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Open main menuSearchCastle doctrineSpecial:MobileLanguages/Castle doctrinehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileLanguages/Castle_doctrineDownload PDFSpecial:UserLoginhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Castle+doctrineCastle doctrineYou do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis . The block was made by Tks4Fish (meta.wikimedia.org). The reason given is Open Proxy/Webhost : Contact stewards if you are affected. . Start of block: 04:09, 17 February 2021 Expiry of block: 04:09, 17 February 2024 Your current IP address is 34.230.19.10 and the blocked range is 34.230.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. 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Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system . There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider. Administrators: The IP block exemption userhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castle_doctrine&action=edit&section=0This article is about the type of legal doctrine. For the video game, see The Castle Doctrine."Castle law" redirects here. For the hill in Scotland, see CasA castle doctrine, also known as a castle law or a defense of habitation law, is a legal doctrine that designates a person's abode or any legally occupied place (for example, a vehicle or home) as a place in which that person has protections and immunities permitting one, in certain circumstances, to use force (up to and including deadly force) to defend oneself against an intruder, free from legal prosecution for the consequences of the force used.[1] The term is most commonly used in the United States, though many other countries (see below) invoke comparable principles in their laws.Depending on the location, a person may have a duty to retreat to avoid violence if one can reasonably do so. Castle doctrines lessen the duty to retreat when an individual is assaulted within one's own home. Deadly force may either be justified, the burdens of production and proof for charges impeded, or an affirmative defense against criminal homicide applicable, in cases "when the actor reasonably fears imminent peril of death or serious bodily harm to him or herself or another".[1] The castle doctrine is not a defined law that can be invoked, but a set of principles which may be incorporated in some form in many jurisdictions. Castle doctrines may not provide civil immunity, such as from wrongful death suits, which have a much lower burden of proof.Justifiable homicide[2] in self-defense which happens to occur inside one's home is distinct, as a matter of law, from castle doctrine because the mere occurrence of trespassing—and occasionally a subjective requirement of fear—is sufficient to invoke the castle doctrine, the burden of proof of fact is much less challenging than that of justifying a homicide in self-defense. With justifiable homicide in self-defense, one generally must objectively prove to a trier of fact, against all reasonable doubt, the intent in the intruder's mind to commit violence or a felony. It would be a misconception of law to infer that because a state has a justifiable homicide in self-defense provision pertaining to one's domicile, it has a castle doctrine protecting the estate and exonerating any duty whatsoever to retreat therefrom. The doctrine can be misused as a pretext for extrajudicial punishment in private spaces. The use of this legal principle in the United States has been controversial in relation to a number of cases in which it has been invoked, including the deaths of Japanese exchange student Yoshihiro Hattori and Scottish businessman Andrew de Vries.HistoryConditions of useEditLearn moreThis section needs additional citations for verification.Each jurisdiction incorporates the castle doctrine into its laws in different ways. The circumstance in which it may be invoked include the premises covered (abode only, or other places too), the degree of retreat or non-deadly resistance required before deadly force can be used, etc. Typical conditions that apply to some castle doctrine laws include:[citation needed]An intruder must be making (or have made) an attempt to unlawfully or forcibly enter an occupied residence, business, or vehicle.The intruder must be acting unlawfully (the castle doctrine does not allow a right to use force against officers of the law, acting in the course of their legal duties).The occupant(s) of the home must reasonably believe the intruder intends to inflict serious bodily harm or death upon an occupant of the home. Some states apply the Castle Doctrine if the occupant(s) of the home reasonably believe the intruder intends to commit a lesser felony such as arson or burglary.The occupant(s) of the home must not have provoked or instigated an intrusion; or, provoked/instigated an intruder's threat or use of deadly force. In all cases, the occupant(s) of the home: must be there legally; must not be fugitives from the law themselves, or aiding/abetting other fugitives; and must not use force upon an officer of the law performing a legal duty.[20]In Colorado, the make-my-day statute provides the occupant with immunity from prosecution only for force used against a person who has made an unlawful entry into the dwelling, but not against a person who remains unlawfully in the dwelling.[21][22]Immunity from civil lawsuitEditIn addition to providing a valid defense in criminal law, many laws implementing the castle doctrine, particularly those with a "stand-your-ground clause," also have a clause which provides immunity from any civil lawsuits filed on behalf of the assailant (for damages/injuries resulting from the force used to stop them). Without this clause, an assailant could sue for medical bills, property damage, disability, and pain & suffering as a result of the injuries inflicted by the defender; or, if the force results in the assailant's death, his/her next-of-kin or estate could launch a wrongful death suit. Even if successfully rebutted, the defendant (the homeowner/defender) would still have to pay high legal costs leading up to the suit's dismissal. Without criminal/civil immunity, such civil action could be used as revenge against a lawfully acting defender (who was, originally, the assailant's victim).Use of force in self-defense which causes damage or injuries to other, non-criminally-acting parties, may not be shielded from criminal or civil prosecution, however.Duty to retreatEditIn US jurisdictions where the castle doctrine applies, there is no duty to retreat before deadly force is used against an intruder by a person in their home or, in some jurisdictions, just simply where the person can legally be.[23]Stand-your-groundEditMain article: Stand-your-ground lawMost states in the United States have stand-your-ground laws where individuals can use deadly force in any location one is legally allowed to be without first attempting to retreat.Culpability of intruderEditIn Colorado, the make-my-day statute "was not intended to justify use of physical force against persons who enter a dwelling accidentally or in good faith."[22] In other words, "the unlawful entry element requires a culpable mental state of 'knowingly' on the part of the intruder."[24]State-by-state positions in the United StatesEditDuty to retreat by US jurisdictionStand-your-ground by statuteStand-your-ground by judicial decision or jury instructionDuty to retreat except in one's homeDuty to retreat except in one's home or workplaceDuty to retreat except in one's home or vehicle or workplaceMiddle-ground approach (DC)No settled rule (AS, VI)A list of states and their most applicable body of law to justifying homicide in protection of the abode is listed below. Because not all states truly invoke castle doctrine, justifiable homicide in defense of life—which is nearly universal in adoption, but with narrower application—is often what is invoked as a pretext to protect the home. However, the mere fact that one is trespassing is an inappropriate or inadequate defense per se to justifying homicide in many states.[15]States incorporating castle doctrine principlesEditThe castle doctrine in its traditional absolute and extrajudicial form is antiquated in most states. However, its vestige saliently remains as a set of principles which are incorporated to a variegated extent through both statutory and case law. It is commonly manifested as an affirmative defense to criminal homicide that occurred within a home;[16] in some states though it slightly enhances the conditions for justifiable homicide in self-defense by laying down no duty to retreat or avert a violent encounter, or by even granting a blanket rebuttable presumption of required killing in defense of life. Where principles are statutized in a penal code, a homicide may be excused criminally, but be a wrongful death civilly. In a strict sense, simple justifiable homicide in self-defense which happens to occur inside one's home is actually distinct as a matter of law from castle doctrine's no duty to retreat in defense of one's domicile. Self-defense protects life while castle doctrine defends estate. While most American states forbid the use of force in the recovery of possession of land,[15] a minority of jurisdictions do invoke pure castle doctrine which unconditionally authorizes violent self-help in protection of one's domicile.StateLawNotesAlabama - WikipediaAlabama ( / ˌ æ l ə ˈ b æ m ə / ) is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States , bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states . With a total of 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of inland waterways , Alabama has among the most of any state. [8] Alabama State of Alabama Nickname(s): Motto(s): Anthem: " Alabama " Map of the United States with Alabama highlighted Country United States Before statehood Alabama Territory Admitted to the Union December 14, 1819 (22nd) Capital Montgomery Largest city Birmingham Largest metro Greater Birmingham Government • Governor Kay Ivey ( R ) • Lieutenant Governor Will Ainsworth (R) Legislature Alabama Legislature • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary Supreme Court of Alabama U.S. senators Richard Shelby (R) Tommy Tuberville (R) U.S. House delegation 6 Republicans 1 Democrat ( list ) Area • Total 52,419 sq mi (135,765 km 2 ) • Land 50,744 sq mi (131,426 km 2 ) • Water 1,675 sq mi (4,338 km 2 )  3.2% Area rank 30th Dimensions • Length 330 mi (531 km) • Width 190 mi (305 km) Elevation 500 ft (150 m) Highest elevation 2,413 ft (735.5 m) Lowest elevation 0 ft (0 m) Population (2019) • Total 4,903,185 • Rank 24th • Density rank 27th • Median household income $48,123 [4] • Income rank 46th Demonym(s) Alabamian , [5] Alabaman [6] Language • Official language English • Spoken language As of 2010 [update] [7] English 95.1% Spanish 3.1% Time zone UTC−06:00 ( Central ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−05:00 (CDT) USPS abbreviation AL ISO 3166 code US-AL Traditional abbreviation Ala. Latitude 30°11' N to 35° N Longitude 84°53' W to 88°28' W Website alabama .gov Interactive map Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State , after the state bird . Alabama is also known as the "Heart of Dixie " and the "Cotton State". The state tree is the longleaf pine , and the state flower is the camellia . Alabama's capital is Montgomery . The largest city by population is Birmingham , [9] which has long been the most industrialized city; the largest city is Huntsville . The oldest city is Mobile , founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana . [10] Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest urban economy, its most populous urban area, and its economic center. [11] The state's geography is diverse, with the north dominated by the mountainous Tennessee Valley and the south by Mobile Bay , a historically significant port. Politically, as part of the Deep South , Alabama is now a predominantly conservative state, and it is known for its Southern culture . Today, American football , particularly at the college level at schools like the University of Alabama , Auburn University , and Jacksonville State University is a major part of the state's culture. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama§ 13A-3-23"Use of force in defense of a person.(a) A person is justified in using physical force upon another person in order to defend himself or herself or a third person from what he or she reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of unlawful physical force by that other person, and he or she may use a degree of force which he or she reasonably believes to be necessary for the purpose. A person may use deadly physical force, and is legally presumed to be justified in using deadly physical force in self-defense or the defense of another person pursuant to subdivision (4), if the person reasonably believes that another person is: (1) Using or about to use unlawful deadly physical force. (2) Using or about to use physical force against an occupant of a dwelling while committing or attempting to commit a burglary of such dwelling. (3) Committing or about to commit a kidnapping in any degree, assault in the first or second degree, burglary in any degree, robbery in any degree, forcible rape, or forcible sodomy. (4) In the process of unlawfully and forcefully entering, or has unlawfully and forcefully entered, a dwelling, residence, or occupied vehicle, or federally licensed nuclear power facility, or is in the process of sabotaging or attempting to sabotage a federally licensed nuclear power facility, or is attempting to remove, or has forcefully removed, a person against his or her will from any dwelling, residence, or occupied vehicle when the person has a legal right to be there, and provided that the person using the deadly physical force knows or has reason to believe that an unlawful and forcible entry or unlawful and forcible act is occurring...."[25]AlaskaAlaska ( / ə ˈ l æ s k ə / ( listen ) ; Aleut : Alax̂sxax̂ ; Inupiaq : Alaasikaq ; Alutiiq : Alas'kaaq ; Yup'ik : Alaskaq ; [3] Tlingit : Anáaski ) is a U.S. state on the northwest extremity of the country's West Coast . A semi-exclave of the U.S., it borders the Canadian province of British Columbia and territory of Yukon to the east and has a maritime border with Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug to the west, just across the Bering Strait . To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort seas of the Arctic Ocean, while the Pacific Ocean lies to the south and southwest. Alaska State of Alaska Nickname(s): The Last Frontier Motto(s): North to the Future Anthem: Alaska's Flag Map of the United States with Alaska highlighted Country United States Before statehood Territory of Alaska Admitted to the Union January 3, 1959 (49th) Capital Juneau Largest city Anchorage Largest metro Anchorage metropolitan area Government • Governor Mike Dunleavy ( R ) • Lieutenant Governor Kevin Meyer (R) Legislature Alaska Legislature • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary Alaska Supreme Court U.S. senators U.S. House delegation Don Young (R) ( at-large ) ( list ) Area • Total 663,268 sq mi (1,717,856 km 2 ) • Land 571,951 sq mi (1,481,346 km 2 ) • Water 91,316 sq mi (236,507 km 2 )  13.77% Area rank 1st Dimensions • Length 1,420 mi (2,285 km) • Width 2,261 mi (3,639 km) Elevation 1,900 ft (580 m) Highest elevation 20,310 ft (6,190.5 m) Lowest elevation 0 ft (0 m) Population • Total 710,249 • Rank 48th • Density 1.26/sq mi (0.49/km 2 ) • Density rank 50th • Median household income $73,181 [2] • Income rank 8th Demonym(s) Alaskan Language • Official languages Ahtna , Alutiiq , Dena'ina , Deg Xinag , English , Eyak , Gwich'in , Haida , Hän , Holikachuk , Inupiaq , Koyukon , Lower Tanana , St. Lawrence Island Yupik , Tanacross , Tlingit , Tsimshian , Unangax̂ , Upper Kuskokwim , Upper Tanana , Yup'ik • Spoken language Time zones east of 169°30' UTC−09:00 ( Alaska ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−08:00 (ADT) west of 169°30' UTC−10:00 ( Hawaii-Aleutian ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−09:00 (HADT) USPS abbreviation AK ISO 3166 code US-AK Latitude 51°20'N to 71°50'N Longitude 130°W to 172°E Website alaska .gov Interactive map showing border of Alaska (click to zoom) Alaska is by far the largest U.S. state by area, comprising more total area than the next three largest states Texas , California , and Montana combined, and the seventh-largest subnational division in the world . It is the third-least populous and the most sparsely populated state, but by far the continent's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel , with an estimated population of 738,432 as of 2015—more than quadruple the combined populations of Northern Canada and Greenland . [4] Approximately half of Alaska's residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area . The state capital of Juneau is the second- largest city in the United States by area , comprising more territory thhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska§ 11.81.335"...a person who is justified in using nondeadly force in self-defense under AS 11.81.330 may use deadly force in self-defense upon another person when and to the extent the person reasonably believes the use of deadly force is necessary for self-defense against death, serious physical injury, kidnapping, sexual assault, robbery in any degree... there is no duty to leave the area if the person is(1) on premises that the person owns or leases.[26]ArizonaArizona ( / ˌ ær ɪ ˈ z oʊ n ə / ( listen ) ARR -iz- OH -nə ; Navajo : Hoozdo Hahoodzo Navajo pronunciation: [hoː˥zto˩ ha˩hoː˩tso˩] ; [7] O'odham : Alĭ ṣonak ) [8] is a state in the Southwestern region of the United States . It is also usually considered part of the Mountain states. It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix . Arizona shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and New Mexico ; its other neighboring states are Nevada and California to the west and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest. Arizona State of Arizona Nickname(s): Motto(s): Anthem: "The Arizona March Song" and "Arizona" Map of the United States with Arizona highlighted Country United States Before statehood Arizona Territory Admitted to the Union February 14, 1912 (48th) Capital ( and largest city ) Phoenix Largest metro Greater Phoenix Government • Governor Doug Ducey ( R ) • Secretary of State Katie Hobbs ( D ) Legislature Arizona Legislature • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary Arizona Supreme Court U.S. senators Kyrsten Sinema (D) Mark Kelly (D) U.S. House delegation 5 Democrats 4 Republicans ( list ) Area • Total 113,990 [1] sq mi (295,234 km 2 ) Area rank 6th Dimensions • Length 400 mi (645 km) • Width 310 mi (500 km) Elevation 4,100 ft (1,250 m) Highest elevation 12,637 ft (3,852 m) Lowest elevation 72 ft (22 m) Population (2019) • Total 7,278,717 • Rank 14th • Density 57/sq mi (22/km 2 ) • Density rank 33rd • Median household income $56,581 [5] • Income rank 29th Demonym(s) Arizonan [6] Language • Official language English • Spoken language As of 2010 Time zones Most of state UTC−07:00 ( Mountain ) Navajo Nation UTC−07:00 ( Mountain ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−06:00 ( MDT ) USPS abbreviation AZ ISO 3166 code US-AZ Traditional abbreviation Ariz. Latitude 31°20′ N to 37° N Longitude 109°03′ W to 114°49′ W Website az .gov Interactive map showing border of Arizona (click to zoom) Saguaro cactus flowers and buds after a wet winter. This is Arizona's official state flower. Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union, achieving statehood on February 14, 1912. Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain , it became part of independent Mexico in 1821. After being defeated in the Mexican–American War , Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848. The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase . Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate, with very hot summers and mild winters. Northern Arizona features forests of pine, Douglas fir , and spruce trees; the Colorado Plateau ; mountain ranges (such as the San Francisco Mountains ); as well as large, deep canyons , with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff , Alpine , and Tucsohttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona§ 13-418"A. Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, a person is justified in threatening to use or using physical force or deadly physical force against another person if the person reasonably believes himself or another person to be in imminent peril of death or serious physical injury and the person against whom the physical force or deadly physical force is threatened or used was in the process of unlawfully or forcefully entering, or had unlawfully or forcefully entered, a residential structure or occupied vehicle, or had removed or was attempting to remove another person against the other person's will from the residential structure or occupied vehicle.B. A person has no duty to retreat before threatening or using physical force or deadly physical force pursuant to this section.