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Ask the contractor performing the work for copies of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) relating to products used on any phase of this work. This will include cleaning agents, primers, solvents and components of the epoxy materials. There may be other items required to complete the project such as repair materials required to restore the existing water lines/pipes prior to coating. The contractor is required to maintain MSDS files for all materials used in the course of conducting any of his business.Pictures of containers may help.Read this material carefully. If you have any concerns or questions, contact your local or state health department, the pipeline owner, the manufacturer or OSHA. One or more of these agencies may have inspectors on the job. If you think you are not getting satisfactory results, tell the contractor’s superintendent on the job your intentions of contacting the governing agencies and you will have their full attention. No one wants nosey inspectors on the job to complicate and delay progress.I would be surprised if you actually have difficulty getting the information you request.

Good question. There are a few different ways to interpret this question but because I’m interested in all of the variants, I’m going to try to answer all of them.If there were two key metrics that manufacturers want to measure and control it would be# of shortagesOSHA recordable ratesPretty much everything else are KPIs that minimize the above 2 metrics. From there are two ways to measure performance would be to look at the performance of an individual plant and the performance of an individual molecule. Not all plants are single product and not all products are made at a single plant. In fact, nowadays, increased emphasis on supply chain robustness as well as the knockout of Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria has caused more products to be multi-site.There is also a lot of issues if there is oversupply. With multi-product facilities, making something at a facility has the opportunity cost of not making something else. Perhaps the most costly opportunity cost is the cost of not making clinical material that is required for an ongoing clinical trial. That drug substance isn’t being sold for revenue but is instead an investment. At the same time, you can’t not make the material that you’re required to make. This again, requires trade off between the performance of an individual plant and the performance of an individual molecule.The primary KPI of evaluating shortages is to look at the months of supply. This is basically the # of drugs in stock / # drugs sold per month.Unfortunately, this is a lot harder to calculate than one would assume. Calculating drug demand is much more of an art than a science and I suggest reading Paul McNiven's answer to How do you predict pharmaceutical drug demand? But in short, only 40% of drug launches are within +/-40% of their estimated demands. Furthermore, these numbers change significantly over time and are vulnerable to shifts based on approvals both for the product and for competing products.Figure 1: Rates of underestimates and overestimates in market forecasts[1][1][1][1]Calculating the inventory isn’t particularly easy either. This is due to two distinct complications.First of all, despite what both Bernie Sanders and Donald Trump say, drug specifications for the same drug made by the same company made in the same facility may not actually be the same depending on which country/market it is released for. That is to say that drugs made for Canada may not necessarily be passable in the US and vice-versa even if they come from the exact same source. It may be desirable for supply-chain purposes but not required if company purposes decides to fragment a market. Think about that when you demand for drug reimportation. I digress.This makes counting the actually inventory difficult. Is it acceptable to look at the entire world’s inventory and sum it up? Or do you need to divide up the inventory based on individual markets and demands. If the individual markets need to rely on different lots of material, how do you dispense inventory across markets? It’s not that straightforward.The second complication is that when we talk about drug inventory, there are actually two distinct but equally critical components each with their own supply chain complexity. The drug substance (DS) is the active pharmaceutical ingredient that contain the potent compounds. This is then combined with excipients and packaged to form the drug product (DP) which is the actual medicine for the end user.It should be noted that both the drug substance and the drug product generally have distinct and independent manufacturing sites as well as market rights and expiries. Thus, when you calculate inventory, you’re not looking at the drug product inventory, you’re also looking at drug substance inventory.As Doyle Johnson mentions, the primary objective is fulfillment of 100% of the order on time. That requires ensuring that there is sufficient inventory by ensuring that the months of supply doesn’t drop below a certain amount. However, going over the months of supply has the risk of overproduction and you’ll potentially lose product because of expiry.To achieve the necessary supply, the next KPI is the DS/DP yield. The yield requirements are split across manufacturing facilities so that each facility has an expected DS/DP output.In my opinion, there are 2 primary KPIs that follow. Each has their own tradeoffs and both should be balanced with each other but independently they tell different stories.Output/lot: simply the KGs of drug substance or #vials/pills per manufacturing run.Output/day: simply the KGs of drug substance or #vials/pills per day.For the most part, a facility has a finite number of slots and they mostly get paid not for how much they produce but how many lots they can manufacture for the number of slots they have available. Furthermore, costs tend to be rather consistent on a per lot basis once you account for overheads. However, hypercaring each lot is labor intensive so you do need to pay attention to the daily output. This is also related to your equipment utilization. However, overemphasizing output/day can result in significant raw material costs and again may require a different level of hypercare. For smaller modular facilities, a plant that is over engineered to go fast for one product may have significant costs to turn-around the plant to manufacture another product.It’s also important to emphasize that for something to become an output, it needs to past specifications and be released. Thus, it’s valuable to minimize lot failure rate. A lower failure allows you to free up additional production slots for the production of other material.The best KPI to monitor failure rates is to look at the process capability using both the process capability index (Cpk) and the process performance index (Ppk)Briefly, the Cpk is the measure of the process’s ability to produce outputs within the specification. The Ppk is a measure of the actual ability to produce outputs within specifications. A good way to think about the difference is the Cpk is a prediction of how a process will perform where as the Ppk is an evaluation of how a process has performed. Ideally, the numbers should consistent but when they don’t, that in of itself is informative.To reduce lot failure rate, you would have an in-process control strategy which uses internal KPIs which then have their own Cpks and Ppks. This allows you to look at weak points in the process. Looking