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My scariest experience ever happened late on that rainy night in the storied region of the Old South known as the Mississippi Delta, I was sitting on a bench waiting in the terminal building of the bus station on Union Avenue in downtown Memphis. The hands of the dreary big round clock on the banal wall indicated it was thirteen minutes past midnight, an awareness that sent a shudder down my spine. Weird things - dangerous things - happen in the witching hour.There were very few people. The bus station seemed almost deserted, a surreal scene that induced a sense of ominous foreboding when, with so many empty seats available, a stranger in a dripping iron-gray floor-length trench coat walked in off the sidewalk and, morose and silent, sat down on the bench beside me. The monotonous ticking of the Cyclopean clock way up on the high off-white wall was torturing my nerves, so to ease my mind a bit, I endeavored to engage the grim stranger in polite conversation.He raised the broad brim of his drenched hat just enough so I could vaguely make out the weathered lines on his shadowed face. He didn’t appear to be in the best of health, giving vent to frequent coughs that resonated pitifully with the hollow choking sound of croup. His breathing was raspy and labored. When he spoke, the sound of his voice didn’t seem coordinated with the movements of his leathery thin lips. I began to feel guilty about imposing on any sense of civility he might possess.I introduced myself as Sean Terrence Best. He nodded slightly, then told me his name was Grade Ope. Something about the name didn’t sit right with me, but it was a whole month later before I finally figured out it’s an anagram for Edgar Poe.Mr. Ope began an eerie narrative, explaining first how he came to be in a bus station at such an ungodly hour. He claimed he was being pursued by something dreadful, something abnormal. He didn’t want to venture a supposition about what would happen if the cold-blooded hunter ever caught up with him. Mr. Ope said his cutthroat pursuer had senses that were uncannily sharp, like those of a wolf or bloodhound, but that those almost supernatural detectors were grievously repelled by the strong odor of diesel fumes, so that for nearly two years Mr. Ope had been fleeing for his life by constantly moving from town to town, pausing only long enough to eat and shower.Sometimes he thumbed a ride with truckers in big rigs, other times, like the night of our encounter, he traveled by bus, but always he was on the move and always via transportation propelled by large loud smoke-belching diesel engines. He had to keep moving. If he ever stopped, the thing that was after him would, with those fiercely potent senses, sniff him out and zero in on his location.“In a way,” he lamented sadly, “it doesn’t really matter, because right before this thing came after me, I was diagnosed with a rare strain of thyroid cancer. Unknown to me, it had been spreading through my lymph nodes for years. By the time I began to notice symptoms, it was too late to treat. Oncologists tell me the disease is terminal, but they won’t venture an exact time-frame for how long I have left to live - could be a few years, could be less than six months.”The melancholy stranger was silent for a moment as though solemnly reflecting on the tragedy of his grim fate, then he began talking about his life before the sinister thing started chasing him.He had been an investigator of paranormal phenomena. His last case, the one that had resulted in the ghoulish predator bent on pursuit of his life, had been by far the most disturbing. It had also been the inquiry that had come closest to producing verifiable evidence that could stand up against cross-examination to corroborate and substantiate the existence of entities and powers that lie outside the prosaic framework of what most of us consider factual reality.“Strange customs,” warned the brooding stranger, “are practiced in far-away remote barrens where few people maintain year-round habitations.”Amid frequent coughs from deep in his ailing chest, the enigmatic traveler talked. With keen interest, I listened, the ominous clock ticking incessantly down the dark tunnel of an insipid background occasionally accented by the fading rumble of a bus engine or the hiss of tires passing on the rain-slicked street outside.My mind seemed drawn into a hypnotic trance by the rhythmic droning of his deep voice as he related his bizarre tale to me in a flesh-creeping first person narrative which proceeded as follows -People have a morbid fascination with death. One of my first investigations into reports of paranormal phenomena was nearly twenty years ago, north of the border, in the bewitching solitudes of the Canadian bush. I didn’t have nearly the experience then as I do now, yet the case was worthy of probing research and I did my best at the time to chronicle the ghoulish legend still whispered by marvel-loving grandmothers in chimney corners on long blizzard-bound dark winter nights. The spooky lore concerns rumors of a mysterious altar in the spirit-haunted boreal wilderness; a pagan shrine erected to appease a sadistic otherworldly being with sacrifices involving human blood. The entity is rumored to be ancient, primeval, and capable of granting staggering riches and far-reaching power.Tucked snugly at the fringe of vast hinterland solitudes amid Ontario’s rugged Canadian Shield lies the sleepy little fishing village of Britt, where cold crystal clear water churns white over granite boulders as the mystical Magnetawan River empties its knowing currents into the sapphire-blue depths of Georgian Bay.On the rocky bluffs of the south bank of the Magnetawan, I quietly entered a ghost town called Boon Inlet, named after a British admiral who was court-martialed then executed for cowardice, shot dead on the deck of the ship he had failed to competently command in high seas combat against the French in 1757.My inquiries into the legend of the altar in the forest led me to seek counsel with a venerable old gentlemen named Theobald Sorrenson, who had settled into a reclusive retirement after many decades of guiding fishermen and tourists through the breathtaking coves and backbays of the glorious thirty thousand islands that stretch their beguiling maritime enchantment from Honey Harbor all the way up to the scenic inlets of the North Channel.Theobald’s friends called him ‘Tubby’, not because of his physical appearance which was lean and sinewy, but rather because of the 18 foot steel tub in which he used to take his clients out on the great sweetwater sea.Tubby’s rustic cottage was waterfront down a woodland lane that branches off from the old gravel logging road. When I knocked on the golden timbers of his white pine door, the old fellow greeted me warmly, inviting me into his den, which was a sunken room at the back of the cottage with a stunning view of the broad deep river channel.He seated me in the posh softness of a delightfully relaxing armchair, then insisted I have a cup of herb tea with him. Disappearing into the kitchen for a moment to put a small kettle on the stove, he returned to the cozy den. His next act is what raised the hackles of alarm on the back of my neck. Very quietly he went round to all the windows where, one by one, he pulled the curtains closed as if he was about to reveal some forbidden secret of occult taboo. It was odd that he made sure to completely close all the drapes not leaving even the smallest crack except at the window that looked out over the inlet. There he left a small gap in the curtains, apparently so he could see through.He vanished into the kitchen again, then returned with two plain white ceramic cups in which a little pouch of chamomile steeped, gently staining the steaming water with a fay amber tint. I would come to notice during his discourse that he cast occasional glances through the mysterious gap he had left in the curtains of the window that looked out over the inlet, as if he were diligently watching for some expected development.We sipped our tea in silence for a few minutes. The chamomile was delicious, but there was a faint taste, a subtle undercurrent lurking in the mild flavor, that I didn’t recognize. It wasn’t rose hibiscus and it wasn’t lavender, yet that slight other bouquet was in every sip. My head began to feel light and airy. Though he smiled politely at me, Tubby had an expression in his watery gray eyes that evoked within me a sneaking suspicion that something had been left unsaid. His curious behavior made me feel ill at ease.Not wanting to seem rude, especially since I was there to glean information, I sipped the curiously odd- tasting herb tea. My insides began to feel warm and fuzzy. My watchful host glanced through the narrow gap in the curtains, nodded his head, then turned to me and began talking, “Being an investigator of unnatural phenomena, you probably know something about cattle mutilations, missing time, alien abductions, and other such paranormal mysteries. Well, let me tell you what goes on around here. An outsider like yourself would have to do a lot of digging to make these connections, but living here all my life, I've noticed things over the years. For example, every other generation, regular as clockwork, a few people go missing from hereabouts. None of the disappearances are ever explained. Authorities conduct investigations, but reports are soon tucked away in a cold case file for lack of evidence where they languor in limbo indefinitely.“Not far from here, you would have passed it on your way in, lies the old Boon Inlet cemetery. It’s derelict now. The last time a corpse was laid to rest there was over a century ago. A group of tree-huggers went out there a few years back. They had the idea of making a cultural community project out of cleaning up the old cemetery - pulling weeds, straightening leaning tombstones, pruning limbs, that sort of thing. They were very enthusiastic about their restoration project at first, but then, for some reason that never quite came to light, the effort was abandoned. The old cemetery once again lies forgotten and decaying in neglect.“Now, I’ll tell you this. People round here don’t like to drive by that old cemetery on moonless nights, because strange lights appear out in the woods behind the gloomy burial ground, but I’m getting ahead of myself. Let me first give you a brief rendition of some of the unnerving history of our outlying little settlement.“Way back in 1888 the owner of the Boon Inlet sawmill, Straker Gravesend, notwithstanding his sterling success in the lumber industry, wanted to branch out into railroads. The existing commercial infrastructure during those tumultuous years in the Canadian economy wasn’t tailored to suit so much industrial expansion in the boondocks, but the ferociously ambitious sawmill boss was determined to reach the lofty financial heights of such famed tycoons as James Hill and Cornelius Vanderbilt.Gravesend was shrewd and bent on his purpose. He kept his finger on the pulse of local lore whence he gained knowledge of a prehistoric Algonquin legend about a mysterious forest spirit that wields lethally terrorizing potency as a ghost-witch. Sasquatch, Wendigo, Abominable Snowman - they got all sorts of names for the thing. According to legend, the ancient supernatural creature, in exchange for a sacrifice of human blood on the mystical stone altar in the forest, will grant a wish capable of satisfying the most depraved lust for wealth and power.The famous French explorer, Étienne Brûlé, the first European on record to have laid eyes on this haunting realm of rock, snow, ice, and water was, as the historical establishment tells it, killed and eaten by the Hurons who whisper of a curse associated with his murder, but bands of the First Nations tell a different tale. Medicine man rites handed down through hundreds of years of oral tradition reveal that Monsieur Brûlé carried a certain bronze medallion in his pocket which, unfortunately for him, led the stouthearted adventurer to a fate worse than death. In the hushed murmurs of Indian lore, Étienne Brûlé actually found the altar in the forest. He vanished never to be seen or heard from again, although there are rumors that the mysterious medallion is still extant, closely guarded by secret societies who delve into the murky arcana of runic occult.The altar is said to lie hidden at an undisclosed location in the swampy tangles of the rocky backwoods, presided over by a mysterious race of beings that preceded by eons the first human inhabitants of this desolate northern realm of bleak granite bedrock and spooky warped twisted boughs and boles of wind-sculpted Jack pine.The biggest employer by far to ever establish a commercial enterprise at Boon Inlet was the Gravesend Sawmill. In January 1889, a fire broke out at the huge facility. With miles of linear feet of newly milled lumber to feed the rampaging blaze, the catastrophic conflagration burned out of control for nearly 24 hours. The mill was a total loss, yet to underscore the disastrous tragedy, a number of workers employed at the mill were missing.Naturally they were presumed dead, however, no human remains were found among the smoldering sooty ruins of the burned-down mill.It is interesting to note that, a week before the devastating fire, a group of foreigners arrived across the river in the village of Britt. Ostensibly a hunting party, they took lodgings at the River View Inn. Their skin was the color of rusted metal, their hair and eyes, dark and swarthy. Two matters concerning these mysterious foreigners could not escape the attention of busybody locals. One is that the suspicious foreigners never hired the services of a guide and they never went on any hunts. The second eyebrow-raising inconsistency about the tight-lipped foreigners is that the day after the terrible fire that destroyed the sawmill, the dubious group departed Britt never to return.Of course it didn’t take long for morbid scandals to be gossiped up about a clandestine link between the unidentified foreigners and the missing mill workers. Dark rumors began circulating that the bigwig mill boss, Straker Gravesend himself, had secretly hired the ill-favored outsiders to commit a dastardly deed. Wild speculation was whispered in shady corners of the village pub that those peculiar foreigners were a group of dangerous professional henchmen hired by Gravesend to deliberately start the horrifying mill fire - a heinous arson committed to provide a smokescreen for the kidnapping of the missing employees whose nightmare fate was to be taken to the fabled altar in the forest to be slain as blood sacrifice to the charnel entity so that Boss Gravesend could achieve his ambitious plot of rising to international wealth and influence via the railroad industry.It goes without saying that no one could prove such monstrous allegations, but it is a fact that Straker Gravesend became a powerful railroad magnate after the suspicious catastrophic fire that destroyed his mill, which was subsequently rebuilt to commence logging operations at an even greater rate of profit than before the injurious unspeakable tragedy.”Tubby paused to peep again through the narrow gap he had left in the curtains of the window that looks out over the deep dark water of Boon Inlet. The unidentified under-taste in the herb tea was becoming more pronounced. I was beginning to worry that I shouldn’t be drinking that tea, but I didn’t want to insult my welcoming host, who turned back to me and began speaking again.