos Apache Tribal CourtP.O. Box 6, San Carlos, AZ 85550Tohono O’odham NationTohono O’odham Nation Tribal CourtP.O. Box 761, Sells, AZ 85634Tonto Apache TribeTonto Apache Tribal CourtReservation 30, Payson, AZ 85541White Mountain Apache TribeWhite Mountain Apache Tribal CourtP.O. Box 598, Whiteriver, AZ 85941Yavapai-Apache NationYavapai-Apache Nation Tribal CourtP.O. Box 3500, Camp Verde, AZ 86322Yavapai Prescott Indian TribeYavapai-Prescott Tribal CourtCaliforniaBishop Paiute TribeBishop Paiute Tribal Court50 Tu Su Lane, Bishop, CA 93514Blue Lake Rancheria TribeBlue Lake Rancheria Tribal CourtP.O. Box 426, Blue Lake, CA 95525Chemehuevi Indian TribeChemehuevi Tribal CourtP.O. Box 1976, Havasu Lake, CA 92363Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad RancheriaCher-Ae Heights Indian Community Tribal CourtP.O. Box 630, Trinidad, CA 95570Hoopa Valley TribeHoopa Valley Tribal CourtP.O. Box 1389, Hoopa, CA 95546Hopland Band of Pomo IndiansHopland Band of Pomo Indians Tribal Court3000 Shanel Road, Hopland, CA 95449Intertribal Court of Northern California5250 Aero Drive, Santa Rosa, CA 95403Intertribal Court of Southern California49002 Golsh Road, Rincon Indian Reservation, Valley Center, CA 92082Jamul Indian VillageJamul Tribal Court - Intertribal Court of Southern CaliforniaP.O. Box 612 Jamul, CA 91935Karuk TribeKaruk Tribal Court1836 Apsum, P.O. Box 629, Yreka, CA 96097La Jolla Band of Luiseno IndiansLa Jolla Tribal Court - Intertribal Court of Southern California22000 Highway 76, Pauma Valley, CA 92061Los Coyotes Band of IndiansLos Coyotes Tribal Court - Intertribal Court of Southern CaliforniaP.O. Box 189 Warner Springs, CA 92086Manzanita Band of the Kumeyaay NationManzanita Tribal Court - Intertribal Court of Southern CaliforniaP.O. Box 1302 Boulevard, CA 91905Mesa Grande Band of Diegueno Mission Indians Mesa Grande Tribal Court - Intertribal Court of Southern CaliforniaP.O. Box 270 Santa Ysabel CA 92070Morongo Band of Mission IndiansMorongo Tribal Court, 11581 Potrero Road, Banning, CA 92220Northern California Tribal Courts Coalition1517 S. Oregon St., Ste. B, Yreka, CA 96097Pala Band of Luiseno Mission IndiansPala Band of Luiseno Mission Indians Tribal Court35008 Pala Temecula PMB 348, Pala, CA 92059Pauma Band of Luiseno IndiansPauma Tribal Court - Intertribal Court of Southern CaliforniaP.O. Box 369, Pauma Valley CA 92061Redding RancheriaRedding Rancheria Tribal Court2000 Redding Rancheria Road, Redding, CA 96001Rincon Nation of Luiseno IndiansRincon Tribal Court - Intertribal Court of Southern California1 West Tribal Road, Valley Center, CA 92082San Manuel Band of Mission IndiansSan Manuel Band of Mission Indians Tribal Court3214 Victoria Ave. Highland, CA 92346San Pasqual Band of IndiansSan Pasqual Tribal Court - Intertribal Court of Southern CaliforniaP.O. Box 365 Valley Center, CA 92082Shingle Springs Band of Miwok IndiansShingle Springs Tribal CourtP.O. Box 531, Single Springs, CA 95682Smith River RancheriaSmith River Rancheria Tribal CourtP.O. Box 992, Smith River, CA 95567Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay NationSycuan Tribal Court, 5523 