at those two numbers tell you how robust the process is. A robust and capable process also allows you to measure how effective yield improvement initiatives are and whether or not they have an impact on product quality.By having a good statistical understanding of both the process variability as well as the analytical variability, you can control chart your way to death with endless dashboards.As discussed, output/lot and output/day require different KPIs to monitor.I think a few important metrics to look at output/lot are the yields, lead times, release time and the deviation rates. You want to see how much product you recover at the end. The lead time evaluate how long it takes for you to start production. The release time evaluates how long it takes for you to close out production. The deviations rates tell you how many mistakes occurred and generally those add to your defect rates as well as your release times.For output/day, cycle times and plant uptime are more important. This ultimately allows you to reduce your takt time. The takt time tells you how quickly you can make lots. Your most significant bottleneck would be equipment and personnel availability which can be measured via the utilization rates. Probably the best way to monitor and prevent bottle necks is looking at the cycle times for each individual unit operation.This brings us to the important discussion of worker safety. An easy way to maximize productivity is to ask everyone to work 24/7 and throw lots of FTEs at a problem.Obviously, I like having weekends and being able to go on vacation here and there. Maybe even seeing my family. Thus, there need to be ways to manage the amount of human effort required to run processes appropriately.As with all safety cultures in manufacturing, there are two hierarchical philosophies that are extensively used.The first is the hierarchy of controls.These aren’t KPIs but more philosophies of preventing people from being exposed to hazards. Probably the best way to describe all of this is the minimization of human error and intervention through manufacturing technology, automation, and proceduralization. If there was good KPIs around this, I would say training effectiveness and FTE utilization or overall labour effectiveness (OLE) are good measures.The second philosophy is the safety triangle.In short, escalating events of increased unlikelihood can be estimated by the frequency of the more likely events. For every major injury, there were likely only 10 severe injuries and 30 minor injuries. For all of those injuries there were likely recordable injuries, near misses, and at-risk behaviors. These can all be tracked and monitored. If you can minimize near misses and at-risk behaviors, you should see reductions in injuries. These are all good KPIs.Very common at-risk behaviors related to manufacturing are overwork and stress. If you ask people on a regular basis to go at a breakneck speed, they are going to have accidents. Thus having good KPIs around worker stress and workload are rather important.The overall Work in Progress (WIP) is a good measure of work load. The calculation is simply in queue # of deliverable for a certain step. Additional KPIs that related to WIP to look at would be the deviations rate and the lot release time as mentioned above. If things are being delayed due to rework and holding up the queue, the WIP will go up.If you treat rejections as “injuries”, then deviations can be treated like “near misses” and out of trend events are “at-risk behaviors”. Thus, in the same way you would evaluate safety events, you would evaluate deviations. Reactions to deviations would include various corrective actions and preventive actions (CAPA). As a result, KPIs like CAPA effectiveness and the Right First Time (RFT)If you work in any manufacturing environment, these KPIs shouldn’t be surprising. It should be stressed that because of the nature of the product and the importance of the product to the end user, the emphasis on ensuring supply is fair greater than any other industry. The requirements of making quality supply also adds increased emphasis on process robustness. Because of the specialty chemical nature of the business, there generally aren’t a lot of lots produced so lot rejection KPIs aren’t sufficient. Thus, quality by design and process robustness KPIs are more heavily utilized compared to other industries. Finally, due to the global nature of the business as well as the fragmented nature of the regulatory environment, there is significant supply chain complexity that needs to be managed.I would emphasize that at no point did I mention costs (aside human resources). As many people will always complain, the raw material cost of drugs is very low for what it costs. However, I will regularly tell folks that drug prices aren’t driven by the cost of goods. Instead, it’s driven by the fact that it’s available and availability is driven by the reduction of complexity. When things become less complex, they naturally become less costly so those objectives align. Things that can add to complexity include the need to build a new manufacturing facility. This both adds time and uncertainty to the drug lifecycle which is why hitting yield targets become important. This also explains why plant capacity is important. If you can increase your output/day, this enables to you free up capacity to make material for other programs and supply those markets. If you can increase your output/lot, you can reduce your raw material demands and thus supply chain complexity. If you can produce all of your drug at one facility rather than two, you can reduce regulatory burden.At the same time, you can purposely increase complexity by segmenting your market to enable additional flexibility as outlined in How is Segmentation done in Pharmaceuticals? By adding additional manufacturing facilities, you can ensure supply even in catastrophic events like Puerto Rico. By supplying different markets, you can reduce the regulatory burden on one manufacturing site and process while using the other to handle more time intensive regulatory changes. By using multiple suppliers, you can prevent raw material shortages. This adds complexity but enables some agility.Our objective in drug manufacturing isn’t to ensure that drug costs are low. It’s to ensure that the drug exists. That’s what end users pay for and it’s expensive to ensure the continued availability of a drug because of the extreme scientific, technical, regulatory, and logistical complexity of the product.Footnotes[1] Is it possible to do just in time implementation in pharmaceutical company if so how?[1] Is it possible to do just in time implementation in pharmaceutical company if so how?[1] Is it possible to do just in time implementation in pharmaceutical company if so how?[1] Is it possible to do just in time implementation in pharmaceutical company if so how?