“I remember way back in my childhood when a local hobby farmer named Talbot decided he wanted to be a shepherd. He started with just a few sheep, but then the craze overcame his mind like a sweeping fad so that in less than a year that high-strung Talbot had a hundred head of the fluffy white critters.“This was back in ‘47, the year the thing happened at Roswell. When autumn of that year rolled around there were reports among the superstitious villagers of Britt that strange lights were being seen in the night sky over the abandoned Boon Inlet cemetery. Well, Talbot always thought he was big stuff. Him and about six or seven other roughnecks loaded their shotguns and went out there one Saturday night, each with a belly full of Molson, and sure enough, they saw eerie spectral lights hovering over the rotting burial ground. Would you believe it? Those fools shot at the lights!“That was at the beginning of October. Exactly a month later on November 4, the sky darkened. Folks around here huddled inside with their oil heat and wood-burning stoves. The first snow of the season fell during that portentous night. The next morning was freezing cold with a dreary low-hanging gloomy gray sky, out of which a few scant flurries still drifted earthward in soul-subduing silence. Talbot the hotshot hobby farmer woke to a grisly scene of brutal carnage. His sheep-pen was ankle-deep in blood-soaked white powder. Not a single one of the poor critters had survived the attack.“Naturally, suspicion fell toward a wolf pack or bear, but the bears were in hibernation by that time and there had been no reports of wolves in the Boon Inlet area for over twenty years. Besides that, wolves or a bear wouldn’t kill all the sheep at once and, of course, those ravenous predators would eat what they did kill, but none of the sheep had been devoured. Their corpses were slaughtered, but not eaten.“Now here’s the really creepy thing about that fateful frigid morning all those long years ago - there was another reason that completely ruled out the idea of wolf or bear attack, and that was the method of kill. Each of the awfully mutilated sheep had been decapitated, but that’s still not the most disturbing aspect of the grim tragedy. The really sinister thing about the wanton butchery of those poor helpless sheep is that their heads were nowhere to be seen. A hundred decapitated sheep, yet not one of the heads was ever found.“In the augural portent year of 1999, a palm reader, Madame Thunderblanket, set up shop on Riverside Drive on the Britt side of the river. She had grown up on the Indian reservation over at Henvy. Of course she knew about the flood of tourists that stampede into Britt during the summer months - figured she could make a killing telling fortunes.“She regaled her mystified clients with miraculous prognostications she divined from those eager palms - the life line, heart line, head line, fate line, love line, Mount of Venus, etc. For her high-paying clientele, Madame Thunderblanket conducted seances so they could speak to their dearly departed from beyond the grave. A rather grim pastime if you ask me, but then, the rich entertain bizarre indulgences.“The showy madame was a self-styled Delphic oracle. In her little sanctum of spirits, crystal balls, raven feathers, and luck charms, Madame Thunderblanket was privy to much gossip, so that in due course she heard the age-old lurid rumors passed down through generations about a mystical shrine of primeval witchcraft hidden at an undisclosed location in the bush. Apparently, she used her psychic talents to divine a telepathic map leading to the secret site of the ancient occult artifice. With hunted expressions on their worried faces the hex-fearing villagers of Britt soberly warned the flamboyant madame to stay out of the bush and not go looking for that evilly-shadowed altar, but the psychic was stubbornly confident in her formidable powers of precognition.“With a real beeswax candle, the intrepid palmist - heavily clad in bangles, talismans, and pendants - went out to the abandoned Boon Inlet cemetery by herself one foggy afternoon not long before dark. A person doesn’t have to be a fortuneteller to foresee the disastrous result of such an ill-advised course of action.“It was after sundown when she finally came out. She was found wandering the backroads like a zombie, dumbstruck, in a pitiable state of catatonia. Her eyes were glassed over, a sad victim in the last detrimental stages of manic depression. Most of her hair was gone, her scalp bleeding as though something had, in fistfuls, torn her long hair out by the roots. Her wrists and ankles were severely bruised. It was obvious that some beastly thing with a terribly strong grip had grabbed Madame Thunderblanket and held on tightly. Oh, but the titanic struggle that must have ensued! That poor lady put up one hellish fight for her life, of that nobody had any doubts.“She never told anyone what had happened to cause her bizarre injuries. She was mute for what little remained of her devastated life. The horror she faced in those lonely woods will never be known now. Madame Thunderblanket died screaming as a patient of the psychiatric ward in a hospital up at Ottawa.”At that point, my knowledgeable host paused again to peek out through the narrow gap in the heavy drapes. By this time, I was seeing two of Tubby. My vision was ludicrously blurry. I was having severe difficulty focusing. The age-weathered folklorist lowered his voice to an ominous whisper and leaned toward me. It was eerie that his lips seemed to move differently than his words when he said, “Even though I’ve never talked to anybody who’s seen it, and even though I’ve never seen it with my own eyes, I strongly suspect that witch-haunted altar is out there hidden somewhere in the woodland thickets of the scraggy bush, but my gut instinct tells me that nobody knows exactly where it is and nobody knows its true purpose.“I'll tell you what I really think. I say that abominable altar is a portal, a gateway into another dimension, a whole other reality that exists parallel to our own. I don’t have the foggiest notion to explain the mysterious cycle that, every other generation, causes a few people from around here to vanish never to be seen or heard from again, but if you ask me, they’re called out into the bush by some ghoulish voice in the night that summons the helpless victims to the secret location of the ancient altar where they are subliminally led in sepulchral procession through the portal, or dragged kicking and screaming, into that unimaginable unknown realm beyond. After that, it’s too late. The poor souls can't find their way back.”It had been shortly after high noon when I arrived at Tubby’s cottage, so I have no idea what happened. I think I must have experienced missing time because the next memory I have is finding myself wandering in the dying light of sunset treading silently and alone among the graves of the neglected decaying Boon Inlet cemetery.I didn’t know where it came from, but there was a mysterious bronze medallion in my pocket. It was emblazoned with eldritch occult runes. I had a faint recollection of bronze being an amalgam of the pure elements copper and tin, both of which have properties that yield harrowing power in witchcraft. My mind was drifting. I couldn’t focus my thoughts. With hushed reverent motions I ambled softly among toppled tombstones and weed-choked burial plots covered in rank sedges. The fading red beams of the setting sun suffused that alienated graveyard of a forgotten era with an apocalyptic ambiance of somber grimness.A sudden flash of color caught my eye. You can imagine how startled I was to see a young woman dressed in a long flowing white dress watching me from behind a towering hemlock. Realizing I had noticed her, she dashed off through the white-bark birch and red maple. I lost her for a moment in the dense undergrowth of juniper that tripped my feet as I pursued, nearly sending me face first into a frightful outcropping of solid gray granite. I heard a rustle among the branches and dry fallen leaves. I saw a wisp of white dart through the shadows of the forest several paces ahead of me. Again I raced forward, dodging stones and stiff foliage in pursuit of the mysterious maiden.I chased after her for what must have been several dozen yards, or meters as they say in Canada, before stumbling out into the open space of a small clearing. A guttural sickening sinking pulled at the lining of my stomach when at the center of the clearing I saw a flat stone lying horizontally upon two upright rocks that served as a sort of trestle supporting what was in effect a table made of rock. The sight of the artifice which was obviously not a natural formation shook my brain so profoundly that I forgot all about the young woman dressed in white.The upright stones that supported the huge slab of granite were carved into graven images of what I can only describe as some sort of monstrous prehistoric predatory beasts.The flat slab of rock was approximately eight feet long by four feet wide and was situated at what would be chest height for the average human being. The thickness of the dreadful stone slab was about a foot, the sides of which were inscribed in bas relief with hex signs, unearthly alien hieroglyphs, bizarre spirals, and sinister runes of the occult. The cryptic meaning of the carvings I could not decipher.Approaching the stone table with caution, I saw that its top surface was obscured by a dense heap of dead leaves. Mossy lichens of grotesque shape and variety spider-webbed the ghoulish shrine. To this day I don’t know what made me do it, but for some reason, the origin of which lay deep within my altered psyche, I raised my hand to gently brush the ominous heap of leaves aside. In utter astonishment my muscles tightened at what lay buried beneath the noxious heap of rotting leaves.Bones - I saw a gruesome stack of bones, weather-stained and deformed with age. A creeping chill of mortal dread sank down heavily upon every fiber of my trembling being, but I could not resist pushing another clump of leaves aside to see what rounded object they covered. It was a skull - a human skull.The ghastly bare cranium rolled off the huge stone slab and landed face-up at my feet, the shadowed hollows of its empty eye-sockets staring accusingly at me.I was whimpering with terror, guilt, and shame. Carefully, very carefully, I stepped slowly backward, moving my feet away from the gruesome grinning skull. After a few backward paces, I turned to walk away from the nightmare shrine. I hadn’t gone far when I heard an unwholesome disembodied voice whisper my name. When I turned to look, I saw no one.True panic was now racing my pounding heart. Something big and powerful, like a hard metal vice, grabbed my ankles in a steely grip. My trembling feet were yanked from under me. I fell flat on my back, then felt myself being dragged through skittering clumps of dead brindle-colored autumn leaves. In desperation, I clawed the rocky ground in an attempt to resist, because whatever clamped my ankles was pulling me back toward the witchy altar. I groped and grasped in vain. There was no handhold to give traction. I looked toward my helpless feet to see huge ghastly paws clasped around the base of my legs. Coarse hairs, talons sooty as smut - I saw only the monstrous paws, no arms, no creature, only charnel paws mercilessly crushing my ankles and dragging me across the cold hard ground toward the diabolical altar.From out of the dusky air, another paw grabbed my left wrist, then another thing grabbed a fistful of my hair. I screamed. The gloomy forest gobbled up the pitiful sound of my pleading voice. My right hand felt a chunk of loose stone, coarse and jagged. In terrified mindless primal instinct, I grabbed up the bit of rock and struck blindly at the thing gripping my head. A wad of my hair was torn from my scalp, but the malign thing released me. I began bashing the paw that held tightly to my left wrist. At first, my frantic pounding seemed to have no effect, but after a few spasmodic impacts, the hideous paw let go. The wicked talons that still gripped my ankles had nearly dragged me all the way under the darkened space beneath the insidious altar. With the stone held firmly in my quivering right hand, I attacked. I lashed out with all the angry violence my fading strength could possibly muster. I felt myself suddenly free of the deadly grip.Struggling to my feet, I ran wildly retracing my steps along the forest trail that led through the bush back to the abandoned Boon Inlet cemetery. Though I heard thudding footfalls closing in behind me, I did not dare turn to look. I ran in mind-warping horror all the way to Tubby’s cottage where I threw myself against the golden-hued timbers of the stout white pine door, slapping the brass knocker breathlessly for him to let me inside to presumed safety.I did not sleep a wink that night. Tubby’s expression was scornful, but the old wilderness guide did not chastise me. In truth, I felt no safer with him than in those witch-haunted woods. I suspected that he had somehow, possibly through the odd-flavored herb tea, set me up for the