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What are some interesting facts or events from the bronze age?The popular perception is that the bronze age came immediately after the stone age.In fact, in between those two, there was the copper age, also called the chalcolithic age.[Taken from Quora’s old photo database, back when it had one. That database was almost certainly the same as WikiMedia Commons]Copper itself could be found in nature in pure form (only a few metals can be found like that), and it could directly be worked into tools and weapons, ones that were somewhat better than late-stone age stone tools.Pure elemental copper was not a good material to work with, though; it was merely better than stone.Eventually, our human ancestors found out to combine copper with another metal, tin, to make an alloy, called bronze.This was much more durable than pure copper, and made for genuinely usable tools and weapons, enabling the first real cities, with many people specialized into various professions thanks to useful and fairly available/affordable tools.And also enabling serious organized warfare.[Taken from Quora’s old photo database, back when it had one. That database was almost certainly the same as WikiMedia Commons]Bronze had one downside, though.Copper and tin don’t occur together, geologically (with a very few exceptions - see comments). They tend to occur far apart, so that long distance trade is required to either move the copper to where the tin is, or preferably the tin to where the copper is, since (a) tin is much rarer than copper, in geological terms, and (b) you need a large amount of copper for a small amount of tin.This need for long-distance trade, needing to import either tin or copper, in order to maintain a productive crafts industry, is likely one of several interlinked causes for the so-called “bronze age collapse”, in which the ancient empires (in the eastern Mediterranean and in the Middle East) either got destroyed completely or else declined markedly.[Taken from Quora’s old photo database, back when it had one. That database was almost certainly the same as WikiMedia Commons]One famous tin merchant is Joseph of Arimathea, from Christian mythology, who sailed tin all the way from the island of Britain to the eastern Mediterranean.He allegedly became extremely rich by doing that, rich enough to pay for the burial site of an executed preacher, so he’s also the reason that many assumed that the Holy Grail was to be found somewhere in England[0].[Taken from Quora’s old photo database, back when it had one. That database was almost certainly the same as WikiMedia Commons]Compared to copper (0.0068% in the Earth’s crust), iron is extremely geologically prevalent (6.3%), and of course even more so compared to tin (0.00022%).Abundance in Earth's Crust for all the elements in the Periodic TableThis means that once people figured out how to purify an iron source into iron (there are several different kinds of iron ore, and also things like bog iron, and I once read that in Japan they have a kind of sand that is extremely rich in iron[1], with each iron source requiring at least slightly different methods) and how to make forges that were hot enough to smelt iron (as opposed to bronze which actually melted - underwent the phase change from solid to liquid), things became much easier.The need for long distance trade, just to produce that which was the basis of industry, was gone! This very likely meant that something analogous to the bronze age collapse could never happen again, since the basis for industry, the tool metal, was no longer dependent on trade.Never ever again, although see Oil Crisis and Oil Crisis II, in the 1970s, for a case where industrial dependence on an imported item did cause problems.[Taken from Quora’s old photo database, back when it had one. That database was almost certainly the same as WikiMedia Commons]As soon as people figured out iron, bronze was relegated to only a few specialized purposes, where it made sense to keep using it. For instance it develops a green protective patina, verdigris, instead of corroding (rusting) destructively like iron does. That’s a lot of applications right there, including naval ones.Bronze could also be cast in molds, in order to get a precisely shaped yet sturdy piece of metal (movies and TV shows depicting molten iron being poured into molds to make swords are bollocks).Likely bronze was also used for luxury items ,for the wealthy, the so-called 1% (Joseph of Arimathea