One and only website which I can say is best to score good marks in the exams is http://www.snaptutorial.com where you can find all the courses related to your exams.ETH 321 Week 1 Individual Assignment Laws and Ethics Paper (2 Papers)The purpose of this assignment is to differentiate between law and ethics, understand how both affect today's business environment, and identify the importance of alternative dispute resolution in business.Assignment StepsDevelop a 1,050-word summary contrasting law and ethics describing the following:·Describe how laws or regulations affect your past or current job or industry.·Describe how ethical rules affect your past or current job or industry and explain why ethics are considered an asset to a workplace.·Discuss the various types of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and analyze which types of ADRs are regularly used in your workplace.Cite a minimum of two peer-reviewed references.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelinesETH 321 Week 1 Individual Assignment Role and Functions of Law Paper (2 Papers)Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you discuss the roles of law and courts in today's business environment.Differentiate the federal court structure with your state's court structure.Discuss the concept of judicial review.Explain how laws or regulations affect your present job or industry.Properly cite at least two references from your reading.Cite your research and format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.ETH 321 Week 1 Knowledge Check1.What has been one of the focus areas of law in the United States over the past few decades?2.Identify the true statement about the role of law in the United States.3.Which of the following is one of the purposes of law today?4.Identify the true statement about the American judiciary.5.What is the function of an appellate court?6.Identify the courts that conduct primary trials for issues that involve federal matters such as federal regulations and statutes. The courts also hear a range of matters and provide decisions that are binding only on the parties involved.7.What is true about arbitration as an alternative form of dispute resolution?8.Sigma Inc. and Beta LLC. are two companies involved in a dispute. Both companies have agreed to appoint a third party, an attorney, to listen to their arguments and help them reach an agreement. The third party, however, will not render any kind of decision for the two parties involved. What type of alternative form of dispute resolution is being used by Sigma Inc. and Beta LLC.?http://9.In certain cases, the legal issues involve the intricacies of a specific industry or profession. In such cases, which type of alternative dispute resolution is used in which a neutral professional is hired to assess and evaluate facts and arguments. The professional is expected to come up with an appropriate solution or recommendation. The professional could also collect more information, if required, for the case.ETH 321 Week 2 Assignment Business Torts and Intellectual Property (Sam, ABC Paper Corp)The purpose of this assignment is to identify the form of intellectual property outlined, and to examine the different types of torts committed.Assignment StepsScenario: Sam is an employee of ABC Paper Corp. He signed a non-disclosure agreement as a condition of his employment with ABC. Sam is approached by XYZ Paper Co. with an offer of employment, but only if he brings his client list with him. Sam was fully responsible for creating his client list, so he agrees to provide it to XYZ. When Sam downloads his client list onto an external flash drive, he is caught in the act by his boss Natalie. Sam grabs the flash drive and runs out of his office, shoving Natalie aside when she attempts to stop him. Natalie falls and hits her head against the doorknob, suffering a concussion.Develop a 1,050-word analysis using the information posed in the scenario.·Identify if there is an intellectual property at issue here. If so, what type?·Discuss if Sam's actions are ethical. Why or why not?·Discuss the types of tort, if any, Sam committed. Did any of the other parties in this scenario commit a tort?·Discuss if any of Sam's actions subject him to criminal liability.Cite a minimum of three peer-reviewed references.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignmentETH 321 Week 2 Individual Assignment Business Torts And Ethics Paper (2 Papers)You own University Heights Apartments, a business that rents primarily to students. One evening, your tenant Sharon is attacked by an intruder who forces the lock on the sliding glass door of her ground-floor apartment. Sharon's screams attract the attention of Darryl, your resident manager, who comes to Sharon's aid. Together, Darryl and Sharon drive the intruder off, but not before they both are badly cut by the intruder.Write a paper of 700- to 1,050-words answering the questions posed by this scenario.Is the intruder liable for what he has done? Why or why not?Do you have legal responsibilities to Sharon and Darryl? Why or why not?Do you have ethical responsibilities to Sharon and Darryl? Explain. If there are ethical responsibilities, what are they?What should you do to prevent or mitigate such risks?Cite to at least four scholarly references.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignmentETH 321 Week 2 Knowledge Check1.Identify the true statement about a claim of defamation.2.Who among the following is given absolute privilege or immunity against defamation?3.Delta Inc. has filed a lawsuit against one of its new franchisees for providing false information about the amount of its profits it would give to Delta every month. Delta has also ascertained that the incorrect information caused pecuniary damages to Delta as well as damages to its reputation. What type of business tort is illustrated in the scenario?4.What is likely to make a plaintiff's case stronger in a negligence lawsuit?5.In cases of negligence, what is one problem in applying the but for test?6.Which doctrine allows a plaintiff to presume that a defendant caused certain damages without describing exactly how the defendant behaved?7.What is true about strict liability?8.Venus Corp. is a building demolition company that produces large quantities of plastic explosives, which are stored in its warehouses. These warehouses are typically insulated and protected against damage. However, one day, a worker unintentionally causes an explosion in one of the warehouses, damaging buildings around it and causing injury to some individuals in the area. Which type of liability will a court most likely impose on Venus Corp.?9.Identify the basis upon which strict liability is imposed on a company for damages caused in the event of an incident.10.Omega Inc. has filed a lawsuit against one of its employees. This employee has been transferring monthly sums of company money into his personal account. He has been simultaneously altering the company's financial records to indicate that the money is still in the company account. What kind of white collar crime is illustrated in the scenario?11.Identify the white collar crime that involves a fraudulent entity attracting investors, offering them high returns, and paying these returns, not from profits, but from investments made by subsequent investors.12.Choose the correct statement about white collar crimes in the United States.ETH 321 Week 2 Team Assignment Torts And Ethics Presentation (2 PPT)Create an 8- to 10-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation in which your team members include the following:Summarize the key points of the Business Torts and Ethics Individual assignmentDefend your collective findings and conclusionsDiscuss the different types of torts that may arise in a business situationClick the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.ETH 321 Week 3 Assignment Business Forms and Silent Partnership (2 Papers)The purpose of this assignment is to select the best organizational form, and to discuss ethical concerns with the business scenario.Assignment StepsScenario: Adam and Laura wish to open a pet grooming shop called Dazzling Doggies Day Spa. Laura’s mother Beth would like to contribute the startup costs in exchange for a share of profits, but she doesn’t want to participate in the daily operations of the business. She also doesn’t want to have any personal liability in the business.Develop a 350- to 700-word summary with the following information:·Which business organizational form would be best given the above circumstances, and why?