attack at the altar in the forest. It was not difficult to conceive that his attitude was one of surprise and chagrin that I had survived.The next day I reported the location of the accursed altar to the authorities. A group of volunteers from the village assisted with the search of the shadowy woods behind the ill-omened Boon Inlet cemetery. The entire region was thoroughly scoured. Not the least hint of any stone edifice was discovered. Not only was the altar not found, but there was no clearing in the bush. It is morbidly disconcerting to note that searchers did find a swath of white fabric that forensics investigators later determined was a strip of cloth torn from the skirt of a woman’s muslin dress.I was on my way back to my hometown of Love Creek beneath the towering sequoias and redwoods in the middle elevations of the Sierra Nevada when I first began to suspect that some charnel unhallowed thing had followed me out of the Canadian backwoods. One night on the outskirts of Sioux City, I saw a shadow pass by the curtained window of my cheap motel room. Later on, at a motor lodge off Exit 217 in Denver, I returned from grabbing an order of goulash at the all-night diner across the street to find my room had been ransacked.After that things went from bad to worse. I was seeing movement in my rear view mirror as if something was lurking right behind me in the backseat. I tossed and turned in the torment of gruesome cannibalistic nightmares about human blood sacrifice. When waking from those bad dreams, I had the haunting sensation that a heavy arm had been lying across my chest while I slept.I heard footsteps following me across parking lots at night. My phone would ring with unknown numbers. I’d answer to hear bloodcurdling screams as if people en masse were pleading for mercy as their skin was being flailed off their bones in ritualistic madness. A disembodied voice was whispering “I’m coming for you, Grade Ope. You desecrated my altar in the forest. You’ll be my next sacrifice.”I don’t know how it was, maybe psychic communication, telepathy, but I was overwhelmed with a morbid dread of being pursued by a homicidal maniac with unusual powers of trailing its victims - a tracker, a bounty hunter - yet inhuman in its murderous stalking.It was in the arid vastness of the Utah high country when I first noticed that I would experience relief from the oppressive shadow breathing down my neck while at truckstops or fueling stations where diesel is sold, but when I was back out on the road away from those places, the sadistic stalker returned.I sold my old LTD for a pathetically low price to a fast-talking salesman at a used car lot in Crescent Junction. I’ve been living out of truckstops and bus depots ever since, constantly on the move, either in a big rig or a Greyhound.”The mysterious stranger’s deep hypnotic voice seemed to trail off into a great foggy distance. Apparently, and as inconceivable as it is, I had fallen asleep while he had been talking. I woke to the sonorous irritating ticking of the big round clock on the high off-white wall. The hour at the bus station in Memphis was either very late or very early - three a.m. The bench beside me was empty. I glanced toward the ticket counter and the snack bar, but the haunting stranger was nowhere in sight.A middle-age woman with a rainbow scarf over her bouffant orange hair was sitting on the bench a few feet in front of me knitting a sweater. Her face was caked with pale powdery white. She was wearing an excessively heavy amount of blue eyeshadow and thick red lipstick. She smiled politely. I thought perhaps Grade Ope had gone to the men’s room, so I spoke to the woman, “Pardon me, miss, but did you see where the gentleman sitting beside me went?”An expression of curious sympathy clouded her gentle features when she replied, “I haven’t seen anyone sitting beside you, dear. I apologize for not being any help.”I was puzzled and somewhat irritated with myself. Why had I fallen asleep? Where had the mysterious stranger gone? Why hadn’t the weird lady seen him? Did he vanish into thin air?A cold voice on the harsh loudspeaker announced the bus that would take me to Santa Fe was now boarding. Slowly, I stood, stooping a bit to heave my tote over my tired shoulder. I started to walk away when the orange-haired lady spoke, “Young man, don’t forget your pendant.”A spider-legged chill crawled over the clammy surface of my skin. I looked. She was pointing at the place on the bench where I had been sitting. I saw a bronze medallion inscribed with cryptic occult runes. The mysterious stranger had spoken of such a talisman inexplicably appearing in his pocket at the old Boon Inlet cemetery. I had a brief impulse to reach for the medallion, but then a grim voice of warning sounded in the back of my mind. If I took the medallion with me, would the paranormal shadow that had been chasing the stranger come after me? I decided against touching the eerie bronze piece.“Thank you ma’am, but that doesn’t belong to me. Someone else must have left it lying there.”For some reason, and I had a feeling I shouldn’t have looked back, I turned just as I was exiting the terminal building to get on the bus. I did not see the kindly orange-haired lady knitting a sweater. I did not see a bronze medallion. On the bench where I had been sitting was a gory unspeakable abomination - cadaverous and evil - maliciously leering at me with burning blood-red eyes.

According to every major ancient Greek historian, and as written and recorded in their testimony, the kingdom of ancient Ethiopia is older than ancient Egypt. Moreover, a fact that is often glossed-over or totally ignored by most Eurocentric-minded Egyptologists, academics and novice researchers a like is the very important cultural, ethnic, historical, pastoral connection and relationship, between ancient Egypt (Ta-Meri) and Northern Ethiopia/Nubia (Ta-Seti). In addition to Ethiopia’s maternal role as the early source of ancient Egyptian civilization.OLD ETHIOPIA--ITS PEOPLE“Because of the great lapse of time, it seems almost impossible to locate the original seat of the old Ethiopian empire. Bochart thought it was "Happy Araby," that from this central point the Cushite race spread eastward and westward. Some authorities like Gesenius thought it was Africa. THE GREEKS LOOKED TO OLD ETHIOPIA AND CALLED THE UPPER NILE THE COMMON CRADLE OF MANKIND. Toward the rich luxurience of this region they looked for the "Garden of Eden." FROM THESE PEOPLE OF THE UPPER NILE AROSE THE OLDEST TRADITIONS AND RITES AND FROM THEM SPRANG THE FIRST COLONIES AND ARTS OF ANTIQUITY. The Greeks also said that EGYPTIANS DERIVED THEIR CIVILIZATION AND RELIGION FROM ETHIOPIA. Yet Egyptian forms of worship are understood and practiced among the Ethiopians of Nubia today. The common people of Egypt never truly understood their religion, this was why it so easily became debased”.Source: Sacred Texts, Ethiopia and It’s People, Drusilla Dunjee Houston, 1926“Egyptian religion was not an original conception, for three thousand years ago she had lost all true sense of its real meaning among even the priesthood”.Source: (Budge, Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection--Preface)HISTORIC EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS AND WRITTEN DESCRIPTIONS AND TESTIMONYDiodorus Siculus (/ˌdaɪəˈdɔːrəs ˈsɪkjʊləs/; Greek: Διόδωρος Σικελιώτης Diodoros Sikeliotes) (fl. 1st century BC) or Diodorus of Sicily was a Greek historian. He is known for writing the monumental universal history Bibliotheca historica, much of which survives, between 60 and 30 BC.Quote(s):“Now the Ethiopians, as historians relate, WERE THE FIRST OF ALL MEN and the proofs of this statement, they say, are manifest. For that they did not come into their land as immigrants from abroad but were natives of it and so justly bear the name of "autochthones" is, they maintain, conceded by practically all men”.Source: (Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History bk.iii, para 2 page 91).“THEY SAY ALSO THAT THE EGYPTIANS ARE COLONISTS SENT OUT BY THE ETHIOPIANS, Osiris (Ausar) having been the leader of the colony. For, speaking generally, what is now Egypt, they maintain, was not land but sea when in the beginning the universe was being formed; afterwards, however, as the Nile during the times of its inundation carried down the mud from Ethiopia, land was gradually built up from the deposit. Also the statement that all the land of the Egyptians is alluvial silt deposited by the river receives the clearest proof, in their opinion, from what takes place at the outlets of the Nile; for as each year new mud is continually gathered together at the mouths of the river, the sea is observed being thrust back by the deposited silt and the land receiving the increase. AND THE LARGER PART OF THE CUSTOMS OF THE EGYPTIANS ARE, THEY HOLD, ETHIOPIAN, THE COLONISTS STILL PRESERVING THEIR ANCIENT MANNERS”.Source: (Diodorus Siculus Augustus, The Library of History bk. iii, para 3 2. 4-3. 3 page 95).“Kings as gods and bury them with such pomp; sculpture and writing were invented by the Ethiopians. “THE ETHIOPIANS CITE EVIDENCE THAT THEY ARE MORE ANCIENT THAN THE EGYPTIANS, but it is useless to report that here”.Source: Diodorus Siculus, Histoire universelle, translated by Abbe Terrasson. Paris, 1758, Bk. 3 (p. 341).“It was about 5,000 years ago that the mythical/historical god-king Ausar (Greek Osirus), along with a massive number of ancient ETHOPIAN SETTLERS, TO COLONIZE THE NILE. The ancient Egyptians would later deify Osiris (Ausar). Their maternal ancestors were Ethiopians and Eritreans, but their paternal ancestor was West African. These ancestors were the original Dynastic ruling class”.Source: - Diodorus of Sicily The Library of History of Diodorus Siculus published in Vol. II of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1935 (chaps 1-11).“We must now speak about the Ethiopian writing which is called hieroglyphic among the Egyptians, in order that we may omit nothing in our discussion of their antiquities..”Source: (Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History bk. Bk iii, para 4).Wooden Statue of Usire Kem-Ur or Ausar (the Greek’s Osiris), Ptolemaic Era.“The Ethiopians conceive themselves to be of greater antiquity than any other nation; and it is probable that, born under the sun's path, its warmth may have ripened them earlier than other men. They suppose themselves also to be the inventors of divine worship, of festivals, of solemn assemblies, of sacrifices, and every religious practice. THEY AFFIRM THAT THE EGYPTIANS ARE ONE OF THEIR COLONIES”.Source: Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History, Volume III, (Book 4. 59-8).What is a colony?A colony is a group of people of one nationality or ethnic group of people who leave their native country to form in a new land a settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nation. In politics and history, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a state, distinct from the home territory of the sovereign. For colonies in antiquity, city-states would often found their own colonies. Some colonies were historically countries, while others were territories without definite statehood from their inception. As you will see demonstrated by the evidence that Egypt is a colony of Ethiopia.Source: (Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History bk. I, para 44).Strabo (/ˈstreɪboʊ/; Greek: Στράβων Strabōn; 64 or 63 BC – c. 24 AD) was a Greek geographer, philosopher, and historian who lived in Asia Minor during the transitional period of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Strabo mentions the Nubians as a great race west of the Nile.Quote(s):“The faces of the Egyptians of the Old Monarchy are Ethiopian but as the ages went on they altered from the constant intermingling with Asiatic types.”Source: Strabo, Drusilla Dunjee Houston, 1926, Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire, (Volume 1)“if the moderns have confined the appellation Ethiopians to those only who dwell near Egypt, this must not be allowed to interfere with the meaning of the ancients”.Source: Strabo, Geography 1.2.26, The Geography of. Strabo published in Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition (1917)."I assert that the ancient Greeks, in the same way as they classed all the northern nations with which they were familiar as Scythians, etc., so, I affirm, they designated as Ethiopia the whole of the southern countries toward the ocean."Source: Strabo, Geography 1.2.26, The Geography of. Strabo published in Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition , 1917.Herodotus of Halicarnassus (c.480-c.429 BCE): Greek researcher, often called the world's first historian.Quote(s):“Egypt was the colony of Axum empire (Eritrea and Ethiopia)”.Source: (Herodotus, Vol. I., Book. I., Appendix, Essay XI., Section-5).“Of the Egyptians themselves, however, and the Ethiopians, I am not able to say which learnt from the other, for undoubtedly it is a most ancient custom”.Source: Herodotus (Histories , Book II, c. 440 BC), The History of Herodotus, Books I & II. G. Rawlinson, trans. Tudor Publishing Co., N.Y. (1947).“Ammonians [Siwa Oasis], who are a joint colony of Egyptians and Ethiopians”.Source: Herodotus (Histories , Book II, c. 440 BC), The History of Herodotus, Books I & II. G. Rawlinson, trans. Tudor Publishing Co., N.Y. (1947).“Wisemen occupying the Upper Nile, men of long life, whose manners and customs pertain to the Golden Age, those virtuous mortals, whose feasts and banquets are honored by Jupiter himself." In Greek times, the Egyptians depicted Ethiopia as an ideal state. The Puranas, the ancient historical books of India, speak of the civilization of Ethiopia as being older than that of Egypt. These Sanskrit books mention the names of old Cushite kings that were worshipped in India and who were adopted and changed to suit the fancy of the later people of Greece and Rome”.Source: The ruins: or, Meditation on the revolutions of empires: and The law of nature. by Volney, C.-F. (Constantin- François), 1757-1820. Publication date 1890.