[27]ArkansasArkansas ( / ˈ ɑːr k ən s ɔː / ) [c] is a state in the South Central region of the United States , home to more than three million people as of 2018. [7] [8] Its name is from the Osage language , a Dhegiha Siouan language , and referred to their relatives, the Quapaw people. [9] The state's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains , which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands , to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands , to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta . Arkansas State of Arkansas Nickname(s): The Natural State (current) The Bear State (former) Motto(s): Anthem: " Arkansas ", " Arkansas (You Run Deep in Me) ", " Oh, Arkansas ", and " The Arkansas Traveler " Map of the United States with Arkansas highlighted Country United States Before statehood Arkansas Territory Admitted to the Union June 15, 1836 (25th) Capital ( and largest city ) Little Rock Largest metro Central Arkansas Government • Governor Asa Hutchinson ( R ) • Lieutenant Governor Tim Griffin (R) Legislature Arkansas General Assembly • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary Arkansas Supreme Court U.S. senators John Boozman (R) Tom Cotton (R) U.S. House delegation 4 Republicans ( list ) Area • Total 53,179 sq mi (137,732 km 2 ) • Land 52,035 sq mi (134,771 km 2 ) • Water 1,143 sq mi (2,961 km 2 )  2.15% Area rank 29th [1] Dimensions • Length 240 mi (386 km) • Width 270 mi (435 km) Elevation 650 ft (200 m) Highest elevation 2,753 ft (839 m) Lowest elevation 55 ft (17 m) Population (2019) • Total 3,017,804 • Rank 33rd • Density 56.4/sq mi (21.8/km 2 ) • Density rank 34th • Median household income $45,869 • Income rank 49th Demonym(s) Arkansan Arkansawyer Arkanite [6] Language • Official language English Time zone UTC−06:00 ( Central ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−05:00 (CDT) USPS abbreviation AR ISO 3166 code US-AR Traditional abbreviation Ark. Latitude 33° 00′ N to 36° 30′ N Longitude 89° 39′ W to 94° 37′ W Website www .arkansas .gov Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous U.S. state. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock , in the central part of the state, a hub for transportation, business, culture, and government. The northwestern corner of the state, including the Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area , is a population, education, and economic center. The largest city in the state's eastern part is Jonesboro . The largest city in the state's southeastern part is Pine Bluff . Previously part of French Louisiana and the Louisiana Purchase , the Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15, 1836. [10] Much of the Delta had been developed for cotton plantations, and landowners there largely depended on enslaved African Americans ' labor. In 1861, Arkansas seceded from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America duringhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArkansasCastle doctrineState Law Notes Alabama § 13A-3-23 "Use of force in defense of a person. (a) A person is justified in using physical force upon another person in order to defend himself or herself or a third person from what he or she reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of unlawful physical force by that other person, and he or she may use a degree of force which he or she reasonably believes to be necessary for the purpose. A person may use deadly physical force, and is legally presumed to be justified in using deadly physical force in self-defense or the defense of another person pursuant to subdivision (4), if the person reasonably believes that another person is: (1) Using or about to use unlawful deadly physical force. (2) Using or about to use physical force against an occupant of a dwelling while committing or attempting to commit a burglary of such dwelling. (3) Committing or about to commit a kidnapping in any degree, assault in the first or second degree, burglary in any degree, robbery in any degree, forcible rape, or forcible sodomy. (4) In the process of unlawfully and forcefully entering, or has unlawfully and forcefully entered, a dwelling, residence, or occupied vehicle, or federally licensed nuclear power facility, or is in the process of sabotaging or attempting to sabotage a federally licensed nuclear power facility, or is attempting to remove, or has forcefully removed, a person against his or her will from any dwelling, residence, or occupied vehicle when the person has a legal right to be there, and provided that the person using the deadly physical force knows or has reason to believe that an unlawful and forcible entry or unlawful and forcible act is occurring...." [25] Alaska § 11.81.335 "...a person who is justified in using nondeadly force in self-defense under AS 11.81.330 may use deadly force in self-defense upon another person when and to the extent the person reasonably believes the use of deadly force is necessary for self-defense against death, serious physical injury, kidnapping, sexual assault, robbery in any degree... there is no duty to leave the area if the person is(1) on premises that the person owns or leases. [26] Arizona § 13-418 "A. Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, a person is justified in threatening to use or using physical force or deadly physical force against another person if the person reasonably believes himself or another person to be in imminent peril of death or serious physical injury and the person against whom the physical force or deadly physical force is threatened or used was in the process of unlawfully or forcefully entering, or had unlawfully or forcefully entered, a residential structure or occupied vehicle, or had removed or was attempting to remove another person against the other person's will from the residential structure or occupied vehicle. B. A person has no duty to retreat before threatening or using physical force or deadly physical force pursuant to thishttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_doctrine#cite_note-28The General Assembly finds that the current laws regarding self-defense and the use of deadly physical force in self-defense or in defense of another person are adequate in that the law explicitly does not require a person to retreat from certain life-threatening confrontations if a person cannot do so safely. However, the General Assembly finds that there is currently not enough protection from civil liability for a person who rightfully uses deadly physical force in self-defense or in defense of another person. The General Assembly finds that a more robust civil immunity statute is necessary to protect a person from civil damages stemming from an incident when he or she lawfully uses deadly physical force in self-defense or in defense of another person.CaliforniaCalifornia is a state on the West Coast of the United States . With over 39.3 million residents across a total area of approximately 163,696 square miles (423,970 km 2 ), it is the most populous state and the third-largest state by area. It is also the most populated subnational entity in North America and the 34th most populous in the world. The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second and fifth most populous urban regions respectively, with the former having more than 18.7 million residents and the latter having over 9.6 million. [13] Sacramento is the state's capital, while Los Angeles is the most populous city in the state and the second most populous city in the country (after New York City ). Los Angeles County is the country's most populous , while San Bernardino County is the largest county by area in the country. San Francisco , which is both a city and county, is the second most densely populated major city in the country (after New York City) and the fifth most densely populated county in the country, behind four of New York City's five boroughs . California State of California Nickname(s): Motto(s): Anthem: " I Love You, California " Map of the United States with California highlighted Country United States Before statehood Mexican Cession unorganized territory Admitted to the Union September 9, 1850 (31st) Capital Sacramento [1] Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro Greater Los Angeles Government • Governor Gavin Newsom ( D ) • Lieutenant Governor Eleni Kounalakis (D) Legislature State Legislature • Upper house State Senate • Lower house State Assembly Judiciary Supreme Court of California U.S. senators Dianne Feinstein (D) Alex Padilla (D) U.S. House delegation 42 Democrats 11 Republicans ( list ) Area • Total 163,696 sq mi (423,970 km 2 ) • Land 155,959 sq mi (403,932 km 2 ) • Water 7,737 sq mi (20,047 km 2 )  4.7% Area rank 3rd Dimensions • Length 770 mi (1,240 km) • Width 250 mi (400 km) Elevation 2,900 ft (880 m) Highest elevation 14,505 ft (4,421.0 m) Lowest elevation −279 ft (−85.0 m) Population (2020) • Total 39,368,078 [8] • Rank 1st • Density 253.6/sq mi (97.9/km 2 ) • Density rank 11th • Median household income $71,228 (2,018) [9] • Income rank 9th Demonym(s) Californian Language • Official language English • Spoken language Time zone UTC−08:00 ( PST ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−07:00 ( PDT ) USPS abbreviation CA ISO 3166 code US-CA Traditional abbreviation Calif., Cal. Latitude 32°32′ N to 42° N Longitude 114°8′ W to 124°26′ W Website www .ca .gov The economy of California , with a gross state product of $3.2 trillion as of 2019, is the largest sub-national economy in the world. [14] If it were a country, it would be the 37th most populous country and the fifth largest economy as of 2020 [update] . [15] The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second- and third-largest urban economies ($1.0 trillion and $0.5 trillion respectively as of 2020 [update] ),https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/California§ Penal Code 198.5Daluiso v. Boone, 71 Cal.2d 484"Any person using force intended or likely to cause death or great bodily injury within his or her residence shall be presumed to have held a reasonable fear of imminent peril of death or great bodily injury to self, family, or a member of the household when that force is used against another person, not a member of the family or household, who unlawfully and forcibly enters or has unlawfully and forcibly entered the residence and the person using the force knew or had reason to believe that an unlawful and forcible entry occurred."[29]"It is urged that the owner of real estate has a right to enter upon and enjoy his own property. Undoubtedly, if he can do so without a forcible disturbance of the possession of another; but the peace and good order of society require that he shall not be permitted to enter against the will of the occupant, and hence the common law right to use all necessary force has been taken away. He may be wrongfully kept out of possession, but he cannot be permitted to take the law into his own hands and redress his own wrongs. The remedy must be sought through those peaceful agencies which a civilized community provides for all its members."[30]ColoradoColorado ( / ˌ k ɒ l ə ˈ r æ d oʊ , - ˈ r ɑː d oʊ / ( listen ) , other variants) [8] [9] [10] is a state in the Mountain West region of the United States . It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains . Colorado is the eighth most extensive and 21st most populous U.S. state. The estimated population of Colorado is 5,807,719 as of 2020, an increase of 15.5% since the 2010 United States Census . [11] Colorado State of Colorado Nickname(s): Motto(s): Anthem: " Where the Columbines Grow " and " Rocky Mountain High " [1] Map of the United States with Colorado highlighted Country United States Admitted to the Union August 1, 1876 [2] (38th) Capital ( and largest city ) Denver Largest metro Denver metropolitan area Government • Governor Jared Polis ( D ) • Lieutenant Governor Dianne Primavera (D) Legislature General Assembly • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary Colorado Supreme Court U.S. senators Michael Bennet (D) John Hickenlooper (D) U.S. House delegation 4 Democrats 3 Republicans ( list ) Area • Total 104,094 sq mi (269,837 km 2 ) • Land 103,718 sq mi (268,875 km 2 ) • Water 376 sq mi (962 km 2 )  0.36% Area rank 8th Dimensions • Length 380 mi (610 km) • Width 280 mi (450 km) Elevation 6,800 ft (2,070 m) Highest elevation 14,440 ft (4,401.2 m) Lowest elevation 3,317 ft (1,011 m) Population (2019) • Total 5,758,736 • Rank 21st • Density 52.0/sq mi (19.9/km 2 ) • Density rank 37th • Median household income $69,117 [7] • Income rank 12th Demonym(s) Coloradan Language • Official language English Time zone UTC−07:00 ( Mountain ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−06:00 (MDT) USPS abbreviation CO ISO 3166 code US-CO Latitude 37°N to 41°N Longitude 102°02′48″W to 109°02′48″W Website www .colorado .gov The region has been inhabited by Native Americans for more than 13,000 years, with the Lindenmeier Site containing artifacts dating from approximately 9200 BCE to 1000 BCE; the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains was a major migration route for early peoples who spread throughout the Americas. The state was named for the Colorado River , which early Spanish explorers named the Río Colorado ("Red River") for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28, 1861, [12] and on August 1, 1876, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed Proclamation 230 admitting Colorado to the Union as the 38th state. [2] Colorado is nicknamed the " Centennial State " because it became a state one century after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence . Colorado is bordered by Wyoming to the north, Nebraska to the northeast, Kansas to the east, Oklahoma to the southeast, New Mexico to the south, Utah to the west, and touches Arizona to the southwest at the Four Corners . Colorado is noted for its vivid landscape of mountains, forests, high plains , mesas, canyons, plateaus , rivehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado§ 18-1-704"...any occupant of a dwelling is justified in using any degree of physical force, including deadly physical force, against another person when that other person has made an unlawful entry into the dwelling, and when the occupant has a reasonable belief that such other person has committed a crime in the dwelling in addition to the uninvited entry, or is committing or intends to commit a crime against a person or property in addition to the uninvited entry, and when the occupant reasonably believes that such other person might use any physical force, no matter how slight, against any occupant."[31]ConnecticutConnecticut ( / k ə ˈ n ɛ t ɪ k ə t / ( listen ) ) [9] is a state in the New England region of the United States . As of the 2010 Census, it has the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index (0.962), and median household income in the United States. [10] [11] [12] It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and the Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital is Hartford and its most populous city is Bridgeport . Historically the state is part of New England as well as the tri-state area with New York and New Jersey , which together make up metropolitan New York City. The state is named for the Connecticut River which approximately bisects the state. The word "Connecticut" is derived from various anglicized spellings of “Quononoquett (Conanicut),” a Mohegan-Pequot word for "long tidal river". [13] Connecticut State of Connecticut Nickname(s): The Constitution State (official) The Nutmeg State The Provisions State The Land of Steady Habits Motto(s): Anthem: " Yankee Doodle " Map of the United States with Connecticut highlighted Country United States Before statehood Connecticut Colony Admitted to the Union January 9, 1788 (5th) Capital Hartford [2] Largest city Bridgeport Largest metro Greater New York Government • Governor Ned Lamont ( D ) • Lieutenant Governor Susan Bysiewicz (D) Legislature Connecticut General Assembly • Upper house Connecticut Senate • Lower house Connecticut House of Representatives Judiciary Connecticut Supreme Court U.S. senators Richard Blumenthal (D) Chris Murphy (D) U.S. House delegation 5 Democrats ( list ) Area • Total 5,567 sq mi (14,357 km 2 ) • Land 4,849 sq mi (12,559 km 2 ) • Water 698 sq mi (1,809 km 2 )  12.6% Area rank 48th Dimensions • Length 70 mi (113 km) • Width 110 mi (177 km) Elevation 500 ft (150 m) Highest elevation 2,379 ft (725 m) Lowest elevation 0 ft (0 m) Population (2019) • Total 3,565,287 [4] • Rank 29th • Density 739/sq mi (285/km 2 ) • Density rank 4th • Median household income $76,106 [5] • Income rank 6th Demonym(s) (colloquial) Language • Official language None Time zone UTC−05:00 ( Eastern ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−04:00 (EDT) USPS abbreviation CT ISO 3166 code US-CT Traditional abbreviation Conn. Latitude 40°58′ N to 42°03′ N Longitude 71°47′ W to 73°44′ W Website portal .ct .gov Interactive map showing border of Connecticut (click to zoom) Connecticut's first European settlers were Dutchmen who established a small, short-lived settlement called Fort Hoop in Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut Rivers. Half of Connecticut was initially claimed by the Dutch colony New Netherland , which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers , although the first major settlements were established in the 1630s by the English. Thomas Hooker led a band of followers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded the Connecticut Colony ; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the Saybrook Colony and the Newhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConnecticutCHAPTER 951* PENAL CODE: STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION; PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL LIABILITYCOLLECTED BY Organization: Alexa Crawls Starting in 1996, Alexa Internet has been donating their crawl data to the Internet Archive. Flowing in every day, these data are added to the Wayback Machine after an embargo period. Starting in 1996, Alexa Internet has been donating their crawl data to the Internet Archive. Flowing in every day, these data are added to the Wayback Machine after an embargo period. CHAPTER 951* PENAL CODE: STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION; PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY *Cited. 204 C. 630. Cited. 209 C. 75. Sec. 53a-5-53a-23 cited. 227 C. 32. Necessity defense not precluded by the penal code. 19 CA 432. Cited. 23 CA 615. Table of Contents Sec. 53a-4. Saving clause. Sec. 53a-5. Criminal liability; mental state required. Sec. 53a-6. Effect of ignorance or mistake. Sec. 53a-7. Effect of intoxication. Sec. 53a-8. Criminal liability for acts of another. Sec. 53a-9. Lack of criminal responsibility; absence of prosecution or conviction not a defense. Sec. 53a-10. Defense. Sec. 53a-11. Criminal liability of individual for conduct in name of or on behalf of corporation or limited liability company. Sec. 53a-12. Defenses; burden of proof. Sec. 53a-13. Lack of capacity due to mental disease or defect as affirmative defense. Sec. 53a-14. Duress as defense. Sec. 53a-15. Entrapment as defense. Sec. 53a-16. Justification as defense. Sec. 53a-16a. Affirmative defense in certain situations involving firearms; exceptions. Sec. 53a-16b. Affirmative defense of coparticipant to offense with firearm. Sec. 53a-17. Conduct required or authorized by law or judicial decree. Sec. 53a-18. Use of reasonable physical force or deadly physical force generally. Sec. 53a-19. Use of physical force in defense of person. Sec. 53a-20. Use of physical force in defense of premises. Sec. 53a-21. Use of physical force in defense of property. Sec. 53a-22. Use of physical force in making arrest or preventing escape. Sec. 53a-23. Use of physical force to resist arrest not justified. Sec. 53a-4. Saving clause. The provisions of this chapter shall not be construed as precluding any court from recognizing other principles of criminal liability or other defenses not inconsistent with such provisions. (1969, P.A. 828, S. 4.) Cited. 209 C. 75. Cited. 227 C. 32. Cited. 229 C. 60. Cited. 233 C. 174. Cited. 236 C. 266. Cited. 23 CA 615. Cited. 30 CA 470; Id., 527. Cited. 32 CA 224. Cited. 