allegedly lived in the early or mid first century, which was long after the bronze age ended).Some parts of the world also skipped the annoying bronze age entirely and went straight from stone to iron, likely having learned the basics from others.Because iron is so much easier to find, while being only a bit harder to work with.This, sadly, seems to not have been known to Ursula le Guin, who in one of my favorite fantasy novels, “A Wizard of Earthsea”[2], keeps having bronze smithcraft pop up to denote a given island as being primitive and poor.No.If they were poor, they’d be much more likely to have no metal-working craftsmen at all, than to bang around with horribly expensive bronze. Bronze requires long-distance trade, whereas you can find crappy sources of refinable iron basically everywhere.It’s one flaw in an otherwise beautiful novel.[Taken from Quora’s old photo database, back when it had one. That database was almost certainly the same as WikiMedia Commons]Early iron wasn’t much better than bronze. If at all.You could - granted - make full-length swords of it, swords of proper and manly length, as opposed to bronze which really limited you to shortsword-length blades, if you wanted something that could withstand usage.[Taken from Quora’s old photo database, back when it had one. That database was almost certainly the same as WikiMedia Commons]It was only later, when the ironsmiths took the first step towards a limited understanding of carbonization, that they could create iron types (iron alloys, since in practice iron is always an alloy of iron and carbon - pure iron is a joke as far as I know), with different material properties.This lead to the use of various time-consuming forging methods to create awesome blades, for instance the European-style pattern welding, resulting in blades with an allegedly beautiful “snake” or “water/wave” pattern (if you use acid on the blade, at the end of the process, to make the pattern more visible), or the Japanese re-folding technique which is basically similar.(This sword appears to have a pattern-welded center section, mixing a softer but flexible iron alloy[3] in with a harder but much less flexible iron alloy, whereas the edges seem to be of one alloy only, presumably a hard one in order to get a solid cutting edge, one that you can sharpen and re-sharpen many times as it dulls due to use. Or perhaps the entire blade is pattern-welded, but the smith only acid-treated the center section? Photo from Quora’s old image database)Later, again, the iron workers and smiths learned such a good control of metallurgy that they could make durable sword blades without the time-consuming pattern-welding process. Some swords were still pattern-welded, simply because it was thought to look cool, but it ceased being necessary..[0]Drs. Jones and Jones, of course, found the Grail in the ancient city of Petra, in what is today Jordan.Petra - Wikipedia[Taken from Quora’s old photo database, back when it had one. That database was almost certainly the same as WikiMedia Commons][1]You’ll often find talk of meteoric iron, “thunderbolt” iron, in various fantasy novels, or in tabletop RPGs.Thunderbolt Iron - TV TropesI looked into it, some years ago.Well, actually, I asked for help on Usenet, and it turns out that meteoric iron is not at all good to work with. It is in no way superior to normal iron, the iron that the medievals could make, no, in fact, it was somewhat inferior to work with. You could make a knife out of the natural nickel-iron found in a metallic meteor, for bragging rights, but it wasn’t well suited for it, and it was ill suited for swords.I thought about it, and decided that meteoric iron it such an evocative trope, that I’d still have it be a militarily valuable metal in my Ärth historical fantasy world, thus deliberately choosing to deviate from scientific knowledge.(According to comments below, some meteoric iron was actually very good for making weapons, since in addition to the usual nickel-iron mixture they also contained small amounts of the element iridium.)[2]Note that the title implies that Ged is just one wizard among many.He’s not (presented as) the wizard, but as a wizard. This is sadly lost in the title of the Danish translation which backtranslates to “The Wizard from Earthsea”.[3]The correct term for any iron+carbon alloy is “steel”, with “iron” denoting pure Fe where all carbon has been removed or wasn’t present in the first place, but I’m deliberately avoiding the s-word, for didactic purposes.