·Unbeknownst to Laura and Beth, Adam begins to use Dazzling Doggies Day Spa’s checking account to pay all his personal bills. Are his actions ethical? Why or why not?Cite a minimum of two peer-reviewed references.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.ETH 321 Week 3 Learning Team Assignment Contract Clause & Intellectual Property Drafting Paper (3 Papers)Draft a contract clause regarding one of the following topics:Dispute Resolution ClauseORIntellectual Property (IP) Clause regarding ownership of IPWrite a paper of 700- to 1,050-words in which you explain the following:Explain any legal issues regarding your selected clauseHow your contract clause can be applied in a business managerial setting for either a personal, real, or IP dispute or an IP property clause regarding either owner of IP or trade secrets.In the event the contract was breached, what might be the best possible remedies for this and why?Cite at least 3 scholarly references.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.ETH 321 Week 3 Team Assignment Contract Law and Ethics Case Study (2 Papers)Purpose of AssignmentThe purpose of this assignment is to discuss the legally required elements necessary to form a contract, the ethical considerations, and the remedies for breach.Assignment StepsDiscuss Case 8.3 Vassilkovska v. Woodfield Nissan, Inc. with your Learning Team. This case is found in The Legal and Regulatory Environment of Business, pg. 243.Develop a 700-word case study using the following format: facts, issues, rule, analysis, and conclusion.Analyze whether Woodfield's actions in drafting the arbitration agreement were ethical.Discuss what remedies Vassilkovska may seek if Woodfield is found to have misrepresented the price of the car as alleged.Cite a minimum of two peer-reviewed references.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.Note: Grades are awarded based upon individual contributions to the Learning Team assignment. Each Learning Team member receives a grade based upon his/her contributions to the team assignment. Not all students may receive the same grade for the team assignment.ETH 321 Week 4 Assignment Environmental Law and Ethics (2 Papers)Purpose of AssignmentThe purpose of this assignment is to analyze the duties of administrative agencies and the ethics behind regulatory compliance requirements.Assignment StepsScenario: Eric is an Assistant Vice President at marine paint manufacturing plant. One day, he accidentally discovers an email from his boss, the Vice President, to the President, notifying him of an internal study finding the paint leeches from the bottom of boats into the marine environment. The paint has been found to create birth defects in marine life. He also sees the President's response email, in which he directs the Vice President to erase all evidence of the study and tell no one. The President also directs the Vice President to erase the email. Eric is concerned about the findings of the study, but he also fears losing his job.Create a 350- to 700-word analysis with the following information:·Which administrative agency governs regulatory compliance of the manufacturer?·What are the ethical concerns regarding the President's actions, and what do you believe Eric should do?Cite a minimum of two peer-reviewed references.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.ETH 321 Week 4 Team Assignment Environmental Law Case StudyPurpose of AssignmentThe purpose of this assignment is to discuss the reasons for regulatory agencies and ethical considerations regarding regulatory compliance.Assignment StepsDiscuss Case 15.2 Food and Drug Administration v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation with your Learning Team. This case is found in The Legal and Regulatory Environment of Business, pg. 459.Develop a 350- to 700-word case study using the following format: facts, issues, rule, analysis, and conclusion.Discuss the purpose of regulatory agencies and how laws are balanced with ethical concerns.Cite a minimum of two peer-reviewed references.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.Note: Grades are awarded based upon individual contributions to the Learning Team assignment. Each Learning Team member receives a grade based upon his/her contributions to the team assignment. Not all students may receive the same grade for the team assignment.ETH 321 Week 4 Assignment Supreme Court Oral Argument PowerPoint (2 PPT)Supreme Court Oral Argument PowerPointInstructions:Select one of the US Supreme Court cases listed on the Oyezwebsite http://www.2014-2015 Term . Select a case which wasdecided by the court after 1965. To help you select a landmark case ofthe court, I recommend that you select from the cases listed on this webpage http://en.http://wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_landmark_court_decisions_in_the_United_States. The case should deal with a agency of the federalgovernment, and/or discrimination, and/or one of the followingconstitutional amendments (1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th, or 14th). Read the casesummary and listen to the oral argument of the case found on the Oyezwebsite. Prepare a PowerPoint presentation, with a minimum of sevenslides. The presentation should contain the follow:1. Cover slide2. Summary of the main facts3. List of the major legal issues addressed by the Supreme Court4. Summary of the main arguments set forth by the parties5. Comments or observations about the oral argument6. Summary of the Supreme Court’s decision.7. ReferencesETH 321 Week 4 Individual Assignment Sarbanes-Oxley And Corporate Governance Paper (2 Papers)Read "Case 15.3 Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board" in Ch. 15 of the text.Write a paper of 700- to 1,050-words in which you answer the following:If auditing of financial statements is required for the protection of public investors, should not all PCAOB members be taken from the investment community that uses audited financial statements? Why or why not?How does the decision in this case impact the validity of the Board and other provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act?Cite at least 3 peer-reviewed sources.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.ETH 321 Week 4 Knowledge Check1.Identify the true statement about administrative agencies.2.Which of these demonstrates the adjudication function of administrative agencies?3.What is true about the activities of administrative agencies?4.Identify the true statement about the rulemaking process followed by administrative agencies.5.What is true about the powers of administrative agencies?6.Which power of administrative agencies allows them to create quasi-court trial settings to hear disputes that arise in their jurisdictions?7.When does misappropriation of a trade secret occur?8.Identify the true statement about trade secret protection.9.Identify the true statement about the Uniform Trade Secrets Act.10.What is true about arbitrary trademarks?11.What statement is true in the context of acquiring trademark rights?12.Which of these can be protected under the Copyright Act?ETH 321 Week 4 Learning Team Assignment Administrative Agencies Presentation (3 PPT)Visit the websites of any three state or federal administrative agencies: for example National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Federal Communication Commission (FCC), and others.Create an 8- to 10-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation with detailed speaker notes in which the team includes the following:An explanation of the role and function of each of the three agencies and how this affects businesses.One significant regulation that each agency enforces.An explanation of how these regulations create compliance requirements for businesses.Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.ETH 321 Week 4 Team Assignment Environmental Law Case Study (2 Papers)Purpose of AssignmentThe purpose of this assignment is to discuss the reasons for regulatory agencies and ethical considerations regarding regulatory compliance.Assignment StepsDiscuss Case 15.2 Food and Drug Administration v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation with your Learning Team. This case is found in The Legal and Regulatory Environment of Business, pg. 459.Develop a 350- to 700-word case study using the following format: facts, issues, rule, analysis, and conclusion.Discuss the purpose of regulatory agencies and how laws are balanced with ethical concerns.Cite a minimum of two peer-reviewed references.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.Note: Grades are awarded based upon individual contributions to the Learning Team assignment. Each Learning Team member receives a grade based upon his/her contributions to the team assignment. Not all students may receive the same grade for the team assignment.ETH 321 Week 5 Assignment Analysis of the Equal Rights AmendmentAnalysis of the Equal Rights AmendmentInstructions:Every year since 1923, a version of the Equal Rights Amendment hasbeen introduced in Congress. In 1972, it was passed by Congress, butultimately fell three states short of the 38 state ratification requirement,when the time period set for ratification expired in 1982.The current version of the amendment sponsored by CongresswomanCarol Moloney reads:''SECTION 1. Women shall have equal rights in the 11 United Statesand every place subject to its jurisdiction. 12 Equality of rights under thelaw shall not be denied or 13 abridged by the United States or by anyState on account 14 of sex.https://maloney.house.gov/issues/womens-issues/equal-rightsamendmentWrite a 200 to 500 word explanation of why you support or opposeadding the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution.Make sure that you include some discussion of 14th Amendment levelsof scrutiny in your explanation.SupportingMaterial:The Legal and Regulatory Environment of Business,Ch. 20ETH 321 Week 5 Assignment Employment Classification and Discrimination (New Syllabus)Purpose of AssignmentThe purpose of this assignment is to discuss the elements of the different types of employment relationships and to analyze the ethics behind potentially discriminatory employment policies.Assignment StepsScenario: An employee is hired by Dream Massage to be a massage therapist. She is hired as an independent contractor and, therefore, receives no tax withholding or employment benefits. Dream Massage requires the employee to work a set schedule, provides her clients and all her massage products, and exercises complete control over how she does her work. In addition, when the employee shows up to work the first day, she is informed by her employer she cannot wear her hijab as it violates the company's dress policy.Create a 700- to 1,050-word report in which you examine the employment issues presented in the scenario, including the following:·Analyze whether the employee qualifies as an employee or independent contractor.·Discuss whether Dream Massage has potentially violated any employment discrimination laws.·Analyze the ethical considerations behind maintaining a rigid company dress policy.Cite a minimum of three peer-reviewed references.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.ETH 321 Week 5 Individual Assignment Discrimination And Employment Laws (2 Papers)Read the "Sidebar 20.6" in Ch. 20 of the text.Write paper of 700- to 1,050-words in which you analyze the sexual harassment issues presented in scenario.Analyze each of the elements of this case: the applicable defenses and the basis for the court's ruling.Analyze the possible liability in this case if the sexual harasser(s) were an independent contractor versus an employee.Cite to at least three peer-reviewed sources.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.ETH 321 Week 5 Knowledge Check1.What is one of the challenges in business ethics?2.What can help managers to overcome the challenge of teaching business ethics to employees?3.How can an organization faced with the challenges of business ethics, overcome these challenges?4.Stephan is a proponent of the narrow view of corporate social responsibility (CSR). He believes that people should behave in a socially responsible manner on their own time. What other opinion is Stephan likely to have?5.Which view of corporate social responsibility (CSR) suggests that the emphasis of corporations should be on CSR and not on achieving profitability? This view also suggests that the existence of corporations is based on the premise that they will serve society.6.What is true about the moderate view of corporate social responsibility (CSR)?7.In the context of business ethics, what is one of the provisions granted by the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act?8.In which case is the discharge of an employee considered to be wrongful in the context of the Wrongful Discharge from Employment Act?9.Which inconsistency is likely to complicate the risk for whistleblowers in organizations?ETH 321 Week 5 Learning Team Assignment Employment Law Case Brief And Presentation (3 Presentation)Read "The IRAC method of case study analysis" found in the Week 5 Electronic Reserve Readings.Select one legal case from the following list and discuss the case with your Learning Team.Case 20.1 Thompson v. North American Stainless, LPCase 20.2 Ricci v. DestefanoCase 21.1 IBP, Inc. v. AlvarezCase 21.2 Kasten v. Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corp.Case 21.3 Staub v. Proctor HospitalWrite a case brief using the IRAC method.Create an 8- to 10-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation in which your team members summarize how the legal concepts in the selected case can be applied within a business managerial setting.Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.ETH 321 Week 5 Team Assignment Roles of State Administrative Agencies PPTVisit the website of any three state or federal administrative agencies: for example National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Social Security Administration (SSA), Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), or Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).Explain the role and function of each agency in a 6- to 9-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint®presentation with detailed speaker notesInclude one significant regulation that each agency enforces.Format your presentation consistent with APA guidelines.Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.ETH 321 Week 5 Team Final Research Paper (Gun Control)Final Research PaperInstructions:Your Learning Team will prepare a 15 to 20 page research paper tobe submitted by the final day of class. The paper will be on the topicselected by your team during week one.This paper will be a research paper, which should provide acomprehensive discussion of your topic. As you can see below, yourteam will be preparing Article Critiques on articles related to the topicduring the class. These articles will be a part of your research.However, the final research paper should not be a compilation of theArticle Critiques. You should include at least eight citations of sourceson the reference page. The paper should be submitted in APA format.SupportingMaterial:Week 5 Electronic Reserve ReadingsETH 321 Final Exam Guide (New)Civil enforcement powers regarding federal antitrust matters belong to _______.