36 CA 680. Sec. 53a-5. Criminal liability; mental state required. When the commission of an offense defined in this title, or some element of an offense, requires a particular mental state, such mental state is ordinarily designated in the statute defining the offense by use of the terms "intentionally", "knowingly", "recklessly" or "criminal negligence", or by use of terms, such as "with intent to defraud" and "knowing it to be false", describing a specific kind of intent or knowledge. When one and only one of such terms appears in a statute defining an offense, it is presumed to apply to ehttps://web.archive.org/web/20111115215143/http://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/pub/Chap951.htm#Sec53a-20.htmA person in possession or control of premises, or a person who is licensed or privileged to be in or upon such premises, is justified in using reasonable physical force upon another person when and to the extent that he reasonably believes such to be necessary to prevent or terminate the commission or attempted commission of a criminal trespass by such other person in or upon such premises; but he may use deadly physical force under such circumstances only (1) in defense of a person as prescribed in section 53a-19, or (2) when he reasonably believes such to be necessary to prevent an attempt by the trespasser to commit arson or any crime of violence, or (3) to the extent that he reasonably believes such to be necessary to prevent or terminate an unlawful entry by force into his dwelling as defined in section 53a-100, or place of work, and for the sole purpose of such prevention or termination.DelawareCoordinates : 38°59′23″N 75°30′18″W  /  38.9896°N 75.5050°W  / 38.9896; -75.5050  ( State of Delaware ) Delaware ( / ˈ d ɛ l ə w ɛər / ( listen ) DEL -ə-wair ) [9] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic [10] region of the United States , [a] bordering Maryland to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean to its east. The state takes its name from the nearby Delaware River named after Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr , an English nobleman and Virginia 's first colonial governor. [11] Interactive map showing border of Delaware (click to zoom) Delaware occupies the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and some islands and territory within the Delaware River. It is the second-smallest and sixth-least populous state, but also the sixth-most densely populated . Delaware's largest city is Wilmington , while the state capital is Dover , the second-largest city in the state. The state is divided into three counties , having the lowest number of any state; from north to south, they are New Castle County , Kent County , and Sussex County . While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural, New Castle is more urbanized. In a similar vein to Maryland, Delaware's geography, culture, and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern , and Southern regions of the country. Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century, Delaware was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans, including the Lenape in the north and Nanticoke in the south. It was initially colonized by Dutch traders at Zwaanendael , near the present town of Lewes , in 1631. Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution . On December 7, 1787, Delaware became the first state to ratify the Constitution of the United States , and has since been known as The First State . [12] Since the turn of the 20th century, Delaware is also a de facto onshore corporate haven , in which by virtue of its corporate laws , the state is the domicile of over 50% of all NYSE -listed business and 60% of the Fortune 500 . The state was named after the Delaware River , which in turn derived its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr (1577–1618) who was the ruling governor of the Colony of Virginia at the time Europeans first explored the river. The Delaware people, a name used by Europeans for Lenape people indigenous to the Delaware Valley, also derive their name from the same source. The surname de La Warr comes from Sussex and is of Anglo-Norman origin. [13] It came probably from a Norman lieu-dit La Guerre . This toponymic could derive from Latin ager , from the Breton gwern or from the Late Latin varectum ( fallow ). The toponyms Gara, Gare, Gaire (the sound [ä] often mutated in [æ] ) also appear in old texts cited by Lucien Musset , where the word ga(i)ra means gore . It could also be linked with a patronymic from the Old Norse verr . Geography Edit The Blackbird Ponhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DelawareCastle doctrineState Law Notes Alabama § 13A-3-23 "Use of force in defense of a person. (a) A person is justified in using physical force upon another person in order to defend himself or herself or a third person from what he or she reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of unlawful physical force by that other person, and he or she may use a degree of force which he or she reasonably believes to be necessary for the purpose. A person may use deadly physical force, and is legally presumed to be justified in using deadly physical force in self-defense or the defense of another person pursuant to subdivision (4), if the person reasonably believes that another person is: (1) Using or about to use unlawful deadly physical force. (2) Using or about to use physical force against an occupant of a dwelling while committing or attempting to commit a burglary of such dwelling. (3) Committing or about to commit a kidnapping in any degree, assault in the first or second degree, burglary in any degree, robbery in any degree, forcible rape, or forcible sodomy. (4) In the process of unlawfully and forcefully entering, or has unlawfully and forcefully entered, a dwelling, residence, or occupied vehicle, or federally licensed nuclear power facility, or is in the process of sabotaging or attempting to sabotage a federally licensed nuclear power facility, or is attempting to remove, or has forcefully removed, a person against his or her will from any dwelling, residence, or occupied vehicle when the person has a legal right to be there, and provided that the person using the deadly physical force knows or has reason to believe that an unlawful and forcible entry or unlawful and forcible act is occurring...." [25] Alaska § 11.81.335 "...a person who is justified in using nondeadly force in self-defense under AS 11.81.330 may use deadly force in self-defense upon another person when and to the extent the person reasonably believes the use of deadly force is necessary for self-defense against death, serious physical injury, kidnapping, sexual assault, robbery in any degree... there is no duty to leave the area if the person is(1) on premises that the person owns or leases. [26] Arizona § 13-418 "A. Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, a person is justified in threatening to use or using physical force or deadly physical force against another person if the person reasonably believes himself or another person to be in imminent peril of death or serious physical injury and the person against whom the physical force or deadly physical force is threatened or used was in the process of unlawfully or forcefully entering, or had unlawfully or forcefully entered, a residential structure or occupied vehicle, or had removed or was attempting to remove another person against the other person's will from the residential structure or occupied vehicle. B. A person has no duty to retreat before threatening or using physical force or deadly physical force pursuant to thishttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_doctrine#cite_note-32No duty to retreat in home. Duty to retreat in public.FloridaFlorida ( / ˈ f l ɒr ɪ d ə / ( listen ) , [14] Spanish pronunciation: [floˈɾiða] ) is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States . With a population of over 21 million, Florida is the third-most populous and the 22nd-most extensive of the 50 United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . The state's capital is Tallahassee and its most populous municipality is Jacksonville . The Miami metropolitan area , with a population of almost 6.2 million, is the most populous urban area in Florida and the seventh-most populous in the United States. Other urban areas in the state with a population of more than one million are Tampa Bay , Orlando , and Jacksonville . Florida's $1.0 trillion economy is the fourth-largest of any U.S. state , and if it were a country, Florida would be the 16th-largest economy in the world. [15] Native Americans had been living in Florida for at least 14,000 years when the first European contact was made in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León , who called it la Florida ( [la floˈɾiða] "the land of flowers") upon landing there. [16] At various points in its colonial history, Florida was administered by Spain and Great Britain . Florida was admitted as the 27th state on March 3, 1845. Florida was the principal location of the Seminole Wars (1816 – 1858), the longest and most extensive of Indian Wars in United States history. Florida declared its secession from the Union on January 10, 1861, and was one of the seven original Confederate States . After the Civil War , Florida was restored to the Union on June 25, 1868. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, as well as for its increasing environmental issues. The state's economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation , which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks , orange crops, winter vegetables, the Kennedy Space Center , and as a popular destination for retirees. It is the flattest state in the United States, [17] and Lake Okeechobee is its largest freshwater lake . [18] The state's close proximity to the ocean influences many aspects of Florida culture and daily life. Florida is a reflection of influences and multiple inheritance; African , European , indigenous , Latino , and Asian heritages can be found in the architecture and cuisine. Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings , Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams , and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, and water sports . Several beaches in Florida have turquoise and emerald-colored coastal waters. [19] About two-thirds of Florida occupies a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean . Florida has the lonhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/FloridaStatutes & Constitution :View Statutes : Online Sunshine(1) A person who is in a dwelling or residence in which the person has a right to be has no duty to retreat and has the right to stand his or her ground and use or threaten to use: (a) Nondeadly force against another when and to the extent that the person reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend himself or herself or another against the other’s imminent use of unlawful force; or (b) Deadly force if he or she reasonably believes that using or threatening to use such force is necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or herself or another or to prevent the imminent commission of a forcible felony. (2) A person is presumed to have held a reasonable fear of imminent peril of death or great bodily harm to himself or herself or another when using or threatening to use defensive force that is intended or likely to cause death or great bodily harm to another if: (a) The person against whom the defensive force was used or threatened was in the process of unlawfully and forcefully entering, or had unlawfully and forcibly entered, a dwelling, residence, or occupied vehicle, or if that person had removed or was attempting to remove another against that person’s will from the dwelling, residence, or occupied vehicle; and (b) The person who uses or threatens to use defensive force knew or had reason to believe that an unlawful and forcible entry or unlawful and forcible act was occurring or had occurred. (3) The presumption set forth in subsection (2) does not apply if: (a) The person against whom the defensive force is used or threatened has the right to be in or is a lawful resident of the dwelling, residence, or vehicle, such as an owner, lessee, or titleholder, and there is not an injunction for protection from domestic violence or a written pretrial supervision order of no contact against that person; or (b) The person or persons sought to be removed is a child or grandchild, or is otherwise in the lawful custody or under the lawful guardianship of, the person against whom the defensive force is used or threatened; or (c) The person who uses or threatens to use defensive force is engaged in a criminal activity or is using the dwelling, residence, or occupied vehicle to further a criminal activity; or (d) The person against whom the defensive force is used or threatened is a law enforcement officer, as defined in s. 943.10 (14), who enters or attempts to enter a dwelling, residence, or vehicle in the performance of his or her official duties and the officer identified himself or herself in accordance with any applicable law or the person using or threatening to use force knew or reasonably should have known that the person entering or attempting to enter was a law enforcement officer. (4) A person who unlawfully and by force enters or attempts to enter a person’s dwelling, residence, or occupied vehicle is presumed to be doing so with the intent to commit an unlawful act involving force or violence. (5) As usedhttp://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0700-0799/0776/Sections/0776.013.htmlHome protection; use or threatened use of deadly force; presumption of fear of death or great bodily harm.Georgia (U.S. state)Georgia ( / ˈ dʒ ɔːr dʒ ə / ) is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States , bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina ; to the northeast by South Carolina ; to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean ; to the south by Florida ; and to the west by Alabama . Georgia is the 24th-largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423, according to the U.S. Census Bureau . [4] Atlanta , a " beta(+) " global city, is both the state's capital and its largest city. The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of more than 6 million people in 2019, [5] is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 57% of Georgia's entire population. Georgia State of Georgia Nickname(s): Peach State, Empire State of the South Motto(s): "Wisdom, Justice, Moderation" Anthem: " Georgia on My Mind " Map of the United States with Georgia highlighted Country United States Before statehood Province of Georgia Admitted to the Union January 2, 1788 (4th) Capital ( and largest city ) Atlanta Largest metro Metro Atlanta Government • Governor Brian Kemp ( R ) • Lieutenant Governor Geoff Duncan (R) Legislature Georgia General Assembly • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary Supreme Court of Georgia U.S. senators U.S. House delegation 8 Republicans 6 Democrats ( list ) Area • Total 59,425 sq mi (153,909 km 2 ) • Land 57,906 sq mi (149,976 km 2 ) • Water 1,519 sq mi (3,933 km 2 )  2.6% Area rank 24th Dimensions • Length 298 mi (480 km) • Width 230 mi (370 km) Elevation 600 ft (180 m) Highest elevation 4,784 ft (1,458 m) Lowest elevation 0 ft (0 m) Population (2019) • Total 10,617,423 • Rank 8th • Density 165/sq mi (65.4/km 2 ) • Density rank 18th • Median household income $56,183 [3] • Income rank 33rd Demonym(s) Georgian Language • Official language English • Spoken language English Spanish (7.42%) Other (2.82%) Time zone UTC−05:00 ( Eastern ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−04:00 ( EDT ) USPS abbreviation GA ISO 3166 code US-GA Traditional abbreviation Ga. Latitude 30.356–34.985° N Longitude 80.840–85.605° W Website www .georgia .gov Founded in 1733 as a British colony, Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established. [6] Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2, 1788, Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . [7] From 1802 to 1804, western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate States . [7] Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870. [7] In the post- Reconstructihttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)§ 16-3-23.1No duty to retreat prior to use of force in self-defense. [1]Hawaii - WikipediaCoordinates : 21°18′27″N 157°51′27″W  /  21.30750°N 157.85750°W  / 21.30750; -157.85750  ( State of Hawaiʻi ) Hawaii ( / h ə ˈ w aɪ . i / ( listen ) hə- WY -ee ; Hawaiian : Hawaiʻi [həˈvɐjʔi] or [həˈwɐjʔi] ) is a U.S. state located in the Pacific Ocean approximately 2,000 mi (3,200 km) from the U.S. mainland. It is the only state outside North America , the only island state, and the only state in the tropics . Hawaii is also one of a few U.S. states to have once been an independent nation. [11] [12] Hawaii State of Hawaii Nickname(s): The Aloha State (official), Paradise of the Pacific, [1] The Islands of Aloha, The 808 State [2] Motto(s): Anthem: Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī (Hawaiʻi's Own True Sons) [4] Map of the United States with Hawaii highlighted Country United States Before statehood Territory of Hawaii Admitted to the Union August 21, 1959 (50th) Capital ( and largest city ) Honolulu Largest metro Island of Oʻahu Government • Governor David Ige ( D ) • Lieutenant Governor Josh Green ( D ) Legislature State Legislature • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary Supreme Court of Hawaii U.S. senators U.S. House delegation 1 : Ed Case ( D ) 2 : Kai Kahele (D) ( list ) Area • Total 10,931 sq mi (28,311 km 2 ) • Land 6,423 sq mi (16,638 km 2 ) • Water 4,507 sq mi (11,672 km 2 )  41.2% Area rank 43rd Dimensions • Length 1,522 mi (2,450 km) • Width n/a mi (n/a km) Elevation 3,030 ft (920 m) Highest elevation 13,796 ft (4,205.0 m) Lowest elevation 0 ft (0 m) Population (2019) • Total 1,415,872 • Rank 40th • Density 221/sq mi (82.6/km 2 ) • Density rank 13th • Median household income $77,765 [9] • Income rank 4th Demonym(s) Hawaii resident, [10] Hawaiian [a] Language • Official languages English , Hawaiian Time zone UTC−10:00 ( Hawaii ) USPS abbreviation HI ISO 3166 code US-HI Traditional abbreviation H.I. Latitude 18° 55′ N to 28° 27′ N Longitude 154° 48′ W to 178° 22′ W Website portal .ehawaii .gov Hawaii encompasses nearly the entire Hawaiian archipelago , composed of 137 volcanic islands spanning 1,500 miles (2,400 km), which are physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania . [13] The state's ocean coastline is consequently the fourth longest in the U.S ., at about 750 miles (1,210 km). [b] The eight main islands, from northwest to southeast, are Niʻihau , Kauaʻi , Oʻahu , Molokaʻi , Lānaʻi , Kahoʻolawe , Maui , and Hawaiʻi , after which the state is named; it is often called the "Big Island" or "Hawaii Island" to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands make up most of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument , the largest protected area in the U.S. and the third largest in the world. Settled by Polynesians some time between 124 and 1120, Hawaii was home to numerous independent chiefdoms. British explorer James Cook was the first known non-Polynesian to arrive at the archipelago in 1778; early British influence is reflected in the dhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HawaiiHRS§703-304  Use of force in self-protection. (1)  Subject to the provisions of this section and of section 703-308, the use of force upon or toward another person is justifiable when the actor believes that such force is immediately necessary for the purpose of protecting himself against the use of unlawful force by the other person on the present occasion. (2)  The use of deadly force is justifiable under this section if the actor believes that deadly force is necessary to protect himself against death, serious bodily injury, kidnapping, rape, or forcible sodomy. (3)  Except as otherwise provided in subsections (4) and (5) of this section, a person employing protective force may estimate the necessity thereof under the circumstances as he believes them to be when the force is used without retreating, surrendering possession, doing any other act which he has no legal duty to do, or abstaining from any lawful action. (4)  The use of force is not justifiable under this section: (a)  To resist an arrest which the actor knows is being made by a law enforcement officer, although the arrest is unlawful; or (b)  To resist force used by the occupier or possessor of property or by another person on his behalf, where the actor knows that the person using the force is doing so under a claim of right to protect the property, except that this limitation shall not apply if: (i)  The actor is a public officer acting in the performance of his duties or a person lawfully assisting him therein or a person making or assisting in a lawful arrest; or (ii)  The actor believes that such force is necessary to protect himself against death or serious bodily injury. (5)  The use of deadly force is not justifiable under this section if: (a)  The actor, with the intent of causing death or serious bodily injury, provoked the use of force against himself in the same encounter; or (b)  The actor knows that he can avoid the necessity of using such force with complete safety by retreating or by surrendering possession of a thing to a person asserting a claim of right thereto or by complying with a demand that he abstain from any action which he has no duty to take, except that: (i)  The actor is not obliged to retreat from his dwelling or place of work, unless he was the initial aggressor or is assailed in his place of work by another person whose place of work