Sycuan Road, El Cajo, CA 92019Yurok TribeYurok Tribal CourtP.O. Box 1027, Klamath, CA 95548Viejas Band of Kumeyaay IndiansViejas Tribal Court - Intertribal Court of Southern California1 Viejas Grade Rd. Alpine, CA 91901ColoradoSouthern Ute Indian TribeSouthern Ute Indian Tribal CourtP.O. Box 737, #18, Ignacio, CO 81137Ute Mountain Ute TribeUte Mountain Ute Tribe – Court of Indian OffensesBureau of Indian Affairs Ute Mountain Ute AgencyP.O. Box KK, Towaoc, CO 91334ConnecticutMashantucket (Western) Pequot Tribal NationMashantucket Pequot Tribal CourtP.O. Box 3126, Mashantucket, CT 06338Mohegan TribeMohegan Tribal CourtP.O. Box 549, Uncasville, CT 06382FloridaMiccosukee Tribe of Indians of FloridaMiccosukee Tribal Court, P.O. Box 440021, Miami, FL 33144IdahoCoeur d’Alene TribeCoeur d’Alene Tribal Court29 Route 22, Plummer, ID 83851Kootenai Tribe of IdahoKootenai Tribe of Idaho Tribal Court, P.O. Box 1269, Bonners Ferry, ID 83805Nez Perce TribeNez Perce Tribal Court P.O. Box 305, Lapwai, ID 83540Shoshone-Bannock TribesShoshone-Bannock Tribal Court, P.O. Box 306, Fort Hall, ID 83203IowaSac & Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa/MeskwakiSac & Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa Tribal Court307 Meskwaki Rd., Tama, IA 52339KansasIowa Tribe of Kansas and NebraskaIowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska Tribal Court3313 Thrasher Road, White Cloud, KS 660947Kickapoo Tribe in KansasKickapoo District Court822 K-20 Highway, Ste. E, Horton, KS 66439Prairie Band of Potawatomi NationPrairie Band Potawatomi Nation Judicial Council11444 158 Road, Mayetta, KS 66509Sac & Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and NebraskaSac & Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska305 North Main St, Reserve, KS 66434LouisianaSovereign Nation of the ChitimachaChitimacha Tribal CourtP.O. Box 610, Charenton, LA 70523Coushatta Tribe of LouisianaCoushatta Tribal CourtP.O. Box 819, Elton, LA 70532Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of LouisianaTunica-Biloxi Tribal CourtP.O. Box 1589, Marksville, LA 71351MaineHoulton Band of Maliseet IndiansHoulton Band of Maliseet Indians88 Bell Road, Littleton, ME 04730Passamaquoddy TribePassamaquoddy Tribal CourtP.O. Box 343, Perry, ME 04667Penobscot Indian NationPenobscot Indian Nation Tribal Court12 Wabanaki Way, Indian Island, ME 04468MassachusettsMashpee Wampanoag TribeMashpee Wampanoag Tribal Court483 Great Neck Road, South, Mashpee, MA 02649Wampanoag Tribe of Gay HeadWampanoag Tribal Court20 Black Brook Road, Aquinnah, MA 02535-1546MichiganBay Mills Indian CommunityBay Mills Indian Community Tribal Court12140 W. Lakeshore Drive, Brimley, MI 49715Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa IndiansGrand Traverse Band Tribal Judiciary2605 N.W. Bayshore Drive, Peshabestown, MI 49682Hannahville Indian CommunityHannahville Community CourtN14911 Hannahville B-1 Road, Wilson, MI 49896Keweenaw Bay Indian CommunityKeweenaw Bay Indian Community Tribal Court16429 Bear Town Road, Baraga, MI 49908Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa IndiansLac Vieux Tribal CourtP.O. Box 