“There can be no doubt that the Colchians are an Egyptian race. Before I heard any mention of the fact from others, I had remarked it myself. After the thought had struck me, I made inquiries on the subject both in Colchis and in Egypt, and I found that the Colchians had a more distinct recollection of the Egyptians, than the Egyptians had of them. Still the Egyptians said that they believed the Colchians to be descended from the army of Sesostris. My own conjectures were founded, first, on the fact that they are black-skinned and have woolly hair, which certainly amounts to but little, since several other nations are so too. But further and more especially, on the circumstance that the Colchians, the Egyptians, and the Ethiopians, are the only nations who have practised circumcision from the earliest times”.Source: Herodotus, The History of Herodotus By written 440 B.C.E. (Translated by George Rawlinson, Publication date 1909).“The pillars which Sesostris, king of Egypt set up in the various countries are for the most part no longer to be seen extant; but in Syria Palestine I myself saw them existing with the inscription upon them which I have mentioned and the emblem. Moreover in Ionia there are two figures of this man carved upon rocks, one on the road by which one goes from the land of Ephesos to Phocaia, and the other on the road from Sardis to Smyrna. In each place there is a figure of a man cut in the rock, of four cubits and a span in height, holding in his right hand a spear and in his left a bow and arrows, and the other equipment which he has is similar to this, for it is both Egyptian and Ethiopian: and from the one shoulder to the other across the breast runs an inscription carved in sacred Egyptian characters, saying thus, “This land with my shoulders I won for myself.” But who he is and from whence, he does not declare in these places, though in other places he has declared this. Some of those who have seen these carvings conjecture that the figure is that of Memnon, but herein they are very far from the truth”.Source: Herodotus, Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern, The Harvard Classics, 1909-14. An account of Egypt: Being the Second Book of His Histories Called Euterpe, paras. 40-59.“The uniform voice of primitive antiquity spoke of the Ethiopians as one single race, dwelling along the shores of the southern ocean, from India to the pillars of Hercules”.Source: (Herodotus, The Histories, Vol. 1 book I).{Excerpt}“The final deliverance from the Ethiopian came about (they said) as follows:—he fled away because he had seen in his sleep a vision, in which it seemed to him that a man came and stood by him and counselled him to gather together all the priests in Egypt and cut them asunder in the midst. Having seen this dream, he said that it seemed to him that the gods were foreshowing him this to furnish an occasion against him, in order that he might do an impious deed with respect to religion, and so receive some evil either from the gods or from men: he would not however do so, but in truth (he said) the time had expired, during which it had been prophesied to him that he should rule Egypt before he departed thence. For when he was in Ethiopia the Oracles which the Ethiopians consult had told him that it was fated for him to rule Egypt fifty years: since then this time was now expiring, and the vision of the dream also disturbed him, Sabacos departed out of Egypt of his own free will”.“Then when the Ethiopian had gone away out of Egypt, the blind man came back from the fen-country and began to rule again, having lived there during fifty years upon an island which he had made by heaping up ashes and earth: for whenever any of the Egyptians visited him bringing food, according as it had been appointed to them severally to do without the knowledge of the Ethiopian, he bade them bring also some ashes for their gift. This island none was able to find before Amyrtaios; that is, for more than seven hundred years the kings who arose before Amyrtaios were not able to find it. Now the name of this island is Elbo, and its size is ten furlongs each way”.{…Excerpt}Source: Herodotus, Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern, The Harvard Classics, 1909-14. An account of Egypt: Being the Second Book of His Histories Called Euterpe, paras. (40-59).Khakaure Senusret III (Greek: Sesostris III)Quote(s):“For the people of Colchis are evidently Egyptian, and this I perceived for myself before I heard it from others. So when I had come to consider the matter I asked them both; and the Colchis had remembrance of the Egyptians more than the Egyptians of the Colchians; but the Egyptians said they believed that the Colchians were a portion of the army of Sesostris”.Source: The Harvard classics Volume 33. by Eliot, Charles W. (Charles William), 1834-1926. Publication date c1909-10, (page 51).“That this I conjured myself not only because they have black skins and curly hair, but also still more because the Colchians and Ethiopians alone of all races of men practised circumcision from the first”. The Phoenicians and Syrians who dwell in Palestine confess themselves that they have learnt it from the Egyptians and the Syrians about the river Thermodon and the river Parthenios, and the Macronians, who are their neighbours, say they have learnt it from the Colchians. These were the only races of men who practise circumcision, and these evidently practise it in the same manner as the Egyptians”.Source: (Herodotus, The Histories, Book II: 104).Aristotle of Stagira, Greek Aristoteles (born 384 bce, Stagira, Chalcidice, Greece—died 322, Chalcis, Euboea), ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, one of the greatest intellectual figures of Western history."Why are the Ethiopians and Egyptians bandy-legged? Is it because the bodies of living creatures become distorted by heat, like logs of wood when they become dry? The condition of their hair supports this this theory; for it is curlier than that of other nations, and curliness is as it were crookedness of hair".Source: (Physiognomy, book XIV pg. 317).Ammiuanus Marcellinus (born c. 325 – 330, died c. 391 – 400) was a Roman soldier and historian who wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from Antiquity. He was the last major Roman historian, whose work continued the history of the later Roman Empire to 378.Quote(s):“the men of Egypt are mostly BROWN OR BLACK with a skinny desiccated look”. - Ammiuanus MarcellinusSource: - G. Mokhtar, Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa · 1981 · Africa.“Egypt itself was a colony of Ethiopia and the laws and script of both lands were naturally the same; but the hieroglyphic script was more widely known to the vulgar in Ethiopia than in Egypt”. (Diodorus Siculus, bk. iii, ch. 3.)Lucian of Samosata or Lucianus Samosatensis(about 125 AD – after 180 AD) was a satirist and rhetorician who wrote in the Greek language during the Second Sophistic. Lucian declares that:Quote(s):“The Ethiopians were the first who invented the science of stars, and gave names to the planets, not at random and without meaning, but descriptive of the qualities which they conceived them to possess; and it was from them that this art passed, still in an imperfect state, to the Egyptians”. - LucianSource: The ruins: or, Meditation on the revolutions of empires: and The law of nature. by Volney, C.F. (Constantin- François), 1757-1820. Publication date 1890.Claudius Ptolemy(90 - 168 AD) was a Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology.As a Roman citizen who lived in Alexandria, he used "Ethiopia" as a racial term. In his Tetrabiblos: or Quadripartite, he tried to explain the physical characteristics of people around the world saying:Quote(s):“They are consequently black in complexion, and have thick and curled hair...and they are called by the common name of Aethiopians”. Claudius PtolemySource: -Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos, Or Quadripartite: Being Four Books of the Influence ...By Claudius Ptolemaeus (Alexandrinus), Proclus (Diadochus), J.M. Ashmand , Chapter II, (Page 41).Ephorus of Cyme (/ˈɛfərəs/; Greek: Ἔφορος ὁ Κυμαῖος, Ephoros ho Kymaios; c. 400 – 330 BC) was an ancient Greek historian, and author of the first universal history, who, despite his defects, was esteemed in Classical times and is considered the best of the historians writing in his period.Quote(s):“The Ethiopians were considered as occupying all of the south coasts of Asia and Africa.. this is the opinion of the Greeks”.Source: John D. Baldwin, “Pre-historic nations; or, Inquiries concerning some of the great peoples and civilizations of ... to a still older civilization of the Ethiopians or Cushites of Arabia (1874 [c1869])”.Stephanus of Byzantium (Greek: Στέφανος Βυζάντιος; fl. 6th century AD), was the author of an important geographical dictionary entitled Ethnica (Ἐθνικά) in which he states:Quote(s):“Ethiopia was the first established country on earth”.“and the Ethiopians were the first who introduced the worship of the gods, and who established laws." The vestiges of this early civilization have been found in Nubia, the Egyptian Sudan, West Africa, Egypt, Mashonaland, India, Persia, Mesopotamia, Arabia, South America, Central America, Mexico, and the United States”.Source: -Stephani Byzantii Ethnica Vo. A-F (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae (43.1).Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren (25 October 1760, Arbergen – 6 March 1842, Göttingen) was a German historian.Quote(s):“THAT THE ANCESTORS OF THESE ETHIOPIANS HAD LONG LIVED IN CITIES AND HAD ERECTED MAGNIFICENT TEMPLES AND EDIFICES, that they possessed law and government, and that the fame of their progress in knowledge and the social arts had spread in the earliest ages to a considerable part of the world”.Source: (Heeren's Historical Researches--Ethiopian Nations. Ch. 1, p. 46).“no aboriginal people of Africa so claim our attention as the Ethiopians. He asks, "To what shall we attribute the renown of this one of the most distant nations of the earth? How did the fame of her name permeate the terrible deserts that surrounded her: and even yet form an insuperable bar to all who approach. A great many nations distant and different from one another are called Ethiopians. Africa contains the greater number of them and a considerable tract in Asia was occupied by this race. The Ethiopians were distinguished from the other races by a very dark or completely black skin".Source: (Heeren's Historical Researches--Ethiopian Nations. Ch. 1, p. 46).“The Nile Nubas or Barabra are the original Ethiopians. They are agricultural and have the old Hamitic traits. They plant date trees and set up wheels for irrigation.Source: (Heeren's Historical Researches--Ethiopian Nations. Ch. 1, p. 48).“The best informed travelers and the most accurate observers recognize the same color, features and mostly the same fashions and weapons in the inhabitants of the Upper Nile as they find portrayed on the Egyptian monuments. The race which we now discover in the Nubian, though by loss of liberty and religion much degenerated; yet, which was once the ruling race in Egypt. This Nubian race did not come from Arabia. Their color, language and manner of life were different. According to their own traditions, the Egyptians were originally savages without tillage or government. They lived in huts made of reeds. A race of different descent and color settled among them and lifted them to civilization. The men of this race were the ancestors of the Nubians, who planted other colonies in opposite regions of the world, in Greece, Colchis, Babylonia, and even India." All of these regions had priest-kings”. - A.H.L. Heeren(Heeren's Historical Researches-Ethiopian Nations. Ch. 1, p. 59).“We marvel at the wonders recently unearthed in Egypt. Let us look behind her through the glasses of science at the "Old Race" of which she was in her beginning, only a colony. ETHIOPIA WAS THE SOURCE OF ALL THAT EGYPT KNEW AND TRANSMITTED TO GREECE AND ROME. We are accustomed to think of Ethiopia as a restricted country in Africa but this was not true. The study of ancient maps and the descriptions of the geographers of old, reveals that THE ANCIENT LAND OF CUSH WAS A VERY WIDESPREAD AND POWERFUL EMPIRE”. - A.H.L. HeerenSource: (Rosenmuller's Biblical Geography, Bk. III, p. 154).History of Hindostan, 1798Quote(s):“that the ancestors of these Ethiopians had long lived in cities and had erected magnificent temples and edifices, that they possessed law and government, and that the fame of their progress in knowledge and the social arts had spread in the earliest ages to a considerable part of the world”.Source: (Thomas Maurice's History of Hindostan Vol 2, published 1798).“The ancient Ethiopians were the architectural giants of the past. When the daring Cushite genius was in the full career of its glory, it was the peculiar delight of this enterprising race to erect stupendous edifices, excavate long subterranean passages in the living rock form vast lakes and extend over the hallowd of adjourning mountains magnificent arches for aqueducts and bridges”.Source: (Thomas Maurice's History of Hindostan Vol 2, published 1798).