•the Treasury Department•the Department of Revenue and Taxation•the FTC and the Department of Justice•the Department of LaborWhich of the following is true of tort law?•It protects people from being tried twice for the same crime.•Tort law typically deals with breach of contract.•It provides compensation to those workers who have been injured on the job.•It sets limits on how people can act and use their resources.Fred takes Betty to dinner at a very expensive and exclusive restaurant. The menu does not mention prices. The server takes their order and both Betty and Fred enjoy the meal immensely. When the bill comes, Fred refuses to pay because the menu had no prices and because he and the server never engaged in language indicating and offer and acceptance. The server said, “Are you ready to order?” and when Fred said “Yes,” the server merely asked “What may I get you tonight?” Which of the following is true?•Fred must pay based on an implied-in-fact contract theory.•Fred must pay based on a promissory estoppel theory.•Fred must pay based on expressed contract theory.•Fred is correct because no contract was formed.Which of the following statements is true of the WARN Act?•It requires employers to give notice to an “at will” employee that he/she is being fired.•It requires employers to give notice to employees that they are being subjected to polygraph tests.•It requires employers to give notice to employees that an unscheduled drug test will be conducted for all employees.•It requires employers to give notice of a scheduled mass layoff._____________ jurisprudence supports the idea that law can and should change to meet new developments in society.•Sociological•Natural•Historical•Positive lawWhich of the following is true of the assumption of risks during delivery of goods?•The buyer is responsible for damages to goods when the seller is about to transfer for shipment.•The seller is liable for any damages incurred to the goods during shipment.•The buyer is liable for any damages incurred to the goods during shipment.•The seller is always responsible for shipping the goods to the buyer.A 911 emergency response service needs operators who are bilingual in English and Spanish. A few applicants of Spanish origin are rejected due to poor English-speaking skills. They file a complaint on the grounds of discrimination based on nationality. Their complaint is squashed. Here, the defense of the federal government is on the grounds of _______.•inculpatory evidence•circumstantial evidence•bona fide occupational qualifications•exclusionary ruleArticle 6 of the Treaty on European Union, called the Maastricht Treaty, states the EU is founded on:• private markets• rule of law• specific performance•stare decisisInterpreting Congressional intent, which of the following is never a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ)?•Race•National origin•Sex•ReligionEthical formalists maintain that:•the good of the many always supersedes the good of the few.•harm to an individual is allowable as long as it serves a greater good.•harm to individual rights is never justified by an increase in organizational or common good.•values are situational and change based on circumstance.The classification of crime is based on ________.•punishment imposed if convicted•prior record•location• the judge's prerogativeWhich of the following issues of administrative agencies relates to the substantive outcome of agencies’ rule-making and adjudicating authority?•The administrative process is overwhelmed with paperwork and meetings.•Enforcement of some laws varies over time.•The reward system usually does not make a significant distinction between excellent, mediocre, and poor performance.•It is very difficult to discharge unsatisfactory employees.Which of the following is true of the use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) techniques?•Disputing parties can agree to use an ADR technique after the dispute arises.•ADR techniques are ineffective once the pretrial process has begun.•Disputing parties cannot use an ADR technique not specified in the original agreement.•Disputing parties must begin a lawsuit to use any form of ADR.The crucial issue with the continuity factor of a business’s organizational form is _______.•the method by which the business can be dissolved•profit distribution•the method of customer service observed•management styleThe ___________ holds that contracts or conspiracies in restraint are illegal only if they constitute undue or unreasonable restraints of trade and that only unreasonable attempts to monopolize are covered by the Sherman Act.•rules of per se legality•Parker v. Brown doctrine•duty to deal doctrine•rule of reasonInterest-based negotiations are superior to position-based negotiations because:•the difference between the interests of the parties is often large.•interest-based negotiation requires the presence of a judge or magistrate.•position-based negotiation is often only concerned with preparing for litigation.•interest-based negotiations allow room for consideration of non-factual concerns, such as relationships and long-term interests.The determination that a crime has been committed and that evidence is sufficient to warrant the accused standing trial is known as:•nolo contendere.•indictment.•double jeopardy.• probable cause.Which of the following is true under the regulations of interstate commerce?•Regulation on any activity is appropriate if it aids interstate commerce.•Activities affecting interstate commerce do not come under the power of the deferral government.•Intrastate activities affecting interstate commerce can be regulated only by the state governments.•The states have the exclusive power to commerce that passes that passes across their lines.Finishing the construction of a home two days after the contract called for completion (no injury occurs) most likely will be considered _______.•significant performance•substantial performance•breach of contract•implied performanceFrequent, abusive, threatening phone calls by creditors are most likely to provoke the basis for a claim of _____________.•intentional infliction of emotional distress•malicious representation•misrepresentation•false imprisonment and malicious prosecutionWhich of the following is true of a violation of trade secrets’ rights?•One must misappropriate another's information.•Unauthorized use of another's information constitutes a violation of trade secrets' rights.•One must use another's information without permission.•Stealing another's intellectual property violates trade secrets' rights.Which of the following states that parties to a written contract may not introduce oral evidence to change written terms?•The parol evidence rule•Concurrent conditions•Conditions subsequent•The statute of fraudsIn a(n) ___________, the shareholders are taxed only on income distributed.•sole proprietorship•corporation•limited partnership. limited liability company____________ is a court created rule that limits when courts can review administrative decisions.•The doctrine of estoppel•The doctrine of lapse•The doctrine of exhaustion of remedies•The doctrine of primary jurisdictionAn employee at-will can be fired for which of the following?•Making public statements about the hazardous working conditions in a company.•Making public the fact that the employer was cheating the government on a defense contract.