249, Watersmeet, MI 49969Little River Band of Ottawa IndiansLittle River Band of Ottawa Indians Tribal Court3031 Domres Road, Manistee, MI 49660Little Traverse Bay Band of Odawa IndiansLittle Traverse Bay Band of Odawa Indians Tribal Court7500 Odawa Circle, Harbor Springs, MI 49740Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish band of Pottawatomi Gun Lake TribeMatch-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band of Pottawatomi Tribal Court1743 142nd Ave., Ste. 8, Dorr, MI 49323Nottawaseppi Huron Band of PotawatomiNottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi Tribal Court2221 1-1/2 Mile Road, Fulton, MI 49052Pokagon Band of Potawatomi IndiansPokagon Tribal CourtP.O. Box 355, Dowagiac, MI 49047Saginaw Chippewa Indian TribeSaginaw Chippewa Tribal Court6954 East BroadwayMount Pleasant, MI 48858Sault Tribe of Chippewa IndiansSault Ste. Marie Tribal CourtP.O. Box 932Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783MinnesotaBois Forte Band of ChippewaBois Forte Band of Chippewa Tribal CourtP.O. Box 25Nett Lake, MN 55772Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior ChippewaFond du Lac Band of Chippewa Tribal Court1720 Big Lake Road-Cloquet, MN 55270Grand Portage Band of Chippewa IndiansGrand Portage Band of Chippewa Tribal CourtP.O. Box 428-Grand Portage, MN 55605Leech Lake Band of OjibweLeech Lake Tribal Court115 6th Street, N.W., Ste. E, Cass Lake, MN 56633Lower Sioux Indian CommunityLower Sioux Indian Community Tribal CourtP.O. Box 308, Morton, MN 56270Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe TribeMille Lacs Band of Ojibwe Tribal Court43408 Oodena Drive-Onamia, MN 56359Prairie Island Indian CommunityPrairie Island Indian Community Tribal Court5636 Sturgeon Lake Road, Welch, MN 55089Red Lake Band of Chippewa IndiansRed Lake Band of Chippewa Indians Tribal CourtP.O. Box 572, Red Lake, MN 56671Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux CommunityShakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Tribal Court335 Atrium Office Building, 12985 Bandana Blvd.St. Paul, MN 55108Upper Sioux CommunityUpper Sioux Community Tribal CourtP.O. Box 155-Granite Falls, MN 56241White Earth NationWhite Earth Nation Tribal CourtP.O. Box 289, White Earth, MN 56591MississippiMississippi Band of Choctaw IndiansMississippi Band of Choctaw Indians Tribal CourtP.O. Box 6010, Philadelphia, MS 39350MontanaBlackfeet NationBlackfeet Tribal CourtP.O. Box 1170, Browning, MT 59417Chippewa Cree Tribe of Rocky Boy MontanaChippewa Cree Tribal Court31 Agency Square, Box Elder, MT 59521Confederated Salish and Kootenai TribesConfederated Salish and Kootenai Tribal CourtP.O. Box 278, Pablo, MT 59855Crow TribeCrow Tribal CourtP.O. Box 489, Crow Agency, MT 59022Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux TribesFort Peck Tribal Court807 Court Ave., P.O. Box 1027, Popular, MT 59255Fort Belknap Indian CommunityFort Belknap Tribal Court253 Court Housing Loop, Harlem, MT 59526Northern Cheyenne TribeNorthern Cheyenne Judicial BranchP.O. Box 1199, Lame Deer, MT 59043NebraskaOmaha Tribe of NebraskaOmaha Tribal CourtP.O. Box 508 Macy, NE 