“Existing monuments confirm the high antiquity of Meroe. In the Persian period Ethiopia was an important and independent state, which Cambyses vainly attempted to subdue. Rosellini thinks that the right of Sabaco and Tirhakah (Taharqa) Ethiopian kings, who sat upon the throne of Egypt in the latter days, must have been more by right of descent”.Source: (Thomas Maurice's History of Hindostan Vol 2, published 1798).Christian Karl Josias, baron von Bunsen, (born August 25, 1791, Korbach, Waldeck [Germany]—died November 28, 1860, Bonn, Prussia), liberal Prussian diplomat, scholar, and theologian who supported the German constitutional movement and was prominent in the ecclesiastical politics of his time.Quote(s):“Cushite colonies were all along the southern shores of Asia and Africa and by the archaeological remains, along the southern and eastern coasts of Arabia. The name Cush was given to four great areas, Media, Persia, Susiana and Aria, or the whole territory between the Indus and Tigris in prehistoric times. In Africa the Ethiopians, the Egyptians, the Libyans, the Canaanites and Phoenicians were all descendants of Ham. They were a black or dark colored race and the pioneers of our civilization. They were emphatically the monument builders on the plains of Shinar and the valley of the Nile from Meroe to Memphis. In southern Arabia they erected wonderful edifices. They were responsible for the monuments that dot southern Siberia and in America along the valley of the Mississippi down to Mexico and in Peru their images and monuments stand a "voiceless witnesses." This was the ancient Cushite Empire of Ethiopians that covered three worlds. Some of our later books recognizing their indisputable influence in primitive culture, speak of them as a brunet brown race representing a mysterious Heliolithic culture”.Source: Karl Bunsen, (Philosophy of Ancient History, p. 51).Quote:“THE HAMITIC FAMILY AS RAWLINSON PROVES MUST BE GIVEN THE CREDIT FOR BEING THE FOUNTAINHEAD OF CIVILIZATION. THIS FAMILY COMPRISED THE ANCIENT ETHIOPIANS, the EGYPTIANS, THE ORIGINAL CANAANITES and the OLD CHALDEANS. The inscriptions of the Chaldean monuments prove their race affinity. The Bible proves their relationship. It names the sons of Ham as Cush, Mizraim, Phut and the race of Canaan. Mizraim peopled Egypt and Canaan the land later possessed by the Hebrews. Phut located in Africa and Cush extended his colonies over a wide domain”.Source: Karl Bunsen"Outlines of a Philosophy of Universal History (1854).Gerald Massey (/ˈmæsi/; 29 May 1828 – 29 October 1907) was an English poet and writer on Spiritualism and Ancient Egypt. From about 1870 onwards, Massey became increasingly interested in Egyptology and the similarities that exist between ancient Egyptian mythology and the Gospel stories. He studied the extensive Egyptian records housed in the Assyrian and Egyptology section of the British Museum in London where he worked closely with the curator, Dr. Samuel Birch, and other leading Egyptologists of his day, even learning hieroglyphics at the time the Temple of Horus at Edfu was first being excavated.Quote(s):Massey categorically dismissed the assertions of the Aryanist German Egyptologists Bunsen and Brugsch postulating an Asian origin for Egyptian civilization. Massey asked, in refutation of the Asian theory (Caucasian):“why did the Egyptians themselves look southward to Africa as their birthplace and refer to it as Ta-neter, ‘the land of the gods?” Moreover, numerous Egyptian customs were unmistakably African in character, from the practice of tracing ancestry through the maternal line to the ceremonial dying of bodies with red ochre. Massey even derived an Egyptian etymology for the Roman word Africa from the Egyptian af-rui-ka which literally means ‘to turn toward the opening of the Ka.’ The Ka is the energetic double of every person and ‘opening of the Ka’ refers to a womb or birthplace Africa would be, for the Egyptians, ‘the birthplace.’ Parenthetically, it is worth noting that another Egyptian name for the African lands south of Egypt was Ta-Kenset, which means ‘placenta land”.“Africa was the primal source of the world’s people, languages, myths, symbols, and religions and Egypt Africa’s mouthpiece”.Source: Ancient Egypt: The Light of the World (Volume 2), (1907).The Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature or Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political and Religion History, the Archeology, Geography and Natural History of the Bible (1899), edited by Thomas Kelly Cheyne and J. Sutherland Black, is a critical encyclopedia of the Bible. In Theology/Biblical studies, it is often referenced as Enc. Bib., or as Cheyne and Black says:Quote(s):“There is every reason to conclude that the separate colonies of priestcraft spread from Meroe into Egypt; and THE PRIMEVAL MONUMENTS IN ETHIOPIA STRONGLY CONFIRM THE NATIVE TRADITIONS”.Jean-François Champollion was a French scholar, philologist and orientalist, known primarily as the decipherer of Egyptian hieroglyphs and a founding figure in the field of Egyptology stated in his work Egypte Ancienne that:Quote(s):“the Egyptians and Nubians are represented in the SAME MANNER in tomb paintings and reliefs”.Note: Northern Ethiopia came to be known in time as Nubia.and further suggesting that:“In the Copts of Egypt, we do not find any of the characteristic features of the Ancient Egyptian population. The Copts are the result of crossbreeding with all the nations that successfully dominated Egypt. It is wrong to seek in them the principal features of the old race”.Source: Champollion-Figeac, M. (Jacques-Joseph), Egypte ancienne, Publication date (1876).Jacques Champollion-Figeac, Archeologist, the “Father of Egyptology” and elder brother of Jean-François Champollion (deciphered the Rosetta Stone). The quote is from his book titled “Egypts Ancienne,” published in 1839:Quote(s):“The first tribes that inhabited Egypt, that is, the Nile Valley between the Syene cataract and the sea, came from Abyssinia to Sennar. THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS BELONGED TO A RACE QUITE SIMILAR TO THE KENUOUS OR BARABRA’S, PRESENT INHABITANTS OF NUBIA”.Source: Jacques Joseph Champollion-Figeac Letter, Champollion-Figeac (M., Jacques-Joseph) 1831, (page 27).Barabra is an old ethnographical term for the Nubian peoples of northern Sudan and southern Egypt. The word is variously derived from Berberi, i.e. Berber people.Quote(s):“The knowledge of writing was universal in Ethiopia but was confined to the priestly classes alone in Egypt. This was because THE EGYPTIAN PRIESTHOOD WAS ETHIOPIAN. The highly developed Merodic inscriptions are not found in Egypt north of the first cataract or in Nubia south of Soba. These are differences we would expect to find between a colony and a parent body.”Source: Crowfoot, J.W. Griffith F.Ll. 1911 (Reprint 1975). The Island of Meroë and Meroitic Inscriptions. Archaeological Survey Memoir 19. Part I. -Sôba to Dangêl Reprint of Original Volume (1911). Hard Cover.Quote:“Those piles of ruins which you see in that narrow valley watered by the Nile, are the remains of opulent cities, the pride of the ancient kingdom of Ethiopia. … There a people, now forgotten, discovered while others were yet barbarians, the elements of the arts and sciences. A race of men now rejected from society for their sable skin and frizzled hair, founded on the study of the laws of nature, those civil and religious systems which still govern the universe”.Source: Constantin-François Chasseboeuf, Marquis de Volney, The Ruins: or a Survery of the Revolutions of Empires, 3rd ed. 11/5/2017 (London: J. Johnson, 1796).George Rawlinson (23 November 1812 – 7 October 1902) was a 19th-century English scholar, historian, and Christian theologian.Quote(s):“Recent linguistic discovery tends to show that a Cushite or Ethiopian race did in the earliest times extend itself along the shores of the Southern Ocean from Abyssinia to India. The whole peninsula of India was peopled by a race of their character before the influx of the Aryans; it extended from the Indus along the seacoast through the modern Beluchistan and Kerman, which was the proper country of the Asiatic Ethiopians; the cities on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf are shown by the brick inscriptions found among their ruins to have belonged to this race; it was dominant in Susiana and Babylonia, until overpowered in the one country by Aryan, in the other by Semitic intrusion; it can be traced both by dialect and tradition throughout the whole south coast of the Arabian peninsula”.Source: -The History of Herodotus: A New English Version, Ed. with Copious ..., Volume 1. George Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson,Sir John Gardner Wilkinson Full view - (1875).“The fundamental character of the Egyptians in respect of physical type, language and tone of thought is Negritic. The Egyptians were not negroes, but they bore resemblance to the negro which is indisputable in Ancient Egypt”Source: George Rawlinson and Arthur Gilman, Ancient Egypt Volume 7 of Story of the nations. Edition, 11. Publisher, T. Fisher Unwin, New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, (1887).Note: They’re not so called “black” this just look like it??? See Dynastic Race Theory and the Aryan Th“For the last three thousand years the world has been mainly indebted to the Semitic and Indo-European races for its advancement, but it was otherwise in the first ages. Egypt and Babylon, Mizraim and Nimrod, both descendants of Ham, led the way and acted as the pioneers of mankind in the various untrodden fields of art, science and literature. Alphabetical writings, astronomy, history, chronology, architecture, plastic art, sculpture, navigation, agriculture and textile industries seem to have had their origin in one. or the other of these countries”.Source: (Rawlinson's Ancient Monarchies: The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World, 1862–67).“The average historical book ignores this testimony and disputes in its theories the records and monuments of Egypt and Chaldea. They group the races in utter contradiction to the records of the Greeks and Hebrews. In the light of reason, who would know about the ethnic relations of the ancients, the scholars and historians of Egypt, Chaldea and Greece, who are more and more corroborated by the findings of science, or the theories of the men of today? The modern writer whose research has been superficial does not know that before the days of Grecian and Roman ascendency, the entire circle of the Mediterranean and her islands was dotted with the magic cities and the world-wide trade of Ethiopians. The gods and goddesses of the GREEKS and ROMANS WERE BUT THE BORROWED KINGS AND QUEENS OF THIS CUSHITE EMPIRE OF ETHIOPIANS. So marvelous had been their achievements in primitive ages, that in later days, they were worshipped as immortals by the people of India, Egypt, old Ethiopia, Asia Minor and the Mediterranean world”.Source: George Rawlinson, Rawlinson's Ancient Monarchies, Vol. I (The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, Vol 1: The History, Geography, And Antiquities Of Chaldaea, Assyria, Babylon, Media, Persia, Parthia, And Sassanian or New Persian Empire; With Maps and Illustrations, 1862).James Cowles Prichard, (11 February 1786 – 23 December 1848) was a British physician and ethnologist with broad interests in physical anthropology and psychiatry. His influential Researches into the Physical History of Mankind touched upon the subject of evolution. He also introduced the term "senile dementia" Researches into the Physical History of Man:Quote(s):“It is probable that the Barabra may be an offshoot from the original stock that first peopled Egypt and Nubia. It was the Old Race of the higher civilization that ruled Egypt in the pre-dynastic ages. It was from this nation went forth the colonies that spread civilization. This old race of the Upper Nile, the Agu or Anu of the ancient traditions, spread their arts from Egypt to the Ægean, from Sicily to Italy and Spain. Mosso Angelo says that the characteristic decorations on the pottery of the Mediterranean race of prehistoric times is identical with that of pre-dynastic Egypt”.Source: R.T. Pritchard, Drusilla Dunjee Houston, Wonderful Ethiopians of the Ancient Cushite Empire (Black Classic Press 1985 reprint from 1926 edition).“The physical character of the Egyptians who showed many tokens of relationship to the people of Africa”.Source: R. T. Prittchett, The Natural History of Man, 1843: (pg. 161).“The blacker Goulash resemble in complexion the darkest people of the Nile.; they are of a deep brown mahogany colour. The fairest of the Foulahs is not darker than the Copts or even some Europeans”.Source: Nations of Africa, Page 329, Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind: In Two Volumes, Volume 1“THE BARABRAS, SEEMS TO HAVE FORMED HIS IDEAL DEFINITION OF A COMMON ETHIOPIAN AND EGYPTIAN STOCK FROM THAT PEOPLE”.Source: Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind, Volume 1. Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind, James Cowles Prichard. Author, James Cowles Prichard. Edition, 3. Publisher, Sherwood, Gilbert.A Barabra is an old ethnographical term for the Nubian peoples of northern Sudan and southern Egypt. WikipediaCharles Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.Darwin makes a reference to this statue on his Descent of Man:Quote(s):"When I looked at the statue of Amunoph III (Amenhotep III), I agreed with two officers of the establishment, both competent judges, that he had a strongly marked Negro type of features." The features of Akhnaton (Amennhotep IV), are even more Negroid than those of his illustrious predecessor. That the earliest EGYPTIANS WERE AFRICAN ETHIOPIANS (Nilotic Negroes), is obvious to all unbiased students of oriental history".Source: The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, (1871).John Denison Baldwin (September 28, 1809 – July 8, 1883) was an American politician, Congregationalist minister, newspaper editor, and popular anthropological writer.Quote(s):“In the oldest recorded traditions, Arabia is the land of Cush, the celebrated ETHIOPIA OF VERY REMOTE TIMES." HE CONTINUES, "IN AGES OLDER THAN EGYPT OR CHALDEA, Arabia was the seat of an enlightened and enterprising civilization that went far into neighboring countries. At that time ARABIA WAS THE EXALTED AND WONDERFUL ETHIOPIA OF OLDEN tradition, the center and life of what in western Asia was known as the civilized world. TRADITIONS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD RIGHTLY INTERPRETED CAN HAVE NO OTHER MEANING. In the early traditions and records of Greece, Arabia was described as Ethiopia." Arabia was only separated from old Ethiopia by the Red Sea. We would decide that the "Old Race" of the Upper Nile early sent colonies across the sea, which built up the cities and communities along the opposite Arabian coast. This happening before the founding of Memphis or the colonizing of Chaldea”.Source: John D. Baldwin, Pre-historic nations; or, Inquiries concerning some of the great peoples and civilizatins of antiquity, and their probable relation to a still older civilization of the Ethiopians or Cushites of Arabia, A. M., New York, Harper & brothers, (c1869).Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political and Religion History, the Archeology, Geography and Natural History of the Bible.Quote:“Isaiah often mentions Ethiopia and Egypt in close political relations. In fine the name of ETHIOPIA CHIEFLY STOOD AS THE NAME OF THE NATIONAL AND ROYAL FAMILY OF EGYPT. In the beginning Egypt was ruled from Ethiopia. Ethiopia was ruined by her wars with Egypt, which she sometimes subdued and sometimes served." Modern books contain but little information about the country of the Upper Nile, but archaic books were full of the story of the wonderful Ethiopians. The ancients said that they settled Egypt”.Source: The Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature (1804–1854).Charles Anthon (November 19, 1797 – July 29, 1867) was an American classical scholar.Quote(s):“Egyptians spoken of as a Egyptians spoken of as a very peculiar race of men. ... that the general complexion of this people was a chocolate, or a red copper colour”.“from what has been adduced, we may consider it as tolerably well proved that the EGYPTIANS AND ETHIOPIANS ARE THE SAME RACE, whose abode, from the earliest periods of history, where the regions bordering the Nile”.Source: Charles Anthon, (A classical dictionary, containing an account of the principal proper names mentioned in ancient authors and intended to elucidate all the important points connected with geography, history, biography, mythology, and fine arts of the Greeks and Romans. Together with an account of coins, weights, and measures, with tabular values of the same) by Anthon, Charles, 1797-1867: (Page 32).Émile Amélineau (1850 – 12 January 1915 at Châteaudun) was a French Coptologist, archaeologist and Egyptologist. His scholarly reputation was established as an editor of previously unpublished Coptic texts. But his reputation was destroyed by his work as a digger at Abydos, after Flinders Petrie re-excavated the site and showed how much destruction Amélineau had wrought.{Excerpt}These Anu [Ethiopians=Nubians] were agricultural people, raising cattle on a large scale along the Nile, shutting themselves up in walled cities for defensive purposes. To this people we can attribute without fear of error, the most ancient Egyptian books, The Book of The Dead and the Text of the Pyramids, consequently all the myths of religious teachings. I would add almost all the philospohical systems then known and still called Egyptian. They evidently knew the crafts necessary for any civilization and were familiar with the tools those trades required. They knew how to use metals . . . They made the earliest attempts at writing, for the whole Egyptian tradition attributes this art to Thoth, the great Hermes, an Anu like Osiris, who is called Onian in chapter fifteen of The Book of the Dead and in the Texts of the Pyramids. Certainly the people already knew the principal arts; it left proof of this in the architecture of the tombs at Abydos, especially the tomb of Osiris, and in those sepulchres objects have been found bearing the unmistakeable stamp of their origin - such as carved ivory . . . . All those cities [Ant, Annu Menti, Aunti, Aunyt-Seni today called Esneh, Erment, Quoch, and Heliopolis] have the characteristic symbol which serves to denote the name Anu. Source: Les nouvelles fouilles d'Abydos : [Compte rendu des fouilles d'Abydos, 1896-1898]. by Amélineau, E. (Emile) , 1850-1915. Publication date 1896. Publisher Angers : A. Burdin.Sir Gaston Camille Charles Maspero (June 23, 1846 – June 30, 1916) was a French Egyptologist known for popularizing the term "Sea Peoples" in an 1881 paper.Quote(s):“By the almost unanimous testimony of ancient historians, they belonged to an African race [read: Negro] WHICH FIRST SETTLED IN ETHIOPIA, on the Middle Nile; following the course of the river, they gradually reached the sea”.Source: Gaston Maspero, Histoire ancienne des peuples de l'Orient. Paris: Hachette, 1917, p. 15, 12th ed. (Translated as: The Dawn of Civilization. London, 1894; reprinted, New York: Frederick Ungar, 1968.)Quote(s):“The Egyptians, though healthy, large and robust were clumsy in their forms and course in their features. Like other African tribes they were woolly haired, flat-nosed and thick lipped, and if not absolutely black were very near it in color.”Source: by T. Bensley for T. Payne and J. White, Specimens of Ancient Sculpture, Aegyptian, Etruscan, Greek, and Roman, Society of Dilettanti, Vol 1, London: 1809-1835. Published by Richard Payne Knight.Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, 1st Baronet (5 April 1810 – 5 March 1895) was a British East India Company army officer, politician and Orientalist, sometimes described as the Father of Assyriology.Quote(s):“Recent linguistic discovery tends to show that a Cushite or Ethiopian race did in the earliest times extend itself along the shores of the Southern Ocean from Abyssinia to India. The whole peninsula of India was peopled by a race of their character before the influx of the Aryans; it extended from the Indus along the seacoast through the modern Beluchistan and Kerman, which was the proper country of the Asiatic Ethiopians; the cities on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf are shown by the brick inscriptions found among their ruins to have belonged to this race; it was dominant in Susiana and Babylonia, until overpowered in the one country by Aryan, in the other by Semitic intrusion; it can be traced both by dialect and tradition throughout the whole south coast of the Arabian peninsula”.Source: The New American Cyclopædia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 5. Front Cover. George Ripley, Charles Anderson Dana. D. Appleton, 1869 - Encyclopedias and dictionaries.Gustave FlaubertA novelist regarded as a highly influential French novelist and the prime mover of the realist school of French literature. He was best known for his masterpiece, Madame Bovary (1857), regarding the Sphinx. Here's an excerpt:Quote(s):“it exactly faces the east, its head is grey, ears very large and protruding like a negro’s, its neck is eroded and thinner, from the front it rises even higher before you, that to a great hollow dug in the sand before its chest; its missing nose increases the flat, negroid effect. In any case it was certainly Ethiopian, judging by the thick lips”.Flaubert has been considered the leading exponent of literary realism in his country.Philip C. Smith, English scholar states:Quote(s):“No people have bequeathed to us so many memorials of its form complexion and physiognomy as the Egyptians. … If we were left to form an opinion on the subject by the description of the Egyptians left by the Greek writers we should conclude that they were, if not Negroes, at least closely akin to the Negro race. That they were much darker in coloring than the neighboring Asiatics; that they had their frizzled either by nature or art; that their lips were thick and projecting, and their limbs slender, rests upon the authority of eye-witnesses who had traveled in the country and who could have had no motive to deceive. … The fullness of the lips seen in the Sphinx of the Pyramids and in the portraits of the kings is characteristic of the Negro”.Source: (The Ancient History of the East, pp. 25-26, London, 1881)..Professor Charles Seignobos (b. 10 September 1854 at Lamastre, d. 24 April 1942 at Ploubazlanec) was a French historian and Doctor of Letters of the University of Paris, originally released this book in France, titled Histoire de la Civilisation. In his History of Ancient Civilization, Seignobos notes that:Quote(s):“the first civilized inhabitants of the Nile and Tigris-Euphrates valleys, were a dark-skinned people with short hair and prominent lips; and that they are referred to by some scholars as Cushites (Ethiopians), and as Hamites by others”.Source: The Great Cities of the Ancient World, In their Glory and their Desolation. By T. A. Buckley, B.A, (1885)."Ethiopian kings, who sat upon the throne of Egypt in the latter days, must have been more by right of descent".Source: The Great Cities of the Ancient World, In their Glory and their Desolation. By T. A. Buckley, B.A, (1885).Jacques Élisée Reclus was a renowned French geographer, writer and anarchist. He produced his 19-volume masterwork, La Nouvelle Géographie universelle, la terre et les hommes, over a period of nearly 20 years.Quote(s):“The Nile Nubas or Barabra are the original Ethiopians. They are agricultural and have the old Hamitic traits. They plant date trees and set up wheels for irrigation. These are the Ethiopians mentioned in chronicles as possessing war chariots”.Source: Jacques Élisée Reclus From “La Nouvelle Géographie universelle, la terre et les hommes, (1875).“ETHIOPIA WAS RUINED BY HER WARS WITH EGYPT, WHICH SHE SOMETIMES SUBDUED AND SOMETIMES SERVED." MODERN BOOKS CONTAIN BUT LITTLE INFORMATION ABOUT THE COUNTRY OF THE UPPER NILE, BUT ARCHAIC BOOKS WERE FULL OF THE STORY OF THE WONDERFUL ETHIOPIANS. THE ANCIENTS SAID THAT THEY SETTLED EGYPT. Is it possible that we could know more about the origin of this nation than they? Reclus says, "The people occupying the plateau of the Blue Nile, are conscious of a glorious past and proudly call themselves Ethiopians." He calls the whole triangular space between the Nile and the Red Sea, Ethiopia proper. This vast highland constituted a world apart. From it went forth the inspiration and light now bearing its fruit in the life of younger nations”.Source: Jacques Élisée Reclus, Nouvelle géographie universelle : la terre et les hommes. Vol. 1 , (1875)."The people occupying the plateau of the Blue Nile, are conscious of a glorious past and proudly call themselves Ethiopians." He calls the whole triangular space between the Nile and the Red Sea, Ethiopia proper. This vast highland constituted a world apart. From it went forth the inspiration and light now bearing its fruit in the life of younger nations”.Source: Jacques Élisée Reclus From “La Nouvelle Géographie universelle, la terre et les hommes”, (1875).Augustus Henry Keane (1833–1912) was an Irish Roman Catholic journalist and linguist, known for his ethnological writings.Quote(s):“All Barbara have woolly hair with scant beards like the figures of Negroes on the walls of the Egyptian temples." The race of the Old Empire approached closely to this type”.Source: Reclus, Elisée, The earth and its inhabitants, North America, (1890).Thomas Maurice (1754–1824) was a British oriental scholar and historian. His conclusion Thomas Maurice (1754–1824) was a British oriental scholar and historian.Quote(s):“ANCIENT ETHIOPIANS WERE THE ARCHITECTURAL GIANTS OF THE PAST. When the darung Cushite genius was in full career of it's glory, it was the peculiar delight of this enterprising race to erect stupendous edifices, excavate long subterranean passages in living rock, form vast lakes and extend over the hollows of adjoining mountains magnificent arches for aquaducts and bridges”.Source: Indian antiquities: or, Dissertations, relative to the ancient geographical divisions, the pure system of primeval theology, the grand code of civil laws, the original form of government, the widely-extended commerce, and the various and profound literature, of Hindostan: compared, throughout, with the religion, laws, government, and literature, of Persia, Egypt, and Greece, the whole intended as introductory to the history of Hindostan, upon a comprehensive scale (Volume 4).“IN ALL THE RECITALS AND LEGENDS OF THE EARLIEST ANTIQUITIES THE EGYPTIANS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ETHIOPIANS and to the latter is assigned a distiguished character for wisdom, knowledge, piety which testifies to their priority in order of civilization”.Source: - (Herodotus 2, 42) Aegyptos Lempriere's Bibliotheca classica; or, Classical dictionary, re-ed. by E.H ...edited by Edmund Henry Barker, (1765).Sir Grafton Elliot Smith (1871-1937), Australian-British professor of anatomy, Egyptologist and anthropologist an anatomist, Egyptologist and a proponent of the hyperdiffusionist view of prehistory. He believed in the idea that cultural innovations occur only once and that they spread geographically.Quote(s):“the physical characteristics of the present day Nubian, Beja, Danakil, Galla, and Somali populations are if we leave out of account the alien negro and Semitic traits are an obvious token of their undoubted kinship with the proto-Egyptians”.Source: The Ancient Egyptians and the Origin of CiviliLondonPage 75).“The Great kings of Africa peacefully spread the African civilization to other parts. This peaceful process was disturbed by the coming of the Hyksos into Egypt. These people conquered lower Egypt and ruled it for nearly two hundred years. They were eventually expelled by a king from Upper Egypt. The kings who came after the explusion of the Hyksos extended the boundaries of Egypt into Asia. Many nations in Asia came under the direct control of Egypt”.Source: G. Elliot Smith's booklet The Influence of Ancient Egyptian Civilization in the East and in America (New York, 1983).Sir Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis Budge (27 July 1857 – 23 November 1934) was an English Egyptologist, Orientalist, and philologist who worked for the British Museum and published numerous works on the ancient Near East. He made numerous trips to Egypt and the Sudan on behalf of the British Museum to buy antiquities, and helped it build its collection of cuneiform tablets, manuscripts, and papyri. He published many books on Egyptology, helping to bring the findings to larger audiences. In 1920 he was knighted for his service to Egyptology and the British Museum.Quote(s):"The prehistoric native of Egypt, both in the old and in the new Stone Ages, was African and there is every reason for saying that THE EARLIEST SETTLERS CAME FROM THE SOUTH."Source: Budge's Egypt: A Classic 19th-Century Travel Guide, Sir E. A. Wallis Budge, (pg. 21–2).“There are many things in the manners and customs and religions of the historic Egyptians that suggests that the ORIGINAL HOME OF THEIR PREHISTORIC ANCESTORS WAS IN A COUNTRY IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF UGANDA AND Punt”. (Some historians believe that the biblical land of Punt was in the area known on modern maps as Somalia).Source: Budge's Egypt: A Classic 19th-Century Travel Guide, Sir E. A. Wallis Budge, pg. (21–2).“The astonishing resemblance of the art of the Fourth, Twelfth and Eighteenth Dynasties, the great periods of Egyptian history lies in the fact that they were dynasties that were purely Ethiopian. They represented the best genius of the race that had given Egypt her civilization. When they were out of power her culture always declined”.Source: The History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia, Vol. I., Preface, by Sir E. A. Wallis Budge, 1928, (p. 102).