•Taking time off from work to care for a dependent without informing the employer.•Taking time off from work to serve on jury duty after the boss asked the employee to request a waiver.The ideas and philosophies that explain the origin of law and its justification are called:•jurisprudence•stare decisis•torts•rule of lawFederal law and business leaders alike favor ____________ as a means of governing private business ethics.•establishment of federal regulators in all private companies to establish and enforce ethical standards•self-regulation by companies•giving the federal government exclusive jurisdiction regarding ethics and ethics violation enforcement•creating uniform statutes of business ethicsWhich of the following is true in cases where only one party drafts the contracts that contain terms that appear vague and ambiguous to the other party?•The court will interpret the ambiguous and vague terms against the party that drafts them.•The court will declare the drafting party’s behavior as a tort due to intentional ambiguity of terms.•The court will interpret the terms as they mean in the common language.•The court will reject the non-drafting party’s attempt to reinterpret the terms after the contract has been signed.Myra offers to sell her home to Hanna for “about $100,000 plus closing costs.” Hanna accepts Myra’s offer, but later a dispute arises concerning the precise dollar amount of the purchase price. How will a court resolve this dispute?•The court will appoint a licensed real estate appraiser to determine the price to be paid by Hanna.•The court will require Hanna to pay the average of her price and Myra’s price.•The court will declare the purchase price and terms too indefinite to create a binding contract.•The court will determine a reasonable price to be paid by Hanna.Hillward Bakers has been using a blue HB logo with a baker’s hat on the HB since their inception ten years ago. Hobart Bakers, a newly opened bakery and confectionary chain, has used the same logo. Hillward has not registered its logo, but it chooses to sue Hobart anyway. Which of the following is true of this case?•Hillward can sue Hobart since the logo has been used by Hillward and is associated with it.•Hillward cannot sue Hobart because logos cannot be patented or trademarked.•Hillward cannot sue Hobart since the logo has not been registered as a trademark.• Hobart can defend that Hillward created something that lacks utility and cannot be trademarked.ETH 321 Final Exam Guide (New)1​Which of the following statements is true of a grand jury?​A grand jury has the authority to subpoena business records relevant to a lawsuit.​A grand jury determines whether the accused in a lawsuit is innocent or guilty.​At least 20 members should be present on a grand jury to examine evidences and vote on a case.​For an indictment to be returned, only one-third of a grand jury needs to agree that a crime has been committed.2Alan and Miriam are engaged in a debate on the importance of intellectual property rights. While Alan holds the view that intellectual property protection safeguards the interests of businesses, Miriam thinks that it ultimately puts businesses at a disadvantage by hampering the dissemination of information. Which of the following arguments is most likely to be raised by Alan to strengthen his proposition?​​Intellectual property rights reduce the pace of research and development drastically.​Intellectual property rights result in an increased availability of products.​Intellectual property rights reduce businesses’ market share by facilitating competition.​Intellectual property rights allow businesses to charge premium prices for their products.3​According to the __________, the acceptance of an offer results in a binding contract only if it exactly matches the terms of the offer.​mirror image rule​parol evidence rule​exclusive remedy rule​mailbox rule4The __________ enacted in 1938 established minimum wage, overtime pay, and record-keeping requirements.​​Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act​Family and Medical Leave Act​Fair Labor Standards Act​Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act5The term __________ refers to the placing of an individual in immediate apprehension for his or her physical safety.​​defamation​conversion​assault​battery6The term __________ refers to any change in the ownership of a business organization that would alter its legal existence.​​dissolution​consideration​rescission​conversion7Which of the following statements is true of the Securities and Exchange Commission?​​Its members are appointed by the senate for a term of four years.​It is responsible for implementing the federal securities laws.​It lacks the authority to frame rules regarding transactions of securities.​Its members are either lawyers or security analysts.8A system of equally applied law is a necessity for the foundation of a strong, productive economy because it:​​allows economically strong nations to exploit the resources of weaker nations.​incentivizes private businesses to restrict job opportunities for well-educated people.​encourages strangers to make agreements on certainty and trust.​prohibits individuals from trading in modern private markets.9​Which of the following scenarios illustrates a formalist approach to business decisions?​Selling products by deceiving customers about possible negative aspects of the products​Monitoring employee browsing history without their consent to curb non-productive activities​Informing new customers about delays in production schedules​Assigning significantly high productivity targets to reduce costs10A(n) __________ refers to the individual or business entity offering a security for sale to the public.​​controlling person​seller​issuer​underwriter11​Windy and Ruby plan to present a paper on intellectual property rights. They decide that Windy will present the arguments in favor of intellectual property rights and that Ruby will argue how intellectual property rights could be detrimental to businesses and their customers. Which of the following is most likely to be Ruby’s argument?​Intellectual property rights reduce businesses’ prospects of economic return on investment.​Intellectual property rights reduce the pace of research and development drastically.​Intellectual property rights result in a decrease in the availability of products.​Intellectual property rights do not allow businesses to charge premium prices for their products.12Which of the following statements is true of white-collar crimes?​​They are usually committed for personal financial gain.​They rarely affect consumers of a business.​They rarely occur in business environments.​They are dependent on the threat of physical force.13​Which of the following scenarios illustrates a bilateral contract?​Grapevine Inc. follows a five-day workweek system and also offers a compressed workweek option.​Sameera, a writer, signs a contract with her publisher to publish her book.​Helen, a painter, signs a contract with an art gallery that agrees to purchase her painting for $2000.​The management of Uno Inc. offers additional benefits to its employees annually.question14The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was created through the __________.​​National Labor Relations Act​Civil Rights Act​Age Discrimination in Employment Act​Americans with Disabilities Act15Concerted efforts to lobby government officials, irrespective of their anticompetitive purposes, are given an exception from the Sherman Act under the __________.