68039Ponca Tribe of NebraskaPonca Tribe of Nebraska Tribal Court1800 Syracuse Ave. Norfolk, NE 68701Santee Sioux Tribe of NebraskaSantee Sioux Tribal CourtRR 2, Box 5172, Niobrara, NE 68760Winnebago Tribe of NebraskaWinnebago Tribal CourtP.O. Box 626, Winnebago, NE 68071New MexicoJicarilla Apache NationJicarilla Apache Nation Tribal CourtP.O. Box 128, Dulce, NM 87528Kewa Pueblo (formally the Pueblo of Santa Domingo)Kewa Pueblo Tribal CourtP.O. Box 279, Santo Domingo, NM 87052Mescalero Apache TribeMescalero Apache Tribal CourtP.O. Box 227, Mescalero, NM 88340Navajo NationNavajo Nation Judicial BranchNavajo Nation Alamo District/Family CourtP.O. Box 163, Magalena, NM 87825Navajo NationNavajo Nation Judicial BranchNavajo Nation – Crownpoint District/Family CourtP.O. Box 6, Crownpoint, NM 87313Navajo NationNavajo Nation Judicial BranchNavajo Nation – Ramah District/Family CourtP.O. Box 309, Ramah, NM 87321Navajo NationNavajo Nation Judicial BranchNavajo Nation – Shiprock District/Family CourtP.O. Box 1168, Shiprock, NM 87420Navajo NationNavajo Nation Judicial BranchNavajo Nation – Tó’hajiilee District/Family CourtP.O. Box 3101-A, Canoncito, NM 87026Ohkay Owingeh PuebloOhkay Owingeh Tribal CourtP.O. Box 1128, San Juan Pueblo, NM 87566Pueblo of AcomaPueblo of Acoma Tribal CourtP.O. Box 347, Acoma, NM 87034Pueblo de CochitiPueblo of Cochiti Tribal CourtP.O. Box 70, Cochiti Pueblo, NM 87072Isleta PuebloPueblo of Isleta Tribal CourtP.O. Box 729, Isleta, NM 87022Pueblo of JemezPueblo of Jemez Tribal CourtP.O. Box 100, Jemez Pueblo, NM 87024Pueblo of LagunaPueblo of Laguna Tribal CourtP.O. Box 194, Laguna, NM 87026Pueblo of NambePueblo of Nambe Tribal CourtRoute 1, Box 117-BB, Nambe Pueblo, NM 8750+Pueblo of PicurisPueblo of Picuris Tribal CourtP.O. Box 127, Penasco, NM 87553Pueblo of PojoaquePueblo of Pojoaque Tribal Court58 Cities of Gold Road, Santa Fe, NM 87506Pueblo of San FelipePueblo of San Felipe Tribal CourtP.O. Box 4339, San Felipe, NM 87001Pueblo of San IldefonsoPueblo of San Ildefonso Tribal CourtRoute 5, Box 315-A, Santa Fe, NM 87506Pueblo of SandiaPueblo of Sandia Tribal Court481 Sandia Loop Road, Bernalillo, NM 87004Pueblo of Santa Ana Tamaya Indian ReservationPueblo of Santa Ana Tribal CourtTamaya Pueblo2 Dove Rd.Pueblo of Santa Ana, NM 87004Pueblo of Santa ClaraPueblo of Santa Clara Tribal CourtP.O. Box 580, Espanola, NM 87532Pueblo of TaosPueblo of Taos Tribal CourtP.O. Box 1846, Taos, NM 87571Pueblo of TesuquePueblo of Tesuque Tribal CourtRoute 42, Box 360-T, Santa Fe, NM 87506Pueblo of ZiaPueblo of Zia Tribal Court135 Capital Square Drive, Zia Pueblo, Nm 87053Pueblo of ZuniPueblo of Zuni Tribal CourtP.O. Box 339, Zuni, NM 87327New YorkOneida Indian NationOneida Nation Court1256 Union Street, Oneida, NY 13421Saint Regis Mohawk TribeSaint Regis Mohawk Tribal Court412 State Route 37, Akwesasne, NY 13655Seneca Nation of New YorkSeneca Nation of New York – Allegany Reservation Court of AppealsSeneca Nation of New York – Allegany Reservation Peacemaker’s CourtSeneca Nation of New York – Allegany Reservation Surrogate CourtP.O. Box 231, Salamanca, NY 14779Seneca Nation of New