the actor knows it to be; and (ii)  A public officer justified in using force in the performance of his duties, or a person justified in using force in his assistance or a person justified in using force in making an arrest or preventing an escape, is not obliged to desist from efforts to perform his duty, effect the arrest, or prevent the escape because of resistance or threatened resistance by or on behalf of the person against whom the action is directed. (6)  The justification afforded by this section extends to the use of confinement as protective force only if the actor takes all rhttp://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol14_Ch0701-0853/HRS0703/HRS_0703-0304.HTMNo duty to retreat from dwelling/workplace.IdahoIdaho ( / ˈ aɪ d ə h oʊ / ( listen ) ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . It borders the state of Montana to the east and northeast, Wyoming to the east, Nevada and Utah to the south, and Washington and Oregon to the west. To the north, it shares a small portion of the Canadian border with the province of British Columbia . With a population of approximately 1.7 million and an area of 83,570 square miles (216,400 km 2 ), Idaho is the 14th largest , the 12th least populous and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states. The state's capital and largest city is Boise . Idaho State of Idaho Nickname(s): Gem State Motto(s): Anthem: " Here We Have Idaho " Map of the United States with Idaho highlighted Country United States Before statehood Oregon Territory , Washington Territory , Idaho Territory Admitted to the Union July 3, 1890 (43rd) Capital ( and largest city ) Boise Largest metro Boise metropolitan area Government • Governor Brad Little ( R ) • Lieutenant Governor Janice McGeachin (R) Legislature Legislature • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary Idaho Supreme Court U.S. senators Mike Crapo (R) Jim Risch (R) U.S. House delegation 1 . Russ Fulcher (R) 2 . Mike Simpson (R) ( list ) Area • Total 83,569 [1] sq mi (216,443 km 2 ) • Land 83,570 sq mi (216,400 km 2 ) • Water 926 sq mi (2,398 km 2 )  1.11% Area rank 14th Dimensions • Length 479 mi (771 km) • Width 305 mi (491 km) Elevation 5,000 ft (1,520 m) Highest elevation 12,662 ft (3,859 m) Lowest elevation 713 ft (217 m) Population • Total 1,787,065 • Rank 39th • Density 21.6/sq mi (8.33/km 2 ) • Density rank 44th • Median household income $52,225 [5] • Income rank 41st Demonym(s) Idahoan Language • Official language English [7] Time zones primary UTC−07:00 ( Mountain ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−06:00 ( MDT ) Idaho Panhandle UTC−08:00 ( Pacific ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−07:00 ( PDT ) USPS abbreviation ID ISO 3166 code US-ID Latitude 42° N to 49° N Longitude 111°03′ W to 117°15′ W Website www .idaho .gov For thousands of years Idaho has been inhabited by Native American peoples . In the early 19th century, Idaho was considered part of the Oregon Country , an area disputed between the United States and the British Empire . It officially became U.S. territory with the signing of the Oregon Treaty of 1846 , but a separate Idaho Territory was not organized until 1863, instead being included for periods in Oregon Territory and Washington Territory . Idaho was eventually admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, becoming the 43rd state. Forming part of the Pacific Northwest (and the associated Cascadia bioregion ), Idaho is divided into several distinct geographic and climatic regions. The state's north, the relatively isolated Idaho Panhandle , is closely linked with Eastern Washington with which it shares the Pacific Time Zone —the rest of the state uses the Mountain Time Zone . The state's south includes the Snake River Plain (which has moshttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho2005 Idaho Code - 18-4009 — JUSTIFIABLE HOMICIDE BY ANY PERSON2005 Idaho Code - 18-4009 — JUSTIFIABLE HOMICIDE BY ANY PERSON TITLE 18 CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS CHAPTER 40 HOMICIDE 18-4009. JUSTIFIABLE HOMICIDE BY ANY PERSON. Homicide is also justifiable when committed by any person in either of the following cases: 1. When resisting any attempt to murder any person, or to commit a felony, or to do some great bodily injury upon any person; or, 2. When committed in defense of habitation, property or person, against one who manifestly intends or endeavors, by violence or surprise, to commit a felony, or against one who manifestly intends and endeavors, in a violent, riotous or tumultuous manner, to enter the habitation of another for the purpose of offering violence to any person therein; or, 3. When committed in the lawful defense of such person, or of a wife or husband, parent, child, master, mistress or servant of such person, when there is reasonable ground to apprehend a design to commit a felony or to do some great bodily injury, and imminent danger of such design being accomplished; but such person, or the person in whose behalf the defense was made, if he was the assailant or engaged in mortal combat, must really and in good faith have endeavored to decline any further struggle before the homicide was committed; or, 4. When necessarily committed in attempting, by lawful ways and means, to apprehend any person for any felony committed, or in lawfully suppressing any riot, or in lawfully keeping and preserving the peace. Disclaimer: These codes may not be the most recent version. Idaho may have more current or accurate information. We make no warranties or guarantees about the accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of the information contained on this site or the information linked to on the state site. Please check official sources.http://law.justia.com/codes/idaho/2005/18ftoc/180400009.htmla justifiable homicide law in self-defense from violence—must prove intruder's intent thereofIllinoisIllinois ( / ˌ ɪ l ə ˈ n ɔɪ / ( listen ) IL -ə- NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product (GDP) , the sixth largest population, and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states. Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States. [7] With Chicago in northeastern Illinois, small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state, and natural resources such as coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a diverse economic base, and is a major transportation hub . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes: from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois River , through the Illinois Waterway . The Mississippi River, the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois. For decades, Chicago's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world's busiest airports. Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms [7] and, through the 1980s, in politics . Illinois Illinois Nickname(s): Land of Lincoln, Prairie State Motto(s): State Sovereignty, National Union Anthem: " Illinois " Map of the United States with Illinois highlighted Country United States Before statehood Illinois Territory Admitted to the Union December 3, 1818 (21st) Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Largest metro Chicago metropolitan area Government • Governor J. B. Pritzker ( D ) • Lieutenant Governor Juliana Stratton (D) Legislature Illinois General Assembly • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary Supreme Court of Illinois U.S. senators Dick Durbin (D) Tammy Duckworth (D) U.S. House delegation 13 Democrats 5 Republicans ( list ) Area • Total 57,915 sq mi (149,997 km 2 ) • Land 55,593 sq mi (143,969 km 2 ) • Water 2,320 sq mi (5,981 km 2 )  3.99% Area rank 25th Dimensions • Length 390 mi (628 km) • Width 210 mi (338 km) Elevation 600 ft (180 m) Highest elevation 1,235 ft (376.4 m) Lowest elevation 280 ft (85 m) Population (2019) • Total 12,671,821 [4] • Rank 6th • Density 232/sq mi (89.4/km 2 ) • Density rank 12th • Median household income $65,030 [5] • Income rank 16th Demonym(s) Illinoisan Language • Official language English [6] • Spoken language English (80.8%) Spanish (14.9%) Other (5.1%) Time zone UTC−06:00 ( Central ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−05:00 ( CDT ) USPS abbreviation IL ISO 3166 code US-IL Traditional abbreviation Ill. Latitude 36° 58′ N to 42° 30′ N Longitude 87° 30′ W to 91° 31′ W Website www2 .illinois .gov The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state. Although today Illinois's largest population center is in its northeast, the state's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River, when the regihttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinoishttp://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?DocName=072000050HArt.+7&ActID=1876&ChapAct=720http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?DocName=072000050HArt.+7&ActID=1876&ChapAct=720Use of deadly force justified. Specific legislation prevents filing claim against defender of dwelling. Illinois has no requirement of retreat.IndianaIndiana ( / ˌ ɪ n d i ˈ æ n ə / ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States . It is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th state on December 11, 1816. It borders Lake Michigan to the northwest, Michigan to the north, Ohio to the east, the Ohio River and Kentucky to the south and southeast, and the Wabash River and Illinois to the west. Indiana State of Indiana Nickname(s): Motto(s): Anthem: On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away Map of the United States with Indiana highlighted Country United States Before statehood Indiana Territory Admitted to the Union December 11, 1816 (19th) Capital ( and largest city ) Indianapolis Largest metro Greater Indianapolis Government • Governor Eric Holcomb ( R ) • Lieutenant Governor Suzanne Crouch (R) Legislature General Assembly • Upper house Indiana Senate • Lower house Indiana House of Representatives Judiciary Indiana Supreme Court U.S. senators U.S. House delegation ( list ) Area • Total 36,418 sq mi (94,321 km 2 ) • Land 35,868 sq mi (92,897 km 2 ) • Water 550 sq mi (1,424 km 2 )  1.5% Area rank 38th Dimensions • Length 270 mi (435 km) • Width 140 mi (225 km) Elevation 700 ft (210 m) Highest elevation 1,257 ft (383 m) Lowest elevation 320 ft (97 m) Population (2019) • Total 6,732,219 [3] • Rank 17th • Density 183/sq mi (70.7/km 2 ) • Density rank 16th • Median household income $54,181 (2,017) [4] • Income rank 35th Demonym(s) Hoosier Language • Official language English Time zones 80 counties UTC−05:00 ( Eastern ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−04:00 ( EDT ) 12 counties UTC−06:00 ( Central ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−05:00 ( CDT ) USPS abbreviation IN ISO 3166 code US-IN Traditional abbreviation Ind. Latitude 37° 46′ N to 41° 46′ N Longitude 84° 47′ W to 88° 6′ W Website www .in .gov Before becoming a territory, various indigenous peoples inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Since its founding as a territory, settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and adjacent Ohio, and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states, particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . [6] Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $377.1 billion in 2019. [7] It has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns. Indiana is home to professional sports teams, including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable competitive events, including the Indianapolis 500 . Etymology Edit Indiana's name means "Land of the Indians ", or simply "Indian Land". [8] It also stems from Indiana's territorial history. On May 7, 1800, the United States Conhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianahttp://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title35/ar41/ch3.htmlNo duty to retreat from dwelling, curtilage, or occupied motor vehicle. In 2012, an amendment was made to the code to address the issue of force against a public servant. The amendment states: "A person is not justified in using deadly force against a public servant whom the person knows or reasonably should know is a public servant unless: (1) the person reasonably believes that the public servant is: (A) acting unlawfully; or (B) not engaged in the execution of the public servant's official duties; and (2) the force is reasonably necessary to prevent serious bodily injury to the person or a third person."IowaIowa ( / ˈ aɪ ə w ə / ( listen ) ) [5] [6] [7] is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States , bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west. It is bordered by six states: Wisconsin to the northeast, Illinois to the east and southeast, Missouri to the south, Nebraska to the west, South Dakota to the northwest, and Minnesota to the north. In colonial times, Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana ; its state flag is patterned after the flag of France . After the Louisiana Purchase , people laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt . [8] In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy made the transition to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, information technology , biotechnology , and green energy production. [9] [10] Iowa is the 26th most extensive in total area and the 30th most populous of the 50 U.S. states . The state's capital , most populous city , and largest metropolitan area fully located within the state is Des Moines . A portion of the larger Omaha, Nebraska, metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa. [11] Iowa has been listed as one of the safest U.S. states to live in. [12] Etymology Edit Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many Native American nations whose territory comprised the future state at the time of European colonization. [13] Geography Edit Boundaries Edit Topography of Iowa, with counties and major streams Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west. The northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude. [14] [b] The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not-quite-straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa (1849) after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War . [15] [16] Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed almost entirely by rivers. [17] Carter Lake, Iowa , is the only city in the state located west of the Missouri River. [18] Iowa has 99 counties , but 100 county seats because Lee County has two. The state capital, Des Moines , is in Polk County . [19] Geology and terrain Edit Iowa's bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east. In northwest Iowa, Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old; in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c. 500 million years ago. [20] Iowa is generally not flat; most of the state consists of rolling hills. Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation , soils , topography , and river drainage. [21] Loess hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick. [22] Northeast Iowa along the Upper Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Area , consisting of steep hills and vahttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowahttp://search.legis.state.ia.us/NXT/iclink.htm?c=704%24s=1%24No duty to retreat from home or place of business in defense of self or a "third party".KansasKansas ( / ˈ k æ n z ə s / ( listen ) ) is a state in the center of the United States . [10] Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita . [11] Kansas is bordered by Nebraska to the north; Missouri to the east; Oklahoma to the south; and Colorado to the west. Kansas is named after the Kansas River , which in turn was named after the Kansa Native Americans who lived along its banks. [12] [13] [14] [15] The tribe 's name (natively kką:ze ) is often said to mean "people of the (south) wind" although this was probably not the term's original meaning. [16] [17] For thousands of years, what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes . Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison . Kansas Nickname(s): The Sunflower State (official); The Wheat State [1] The Jayhawker State [1] Motto(s): Anthem: " Home on the Range " Map of the United States with Kansas highlighted Country United States Before statehood Kansas Territory Admitted to the Union January 29, 1861 (34th) Capital Topeka Largest city Wichita Largest metro Kansas portion of Kansas City, MO-KS Metropolitan Area Government • Governor Laura Kelly ( D ) • Lieutenant Governor David Toland (D) Legislature Kansas Legislature • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary Kansas Supreme Court U.S. senators Jerry Moran ( R ) Roger Marshall (R) U.S. House delegation 1 : Tracey Mann (R) 2 : Jake LaTurner (R) 3 : Sharice Davids (D) 4 : Ron Estes (R) ( list ) Area • Total 82,278 [2] sq mi (213,100 km 2 ) • Land 81,759 [2] sq mi (211,754 km 2 ) • Water 520 [2] sq mi (1,346 km 2 )  0.6 [3] % Area rank 15th Dimensions • Length 213 [4] mi (343 km) • Width 410 [4] mi (660 km) Elevation 2,000 ft (610 m) Highest elevation 4,041 ft (1,232 m) Lowest elevation 679 ft (207 m) Population (2019) • Total 2,913,314 • Rank 35th • Density 34.9/sq mi (13.5/km 2 ) • Density rank 40th • Median household income $56,422 [7] • Income rank 31st [8] Demonym(s) Kansan Jayhawker (Colloquial) Language • Official language English [9] Time zones Majority of state UTC−06:00 ( Central ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−05:00 ( CDT ) Greeley , Hamilton , Sherman , and Wallace counties UTC−07:00 ( Mountain ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−06:00 ( MDT ) USPS abbreviation KS ISO 3166 code US-KS Traditional abbreviation Kan., Kans. Latitude 37° N to 40° N Longitude 94° 35′ W to 102° 3′ W Website portal .kansas .gov Kansas was first settled by Americans in 1827 with the establishment of Fort Leavenworth . The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery debate. When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas–Nebraska Act , abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a freehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansashttps://ag.ks.gov/docs/documents/self-defense-statutes.pdf?sfvrsn=516a2f2b_421-5222 Use of force in defense of a person.(a) A person is justified in the use of force against another when and to the extent it appears to such person and such person reasonably believes that such use of force is necessary to defend such person or a third person against such other's imminent use of unlawful force.(b) A person is justified in the use of deadly force under circumstances described in subsection (a) if such person reasonably believes that such use of deadly force is necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to such person or a third person.(c) Nothing in this section shall require a person to retreat if such person is using force to protect such person or a third person.21-5223. Use of force in defense of dwelling.(a) A person is justified in the use of force against another when and to the extent that it appears to such person and such person reasonably believes that such use of force is necessary to prevent or terminate such other's unlawful entry into or attack upon such person's dwelling, place of work or occupied vehicle.(b) A person is justified in the use of deadly force to prevent or terminate unlawful entry into or attack upon any dwelling, place of work or occupied vehicle if such person reasonably believes that such use of deadly force is necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to such person or another.