​​overbreadth doctrine​Colgate doctrine​Noerr-Pennington doctrine​incorporation doctrine16​A __________ is the simplest and least expensive business institution to create.​limited liability company​partnership​sole proprietorship​corporation17In a state court system, lawsuits filed by parties typically begin at the __________.​​federal district court level​appellate court level​trial court level​supreme court level18According to the Commerce Clause, the power to regulate interstate commerce is vested with __________.​​state governments​state-level courts​the federal government​the U.S. Supreme Court19A business decision maker’s decision is more likely to raise ethical concerns in a society where:​​there is an increase in demand for public education.​the family structure is stable.​the news media and the Internet have significant influence.​there is a decrease in economic interdependence.20​How does law hold diverse people of different backgrounds into large, organized groups?​It prevents enforcement institutions from enforcing written rules on strangers.​It tells the members of a society what they can and cannot do.​It discourages people from making agreements based on certainty and trust.​It allows strangers to adopt rules that support their beliefs.21Courts determine whether the language of an offer was clear enough to result in a contract by:​​examining the objective intent of the offeror.​investigating whether an offeree actually accepted the offer.​examining the adequacy of the consideration offered.​analyzing whether the terms of the acceptance matches the terms of the offer.22​Who among the following individuals commits a battery?​Amanda, who fires her employee Trevor without any notice and causes him severe mental distress​Yuki, who injures her boss Reese with a knife and inflicts serious injuries on him​Joan, the customer care manager in a retail store, who verbally threatens a customer who calls to complain about a faulty product​Vincent, the CEO of Gregon Inc., who pays media firms to circulate false information about Gregon’s chief competitor23Fuzo Inc., a manufacturer of leather bags, enters into a contract with a firm regarding the installation of a machine in Fuzo’s factory. Fuzo agrees to pay $1000 for the machine and another $200 as the installation charge. In this scenario, the terms of the sale will be covered under __________.​​the Federal Arbitration Act​the Uniform Commercial Code​the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act​the Internal Revenue Code24The term __________ refers to the act of referring a matter to arbitration.​​submission​settlement​litigation​conflict25__________ is a legal remedy to a breach of contract by which each party to the contract returns the consideration offered by the other.​​Arbitration​Specific performance​Negotiated settlement​Rescission26​Which of the following statements is true of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) systems?​ADR systems increase the costs incurred during the litigation process.​The parties to a dispute need not present the case to a jury before opting for ADR systems to settle the dispute.​ADR systems cannot be used for dispute resolution in contractual relationships unless they are specified in the contract.​The litigation process precludes the use of ADR systems.27The __________ is the constitutional provision that details the federal government’s power to regulate business activities.​​Commerce Clause​liquidated damages clause​equal protection clause​supremacy clausequestion28Which of the following legal remedies to a breach of contract allows the parties to the contract to agree to abide by the decision of a third party or parties?​​Arbitration​Specific performance​Negotiated settlement​Rescission29__________ refers to an agreement made between competitors in an industry to fix prices of their products.​​Horizontal price fixing​Resale price fixing​Indirect price fixing​Vertical price fixing30The petition for a writ of certiorari by the losing party of a litigation will be reviewed by the U.S. Supreme Court:​​if the winning party agrees to subsequent reviews.​if the federal district courts and the courts of appeal correct the judicial errors charged against the state court.​if at least one of the nine justices vote to take the case.​if there is a major conflict between the trial and appellate courts on the interpretation of federal law.ETH 321 All Assignments (2 Set, No Final Guide)ETH 321 Week 1 Individual Assignment Laws and Ethics Paper (2 Papers)ETH 321 Week 1 DQETH 321 Week 2 Assignment Business Torts and Intellectual Property (Sam, ABC Paper Corp)ETH 321 Week 2 DQsETH 321 Week 3 Assignment Business Forms and Silent Partnership (2 Papers)ETH 321 Week 3 DQsETH 321 Week 4 Assignment Environmental Law and Ethics (2 Papers)ETH 321 Week 4 Team Assignment Environmental Law Case StudyETH 321 Week 4 DQsETH 321 Week 5 Assignment Employment Classification and Discrimination (New Syllabus)ETH 321 Week 5 DQsETH 321 Week 3 Team Assignment Contract Law and Ethics Case StudyETH 321 Week 1 Individual Assignment Role and Functions of Law Paper (2 Papers)ETH 321 Week 1 Knowledge CheckETH 321 Week 2 Individual Assignment Business Torts And Ethics Paper (2 Papers)ETH 321 Week 2 Team Assignment Torts And Ethics Presentation (2 PPT)ETH 321 Week 2 knowledge CheckETH 321 Week 3 Individual Assignment Business Forms Worksheet (2 Sheet)ETH 321 Week 3 Learning Team Assignment Contract Clause & Intellectual Property Drafting Paper (3 Papers)ETH 321 Week 3 knowledge CheckETH 321 Week 4 Individual Assignment Sarbanes-Oxley And Corporate Governance Paper (2 Papers)ETH 321 Week 4 Learning Team Assignment Administrative Agencies Presentation (3 PPT)ETH 321 Week 4 knowledge CheckETH 321 Week 5 Team Assignment Roles of State or Federal Administrative Agencies PresentationETH 321 Week 5 Learning Team Assignment Employment Law Case Brief And Presentation (3 Presentation)ETH 321 Week 5 Individual Assignment Discrimination And Employment Laws (2 Papers)ETH 321 Week 5 Knowledge CheckETH 321 All Assignments (2 Set, With Final Guide)ETH 321 Final Exam Guide (New)ETH 321 Week 1 Individual Assignment Laws and Ethics Paper (2 Papers)ETH 321 Week 1 DQETH 321 Week 2 Assignment Business Torts and Intellectual Property (Sam, ABC Paper Corp)ETH 321 Week 2 DQsETH 321 Week 3 Assignment Business Forms and Silent Partnership (2 Papers)ETH 321 Week 3 DQsETH 321 Week 4 Assignment Environmental Law and Ethics (2 Papers)ETH 321 Week 4 Team Assignment Environmental Law Case StudyETH 321 Week 4 DQsETH 321 Week 5 Assignment Employment Classification and Discrimination (New Syllabus)ETH 321 Week 5 DQsETH 321 Week 3 Team Assignment Contract Law and Ethics Case StudyETH 321 Week 1 Individual Assignment Role and Functions of Law Paper (2 Papers)ETH 321 Week 1 Knowledge CheckETH 321 Week 2 Individual Assignment Business Torts And Ethics Paper (2 Papers)ETH 321 Week 2 Team Assignment Torts And Ethics Presentation (2 PPT)ETH 321 Week 2 knowledge CheckETH 321 Week 3 Individual Assignment Business Forms Worksheet (2 Sheet)ETH 321 Week 3 Learning Team Assignment Contract Clause & Intellectual Property Drafting Paper (3 Papers)ETH 321 Week 3 knowledge CheckETH 321 Week 4 Individual Assignment Sarbanes-Oxley And Corporate Governance Paper (2 Papers)ETH 321 Week 4 Learning Team Assignment Administrative Agencies Presentation (3 PPT)ETH 321 Week 4 knowledge CheckETH 321 Week 5 Team Assignment Roles of State or Federal Administrative Agencies PresentationETH 321 Week 5 Learning Team Assignment Employment Law Case Brief And Presentation (3 Presentation)ETH 321 Week 5 Individual Assignment Discrimination And Employment Laws (2 Papers)ETH 321 Week 5 Knowledge Check