YorkSeneca Nation of New York – Cattaraugus Reservation Court of AppealsSeneca Nation of New York – Cattaraugus Reservation Peacemaker’s CourtSeneca Nation of New York – Cattaraugus Reservation Surrogate Court2 Thomas Indian School Drive, 1508 Route 438, Irving, NY 14081NevadaDuckwater Shoshone TribeDuckwater Shoshone Tribal CourtP.O. Box 140005, Duckwater, NV 89314Ely Shoshone TribeEly Shoshone Judicial Center16 Shoshone Circle, Ely, NV 89301Fallon Paiute Shoshone TribeFallon Paiute-Shoshone Tribal Court987 Rio Vista Drive, Fallon, NV 89406Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone TribesFort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribal CourtP.O. Box 391, McDermitt, NV 89421Inter-Tribal Court of Appeals of NevadaP.O. Box 7440, Reno, NV 89510680 Greenbrae Dr., Ste. 265Sparks, NV 89431Moapa Band of PaiutesMoapa Paiute Tribal CourtP.O. Box 187, Moapa, NV 89025Pyramid Lake Paiute TribePyramid Lake Paiute Tribe Judicial Services221 State Route 447, Nixon, NV 89424Reno-Sparks Indian ColonyReno-Sparks Indian Colony Tribal Court1900 Prosperity Street, Reno, NV 89502Shoshone Paiute Tribes of the Duck Valley Indian ReservationShoshone-Paiute Tribes of the Duck Valley Tribal CourtP.O. Box 219, Owyhee, NV 89832Te-Moak Tribe of Western Shoshone Indians of NevadaTe-Moak Bands Tribal Court1523 Shoshone Circle, Elko, NV 89801Walker River Paiute – Agai-Dicutta NumuWalker River Paiute Tribe Civil CourtP.O. Box 220, Shurz, NV 89427Washoe Tribe of Nevada & CaliforniaWashoe Tribal Court919 U.S. Highway 395 South, Gardnerville, NV 89410Yerington Paiute TribeYerington Paiute Tribal Court171 Campbell Lane, Yerington, NV 89447Yomba Shoshone TribeYomba Shoshone Tribal CourtHC-61 Box 6275, Austin, NV 89310North CarolinaEastern Band of CherokeeEastern Band of Cherokee Tribal CourtP.O. Box 1629, Cherokee, NC 28719North DakotaSisseton Wahpeton Oyate of the Lake Traverse ReservationSisseton-Wahpeton Oyate Tribal CourtP.O. Box 568, Agency Village, ND 57262Spirit Lake TribeSpirit Lake Tribal CourtP.O. Box 30, Fort Trotten, ND 58335Standing Rock Sioux TribeStanding Rock Sioux Tribal CourtP.O. Box D, Fort Yates, ND 58538Three Affiliated Tribes: Mandan, Hidatsa & Arikara NationThree Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Tribal CourtP.O. Box 969, New Town, ND 58763Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa IndiansTurtle Mountain Chippewa Tribal CourtP.O. Box 900, Belcourt, ND 58316OklahomaAbsentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of OklahomaAbsentee-Shawnee Tribal Court2025 S. Gordon Copper Drive, Shawnee, OK 74802Alabama-Quassarte Tribal TownAlabama-Quassarte Tribal Court323 West Broadway, Ste. 300 Muskogee, OK 74401Apache Tribe of OklahomaApache Tribal Court - CFR CourtBureau of Indian Affairs Anadarko OfficeP.O. Box 1220, Anadarko, OK 73305-1220Caddo Nation of OklahomaCaddo Nation Tribal CourtCaddo Nation - Anadarko CFR CourtBureau of Indian Affairs Anadarko OfficeP.O. Box 368, Anadarko, OK 73005Cherokee NationCherokee Nation Judicial Branch101 S. Muskogee Ave., P.O> Box 1097, Tahlequah, OK 74465Cheyenne and Arapaho TribesCheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Judicial BranchP.O. Box 102 Concho, OK 73022Chickasaw NationChickasaw Nation Judicial Branch821 N. Mississippi, Ada, OK 74820Choctaw Nation of OklahomaChoctaw Nation of Oklahoma Tribal CourtP.O. Box 702, Talihina, OK 74571Citizen Potawatomi NationCitizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Court1601 S. Gordon Cooper Dr. Shawnee, OK 74801Comanche Nation of OklahomaComanche Nation Tribal CourtP.O. Box 908, Lawton, OK 73502Delaware Tribe of IndiansDelaware Tribal Court170 NE Barbara, Bartlesville, OK 74006Eastern Shawnee Tribe of OklahomaEastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma Court of Indian OffensesBureau of Indian Affairs Miami OfficeP.O. Box 391, Miami, OK 74355Iowa Tribe of OklahomaIowa Tribe of Oklahoma Tribal CourtRt. 1, Box 721, Perkins, OK 74059Kaw NationKaw Nation Judicial BranchP.O. Box 50, Kaw City, OK 74641Kickapoo Tribe of OklahomaKickapoo Tribe of OklahomaP.O. Box 1310, McLoud, OK 74851Sovereign Miami Tribe of OklahomaMiami Tribe of Oklahoma Tribal CourtP.O. Box 1326-Miami, OK 74355Modoc Tribe of OklahomaModoc Tribal Court of Indian OffensesBureau of Indian Affairs Miami OfficeP.O. Box 391, Miami, OK 74355Muscogee (Creek) NationMuscogee Creek District CourtP.O. Box 652, Okmulgee, OK 74447Muscogee (Creek) NationMuscogee Creek Supreme CourtP.O. Box 546, Okmulgee, OK 74447Osage NationOsage Nation Judicial Branch1333 Grandview, Pawhuska, OK 74056Otoe Missouria TribeOtoe-Missouria Tribal Court (CFR)22915 Otoe Cemetery Rd.Red Rock, OK 74651Ottawa Tribe of OklahomaOttawa Tribe of Oklahoma (Miami Agency CFR Court)Bureau of Indian Affairs Miami OfficeP.O. Box 391, Miami, OK 74355Pawnee Nation of OklahomaPawnee Tribal CourtP.O. Box 28 Pawnee, OK 74058Peoria Tribe of Indians of OklahomaPeoria Tribal Court (Miami Agency CFR Court)Bureau of Indian Affairs Miami OfficeP.O. Box 1527 Miami, OK 74355Ponca Tribe of OklahomaPonca Tribe of Oklahoma Tribal Court20 White Eagle Drive Ponca City, OK 74101Quapaw Tribe of OklahomaQuapaw Tribal CourtP.O. Box 765, Quapaw, OK 74363Sac & Fox Nation of OklahomaSac & Fox Nation of Oklahoma Judicial System920883 S. Hwy 99 Bldg. A, Stroud, OK 74079Seminole Nation of OklahomaSeminole Nation Tribal CourtP.O. Box 2307, Seminole, OK 74818Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of OklahomaSeneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma (Miama Agency CFR Court)Bureau of Indian Affairs Miami OfficeP.O. Box 391, Miami, OK 74355Shawnee TribeShawnee Tribal Court (Miami Agency CFR Court)Bureau of Indian Affairs Miami OfficeP.O. Box 391 Miami, OK 74355Tonkawa TribeTonkawa Tribal Court1 Rush Buffalo Road Tonkawa, OK 74653United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in OklahomaUnited Keetoowah Band Tribal Court18263 W. Keetoowah Circle, Tahlequah, OK 74464Wyandotte NationWyandotte Nation Tribal Court (Miami Agency CFR Court)Bureau of Indian Affairs Miami OfficeP.O. Box 391, Miami, OK 74355OregonBurns Paiute TribeBurns Paiute Tribal Court100 Pasigo Street, Burns, OR 97720Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw IndiansConfederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umqua, Siuslaw Indians Tribal Court1245 Fulton Avenue, Coos Bay, OR 97420Confederated Tribes of Grand RondeConfederated Tribes of Grand Ronde Tribal Court9615 Grand Ronde Rd. Grand Ronde, OR 97347Confederated Tribes of Siletz IndiansConfederated Tribes of Siletz Tribal CourtP.O. Box 549, Siletz, OR 97380Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian ReservationConfederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation Tribal Court46411 Timine Way, Pendleton, OR 97801Coquille Indian TribeCoquille Indian Tribal Court3050 Tremont St. North Bend, OR 97459Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of IndiansCow Creek Tribal Court2371 NE Stephens St. Roseburg, OR 97470Klamath TribesKlamath Tribes JudiciaryP.O. Box 1260 Chiloquin, OR 97624The Confederated Tribes of Warm SpringsWarm Springs Tribal CourtP.O. Box 850, Warm Springs, OR 97761South DakotaCheyenne River Sioux TribeCheyenne River Sioux Tribal CourtP.O. Box 120, Eagle Butte, SD 57625Crow Creek Sioux TribeCrow Creek Sioux Tribal CourtP.O. Box 247, Ft. Thompson, SD 57339Flandreau Santee Sioux TribeFlandreau Santee Sioux Tribal Court104 W. Ross Ave, Flandreau, SD 57028Lower Brule Sioux Tribe – Kul Wicasa OyateLower Brule Sioux Tribal CourtP.O. Box 122, Lower Brule, SD 57548Oglala Sioux TribeOglala Sioux JudiciaryP.O. box 280, Pine Ridge, SD 57770Rosebud Sioux Tribe of the Sicangu OyateRosebud Sioux Tribal CourtSicangu Oyate Bar Association provides an Appellate Digest of cases decided by the Rosebud Sioux Tribal Court of Appeals.P.O. Box 129, Rosebud, SD 57570Yankton Sioux TribeYankton Sioux Tribal CourtP.O. Box 980, Wagner, SD 57380TexasAlabama-Coushatta Tribe of TexasAlabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas Tribal Court571 State Park Road, 56, Livingston, TX 77351Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of TexasKickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas Tribal CourtHC1 Box 1099, Eagle Pass, TX 78852Ysleta del Sur PuebloYsleta Del Sur Pueblo Tribal Court, El Paso, TX 79907UtahConfederated Tribes of the Goshute ReservationConfederated Tribes of the Goshute Reservation Tribal CourtP.O. Box 6104, Ibapah, UT 84034Navajo NationNavajo Nation Judicial BranchNavajo Nation – Aneth District/Family CourtP.O. Box 320, Montezuma Creek, UT 84534Ute Indian Tribe Uintah & Ouray ReservationUte Tribal CourtP.O. Box 190, Fort Duchesne, UT 84026WashingtonChehalis TribeChehalis Tribal CourtP.O. Box 536, Oakville, WA 98568Confederated Tribes of the Colville ReservationConfederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation Tribal CourtP.O. Box 150, Nespelem, WA 99155-0150Hoh TribeHoh Tribal CourtP.O. Box 2156, Forks, WA 98331Jamestown S’Klallam TribeJamestown S’Klallam Tribal Court1033 Old Blyn Highway, Sequim, WA 89382Kalispel Tribe of IndiansKalispel Tribal CourtP.O. Box 96, Usk, WA 99180Lower Elwha Klallam TribeLower Elwha Klallam Tribal Court4821 Dry Creek Road, Port Angeles, WA 98363Lummi NationLummi Tribal Court2616 Kwina Road, Bldg. K, Bellingham, WA 98226Makah NationMakah Tribal CourtP.O. Box 117, Neah Bay, WA 98357Muckleshoot