Basics: The Interview Panel for UPSC-ESE consists of the Chair Person and 3 to 4 Technical members. The Final marks are in the hands of Chiarperson though he also considers the remarks of other members.Physical Appearance: It is highly recommended to be well groomed while appearing for the interview. Avoid any rings/kada/mala or any ornaments so to say. If you are comfortable with suit go for it but make sure that it is fitting well and is formal.Language: The chairperson asks for the language in which you will be answering the questions. You can opt for Hindi, English or the combination of both. If you are comfortable with English, well and good as some technical members may be from Non-Hindi speaking areas.What to Prepare:Technical Part: As you have already been judged on technical grounds in Prelims and Mains, your marks will not completely depend on it. So I would suggest you to go through your short notes and made easy handbook. Prepare one favorite topic in depth. That would suffice.Non-Tech Part: Prepare Current affairs & Newspaper, Government Schemes, Monitory policy etc.DAF: This is the most important part of Interview preparation. When you are filling the DAF ( Detailed Application Form), you should be true to yourself.Take note of all the keywords used in the DAF and prepare questions surrounding these keywords. e.g. If your birthplace is in Varanasi then you should be aware of its History, Religious significance etc.Be serious about your hobbies, interests and sports. e.g. If you are putting Tae-Kwon-Do as your sport, then expect questions like “Do you think tae-kwon-do should be made compulsory in schools?”If you are currently employed, the chances are that many questions will be asked about your work profile so revise accordingly. Same goes for M.Tech. students for their thesis.Basic HR Questions: For ExampleTell me something about yourself?Why do you want to join IES?Why did you leave your previous job?What are your strengths and weaknesses?Some Suggestions:Preparation of interview should be on paper. Keep editing as you see fit.Keep a smiling face throughout the interview even if you are not able to answer some questions.It is perfectly okay to say “I can not recall” or “I do not know” in the interview. Afterall they are there to check your personality.If this is your first interview or if you have lost the practice of giving interviews, it is highly recommended to give 2 or 3 mock interviews.My Interview Experience: Following questions were asked in my interviewCh: Chairperson, Mx: Member xCh: you came relatively fast from the door to the chair. You must be very eager to join ES.Ch: by seeing your DAF, I can tell that Ankan Gupta is a good person. Tell me why do you want to join IES?See how he is making the interviewee comfortable.Ch: what qualities must one posses in order to be a good engineering officer?M1: what is composition of babbit alloy?material science was not mentioned anywhere in my DAF.M1: what type of bearings are used in table fan and ceilling fan?M1: What type of turbo machinery is a ceilling fan? And in AC? How is a blower differentiated from a fan?M1: material used for IC engine cylinder and piston ring? What is gudgon pin show in a figure and tell the functions of piston rings?They provide a pencil and paper to scribble on.M1: why is a liner used in IC engine?M1: why brass and bronze utensils are used in household? What are advantages? What is composition of brass and bronze?M2: What is machinability?M2: how to increase machinability of a material?M2: composition of HSS? Stainless steel?M2: process parameters in tempering?M2: have you heard about comfort charts? What are they?M2: what are various solar angles that are used to calculate angle of incidence?You can expect similar questions from newly added topics.M3: What is skill India? How is it different from previous similar approaches like vocational training etc.?M3: what is prototype engineering? Non conventional engineering?M3: difference in gravity die casting and pressure die casting? Products made by these processes and materials that they are suitable for?M3: alloys of Zn? Alloys of copper?M3: effect of adding Mo and Co in steel?M3: why is Ti used?M3: how does Ti avoid high temperature corrosion?M3: What is creep?Ch: what would you do in recent future? Have you any movie in your bucket list?Happy Rakshabandhan. Thank you Ankan Gupta.Final Verdict: 120/200My technical was very strong and I gave more than 80% of answers correctly, Technical members were really impressed but I was not able to make a lasting impression on the Chairperson. My answers to chairperson were mostly mediocre and hence the average marks.Last year i.e. in ESE 2017, Interview marks varied from 80 to 160 and many people lost their ranks because of this vast gap so do take your interview preperation seriously.Happy preparations.Hope it helped.

Modern Bronze is typically an alloy of copper and tin, with a composition of 88wt% Copper (Cu) and 12wt% Tin (Sn), varied according to the desired properties.Bronze may also contain additional alloying or micro-alloying elements to modify the properties in accordance with the requirements of the particular alloy's intended applications.