“A new strain of Ethiopian blood appears in this line through the Nubian queen, Metuma, about 1400, B. C. Her son, Amenhotep III, the Amenophis of the Greeks, covered the banks of the Nile with monuments remarkable for their grandeur and perfection”.Source: The History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia, Vol. I., Preface, by Sir E. A. Wallis Budge, 1928, (p. 103).“This was without doubt the Middle Ages when the Cushite race ruling from Thebes as a center, sought to follow and hold THE OLD LINES OF THE MORE ANCIENT CUSHITE EMPIRE OF ETHIOPIANS that in the ages of Amen-Ra and Osiris had covered three worlds. In an earlier age, the central seat had been the primitive Meru. In the latter days of the Egyptian empire, the priestcraft and soldiers retired and set up a new capital at Napata; but the days of world empire were over, which empire had lasted, some authorities say, for six thousand years..”Source: Sir E. A. Wallis Budge, The History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia, Vol. I., Preface, (1928).“EGYPTIAN TRADITION OF THE DYNASTIC PERIOD HELD THAT THE ABORIGINAL HOME OF THE EGYPTIANS WAS PUNT…”. While the exact location is still under debate, Punt is generally believed to have been located to the south-east of Egypt”.Source: Sir E. A. Wallis Budge, The History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia, Vol. I., Preface, (1928).Lady Lugard, Flora Louise Shaw, DBE (born 19 December 1852 – 25 January 1929), was a British journalist and writer. She is credited with having coined the name "Nigeria".Quote(s):“The fame of the ETHIOPIANS was widespread in ancient history. Herodotus describes them as “the tallest, most beautiful and long-lived of the human races,” and before Herodotus, Homer, in even more flattering language, described them as “the most just of men; the favorite of the gods.” The annals of all the great early nations of Asia Minor are full of them. The Mosaic records allude to them frequently; but while they are DESCRIBED AS THE MOST POWERFUL, the most just, and the most beautiful of the human race, they are constantly spoken of as BLACK, and there seems to be no other conclusion to be drawn, than that at that REMOTE PERIOD OF HISTORY THE LEADING RACE OF THE WESTERN WORLD WAS A BLACK RACE”.Source: [A Tropical Dependency, p. 221, by Lady Lugard], (1905).François Lenormant (17 January 1837 – 9 December 1883) was a 19th-century French assyriologist and archaeologist.Quote(s):“The Jokanites were subject to the Cushites until the end of the second Adite empire. We may be sure the Sabaeans, who at first let them in peaceably made a stout resistance. THE CUSHITES WERE THEIR SUPERIORS IN KNOWLEDGE AND, CIVILIZATION." It had been a Cushite principle to mete out equal justice to aliens. For many years the Semites lived subject to the laws of the Sabaeans, silently increasing in strength. They accepted in part the language, manners and institutions of the Cushites. At last they rose and overthrew those who had given them the light”.Source: A Manual of the Ancient History of the East to the Commencement of the Median Wars, Volume 2. Front Cover · François Lenormant, E. Chevallier. Asher & Company, 1870 - History of Medicine, Ancient {p. 124}.“The foundations of ancient Chaldea, were laid as early as those of Egypt. In fact they were the sister colonies of a parent state. The earliest civilized inhabitants were Sumerians. 5000 B. C. the land was full of city-states. The Sanskrit books of India, called Chaldea one of the divisions of Cusha-Dwipa, the first organized government of the world”.Source: A Manual of the Ancient History of the East to the Commencement of the Median Wars, Volume 2. Front Cover · François Lenormant, E. Chevallier. Asher & Company, 1870 - History of Medicine, Ancient, (Page 160).“This early tradition and the image of the fish-god, the sea-god of the Babylonians, worshipped on down through the ages, stands for a historic happening in the life of an undeveloped and untutored people. It was an age when every unexplained wonder was seen as a god. It was the totemic emblem that is seen among so many of the African races. This ship bringing civilized people to the untaught Turanians and Semites, who introduced the arts to these aborigines, proves that civilization did not originate in Chaldea, that it did not spring from the Turanian or Semitic races, or from Egypt, but came from elsewhere. It shows that Chaldea was not the original Cushite country but that civilization must have sprung from a parent root where it had developed during the long ages”.Source: A Manual of the Ancient History of the East to the Commencement of the Median Wars, Volume 2. Front Cover · François Lenormant, E. Chevallier. Asher & Company, 1870 - History of Medicine, Ancient {p. 169}“In the Chaldean inscriptions the vernacular name of Ethiopia was Mirukh, and its maritime enterprise was very distinctly recognized. THIS CIVILIZATION BROUGHT BY CUSHITES TO CHALDEA MUST HAVE DEVELOPED IN THAT FIRST COMMON CRADLE OF MANKIND THAT THE GREEKS LOCATED UPON THE UPPER NILE”.Source: A Manual of the Ancient History of the East to the Commencement of the Median Wars, Volume 2. Front Cover · François Lenormant, E. Chevallier. Asher & Company, 1870 - History of Medicine, Ancient {page 306}.John Clark Ridpath (April 26, 1840 – July 31, 1900) was an American educator, historian, and editor. His mother was a descendant of Samuel Matthews, a colonial governor of Virginia.Quote(s):“The pictures on the Egyptian monuments reveal that ETHIOPIANS WERE THE BUILDERS. THEY, NOT THE EGYPTIANS, WERE THE MASTER-CRAFTSMEN OF THE EARLIER AGES. The first courses of the pyramids were built of Ethiopian stone. The Cushites were a sacerdotal or priestly race. There was a religious and astronomical significance in the position and shape of the pyramids”.Source: John Clark Ridpath “Ridpath's History” Race Type Of The Early Dynasty (1901).“There is strong reason to think that man was at first very dark of skin, woolly-haired and flat-nosed, and, as he wandered into different climates, the branches of the race diverged and developed their characteristics.”.Source: Joseph McCabe (No. 11, p. 10.) Key to Culture #36: The Complete Story of Philosophy Paperback – (1928).Leo Viktor Frobenius (29 June 1873 – 9 August 1938) was an ethnologist and archaeologist and a major figure in German ethnography. , the great anthropologist, says:Quote:“Ethiopia is an ancient classical land. In olden days its inhabitants were considered the most pious and oldest of mankind. In many quarters Meroe is thought to be indebted to primitive Egypt. From a standpoint of ethnology, we must unhesitatingly reject this supposition. The Nubians possessed an independent and individual religion in the earliest known times, the cult of which impressed the Egyptians, who gave an account of it to the, authors of old”.Source: John D. Baldwin, (Voice of Africa. Vol. II p. 621) 1869.(Pre-historic nations; or, Inquiries concerning some of the great peoples and civilizatins of antiquity, and their probable relation to a still older civilization of the Ethiopians or Cushites of Arabia, A. M., New York, Harper & brothers, c1869).Sir Henry "Harry" Hamilton Johnston (12 June 1858 – 31 July 1927), was a British explorer who traveled widely in Africa, botanist, artist, linguist who spoke many African languages and colonial administrator.Quote:“The Negro with all of his peculiarities of form, colour, and hair appears just the same in the paintings of the age of Thothmoth (Thutmose) III, fifteen centuries before the Christian Era, as he is now seen in the interior of Africa”.Source: (John Kendrick, History Of Ancient Egypt, Volume I, pages 186: 16 401) Found in the fifth and final volume of third edition of Prichard's “Researches” which was published in 1847.Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie, (3 June 1853 – 28 July 1942), commonly known as Flinders Petrie, was an English Egyptologist and a pioneer of systematic methodology in archaeology and preservation of artifacts.Quote(s):“In the Fifth Dynasty the capital was moved to Middle Egypt. . The royal forces at this time were composed chiefly of Ethiopians and their pictures appear largely in the pictured priesthood. Tylor points, out that 2000 B. C. Negroes by the tens of thousands were in the Egyptian service, carrying her dominion into Syria and Arabia”.Source: (Petrie, William M. Flinders: Abydos: Part II: 1903).Petrie says of Pharoah Khufu:"Dynasty IV was 3700 B. C. Recent excavations have enabled us to look upon the face of Khufu. He possessed a giant Ethiopian profile".Source: (Petrie, William M. Flinders: Abydos: Part II: 1903).Stela of Nesi (Pharaoh) Amenemhat I. 5th king of the 12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom. Limestone, painted, British Museum“Amenemhat I of Cushite blood ruled beyond Egypt southward as Lord of the Two Lands. All Egypt came under his domination”.“The Two Lands were pulling apart, though Ethiopians still sat upon the throne of Egypt. By the Two Lands we mean Egypt and Ethiopia. Ethiopia in those ages extended to the northern confines of Upper Egypt. Amenemhat II and III and Usurtesen I were Ethiopian Pharaohs of this Nubian line”.Source: Petrie, William M. Flinders: Abydos: Part II: 1903, (pg. 98).“A breath of life came from the Sudan (Northern Ethiopia). This southern source was likewise the inspiration of . . .” the 1st, 2nd (Anu), 3rd [Sudanese], 4th, 5th, 12th [Sudanese] dynasties. “The 12th dynasty was undoubtedly descended from Amenemhat, the great vizier of the 11th dynasty. It seems, then, that he married the heiress of the Uah-ka family, as stated in the pseudo-prophecy, “A king shall come from the south whose name is Ameny, son a Nubian woman.” She called her son by the family name Senusert, and he was the founder of the 12th dynasty, according to Manetho. The main sources of the 18th dynasty were Nubian and Libyan, depicted black and yellow, but not red of the Egyptians. Ahmos Nefertari was one of their black queens. Her black strain seems to come through the Tao I and II ancestry. The 19th dynasty was a direct mixture of races.” Petrie states: “Decay continued in a divided kingdom; Egypt seemed hopeless until a fresh Ethiopian invasion stimulated it, as in earlier instances”.Source: Petrie, W.M. Flinders, The Making of Egypt, Sheldon Press, New York, 1939, (p. 105).“The foundations of ancient Chaldea, were laid as early as those of Egypt. In fact they were the sister colonies of a parent state. The earliest civilized inhabitants were Sumerians. 5000 B. C. the land was full of city-states”.Source: (Petrie, William M. Flinders: Abydos: Part II: 1903).“The astonishing resemblance of the art of the Fourth, Twelfth and Eighteenth Dynasties, THE GREAT PERIODS OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY LIES IN THE FACT THAT THEY WERE DYNASTIES THAT WERE PURELY ETHIOPIAN. THEY REPRESENTED THE BEST GENIUS OF THE RACE THAT HAD GIVEN EGYPT HER CIVILIZATION. When they were out of power her culture always declined”.Source: (Petrie, William M. Flinders: Abydos: Part II: page 102, 1903).“At the beginning of the historical period of Egypt most inhabitants of the earth were rude savages. In western Europe and northern Asia the half-human Neanderthal lived in eaves under overhanging ledges and fed upon the untamed products of the wild. Outside of Africa, we find over the earth the rude stone tools of the first barbaric inhabitants, that mark the evolution of these races, from savagery, through long stages of development to the civilized state. In Africa we mud no evidences of this slow progress of man up from the barbaric state. The Soudan shows no evidence of a stone age. The African seems to have passed directly to the use of metals without intermediate steps. The Semitic and Japhetic races upon the more sterile lands of the east, and north, as nomadic shepherds, were slow to change to the more settled life, that developed naturally in the rich regions of Egypt and the Upper Nile. Without agriculture they could not advance to the handicraft stage. Going back only three thousand years we find these nations still very ignorant. Semites made no showings of culture until the rise of half barbarous Assyria, WHICH COPIED ITS ARTS AND SCIENCES FROM CUSHIER CHALDEA. The Hebrews learned agriculture and building from the Hamitic race of Canaan”.Source: (Petrie, William M. Flinders: Abydos: Part II, p. 55, 1903).Carleton Stevens Coon was an American physical anthropologist, Professor of Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania, lecturer and professor at Harvard University, and president of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists.Quote(s):“…the type of certain Pharaohs, like Ramses II, appears related to the ABYSSINIAN TYPE.”Source: The Races of Europe, Macmillan, (1939 p. 96).NOTE: Abssynia was a Kingdom of Ethiopia.Timothy Hogan is an author and lecturer within the Western Mystery school tradition. He is a Past Master within several different spiritual traditions, including many bodies in Freemasonry (AF&AM) and of Rosicrucian lineages. He is a Grand Master for multiple Knight Templar lineages.Quote:“At some unknown point thousands of years ago, a DYNASTIC RACE THAT ORIGINATED IN UGANDA AND OTHER PARTS OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, traveled up the Nile river at the time, before it had dried up and when it once FLOWED FROM WEST AFRICA INTO ETHIOPIA AND EGYPT. A Niger-Congo speaking people, they adopted the African language of Ethiopians which replaced their own. The language referred to most as Afro-Asiatic, arose in Ethiopia 12,000 years ago. Though they had merged linguistically with the ETHIOPIANS AND ERITREANS THEY REMAINED AN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN RULING CLASS. THEIR PHARAONIC CULTURE WOULD LATER SPREAD INTO NUBIA (modern day Sudan, ancient Ethiopia), WHOSE INHABITANT WOULD GO ON TO CREATE THE WORLD’S FIRST CIVILIZATION, ANCIENT CAVE RELIEFS AND INDEPENDENT RENEGADE BREAKAWAY COLONY KNOWN AS EGYPT”.Source: Hogan, Timothy (Pharaoh: A One-Woman play - The life and times of Ancient Egypt's female king), 2011.Maria C. Gatto, Ph.D.Ph.D. degree in African ArchaeologyResearch Associate, formerly at YaleThe University of Leicester/Research AssociateSchool of Archaeology and Ancient History, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom Museums and [email protected] completed her undergraduate and graduate