Indian TribeMuckleshoot Tribal Court39015 172nd Ave. SE, Auburn, WA 98092Nisqually Indian TribeNisqually Tribal Court4820 She-Nah-Num Dr. SE, Olympia, WA 98513Nooksack Indian TribeNooksack Tribal CourtP.O. Box 157, Deming, WA 98244Port Gamble S’Klallam TribePort Gamble S’Klallam Court Services31912 Little Boston Road NE, Kingston, WA 98346Puyallup Tribe of IndiansPuyallup Tribal Court1638 E. 29th St. Tacoma, WA 98404Quileute NationQuileute Tribal CourtP.O. Box 69, La Push, WA 98350Quinault Indian NationQuinault Tribal CourtPO Box 99, Taholah, WA 98587Samish Indian NationSamish Indian Tribal CourtP.O. Box 217, Anacortes, WA 98221Sauk-Suiattle Indian TribeSauk-Suiattle Tribal Court5318 Chief Brown Lane, Darrington, WA 98241Shoalwater Bay TribeShoalwater Bay Tribal CourtP.O. Box 130, Tokeland, WA 98590Skokomish Tribal NationSkokomish Tribal Court, North 80 Tribal Center Rd. Shelton, WA 98584Snoqualmie TribeSnoqualmie Tribal Court8150 Railroad Avenue S.E., Ste. B, Snoqualmie, WA 98065Spokane Tribe of IndiansSpokane Tribal CourtP.O. Box 225, Wellpinit, WA 99040Squaxin Island TribeSquaxin Island Tribal Court10 SE Squaxin Lane, Shelton, WA 98584Stillaguamish Tribe of IndiansStillaguamish Tribal CourtP.O. Box 3067, Arlington, WA 98223Suquamish TribeSuquamish Tribal Court18490 Sandy hook Road, #105, Suquamish, WA 98392Swinomish Indian Tribal CommunitySwinomish Tribal Court17337 Reservation Rd. La Conner, WA 98257Tulalip TribesTulalip Tribes Tribal CourtTulalip Tribal Code6103 31st Ave. NE, Tulalip, WA 98271Upper Skagit Indian TribeUpper Skagit Tribal Court25944 Community Plaza Way, Sedro Woolley, WA 98284Confederated Tribes and Bands of Yakama NationYakama Nation Tribal CourtP.O. Box 151, Toppenish, WA 98948-0151WisconsinBad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa TribeBad River Reservation Tribal CourtP.O. Box 39, Odanah, WI 54861Forest County PotawatomiForest County Potawatomi Tribal Court5416 Everybody’s Road, P.O. Box 340, Crandon, WI 54520Ho-Chunk NationHo-Chunk Nation JudiciaryP.O. Box 70, Black River Falls, WI 54615Lac Courte Oreilles Band of OjibweLac Courte Oreilles Tribal Court13394 W. Trepania Road, Hayward, WI 54843Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa IndiansLac du Flambeau Band Tribal CourtP.O. Box 217, Lac du Flambeau, WI 54538Menominee Indian Tribe of WisconsinMenominee Indian Tribal CourtP.O. Box 429, Keshena, WI 54135Oneida Nation of WisconsinOneida Nation of Wisconsin Judiciary2630 West Mason Street, Green Bay, WI 54303Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior ChippewaRed Cliff Tribal Court88358 Pike Road, Highway 13, Bayfield, WI 54814Sokaogon Chippewa (Mole Lake) CommunitySokaogon Chippewa Tribal Court3051 Sandlake Road, Crandon, WI 54520St. Croix Chippewa Indians of WisconsinSt. Croix Chippewa Tribal Court24663 Angeline Avenue, Webster, WI 54893Stockbridge-Munsee Community band of Mohican IndiansStockbridge-Munsee Tribal CourtP.O. Box 70, Bowler, WI 54416WyomingShoshone Indians and Northern Arapaho TribeShoshone & Arapaho Tribal CourtP.O. Box 608, Fort Washakie, WY 82514
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