(c) Nothing in this section shall require a person to retreat if such person is using force to protect such person's dwelling, place of work or occupied vehicle.KentuckyKentucky ( US : / k ə n ˈ t ʌ k i / ( listen ) kən- TUK -ee , UK : / k ɛ n -/ ken- ), [4] officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky , is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States , bordered by Illinois , Indiana , and Ohio to the north; West Virginia and Virginia to the east; Tennessee to the south; and Missouri to the west. The bluegrass region in the central part of the commonwealth contains the commonwealth's capital, Frankfort , as well as its two largest cities, Louisville and Lexington . Together they comprise more than 20% of the commonwealth's population. [3] Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States . Kentucky Commonwealth of Kentucky Nickname(s): Bluegrass State Motto(s): Anthem: My Old Kentucky Home Map of the United States with Kentucky highlighted Country United States Before statehood Part of Virginia (District of Kentucky) Admitted to the Union June 1, 1792 (15th) Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Largest metro Kentuckiana Government • Governor Andy Beshear ( D ) • Lieutenant Governor Jacqueline Coleman (D) Legislature Kentucky General Assembly • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary Kentucky Supreme Court U.S. senators Mitch McConnell ( R ) Rand Paul (R) U.S. House delegation 5 Republicans 1 Democrat ( list ) Area • Total 40,407 sq mi (104,656 km 2 ) • Land 39,486 sq mi (102,269 km 2 ) • Water 921 sq mi (2,387 km 2 )  2.2% Area rank 37th Dimensions • Length 395 mi (636 km) • Width 185 mi (298 km) Elevation 750 ft (230 m) Highest elevation 4,145 ft (1,265 m) Lowest elevation 250 ft (78 m) Population (2019) • Total 4,467,673 • Rank 26th • Density 110/sq mi (42.5/km 2 ) • Density rank 21st • Median household income $52,295 [2] • Income rank 44th Demonym(s) Kentuckian Language • Official language English [3] Time zones eastern half UTC−05:00 ( Eastern ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−04:00 ( EDT ) western half UTC−06:00 ( Central ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−05:00 ( CDT ) USPS abbreviation KY ISO 3166 code US-KY Traditional abbreviation Ky Latitude 36° 30′ N to 39° 09′ N Longitude 81° 58′ W to 89° 34′ W Website kentucky .gov Kentucky was admitted into the Union as the 15th state on June 1, 1792, splitting from Virginia in the process. [5] It is known as the "Bluegrass State", a nickname based on Kentucky bluegrass , a species of grass found in many of its pastures, which has supported the thoroughbred horse industry in the center of the state. [6] It is home to the world's longest cave system: Mammoth Cave National Park , as well as the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River . The state is also known for horse racing , bourbon , moonshine , coal , "My Old Kentucky Home" historic state park, automobile manufacturing , tobacco , bluegrass music , college basketball , Louisville Slugger baseball bats , Kentucky Fried Chicken , and the Kentucky colonel .https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentuckyhttp://www.lrc.ky.gov/statutes/statute.aspx?id=19670No duty to retreat from dwelling, residence or occupied vehicle.LouisianaLouisiana ( / l u ˌ iː z i ˈ æ n ə / ( listen ) , / ˌ l uː z i -/ ( listen ) ) [a] is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States . It is the 19th-smallest by area and the 25th most populous of the 50 U.S. states . Louisiana is bordered by the state of Texas to the west, Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River . Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes , which are equivalent to counties . The state's capital is Baton Rouge , and its largest city is New Orleans . Louisiana State of Louisiana État de Louisiane ( French ) Nickname(s): Bayou State • Creole State • Pelican State (official) Sportsman's Paradise • The Boot Motto(s): Union, Justice, Confidence Anthem: " Give Me Louisiana " " You Are My Sunshine " "State March Song" "Gifts of the Earth" Map of the United States with Louisiana highlighted Country United States Before statehood Territory of Orleans Admitted to the Union April 30, 1812 (18th) Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans [1] [2] [3] Largest metro Greater New Orleans Government • Governor John Bel Edwards ( D ) • Lieutenant Governor Billy Nungesser ( R ) Legislature State Legislature • Upper house State Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary Louisiana Supreme Court U.S. senators Bill Cassidy (R) John Kennedy (R) U.S. House delegation 4 Republicans 2 Vacancies ( list ) Area • Total 52,069.13 sq mi (135,382 km 2 ) • Land 43,601 sq mi (112,927 km 2 ) • Water 8,283 sq mi (21,455 km 2 )  15% Area rank 31st Dimensions • Length 379 mi (610 km) • Width 130 mi (231 km) Elevation 100 ft (30 m) Highest elevation 535 ft (163 m) Lowest elevation −8 ft (−2.5 m) Population (2019) • Total 4,648,794 • Rank 25th • Density 93.8/sq mi (34.6/km 2 ) • Density rank 23th • Median household income $49,973 [6] • Income rank 48th Demonym(s) Louisianian Louisianais (Cajun or Creole heritage) Luisiano (Spanish descendants during rule of New Spain ) Language • Official language No official language • Spoken language As of 2010 [7] Time zone UTC−06:00 ( Central ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−05:00 ( CDT ) USPS abbreviation LA ISO 3166 code US-LA Traditional abbreviation La. Latitude 28° 56′ N to 33° 01′ N Longitude 88° 49′ W to 94° 03′ W Website louisiana .gov Much of the state's lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River , leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp . [9] These contain a rich southern biota ; typical examples include birds such as ibises and egrets . There are also many species of tree frogs , and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish . In more elevated areas, fire is a natural process in the landscape and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas . These support an exceptionally large number of plant species, including many species of terrestrial orchids and carnivorous plantshttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisianahttp://www.legis.state.la.us/lss/lss.asp?doc=78338(4)(a) When committed by a person lawfully inside a dwelling, a place of business, or a motor vehicle as defined in R.S. 32:1(40), against a person who is attempting to make an unlawful entry into the dwelling, place of business, or motor vehicle, or who has made an unlawful entry into the dwelling, place of business, or motor vehicle, and the person committing the homicide reasonably believes that the use of deadly force is necessary to prevent the entry or to compel the intruder to leave the premises or motor vehicle.MaineMaine ( / m eɪ n / ( listen ) ) is a state in the New England region of the United States , bordered by New Hampshire to the west; the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast; and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and northwest, respectively. Maine is the 12th-smallest by area , the 9th-least populous , and the 13th-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . It is also the northeasternmost among the contiguous United States , the northernmost state east of the Great Lakes , and the only state to border only one other state. Maine is known for its jagged, rocky coastline; low, rolling mountains; heavily forested interior; picturesque waterways; and its seafood cuisine, especially lobster and clams . There is a humid continental climate throughout most of the state, including coastal areas. [12] Its most populous city is Portland , and its capital is Augusta . Maine State of Maine Nickname(s): "The Pine Tree State" "Vacationland" [1] Motto(s): " Dirigo " (Latin for "I lead", "I guide", or "I direct") Anthem: " State of Maine " Map of the United States with Maine highlighted Country United States Before statehood District of Maine ( Massachusetts ) Admitted to the Union March 15, 1820 (23rd) Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Largest metro Greater Portland Government • Governor Janet Mills ( D ) • Senate President Troy Jackson (D) [nb 1] Legislature Maine Legislature • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary Maine Supreme Judicial Court U.S. senators Susan Collins ( R ) Angus King ( I ) U.S. House delegation 1 . Chellie Pingree (D) 2 . Jared Golden (D) ( list ) Area • Total 35,385 sq mi (91,646 km 2 ) • Land 30,862 sq mi (80,005 km 2 ) • Water 4,523 sq mi (11,724 km 2 )  13.5% Area rank 39th Dimensions • Length 320 mi (515 km) • Width 205 mi (330 km) Elevation 600 ft (180 m) Highest elevation 5,270 ft (1,606.4 m) Lowest elevation 0 ft (0 m) Population (2019) • Total 1,344,212 • Rank 42nd • Density 43.8/sq mi (16.9/km 2 ) • Density rank 38th • Median household income $56,277 [4] • Income rank 32nd Demonym(s) Mainer Language • Official language None [nb 3] • Spoken language Time zone UTC−05:00 ( Eastern ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−04:00 ( EDT ) USPS abbreviation ME ISO 3166 code US-ME Traditional abbreviation Me. Latitude 42° 58′ N to 47° 28′ N Longitude 66° 57′ W to 71° 5′ W Website www .maine .gov For thousands of years after the glaciers retreated during the last Ice Age , indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European arrival, several Algonquian -speaking peoples inhabited the area. The first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island , by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons . The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony , established by the Plymouth Company in 1607. A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s, although the rugged climate, deprivhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MaineUse of force in defense of premisesA. Under the circumstances enumerated in section 108 ; or [PL 1975, c. 740, §26 (NEW).] B. When the person reasonably believes that deadly force is necessary to prevent or terminate the commission of a criminal trespass by such other person, who the person reasonably believes: (1) Has entered or is attempting to enter the dwelling place or has surreptitiously remained within the dwelling place without a license or privilege to do so; and (2) Is committing or is likely to commit some other crime within the dwelling place. [PL 2007, c. 173, §20 (AMD).]http://janus.state.me.us/legis/statutes/17-a/title17-asec104.htmlDeadly force justified to terminate criminal trespass AND another crime within home, or to stop unlawful and imminent use of deadly force, or to effect a citizen's arrest against deadly force; duty to retreat not specifically removed[33]MarylandMaryland ( US : / ˈ m ɛr ə l ə n d / ( listen ) MERR -ə-lənd ) [a] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic [9] region of the United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east. The state's largest city is Baltimore , [10] and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English Queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary, who was the wife of King Charles I . [11] [12] Maryland State of Maryland Nickname(s): Motto(s): "Fatti maschii, parole femine" (English: "Strong Deeds, Gentle Words") [3] The Latin text encircling the seal: Scuto bonæ voluntatis tuæ coronasti nos ("With Favor Wilt Thou Compass Us as with a Shield") Psalm 5:12 [4] Anthem: " Maryland, My Maryland " Map of the United States with Maryland highlighted Country United States Before statehood Province of Maryland Admitted to the Union April 28, 1788 (7th) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Largest metro Baltimore-Washington Metro Area Government • Governor Larry Hogan ( R ) • Lieutenant Governor Boyd Rutherford (R) Legislature General Assembly • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Delegates Judiciary Maryland Court of Appeals U.S. senators Ben Cardin ( D ) Chris Van Hollen (D) U.S. House delegation 7 Democrats 1 Republican ( list ) Area • Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km 2 ) • Land 9,776 sq mi (25,314 km 2 ) • Water 2,633 sq mi (6,819 km 2 )  21% Area rank 42nd Dimensions • Length 119 mi (192 km) • Width 196 mi (315 km) Elevation 350 ft (110 m) Highest elevation 3,360 ft (1,024 m) Lowest elevation 0 ft (0 m) Population (2019) • Total 6,045,680 • Rank 19th • Density 619/sq mi (238/km 2 ) • Density rank 5th • Median household income $80,776 (2,017) [7] • Income rank 2nd Demonym(s) Marylander Language • Official language None (English, de facto ) Time zone UTC−05:00 ( Eastern ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−04:00 ( EDT ) USPS abbreviation MD ISO 3166 code US-MD Traditional abbreviation Md. Latitude 37° 53′ N to 39° 43′ N Longitude 75° 03′ W to 79° 29′ W Website www .maryland .gov Sixteen of Maryland's twenty-three counties, as well as the city of Baltimore, border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries, [13] [10] which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline. Although one of the smallest states in the U.S., it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . [14] In a similar vein, Maryland's geography, culture, and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern , and Southern regions of the country. Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century, Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans, mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . [15] As one of the original Thirteehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MarylandSee Maryland self-defense. Case-law, not statute, incorporates the common law castle-doctrine into Maryland self-defense law. Invitees or guests may have duty to retreat based on mixed case law.[34]MassachusettsMassachusetts ( / ˌ m æ s ə ˈ tʃ uː s ɪ t s / ( listen ) , /- z ɪ t s / ), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England. It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . [44] Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , [45] Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . [46] During the 20th century, Massachusetts's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . [47] Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . [48] Massachusetts Commonwealth of Massachusetts Nickname(s): The Bay State (official) The Pilgrim State; The Puritan State The Old Colony State The Baked Bean State [1] Motto(s): Anthem: All Hail to Massachusetts Map of the United States with Massachusetts highlighted Country United States Before statehood Province of Massachusetts Bay Admitted to the Union February 6, 1788 (6th) Capital ( and largest city ) Boston Largest metro Greater Boston Government • Governor Charlie Baker ( R ) • Lieutenant Governor Karyn Polito (R) Legislature General Court • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court U.S. senators Elizabeth Warren ( D ) Ed Markey (D) U.S. House delegation 9 Democrats ( list ) Area • Total 10,565 [2] sq mi (27,337 km 2 ) • Land 7,840 sq mi (20,306 km 2 ) • Water 2,715 sq mi (7,032 km 2 )  26.1% Area rank 44th Dimensions • Length 190 mi (296 km) • Width 115 mi (184 km) Elevation 500 ft (150 m) Highest elevation 3,489 ft (1,063.4 m) Lowest elevation (Atlantic Ocean) 0 ft (0 m) Population (2019) • Total 6,892,503 • Rank 15th • Density 840/sq mi (324/km 2 ) • Density rank 3rd • Median household income $77,385 [5] • Income rank 5th Demonym(s) Bay Stater (official) [6] Massachusite (traditional) [7] [8] Massachusettsan (recommended by the U.S. GPO) [9] Masshole (derogatory [10] or affectionate [11] ) Language • Official language English [12] • Spoken language Time zone UTC−05:00 ( Eastern ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−04:00 ( EDT ) USPS abbreviation MA ISO 3166 code US-MA Traditional abbreviation Mass. Latitude 41° 14′ N to 42° 53′ N Longitude 69° 56′ W to 73° 30′ W Website www .mass .gov Massachusetts state symbols Living insignia Bird Black-capped chickadee , [14] wild turkey [15] [16] Fish Cod [16] [17] Flower Mayflower [16] [18] Insect Ladybug [16] [19] Mammal Right whale , [20] Morgan horse , [21] Tabby cat , [22] Boston Terrier [23] Reptile Garter snake [16] [24] Tree American elm [16] [25] Inanimate insignia Beverage Cranberry juicehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusettshttp://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/278-8a.htmSection 8A. In the prosecution of a person who is an occupant of a dwelling charged with killing or injuring one who was unlawfully in said dwelling, it shall be a defense that the occupant was in his dwelling at the time of the offense and that he acted in the reasonable belief that the person unlawfully in said dwelling was about to inflict great bodily injury or death upon said occupant or upon another person lawfully in said dwelling, and that said occupant used reasonable means to defend himself or such other person lawfully in said dwelling. There shall be no duty on said occupant to retreat from such person unlawfully in said dwelling.Michigan"The Great Lakes State" redirects here. For states around the Great Lakes region, see Great Lakes region . Michigan ( / ˈ m ɪ ʃ ɪ ɡ ən / ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Upper Midwest regions of the United States . Its name comes from the Ojibwe word mishigami , meaning "large water" or "large lake". [2] [7] With a population of approximately 10 million, Michigan is the tenth most populous state, the 11th most extensive state by area, and the largest by area east of the Mississippi River . [b] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation's most populous and largest metropolitan economies. Michigan State of Michigan Nickname(s): "The Great Lake(s) State", [1] "The Wolverine State", "The Mitten State", "Water (Winter) Wonderland" Motto(s): Anthem: " My Michigan " Map of the United States with Michigan highlighted Country United States Before statehood Michigan Territory Admitted to the Union January 26, 1837 (26th) Capital Lansing Largest city Detroit Largest metro Metro Detroit Government • Governor Gretchen Whitmer ( D ) • Lieutenant Governor Garlin Gilchrist (D) Legislature Michigan Legislature • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary Michigan Supreme Court U.S. senators Debbie Stabenow (D) Gary Peters (D) U.S. House delegation 7 Democrats 7 Republicans ( list ) Area • Total 96,716 sq mi (250,493 km 2 ) Area rank 11th Dimensions • Length 456 [2] mi (734 km) • Width 386 [2] mi (621 km) Elevation 900 ft (270 m) Highest elevation 1,979 ft (603 m) Lowest elevation 571 ft (174 m) Population (2010) • Total 9,883,635 [4] • Rank 10th • Density 174/sq mi (67.1/km 2 ) • Density rank 17th • Median household income $54,909 [5] • Income rank 34th Demonym(s) Michigander, Michiganian, Yooper (for residents of the Upper Peninsula) [6] Language • Official language None (English, de facto ) • Spoken language English 91.11% Spanish 2.93% Arabic 1.04% Other 4.92% Time zones most of state UTC−05:00 ( Eastern ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−04:00 ( EDT ) 4 U.P. counties ( Gogebic , Iron , Dickinson , and Menominee ) UTC−06:00 ( Central ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−05:00 ( CDT ) USPS abbreviation MI ISO 3166 code US-MI Traditional abbreviation Mich. Latitude 41°41′ N to 48°18′ N Longitude 82°7′ W to 90°25′ W Website www .michigan .gov Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula (often called "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas. Michigan has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bordered by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . [8] It also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds . [9] The area was first occupied by a succession of Native American tribes over thousands of years. Inhabited by Natives, Métis , anhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MichiganMichigan LegislatureTHE CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (EXCERPT) Act 175 of 1927 768.21c Use of deadly force by individual in own dwelling; "dwelling" defined. Sec. 21c. (1) In cases in which section 2 of the self-defense act does not apply, the common law of this state applies except that the duty to retreat before using deadly force is not required if an individual is in his or her own dwelling or within the curtilage of that dwelling. (2) As used in this section, "dwelling" means a structure or shelter that is used permanently or temporarily as a place of abode, including an appurtenant structure attached to that structure or shelter. History: Add. 2006, Act 313, Eff. Oct. 1, 2006 © 2020 Legislative Council, State of Michiganhttp://www.legislature.mi.gov/%28S%28yn5bw45msck2da2vgll4o4rt%29%29/mileg.aspx?page=GetObject&objectname=mcl-768-21c768.21c Use of deadly force by individual in own dwelling; "dwelling" defined.(1) In cases in which section 2 of the self-defense act does not apply, the common law of this state applies except that the duty to retreat before using deadly force is not required if an individual is in his or her own dwelling or within the curtilage of that dwelling.(2) As used in this section, "dwelling" means a structure or shelter that is used permanently or temporarily as a place of abode, including an appurtenant structure attached to that structure or shelter.[35]MinnesotaMinnesota ( / ˌ m ɪ n ɪ ˈ s oʊ t ə / ( listen ) ) is a state in the Upper Midwest region of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858, created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state is known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes". Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord , French for "The Star of the North". Minnesota State of Minnesota Nickname(s): Land of 10,000 Lakes; North Star State; Gopher State Motto(s): Anthem: " Hail! Minnesota " Map of the United States with Minnesota highlighted Country United States Before statehood Minnesota Territory Admitted to the Union May 11, 1858 (32nd) Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Largest metro Minneapolis–Saint Paul Government • Governor Tim Walz ( DFL ) • Lieutenant Governor Peggy Flanagan (DFL) Legislature Minnesota Legislature • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary Minnesota Supreme Court U.S. senators Amy Klobuchar (DFL) Tina Smith (DFL) U.S. House delegation 4 Democrats 4 Republicans ( list ) Area • Total 86,935.83 sq mi (225,163 km 2 ) • Land 79,626.74 sq mi (206,232 km 2 ) • Water 7,309.09 sq mi (18,930 km 2 )  8.40% Area rank 12th Dimensions • Length about 400 mi (640 km) • Width 200–350 mi (320–560 km) Elevation 1,200 ft (370 m) Highest elevation 2,301 ft (701 m) Lowest elevation 602 ft (183 m) Population (2019) • Total 5,639,632 [4] • Rank 22nd • Density 68.9/sq mi (26.6/km 2 ) • Density rank 30th (2015 estimate) • Median household income $68,388 [5] • Income rank 10th Demonym(s) Minnesotan Language • Official language None • Spoken language Time zone UTC−06:00 ( Central ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−05:00 ( CDT ) USPS abbreviation MN ISO 3166 code US-MN Traditional abbreviation Minn. Latitude 43° 30′ N to 49° 23′ N Longitude 89° 29′ W to 97° 14′ W Website mn .gov Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 22nd most populous of the U.S. states. Nearly 55% of its residents live in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area (known as the "Twin Cities"), [8] the state's main hub of transportation, business, industry, education, arts, and government. Urban centers in "Greater Minnesota" include Duluth , Mankato , Moorhead , Rochester and St. Cloud . [9] The state's geography is defined by western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now partially cleared, farmed, and settled; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining, forestry, and recreation. Before Europeans arrived, Minnesota was inhabited by various indigenous peoples going back to the archaic hunter-gatherers of the Woodland period . During the Middle Woodland Period two areas of Hopewell tradition existed in Minnesota. The Laural Complex covered part of the north while the Tremplau Hopewell was in the Mississippi river Valley (100 BCE – 500 CE ). After that was the Upper Mississippian culture, which in Minnesota was the Oneota people. It is believed the Siouan languages derive from them. Frenchhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesotahttp://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/statutes/?id=609.065No duty to retreat before using deadly force to prevent a felony in one's place of abode; no duty to retreat before using deadly force in self-defense in one's place of abode [36] This isn't as clear as it appears, however. There are four cases in Minnesota where duty of retreat was upheld.[37]MississippiMississippi ( / ˌ m ɪ s ɪ ˈ s ɪ p i / ( listen ) ) is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States , bordered to the north by Tennessee ; to the east by Alabama ; to the south by the Gulf of Mexico ; to the southwest by Louisiana ; and to the northwest by Arkansas . Mississippi's western boundary is largely defined by the Mississippi River . Mississippi is the 32nd largest and 34th-most populous of the 50 U.S. states. Jackson is both the state's capital and largest city. Greater Jackson is the state's most populous metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 580,166 in 2018. Mississippi State of Mississippi Nickname(s): "The Magnolia State" and "The Hospitality State" Motto(s): Anthem: " Go, Mississippi " Map of the United States with Mississippi highlighted Country United States Before statehood Mississippi Territory Admitted to the Union December 10, 1817 (20th) Capital ( and largest city ) Jackson Largest metro Greater Jackson Government • Governor Tate Reeves ( R ) • Lieutenant Governor Delbert Hosemann (R) Legislature Mississippi Legislature • Upper house State Senate • Lower house House of Representatives U.S. senators Roger Wicker (R) Cindy Hyde-Smith (R) U.S. House delegation 1 : Trent Kelly (R) 2 : Bennie Thompson ( D ) 3 : Michael Guest (R) 4 : Steven Palazzo (R) ( list ) Area • Total 48,430 sq mi (125,443 km 2 ) • Land 46,952 sq mi (121,607 km 2 ) • Water 1,521 sq mi (3,940 km 2 )  3% Area rank 32nd Dimensions • Length 340 mi (545 km) • Width 170 mi (275 km) Elevation 300 ft (90 m) Highest elevation 807 ft (246.0 m) Lowest elevation 0 ft (0 m) Population • Total 2,976,149 • Rank 34th • Density 63.5/sq mi (24.5/km 2 ) • Density rank 32nd • Median household income US$43,567 [4] • Income rank 50th Demonym(s) Mississippian Language • Official language English Time zone UTC−06:00 ( Central ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−05:00 ( CDT ) USPS abbreviation MS ISO 3166 code US-MS Trad. abbreviation Miss. Latitude 30°12′ N to 35° N Longitude 88°06′ W to 91°39′ W Website www .ms .gov On December 10, 1817, Mississippi became the 20th state admitted to the Union. By 1860, Mississippi was the nation's top cotton -producing state and enslaved persons accounted for 55% of the state population. [5] Mississippi declared its secession from the Union on March 23, 1861, and was one of the seven original Confederate States , which constituted the largest slaveholding states in the nation. Following the Civil War , it was restored to the Union on February 23, 1870. [6] Until the Great Migration of the 1930s, African Americans were a majority of Mississippi's population. Mississippi was the site of many prominent events during the civil rights movement , including the Ole Miss riot of 1962 by white students objecting to desegregation, the 1963 assassination of Medgar Evers , and the 1964 Freedom Summer murders of three activists working on voting rights. With large areas of agricultural based rural towns, Mississippi frequently ranks low among the U.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MississippiMS Code 97-3-15(3) A person who uses defensive force shall be presumed to have reasonably feared imminent death or great bodily harm, or the commission of a felony upon him or another or upon his dwelling, or against a vehicle which he was occupying, or against his business or place of employment or the immediate premises of such business or place of employment, if the person against whom the defensive force was used, was in the process of unlawfully and forcibly entering, or had unlawfully and forcibly entered, a dwelling, occupied vehicle, business, place of employment or the immediate premises thereof or if that person had unlawfully removed or was attempting to unlawfully remove another against the other person's will from that dwelling, occupied vehicle, business, place of employment or the immediate premises thereof and the person who used defensive force knew or had reason to believe that the forcible entry or unlawful and forcible act was occurring or had occurred. This presumption shall not apply if the person against whom defensive force was used has a right to be in or is a lawful resident or owner of the dwelling, vehicle, business, place of employment or the immediate premises thereof or is the lawful resident or owner of the dwelling, vehicle, business, place of employment or the immediate premises thereof or if the person who uses defensive force is engaged in unlawful activity or if the person is a law enforcement officer engaged in the performance of his official duties;(4) A person who is not the initial aggressor and is not engaged in unlawful activity shall have no duty to retreat before using deadly force under subsection (1) (e) or (f) of this section if the person is in a place where the person has a right to be, and no finder of fact shall be permitted to consider the person's failure to retreat as evidence that the person's use of force was unnecessary, excessive or unreasonable.(5) (a) The presumptions contained in subsection (3) of this section shall apply in civil cases in which self-defense or defense of another is claimed as a defense.[38]MissouriMissouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States . [5] With more than six million residents, it is the 18th-most populous state of the country. The largest urban areas are St. Louis , Kansas City , Springfield and Columbia ; the capital is Jefferson City . The state is the 21st-most extensive in area. Missouri is bordered by eight states (tied for the most with Tennessee): Iowa to the north, Illinois , Kentucky and Tennessee (via the Mississippi River ) to the east, Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma , Kansas and Nebraska to the west. In the south are the Ozarks , a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Missouri River , after which the state is named, flows through the center of the state into the Mississippi River , which makes up Missouri's eastern border. Missouri State of Missouri Nickname(s): Show Me State, Cave State and Mother of the West Motto(s): Anthem: " Missouri Waltz " Map of the United States with Missouri highlighted Country United States Before statehood Missouri Territory Admitted to the Union August 10, 1821 (24th) Capital Jefferson City Largest city Kansas City Largest metro Greater St. Louis Government • Governor Mike Parson ( R ) • Lieutenant Governor Mike Kehoe (R) Legislature Missouri General Assembly • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary Supreme Court of Missouri U.S. senators Roy Blunt (R) Josh Hawley (R) U.S. House delegation 6 Republicans 2 Democrats ( list ) Area • Total 69,715 sq mi (180,560 km 2 ) • Land 68,886 sq mi (179,015 km 2 ) Area rank 21st Dimensions • Length 300 mi (480 km) • Width 241 mi (390 km) Elevation 800 ft (244 m) Highest elevation 1,773 ft (540 m) Lowest elevation 230 ft (70 m) Population (2020) • Total 6,151,548 • Rank 18th • Density 87.1/sq mi (33.7/km 2 ) • Density rank 30th • Median household income $53,578 [2] • Income rank 37th Demonym(s) Missourian Language • Official language English • Spoken language Time zone UTC−06:00 ( Central ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−05:00 ( CDT ) USPS abbreviation MO ISO 3166 code US-MO Traditional abbreviation Mo. Latitude 36° 0′ N to 40° 37′ N Longitude 89° 6′ W to 95° 46′ W Website www .mo .gov Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years. The Mississippian culture built cities and mounds , before declining in the 14th century. When European explorers arrived in the 17th century, they encountered the Osage and Missouria nations. The French established Louisiana , a part of New France , founding Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764. After a brief period of Spanish rule , the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South , including enslaved African Americans , rushed into the new Missouri Territory . Missouri was admitted as a slave state as part of the Missouri Compromise . Many from Virginia , Kentucky and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri . Soon after, heavy German immigration formed thhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missourihttp://www.moga.mo.gov/mostatutes/stathtml/56300000311.HTMLExtends to any building, inhabitable structure, or conveyance of any kind, whether the building, inhabitable structure, or conveyance is temporary or permanent, mobile or immobile (e.g., a camper, RV or mobile home), which has a roof over it, including a tent, and is designed to be occupied by people lodging therein at night, whether the person is residing there temporarily, permanently or visiting (e.g., a hotel or motel), and any vehicle. The defense against civil suits is absolute and includes the award of attorney's fees, court costs, and all reasonable expenses incurred by the defendant in defense of any civil action brought by a plaintiff.MontanaMontana ( / m ɒ n ˈ t æ n ə / ( listen ) ) is a state in the Mountain West region of the United States . It is bordered by Idaho to the west; North Dakota and South Dakota to the east; Wyoming to the south; and by the Canadian provinces of Alberta , British Columbia , and Saskatchewan to the north. It is the fourth-largest state by area , the eighth-least populous state , and the third-least densely populated state . The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges, while the eastern half is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands , with more (albeit smaller) mountain ranges found throughout the state. In all, 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . Montana State of Montana Nickname(s): Big Sky Country, The Treasure State Motto(s): "Oro y Plata" ( Spanish ) "Gold and Silver" Anthem: " Montana " Map of the United States with Montana highlighted Country United States Before statehood Montana Territory Admitted to the Union November 8, 1889 (41st) Capital Helena Largest city Billings Largest metro Billings metropolitan area Government • Governor Greg Gianforte ( R ) • Lieutenant Governor Kristen Juras (R) Legislature Montana Legislature • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary Montana Supreme Court U.S. senators Jon Tester ( D ) Steve Daines (R) U.S. House delegation Matt Rosendale (R) ( list ) Area • Total 147,040 [1] sq mi (380,800 km 2 ) • Land 145,552 [2] sq mi (145,552 square miles (376,980 km 2 ) km 2 ) • Water 1,491 sq mi (3,862 km 2 )  1% Area rank 4th Dimensions • Length 255 mi (410 km) • Width 630 mi (1,015 km) Elevation 3,400 ft (1,040 m) Highest elevation 12,807 ft (3,903.5 m) Lowest elevation 1,804 ft (557 m) Population (2019) • Total 1,068,778 • Rank 43rd • Density 7.09/sq mi (2.73/km 2 ) • Density rank 48th • Median household income $53,386 [5] • Income rank 38th Demonym(s) Montanan Language • Official language English Time zone UTC−07:00 ( Mountain ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−06:00 ( MDT ) USPS abbreviation MT ISO 3166 code US-MT Traditional abbreviation Mont. Latitude 44° 21′ N to 49° N Longitude 104° 2′ W to 116° 3′ W Website www .mt .gov Montana has no official nickname but several unofficial ones, most notably "Big Sky Country", "The Treasure State", "Land of the Shining Mountains", and " The Last Best Place ". [6] The economy is primarily based on agriculture, including ranching and cereal grain farming. Other significant economic resources include oil, gas, coal, mining, and lumber. The health care, service, and government sectors also are significant to the state's economy. Montana's fastest-growing sector is tourism; nearly 13 million annual tourists visit Glacier National Park , Yellowstone National Park , Beartooth Highway , Flathead Lake , Big Sky Resort , and other attractions. [7] Etymology and naming history Edit The name Montana comes from the Spanish word montaña , which in turn comes from the Latin word montanea , meaning "mountain" or more broadly "mountaihttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana[2] §45-3-10345-3-103. Use of force in defense of occupied structure.(1) A person is justified in the use of force or threat to use force against another when and to the extent that the person reasonably believes that the use of force is necessary to prevent or terminate the other person's unlawful entry into or attack upon an occupied structure.(2) A person justified in the use of force pursuant to subsection (1) is justified in the use of force likely to cause death or serious bodily harm only if:(a) the entry is made or attempted and the person reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent an assault upon the person or another then in the occupied structure; or(b) the person reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent the commission of a forcible felony in the occupied structure.NebraskaNebraska / n ə ˈ b r æ s k ə / ( listen ) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States . It is bordered by South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River ; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the southwest; and Wyoming to the west. It is the only triply landlocked U.S. state. Nebraska State of Nebraska Nickname(s): Cornhusker State Motto(s): Equality before the law Anthem: " Beautiful Nebraska " Map of the United States with Nebraska highlighted Country United States Before statehood Nebraska Territory Admitted to the Union March 1, 1867 (37th) Capital Lincoln Largest city Omaha Largest metro Omaha–Council Bluffs Government • Governor Pete Ricketts ( R ) • Lieutenant Governor Mike Foley (R) Legislature Nebraska Legislature Judiciary Nebraska Supreme Court U.S. senators Deb Fischer (R) Ben Sasse (R) U.S. House delegation 1 : Jeff Fortenberry (R) 2 : Don Bacon (R) 3 : Adrian Smith (R) ( list ) Area • Total 77,358 sq mi (200,356 km 2 ) • Land 76,874 sq mi (199,099 km 2 ) • Water 481 sq mi (1,247 km 2 )  0.7% Area rank 16th Dimensions • Length 430 mi (690 km) • Width 210 mi (340 km) Elevation 2,600 ft (790 m) Highest elevation 5,424 ft (1,654 m) Lowest elevation 840 ft (256 m) Population (2019) • Total 1,934,408 • Rank 37th • Density 24.94/sq mi (9.63/km 2 ) • Density rank 43rd • Median household income $59,970 [3] • Income rank 22nd Demonym(s) Nebraskan Language • Official language English Time zones most of state UTC−06:00 ( Central ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−05:00 ( CDT ) Panhandle UTC−07:00 ( Mountain ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−06:00 ( MDT ) USPS abbreviation NE ISO 3166 code US-NE Traditional abbreviation Neb., Nebr. Latitude 40° N to 43° N Longitude 95° 19′ W to 104° 03′ W Website www .nebraska .gov Indigenous peoples, including Omaha , Missouria , Ponca , Pawnee , Otoe , and various branches of the Lakota ( Sioux ) tribes, lived in the region for thousands of years before European exploration. The state is crossed by many historic trails, including that of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Nebraska's area is just over 77,220 square miles (200,000 km 2 ) with a population of almost 1.9 million. Its capital is Lincoln , and its largest city is Omaha , which is on the Missouri River . Nebraska was admitted into the United States in 1867, two years after the end of the American Civil War . The Nebraska Legislature is unlike any other American legislature in that it is unicameral , and its members are elected without any official reference to political party affiliation. Nebraska is composed of two major land regions: the Dissected Till Plains and the Great Plains . The Dissected Till Plains region consists of gently rolling hills and contains the state's largest cities, Omaha and Lincoln. The Great Plains region, occupying most of western Nebraska, is characterized by treeless prairie . Nebraska has two major climatic zones. The eastern half of the state has a humid continental climate ( Khttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NebraskaCastle doctrineState Law Notes Alabama § 13A-3-23 "Use of force in defense of a person. (a) A person is justified in using physical force upon another person in order to defend himself or herself or a third person from what he or she reasonably believes to be the use or imminent use of unlawful physical force by that other person, and he or she may use a degree of force which he or she reasonably believes to be necessary for the purpose. A person may use deadly physical force, and is legally presumed to be justified in using deadly physical force in self-defense or the defense of another person pursuant to subdivision (4), if the person reasonably believes that another person is: (1) Using or about to use unlawful deadly physical force. (2) Using or about to use physical force against an occupant of a dwelling while committing or attempting to commit a burglary of such dwelling. (3) Committing or about to commit a kidnapping in any degree, assault in the first or second degree, burglary in any degree, robbery in any degree, forcible rape, or forcible sodomy. (4) In the process of unlawfully and forcefully entering, or has unlawfully and forcefully entered, a dwelling, residence, or occupied vehicle, or federally licensed nuclear power facility, or is in the process of sabotaging or attempting to sabotage a federally licensed nuclear power facility, or is attempting to remove, or has forcefully removed, a person against his or her will from any dwelling, residence, or occupied vehicle when the person has a legal right to be there, and provided that the person using the deadly physical force knows or has reason to believe that an unlawful and forcible entry or unlawful and forcible act is occurring...." [25] Alaska § 11.81.335 "...a person who is justified in using nondeadly force in self-defense under AS 11.81.330 may use deadly force in self-defense upon another person when and to the extent the person reasonably believes the use of deadly force is necessary for self-defense against death, serious physical injury, kidnapping, sexual assault, robbery in any degree... there is no duty to leave the area if the person is(1) on premises that the person owns or leases. [26] Arizona § 13-418 "A. Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, a person is justified in threatening to use or using physical force or deadly physical force against another person if the person reasonably believes himself or another person to be in imminent peril of death or serious physical injury and the person against whom the physical force or deadly physical force is threatened or used was in the process of unlawfully or forcefully entering, or had unlawfully or forcefully entered, a residential structure or occupied vehicle, or had removed or was attempting to remove another person against the other person's will from the residential structure or occupied vehicle. B. A person has no duty to retreat before threatening or using physical force or deadly physical force pursuant to thishttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_doctrine#cite_note-39No duty to retreat in home. Duty to retreat in public.NevadaNevada ( / n ɪ ˈ v æ d ə / , Spanish: [neˈβaða] ) is a state in the Western region of the United States . [5] It is bordered by Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast, and Utah to the east. Nevada is the 7th-most extensive , the 19th-least populous , but the 9th-least densely populated of the U.S. states. Nearly three-quarters of Nevada's people live in Clark County , which contains the Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area , [6] including three of the state's four largest incorporated cities. [7] Nevada's capital is Carson City . Nevada State of Nevada Nickname(s): The Silver State (official); Sagebrush State; Battle Born State Motto(s): All for Our Country Anthem: " Home Means Nevada " Map of the United States with Nevada highlighted Country United States Before statehood Nevada Territory , Utah Territory , Arizona Territory Admitted to the Union October 31, 1864 (36th) Capital Carson City Largest city Las Vegas Largest metro Las Vegas Valley Government • Governor Steve Sisolak ( D ) • Lieutenant Governor Kate Marshall (D) Legislature Nevada Legislature • Upper house Senate • Lower house Assembly Judiciary Supreme Court of Nevada U.S. senators Catherine Cortez Masto (D) Jacky Rosen (D) U.S. House delegation 1 : Dina Titus (D) 2 : Mark Amodei ( R ) 3 : Susie Lee (D) 4 : Steven Horsford (D) ( list ) Area • Total 110,577 sq mi (286,382 km 2 ) • Land 109,781.18 sq mi (284,332 km 2 ) • Water 791 sq mi (2,048 km 2 )  0.72% Area rank 7th Dimensions • Length 492 mi (787 km) • Width 322 mi (519 km) Elevation 5,500 ft (1,680 m) Highest elevation 13,147 ft (4,007.1 m) Lowest elevation 481 ft (147 m) Population (2019) • Total 3,080,156 • Rank 32nd • Density 26.8/sq mi (10.3/km 2 ) • Density rank 42nd • Median household income $58,003 [4] • Income rank 27th Demonym(s) Nevadan Language • Official language None Time zones most of state UTC−08:00 ( Pacific ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−07:00 ( PDT ) West Wendover UTC−07:00 ( Mountain ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−06:00 ( MDT ) USPS abbreviation NV ISO 3166 code US-NV Traditional abbreviation Nev. Latitude 35° N to 42° N Longitude 114° 2′ W to 120° W Website www .nv .gov Nevada is officially known as the "Silver State" because of the importance of silver to its history and economy. It is also known as the "Battle Born State" because it achieved statehood during the Civil War (the words "Battle Born" also appear on the state flag ); as the "Sagebrush State", for the native plant of the same name ; and as the " Sage-hen State". [8] The name means "snow-covered" in Spanish , referring to Nevada's small overlap with the Sierra Nevada mountain range; however, the rest of Nevada is largely desert and semi-arid, much of it within the Great Basin . Areas south of the Great Basin are within the Mojave Desert , while Lake Tahoe and the Sierra Nevada lie on the western edge. About 86% of the state's land is managed by various jurisdictions of the U.S. federal government , both chttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NevadaCRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON[Rev. 11/17/2020 11:02:49 AM--2020R1] CHAPTER 200 - CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON HOMICIDE NRS 200.010 “Murder” defined. NRS 200.020 Malice: Express and implied defined. NRS 200.030 Degrees of murder; penalties. NRS 200.033 Circumstances aggravating first degree murder. NRS 200.035 Circumstances mitigating first degree murder. NRS 200.040 “Manslaughter” defined. NRS 200.050 “Voluntary manslaughter” defined. NRS 200.060 When killing punished as murder. NRS 200.070 “Involuntary manslaughter” defined. NRS 200.080 Punishment for voluntary manslaughter. NRS 200.090 Punishment for involuntary manslaughter. NRS 200.110 Place of trial for homicide. NRS 200.120 “Justifiable homicide” defined; no duty to retreat under certain circumstances. NRS 200.130 Bare fear insufficient to justify killing; reasonable fear required; rebuttable presumption under certain circumstances. NRS 200.140 Justifiable homicide by public officer. NRS 200.150 Justifiable or excusable homicide. NRS 200.160 Additional cases of justifiable homicide. NRS 200.170 Burden of proving circumstances of mitigation or justifiable or excusable homicide. NRS 200.180 Excusable homicide by misadventure. NRS 200.190 Justifiable or excusable homicide not punishable. NRS 200.200 Killing in self-defense. NRS 200.210 Killing of unborn quick child; penalty. NRS 200.220 Taking drugs to terminate pregnancy; penalty. NRS 200.230 Death resulting from overloading of passenger vessel; penalties. NRS 200.240 Owner of animal that kills human being guilty of manslaughter under certain circumstances; penalty. NRS 200.260 Death resulting from unlawful manufacture or storage of explosives; penalty. BODILY INJURY NRS 200.275 Justifiable infliction or threat of bodily injury not punishable. NRS 200.278 Information required to be provided to school district of person in secondary school who causes serious bodily injury. MAYHEM NRS 200.280 Definition; penalty. NRS 200.290 Instrument or manner of inflicting injury immaterial. NRS 200.300 Injury not resulting in permanent injury; defendant may be convicted of assault. KIDNAPPING NRS 200.310 Degrees. NRS 200.320 Kidnapping in first degree: Penalties. NRS 200.330 Kidnapping in second degree: Penalties. NRS 200.340 Penalty for aiding or abetting. NRS 200.350 Where proceedings may be instituted; consent is not defense. NRS 200.357 Law enforcement officer required to take child into protective custody if child in danger of being removed from jurisdiction. NRS 200.359 Detention, concealment or removal of child from person having lawful custody or from jurisdiction of court and relocation of child by parent without written consent of other parent or court permission: Penalties; limitation on issuance of arrest warrant; restitution; exceptions. SEXUAL ASSAULT AND SEDUCTION NRS 200.364 Definitions. NRS 200.366 Sexual assault: Definition; penalties; exclusions. NRS 200.368 Statutory sexual seduction: Penalties. NRS 200.373 Sexual assaulthttp://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-200.html#NRS200Sec120200.120.1. Justifiable homicide is the killing of a human being in necessary self-defense, or in defense of habitation, property or person, against one who manifestly intends or endeavors, by violence or surprise, to commit a felony, or against any person or persons who manifestly intend and endeavor, in a violent, riotous, tumultuous or surreptitious manner, to enter the habitation of another for the purpose of assaulting or offering personal violence to any person dwelling or being therein.2.  A person is not required to retreat before using deadly force as provided in subsection 1 if the person:(a) Is not the original aggressor;(b) Has a right to be present at the location where deadly force is used; and(c) Is not actively engaged in conduct in furtherance of criminal activity at the time deadly force is used.New HampshireNew Hampshire ( / ˈ h æ m p ʃ ər / ) is a state in the New England region of the United States . It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire is the 5th smallest by area and the 10th least populous U.S. state. Concord is the state capital, while Manchester is the largest city. New Hampshire has no general sales tax , nor income tax other than on interest and dividends. The New Hampshire primary is the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle. Its license plates carry the state motto , " Live Free or Die ". The state's nickname , "The Granite State", refers to its extensive granite formations and quarries . [12] New Hampshire State of New Hampshire Nickname(s): the Granite State [1] the White Mountain State [2] Motto(s): Anthem: " Old New Hampshire " [3] Map of the United States with New Hampshire highlighted Country United States Before statehood Province of New Hampshire Admitted to the Union June 21, 1788 (9th) Capital Concord Largest city Manchester Largest metro Manchester–Nashua Government • Governor Chris Sununu ( R ) • Senate President Chuck Morse ( R ) [4] Legislature General Court • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Representatives Judiciary New Hampshire Supreme Court U.S. senators Jeanne Shaheen (D) Maggie Hassan (D) U.S. House delegation 1 : Chris Pappas (D) 2 : Ann McLane Kuster (D) ( list ) Area • Total 9,349 sq mi (24,214 [5] km 2 ) Area rank 46th Dimensions • Length 190 mi (305 km) • Width 68 mi (110 km) Elevation 1,000 ft (300 m) Highest elevation 6,288 ft (1,916.66 m) Lowest elevation 0 ft (0 m) Population (2020) • Total 1,366,275 • Rank 41st • Density 147/sq mi (56.8/km 2 ) • Density rank 21st • Median household income $73,381 [8] • Income rank 7th Demonym(s) Granite Stater, New Hampshirite Language • Official language English [9] (French allowed for official business with Quebec) [10] Time zone UTC−05:00 ( Eastern ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−04:00 ( EDT ) USPS abbreviation NH ISO 3166 code US-NH Traditional abbreviation N.H. Latitude 42° 42′ N to 45° 18′ N Longitude 70° 36′ W to 72° 33′ W Website www .nh .gov In January 1776, it became the first of the British North American colonies to establish a government independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain 's authority; it was the first to establish its own state constitution. Six months later, it became one of the original 13 colonies that signed the United States Declaration of Independence , and in June 1788 it was the ninth state to ratify the United States Constitution , bringing that document into effect. Historically, New Hampshire was a major center for textile manufacturing , shoemaking , and papermaking , with Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester at one time being the largest cotton textile plant in the world. Numerous mills were located along various rivers in the state, especially the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers. Mhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_HampshireSection 627:4 Physical Force in Defense of a Person.TITLE LXII CRIMINAL CODE CHAPTER 627 JUSTIFICATION Section 627:4 627:4 Physical Force in Defense of a Person. – I. A person is justified in using non-deadly force upon another person in order to defend himself or a third person from what he reasonably believes to be the imminent use of unlawful, non-deadly force by such other person, and he may use a degree of such force which he reasonably believes to be necessary for such purpose. However, such force is not justifiable if: (a) With a purpose to cause physical harm to another person, he provoked the use of unlawful, non-deadly force by such other person; or (b) He was the initial aggressor, unless after such aggression he withdraws from the encounter and effectively communicates to such other person his intent to do so, but the latter notwithstanding continues the use or threat of unlawful, non-deadly force; or (c) The force involved was the product of a combat by agreement not authorized by law. II. A person is justified in using deadly force upon another person when he reasonably believes that such other person: (a) Is about to use unlawful, deadly force against the actor or a third person; (b) Is likely to use any unlawful force against a person present while committing or attempting to commit a burglary; (c) Is committing or about to commit kidnapping or a forcible sex offense; or (d) Is likely to use any unlawful force in the commission of a felony against the actor within such actor's dwelling or its curtilage. II-a. A person who responds to a threat which would be considered by a reasonable person as likely to cause serious bodily injury or death to the person or to another by displaying a firearm or other means of self-defense with the intent to warn away the person making the threat shall not have committed a criminal act. III. A person is not justified in using deadly force on another to defend himself or herself or a third person from deadly force by the other if he or she knows that he or she and the third person can, with complete safety: (a) Retreat from the encounter, except that he or she is not required to retreat if he or she is within his or her dwelling, its curtilage, or anywhere he or she has a right to be, and was not the initial aggressor; or (b) Surrender property to a person asserting a claim of right thereto; or (c) Comply with a demand that he or she abstain from performing an act which he or she is not obliged to perform; nor is the use of deadly force justifiable when, with the purpose of causing death or serious bodily harm, the person has provoked the use of force against himself or herself in the same encounter; or (d) If he or she is a law enforcement officer or a private person assisting the officer at the officer's direction and was acting pursuant to RSA 627:5, the person need not retreat. Source. 1971, 518:1. 1981, 347:1, 2. 2010, 361:1. 2011, 268:1, eff. Nov. 13, 2011.http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/RSA/html/LXII/627/627-4.htmNot required to retreat if he or she is within his or her dwelling, its curtilage, or anywhere he or she has a right to be, and was not the initial aggressor. An individual may respond to a threat of serious bodily injury or death by displaying a firearm or other method of self-defense. Deadly force is justified if the aggressor is about to use unlawful, deadly force, is likely to use any unlawful force against a person present while committing or attempting to commit a burglary, is committing or about to commit kidnapping or a forcible sex offense, or is likely to use any unlawful force in the commission of a felony against the individual within their dwelling or its curtilage.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jerseyhttps://web.archive.org/web/20120717103103/http://law.onecle.com/new-jersey/2c-the-new-jersey-code-of-criminal-justice/3-4.htmlRetreat required if actor knows he can avoid necessity of deadly force in complete safety, etc. except not obliged to retreat from dwelling, unless the initial aggressorNew York (state) - WikipediaNew York is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States . It was one of the original thirteen colonies forming the United States. With a total area of 54,555 square miles (141,300 km 2 ), [2] New York is the 27th largest state . Its population of more than 19 million as of 2019 makes it the fourth most populous . [6] It is sometimes referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City , which is its largest city. Two-thirds of the state's population lives in the New York City metropolitan area . [9] With an estimated population of 8.36 million in 2019, [10] New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for immigration to the United States . [11] [12] [13] The New York City metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world. [14] [15] A global city , [16] New York City is home to the United Nations Headquarters , [17] and has been described as the cultural , [18] [19] financial , [20] [21] and media capital of the world, [22] [23] as well as the world's most economically powerful city. [24] [20] [25] The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . New York has a diverse geography. The state is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut , Massachusetts , and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island , east of Long Island , as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the north and Ontario to the northwest. The southern part of the state is in the Atlantic coastal plain and includes Long Island and several smaller associated islands, as well as New York City and the lower Hudson River Valley . The large Upstate New York region comprises several ranges of the wider Appalachian Mountains , and the Adirondack Mountains in the northeastern lobe of the state. The north–south Hudson River Valley and the east–west Mohawk River Valley bisect these more mountainous regions. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes region and borders on Lake Ontario , Lake Erie , and Niagara Falls . The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes , a popular vacation and tourist destination. New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian -speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. [26] French colonists and Jesuit missionaries arrived southward from Montreal for trade and proselytizing . In 1609, the region was visited by Henry Hudson sailing for the Dutch East India Company . [27] The Dutch built Fort Nassau in 1614 at the confluence of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers, where the present-day capital of Albany later developed. [28] The Dutch soon also settled New Amsterdam and parts of the Hudson Valley, establishing the multicultural colony of New Netherland , a center of trade and immigration. England seized thehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)http://law.onecle.com/new-york/penal/PEN035.15_35.15.htmlRetreat required if actor knows that with complete personal safety, to oneself and others, he or she may avoid the necessity of using deadly force by retreating, except that the actor is under no duty to retreat if he or she is in his or her dwelling and not the initial aggressor.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolinahttp://www.ncleg.net/enactedlegislation/statutes/html/bysection/chapter_14/gs_14-51.3.htmlUse of force in defense of person; relief from criminal or civil liability.(a) A person is justified in using force, except deadly force, against another when and to the extent that the person reasonably believes that the conduct is necessary to defend himself or herself or another against the other's imminent use of unlawful force. However, a person is justified in the use of deadly force and does not have a duty to retreat in any place he or she has the lawful right to be if either of the following applies: (1) He or she reasonably believes that such force is necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or herself or another. (2) Under the circumstances permitted pursuant to G.S. 14‑51.2. (b) A person who uses force as permitted by this section is justified in using such force and is immune from civil or criminal liability for the use of such force, unless the person against whom force was used is a law enforcement officer or bail bondsman who was lawfully acting in the performance of his or her official duties and the officer or bail bondsman identified himself or herself in accordance with any applicable law or the person using force knew or reasonably should have known that the person was a law enforcement officer or bail bondsman in the lawful performance of his or her official duties. (2011‑268, s. 1.)(Note: In practice North Carolina automatically assumes the use of any level of force is justified unless there is clear, unambiguous proof that the force used was not justified.)https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota12.1-05-07. [5]When deadly force is used in lawful self-defense, or in lawful defense of others, if such force is necessary to protect the actor or anyone else against death, serious bodily injury, or the commission of a felony involving violence, An individual is not required to retreat within or from that individual's dwelling or place of work or from an occupied motor home or travel trailer, unless the individual was the original aggressor or is assailed by another individual who the individual knows also dwells or works there or who is lawfully in the motor home or travel trailer. Also, deadly force is permitted in defense of property when used by an individual in possession or control of a dwelling, place of work, or an occupied motor home or travel trailer, or by an individual who is licensed or privileged to be there, if the force is necessary to prevent commission of arson, burglary, robbery, or a felony involving violence upon or in the dwelling, place of work, or occupied motor home or travel trailer, and the use of force other than deadly force for these purposes would expose any individual to substantial danger of serious bodily injury.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohiohttps://search-prod.lis.state.oh.us/solarapi/v1/general_assembly_133/bills/sb175/EN/06?format=pdfA trier of fact shall not consider the possibility of retreat as a factor in determining whether or not a person who used force in self-defense, defense of another, or defense of that person's residence reasonably believed that the force was necessary to prevent injury, loss, or risk to life or safety.[40] Section 2901.09https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/OregonORS [6]Use of force justifiable in a range of scenarios without a duty to retreat specified. Oregon Supreme Court affirmed in State of Oregon v. Sandoval that the law "sets out a specific set of circumstances that justify a person's use of deadly force (that the person reasonably believes that another person is using or about to use deadly force against him or her) and does not interpose any additional requirement (including a requirement that there be no means of escape)."https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniahttp://www.legis.state.pa.us/CFDOCS/Legis/PN/Public/btCheck.cfm?txtType=HTM&sessYr=2011&sessInd=0&billBody=H&billTyp=B&billNbr=0040The most recent version of Pennsylvania's Castle Doctrine legislation was signed into law in June 2011. The law extends the right to self-defense up to and including deadly force in a victim's dwelling (now including any attached porch, deck or patio), occupied vehicle, or any other dwelling or vehicle that the victim legally occupies. A place of work is included in the "castle" provision under certain circumstances. Use of deadly force is justifiable if the "castle" area in the event that an assailant is "unlawfully and forcefully entering" or has entered the "castle" area. Deadly force is also justifiable, subject to certain provisions, if a person that legally enters the "castle" goes on to unlawfully attack a victim (when the victim is reasonably in fear of his/her life) or if the attacker attempts to kidnap anyone who legally occupies the "castle". The victim must be in "legal possession" of a firearm or other weapon to be justified in the use of that weapon. Use of deadly force to protect an innocent third person is generally allowed in circumstances where the provisions for justifiable self-defense are met. Victims who justifiably use force to defend themselves under the provisions of the law are immune from civil liability for any injuries sustained by the attacker during the incident. The new legislation also contains a stand your ground provision when outside the "castle". Outside "castle areas" there is no duty to retreat if confronted with a weapon.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Islandhttp://www.rilin.state.ri.us/Statutes/TITLE11/11-8/11-8-8.HTMIn the event that any person shall die or shall sustain a personal injury in any way or for any cause while in the commission of any criminal offense enumerated in §§ 11-8-2 – 11-8-6, it shall be rebuttably presumed as a matter of law in any civil or criminal proceeding that the owner, tenant, or occupier of the place where the offense was committed acted by reasonable means in self-defense and in the reasonable belief that the person engaged in the criminal offense was about to inflict great bodily harm or death upon that person or any other individual lawfully in the place where the criminal offense was committed. There shall be no duty on the part of an owner, tenant, or occupier to retreat from any person engaged in the commission of any criminal offense enumerated in §§ 11-8-2 – 11-8-6.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennesseehttps://codes.findlaw.com/tn/title-39-criminal-offenses/tn-code-sect-39-11-611.htmla) As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:(1) "Business" means a commercial enterprise or establishment owned by a person as all or part of the person's livelihood or is under the owner's control or who is an employee or agent of the owner with responsibility for protecting persons and property and shall include the interior and exterior premises of the business; (2) "Category I nuclear facility" means a facility that possesses a formula quantity of strategic special nuclear material, as defined and licensed by the United States nuclear regulatory commission, and that must comply with the requirements of 10 CFR Part 73; (3) "Curtilage" means the area surrounding a dwelling that is necessary, convenient and habitually used for family purposes and for those activities associated with the sanctity of a person's home; (4) "Deadly force" means the use of force intended or likely to cause death or serious bodily injury; (5) "Dwelling" means a building or conveyance of any kind, including any attached porch, whether the building or conveyance is temporary or permanent, mobile or immobile, that has a roof over it, including a tent, and is designed for or capable of use by people; (6) "Nuclear power reactor facility" means a reactor designed to produce heat for electric generation, for producing radiation or fissionable materials, or for reactor component testing, and does not include a reactor used for research purposes; (7) "Nuclear security officer" means a person who meets the requirements of 10 CFR Part 73, Appendix B, who is an employee or an employee of a contractor of the owner of a category I nuclear facility or nuclear power reactor facility, and who has been appointed or designated by the owner of a category I nuclear facility or nuclear power reactor facility to provide security for the facility; (8) "Residence" means a dwelling in which a person resides, either temporarily or permanently, or is visiting as an invited guest, or any dwelling, building or other appurtenance within the curtilage of the residence; and (9) "Vehicle" means any motorized vehicle that is self-propelled and designed for use on public highways to transport people or property. (b) (1) Notwithstanding § 39-17-1322, a person who is not engaged in unlawful activity and is in a place where the person has a right to be has no duty to retreat before threatening or using force against another person when and to the degree the person reasonably believes the force is immediately necessary to protect against the other's use or attempted use of unlawful force. (2) Notwithstanding § 39-17-1322, a person who is not engaged in unlawful activity and is in a place where the person has a right to be has no duty to retreat before threatening or using force intended or likely to cause death or serious bodily injury, if: (A) The person has a reasonable belief that there is an imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury; (B) The danger creating the belief of imminent death or serious bodily injury is real, or honestly believed to be real at the time; and (C) The belief of danger is founded upon reasonable grounds. (c) Any person using force intended or likely to cause death or serious bodily injury within a residence, business, dwelling or vehicle is presumed to have held a reasonable belief of imminent death or serious bodily injury to self, family, a member of the household or a person visiting as an invited guest, when that force is used against another person, who unlawfully and forcibly enters or has unlawfully and forcibly entered the residence, business, dwelling or vehicle, and the person using defensive force knew or had reason to believe that an unlawful and forcible entry occurred. (d) The presumption established in subsection (c) shall not apply, if: (1) The person against whom the force is used has the right to be in or is a lawful resident of the dwelling, business, residence, or vehicle, such as an owner, lessee, or titleholder; provided, that the person is not prohibited from entering the dwelling, business, residence, or occupied vehicle by an order of protection, injunction for protection from domestic abuse, or a court order of no contact against that person; (2) The person against whom the force is used is attempting to remove a person or persons who is a child or grandchild of, or is otherwise in the lawful custody or under the lawful guardianship of, the person against whom the defensive force is used; (3) Notwithstanding § 39-17-1322, the person using force is engaged in an unlawful activity or is using the dwelling, business, residence, or occupied vehicle to further an unlawful activity; or (4) The person against whom force is used is a law enforcement officer, as defined in § 39-11-106, who enters or attempts to enter a dwelling, business, residence, or vehicle in the performance of the officer's official duties, and the officer identified the officer in accordance with any applicable law, or the person using force knew or reasonably should have known that the person entering or attempting to enter was a law enforcement officer. (e) The threat or use of force against another is not justified: (1) If the person using force consented to the exact force used or attempted by the other individual; (2) If the person using force provoked the other individual's use or attempted use of unlawful force, unless: (A) The person using force abandons the encounter or clearly communicates to the other the intent to do so; and (B) The other person nevertheless continues or attempts to use unlawful force against the person; or (3) To resist a halt at a roadblock, arrest, search, or stop and frisk that the person using force knows is being made by a law enforcement officer, unless: (A) The law enforcement officer uses or attempts to use greater force than necessary to make the arrest, search, stop and frisk, or halt; and (B) The person using force reasonably believes that the force is immediately necessary to protect against the law enforcement officer's use or attempted use of greater force than necessary. (f) A nuclear security officer is authorized to use deadly force under the following circumstances: (1) Deadly force appears reasonably necessary to prevent or impede an act, or attempted act, of radiological sabotage at a category I nuclear facility or nuclear power reactor facility, including, but not limited to, situations where a person is attempting to, or has, unlawfully or forcefully entered a category I nuclear facility or nuclear power reactor facility, and where adversary tactics are employed to attempt an act of radiological sabotage, such as, but not limited to: (A) Use of firearms or small arms; (B) Use of explosive devices; (C) Use of incendiary devices; (D) Use of vehicle borne improvised explosive devices; (E) Use of water borne improvised explosive devices; (F) Breaching of barriers; and (G) Use of other adversary or terrorist tactics which could be employed to attempt an act of radiological sabotage; (2) Deadly force appears reasonably necessary to protect the nuclear security officer or another person if the nuclear security officer reasonably believes there is an imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury; (3) Deadly force appears reasonably necessary to prevent the imminent infliction or threatened infliction of death or serious bodily harm or the sabotage of an occupied facility by explosives; (4) Deadly force appears reasonably necessary to prevent the theft, sabotage, or unauthorized control of special nuclear material from a nuclear power reactor facility or of a nuclear weapon or nuclear explosive device or special nuclear material from a category I nuclear facility; or (5) Deadly force reasonably appears to be necessary to apprehend or prevent the escape of a person reasonably believed to: (A) Have committed an offense of the nature specified under this subsection (f); or (B) Be escaping by use of a weapon or explosive or who otherwise poses an imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm to nuclear security officers or others unless apprehended without delay.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texashttp://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/PE/htm/PE.9.htm#9.32(a) A person is justified in using deadly force against another:(1) if the actor would be justified in using force against the other under Section 9.31; and (2) when and to the degree the actor reasonably believes the deadly force is immediately necessary: (A) to protect the actor against the other's use or attempted use of unlawful deadly force; or (B) to prevent the other's imminent commission of aggravated kidnapping, murder, sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated robbery. (b) The actor's belief under Subsection (a)(2) that the deadly force was immediately necessary as described by that subdivision is presumed to be reasonable if the actor: (1) knew or had reason to believe that the person against whom the deadly force was used: (A) unlawfully and with force entered, or was attempting to enter unlawfully and with force, the actor's occupied habitation, vehicle, or place of business or employment; (B) unlawfully and with force removed, or was attempting to remove unlawfully and with force, the actor from the actor's habitation, vehicle, or place of business or employment; or (C) was committing or attempting to commit an offense described by Subsection (a)(2)(B); (2) did not provoke the person against whom the force was used; and (3) was not otherwise engaged in criminal activity, other than a Class C misdemeanor that is a violation of a law or ordinance regulating traffic at the time the force was used. (c) A person who has a right to be present at the location where the deadly force is used, who has not provoked the person against whom the deadly force is used, and who is not engaged in criminal activity at the time the deadly force is used is not required to retreat before using deadly force as described by this section. (d) For purposes of Subsection (a)(2), in determining whether an actor described by Subsection (c) reasonably believed that the use of deadly force was necessary, a finder of fact may not consider whether the actor failed to retreat.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utahhttp://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title76/Chapter2/76-2-S405.html76-2-405. Amended by Chapter 252, 1985 General Session. Force in defense of habitation.(1) A person is justified in using force against another when and to the extent that he reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent or terminate the other's unlawful entry into or attack upon his habitation; however, he is justified in the use of force which is intended or likely to cause death or serious bodily injury only if: (a) the entry is made or attempted in a violent and tumultuous manner, surreptitiously, or by stealth, and he reasonably believes that the entry is attempted or made for the purpose of assaulting or offering personal violence to any person, dwelling, or being in the habitation and he reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent the assault or offer of personal violence; or (b) he reasonably believes that the entry is made or attempted for the purpose of committing a felony in the habitation and that the force is necessary to prevent the commission of the felony. (2) The person using force or deadly force in defense of habitation is presumed for the purpose of both civil and criminal cases to have acted reasonably and had a reasonable fear of imminent peril of death or serious bodily injury if the entry or attempted entry is unlawful and is made or attempted by use of force, or in a violent and tumultuous manner, or surreptitiously or by stealth, or for the purpose of committing a felony.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginiahttp://www.legis.state.wv.us/wvcode/ChapterEntire.cfm?chap=55&art=7&section=22§55-7-22.(a) A lawful occupant within a home or other place of residence is justified in using reasonable and proportionate force, including deadly force, against an intruder or attacker to prevent a forcible entry into the home or residence or to terminate the intruder's or attacker's unlawful entry if the occupant reasonably apprehends that the intruder or attacker may kill or inflict serious bodily harm upon the occupant or others in the home or residence or if the occupant reasonably believes that the intruder or attacker intends to commit a felony in the home or residence and the occupant reasonably believes deadly force is necessary.(b) A lawful occupant within a home or other place of residence does not have a duty to retreat from an intruder or attacker in the circumstances described in subsection (a) of this section.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsinhttps://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2011/proposals/ab69Assembly Bill 69, signed December 7, 2011; The civil immunity became Sec. 895.62, Wis.Stats. and the criminal immunity became Sec. 939.48, Wis.Stats.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyominghttp://trib.com/news/state-and-regional/gov-signs-castle-doctrine-bill/article_65c56e68-273a-57fc-90ea-e3052bac0527.htmlIn addition to the states listed above, the U.S. Territory of Guam has the Castle doctrine as law.[41]U.S. TerritoryStatuteNoteshttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guamhttp://www.guamlegislature.com/Bills_Passed_32nd/Bill%20No.%20B146-32%20(COR)%20PASSED.pdfBill 146 amends Guam law by allowing homeowners to use deadly force against home invaders. If their actions meet the provisions of the bill, homeowners would be immune from prosecution and civil lawsuits.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico[12] Art.25Penal Code Article 25. - Legitimate Defense. A person does not incur criminal liability when defending his person, his home, his property or rights, or person, dwelling, property or rights of others when the person reasonably believes that imminent damage is to be expected, provided that there is a rational need for the means of impeding or repelling the damage, and it can be shown that there isn't sufficient evidence that the person exercising the defense provoked the aggressor, and that the means of exercising the defense did not exceed the means necessary to repel or avoid the damage.When self-defense is claimed to justify killing a human being, it is necessary to have founded grounds to believe that by killing the aggressor, the victim of the aggression or the person being defended from the aggressor was in imminent or immediate danger of death or serious bodily harm. To justify the defense of the abode, the circumstances must indicate an illegal entry or that the person in the dwelling had a reasonable belief that a crime will be committed. To justify the defense of property or rights, the circumstances must indicate an attack on them which results in a criminal offense or puts them in serious danger of imminent deterioration or loss.A new law passed in April 2018 expanded castle doctrine protections.[42]Stand your ground was passed in 2020.[citation needed]States with weak or no specific castle lawEditThese states uphold castle doctrine in general, but may rely on case law instead of specific legislation, may enforce a duty to retreat, and may impose specific restrictions on the use of deadly force:District of ColumbiaNebraska - a bill was introduced in January 2012 that allowed deadly force against a person who broke into a house or occupied vehicle or who tried to kidnap someone from a house or vehicle; however, the bill was revised to include only an affirmative defense from lawsuits pertaining to justifiable use of force.[43][44]New Mexico - Limited Castle Doctrine for self-defense inside one's home established by court precedence in State v. Couch (1946). No civil immunity from potential lawsuits by the aggressor or surviving relatives. In 2011, two bills (House Bill 228 and Senate Bill 29) would have granted civil immunity to individuals who lawfully use lethal force in self-defense, both bills died in their respective chambers of the New Mexico Legislature.South Dakota - "Homicide is justifiable if committed by any person while resisting any attempt to murder such person, or to commit any felony upon him or her, or upon or in any dwelling house in which such person is." See South Dakota Codified Laws 22-16-34 (2005).[45]Vermont[46]Outside the United StatesSee alsoNotesLast edited 4 days ago by V2BlastRELATED ARTICLEShttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justifiable_homicideStand-your-ground lawJustification defense in a criminal casehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_self-defense_in_MarylandContent is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted.Privacy policy - Wikimedia Foundation Governance WikiWant to help translate? Translate the missing messages . Privacy Policy This is a summary of the Privacy Policy. To read the full terms, scroll down or click here . Disclaimer: This summary is not a part of the Privacy Policy and is not a legal document. It is simply a handy reference for understanding the full Privacy Policy. Think of it as the user-friendly interface to our Privacy Policy. 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We do not rent or sell your information to third parties. By using Wikimedia Sites, you consent to this Policy. The Wikimedia movement is founded on a simple, but powerful principle: we can do more together than any of us can do alone. We cannot work collectively without gathering, sharing, and analyzing information about our users as we seek new ways to make the Wikimedia Sites more usable, safer, and more beneficial. We believe that information-gathering and use should go hand-in-hand with transparency. This Privacy Policy explains how the Wikimedia Foundation, the non-profit organization that hosts the Wikimedia Sites, like Wikipedia, collects,https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policyTerms of Use - Wikimedia Foundation Governance WikiThis is a summary of the Terms of Use. To read the full terms, scroll down or click here . This is a human-readable summary of the Terms of Use. Disclaimer: This summary is not a part of the Terms of Use and is not a legal document. 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