education in Archaeology at “Sapienza” University of Rome, where she received a Master degree in 1993 (summa cum laude) with a dissertation on the prehistory of Nubia. In 2001 she received a PhD degree in African Archaeology from the University of Naples “L’Orientale” with a research on ceramic traditions and cultural boundaries in the late prehistory of North-East Africa.After being awarded her PhD, Maria worked at the British Museum as a research curator for prehistoric pottery collections from the Nile Valley, and in Italy and abroad as a museum educator, lecturer, field archaeologist and ceramic specialist. From 2008 to 2013, she has been at Yale University, holding positions in Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations (postdoctoral fellow, associate research scholar and lecturer in Egyptology) as well as in Anthropology (research associate).Since 2005 she co-directs in Egypt the Aswan-Kom Ombo Archaeological Project, co-sponsored by Yale University and University of Bologna.Quote(s):“NUBIA IS EGYPT’S AFRICAN ANCESTOR. What linked Ancient Egypt to the rest of the North African cultures is this strong tie with the Nubian pastoral nomadic lifestyle, the same pastoral background commonly shared by most of the ancient Saharan and modem sub-Saharan societies. Thus, not only did Nubia have a prominent role in the origin of Ancient Egypt, it was also a key area for the origin of the entire African pastoral tradition .” The ‘greatness’ of ancient Egypt is captivating, and it appears that nearly everyone has been trying to claim its origin for themselves, at some point, in order to identify with their legacy; this includes major western scholars, indigenous Africans, and “Black” scholars. “Nowadays support for the Egypt-Africa connection comes from DIFFERENT FIELDS OF RESEARCH, mainly ARCHEOLOGICAL, LINGUISTIC, and GENETIC, but to what extent and in what way Egypt interacted with the African world still remains to be clarified .” To me, this notion is a problem, because Egypt IS the so-called African world: Egypt is in Africa! Egypt did not have to “interact” with Africa, because it is IN Africa”!!Research: The Nubian Pastoral Culture as Link between Egypt and Africa: A View from the Archaeological RecordSource: Maria Carmela Gatto, The Nubian Pastoral Culture as Link between Egypt and Africa: A View from the Archaeological Record (Oxford: Hadrian Books Ltd., 2009).“Any Egyptian evidence in Nubia was seen as an import or as cultural influence,while any Nubian evidence in Upper Egypt was viewed as the sporadic presence of foreign people within Egyptian territory. IN THE LAST few years, new research on the subject, particularly from a Nubian point of view, shows that the interaction between the two cultures was much more complex than previously thought, affecting the time, space and nature of the interaction (Gatto & Tiraterra 1996; Gatto 2000, 2003a, 2003b). The Aswan area was probably never a real borderline, at least not until the New Kingdom. Of particular importance in this perspective is the area between Armant and Dehmit, south of the First Cataract, as well as the surrounding deserts, and for the availability of data, more specifically the Western Desert”.“The data recently collected and a new interpretation of available information are bringing to light a stable and long-term interaction between Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia that has to be seen in a very different perspective. The two regions, and so their cultural entities, are not in antithesis to one another, but in the Predynastic period are still the expression of the same cultural tradition, with strong regional variations, particularly in the last part of the 4th millennium BC. Some of them are clearly connected with the major cultural and political changes of Egypt”.Research: The Nubian Pastoral Culture as Link between Egypt and Africa: A View from the Archaeological RecordSource: Maria Carmela GATTO (British Museum, London) 2002. "At the Origin of the Egyptian Civilisation: Reconsidering the Relationship between Egypt and Nubia in the Pre- and Protodynastic Periods." Conférence internationale / International Conference L'Egypte pré- et protodynastique. Les origines de l'Etat Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt. Origin of the State. Toulouse (France) - 5-8 sept. 2005).Quote:"The distinction between an Egyptian and a Nubian identity is something connected to the rise of the Naqada culture in the first half of the fourth millennium BCE. During the previous millennium such a distinction would have not made sense. As previously stated, the Tarifian, Badarian Tasian cultures of Middle and Upper Egypt have strong ties with rhe Nubian/Nilotic pastoral tradition, as can be inferred, for instance, by the very similar pottery, economy and settlement pattern and by the latest findings in the deserts surrounding the Egyptian Nile valley (Gatto 2011b, 2012a, b, 2013)".Research: http://www.academia.edu/19519311/_Cultural_entanglement_at_the_dawn_of_the_Egyptian_history_a_view_from_the_Nile_First_Cataract_region_Origini_Prehistory_and_Protohistory_of_Ancient_Civilizations_XXXVI_93_123Source: Maria Gatto 2014. Cultural entanglement at the dawn of the Egyptian history: A View from the Nile First Cataract Region (IN: Origini - XXXVI: 93-123- Preistoria e protostoria delle civiltà antiche).Nubians were ethnically the closest people to the Egyptians. Conflict between the two were typical of clashes between kingdoms without the need "racial" models drawn by some 20th century writers.Quote:"To sum up, Nubia is Egypt’s African ancestor. What linked Ancient Egypt to the rest of the North African cultures is this strong tie with the Nubian pastoral nomadic lifestyle, the same pastoral background commonly shared by most of the ancient Saharan and modern sub-Saharan societies. Thus, NOT ONLY DID NUBIA HAVE APROMINENT ROLE IN THE ORIGIN OF ANCIENT EGYPT, it WAS ALSO A KEY AREA FOR THE ORIGIN OF THE ENTIRE AFRICAN PASTORAL TRADITION."Source: Maria C. Gatto, The Nubian Pastoral Culture as Link between Egypt and Africa: A View from the Archaeological RecordResearch: The Nubian Pastoral Culture as Link between Egypt and Africa: A View from the Archaeological RecordGeoff Emberling, an American assistant research scientist from The University of Michigan“We now recognize that populations of Nubia and Egypt form a continuum rather than clearly distinct groups,” Mr. Emberling writes, “and that it is impossible to draw a line between Egypt and Nubia that would indicate where ‘black’ begins.”“Nubia” is by no means a comprehensive picture of this ancient civilization — we haven’t had one of those since the mid-1990s — but it’s certainly illuminating. As a collaboration between the university and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, it strikes a scholarly but not overly specialized tone. The museum organized the exhibition and lent the majority of the show’s objects, many of which are rarely on view there”.A brief summary of the period: Beginning in about 3000 B.C., Southern Nubia developed into a powerful kingdom known as Kush. Egypt, increasingly nervous about this neighbor, conquered a large swath of it in 1500 B.C. Four centuries later the Egyptian empire collapsed; a dark age followed. Then, around 900 B.C., Nubia rose again. By 750 B.C., its Napatan kings had control of Egypt — at least until the Assyrians arrived, in 650 B.C.EVIDENCE OF THE OLDEST RECOGNIZABLE MONARCHY IN HUMAN HISTORY, PRECEDING THE RISE OF THE EARLIEST EGYPTIAN KINGS BY SEVERAL GENERATIONS, HAS BEEN DISCOVERED IN ARTIFATS FROM ANCIENT NUBIA IN AFRICA.Dr. Keith C. SeeleIn 1962, a research team headed by Keith C. Seele, Director of The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Nubian Expedition, discovered a pharaonic dynasty in Nubia that predated the first pharaonic period in Kemet (Egypt). This is an area that extends from northern Sudan to southern Kemet. In some literature it was referred to as ancient Ethiopia, or as in the Bible, Kush. Today, it is called Ta-Seti (Nubia).Twelve of the tombs were tremendous, each one large enough to have served a predynastic Egyptian king.Tombs of this size, wealth and date in Egypt would have been immediately recognized as royal. Their extraordinarily varied contents would have been taken as evidence of a complex culture exposed to wide outside connections. But because the discovery was made in Nubia at a time and place when kingship wasthought impossible, further proof of royalty is necessary. What was really surprising was the age of the tombs. The cemetery clearly dated from the time of the so-called A-Group - a prehistoric people believed to havedominated lower Nubia from about 3800 to 3100 B.C.In 1962 the Aswan High Dam was due to flood the region where Qustal was located in Nubia. Keith C. Seele organized an emergency team of archaeologists to excavate the areas (Qustal was only one among many). Although initially neglected, Seele decided to give Qustal a brief look before time ran out. He did not disappoint himself. In Qustul, thirty-three tombs were found, twelve being large enough to resemble predynastic Egyptian sarcophagi. Jewelry, pottery, flasks, bowls, and large storage jars were located. The presence of the tombs seemed to imply that some sort of a monarchy existed amongst the Nubians---but anthropologists immediately jettisoned this possibility, stating that no such thing was possible. Egypt had the first monarchy and no others preceded it.Then, in Tomb L-24 at Qustul, the Qustul censer was discovered.“The inscription showed three ships sailing in procession. The three ships were sailing toward the royal palace. One of the ships carried a lion - perhaps a deity. The central boat carries the king, sitting and equipped with long robe, flail and White Crown. All motifs that would later become symbols of Pharaonic rule in Egypt. This piece had been made no later than 3400 B.C. At that early date, there were not supposed to have been any such things as pharaohs or pharaohs' palaces. The discovery of the Qustul Incense Burner is considered one of the earliest certifiable uses of incense by a culture. This Qustul burner also rose a debate regarding the Nubian origin of Egyptian civilization. Upon the Incense Burner is a relief of a royal procession considered by many archeologists as evidence of the worlds first monarchy. This debate maintains that Nubian culture often referred to as Ta-seti, developed as early as 7000 B.C. forming the source for Egyptian Pharonic culture, as well as its religious system. However, Egyptologists all agree that the bounty of the lush Nile Valley was instrumental to the luxuriant flowering of Ancient Egypt. The Sahara was not always a desolate wasteland. Some 10,000 years ago, the Sahara received considerably more rain than it does today, permitting a savanna-like vegetation of open grasslands peppered with shrubs and trees, much like the East African plains of today”.Source: Evidence of the Badarians into Pre-historic Egypt (4500-3800 BC)Dr. Seele died of cancer without ever seeing his theory vindicated. Seele had gone to his grave believing that Nubian kings lay buried in Cemetery L. But he had never imagined that those kings might have been pharaohs, arraying themselves in all the formal regalia similar to that of an Egyptian monarch.Dr. Boyce RensbergerOn March 1, 1979, The New York Times carried an article on its front page, written by Boyce Rensberger, with the headline:"Nubian Monarchy Called Oldest".In the article, Rensberger wrote:“Evidence of the oldest recognizable monarchy in human history, preceding the rise of the earliest Egyptian kings by several generations, has been discovered in artifacts from ancient Nubia." He estimated that “The first kings of Ta-Seti (Nubia) may well have ruled about 5900 BC”.Until now it had been assumed that at that time the ancient Nubian culture, which existed in what is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt, had not advanced beyond a collection of scattered tribal clans and chiefdoms.The existence of rule by kings indicates a more advanced form of political organization in which many chiefdoms are united under a more powerful and wealthier ruler.The discovery is expected to stimulate a new appraisal of the origins of civilization in Africa, raising the question of to what extent later Egyptian culture may have derived its advanced political structure from the Nubians. The various symbols of Nubian royalty that have been found are the same as those associated, in later times, with Egyptian kings.The new findings suggest that the ancient Nubians may have reached this stage of political development as long ago as 3300 B.C., several generations before the earliest documented Egyptian king.Source: Dr. Boyce Rensberger, The New York Times, Ancient Nubian Artifacts Yield Evidence of Earliest Monarchy, March 1, 1979“Scholars from the University of Chicago Oriental Institute excavated at Qustul (near Abu Simbel – Modern Sudan), in 1960–64, and found artifacts which incorporated images associated with Egyptian pharaohs. From this Williams concluded that "Egypt and Nubia A-Group culture shared the same official culture", "participated in the most complex dynastic developments", and "Nubia and Egypt were both part of the great East African substratum”.Source: Dr. Boyce Rensberger, Ancient Nubian Artifacts Yield Evidence of Earliest Monarchy, New York Times, March 1, 1979“Thousands of artifacts created by the Nubians themselves, reflecting a distinct culture dating back almost 6,000 years. Scholars are finding in the artifacts striking evidence of Nubia's influence on Egyptian culture and its development of kingly rule, a pivotal political innovation that may have influenced the rise of pharaohs in Egypt”."It's clear Nubia was an important civilization in its own right and not just a stepsister of Egypt," said Dr. Emily Teeter, curator of a new exhibit of Nubian archeology that opened last week at the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute”.“From the new archeological evidence, scholars have identified the first Nubian civilization as emerging about 3800 B.C. and lasting to 3100. Its settlements were between Aswan and the second Nile cataract, or waterfall, to the south. Toward the end of this period, Egyptians and Nubians came in ever closer contact through trade in ivory, gold, animal skins and ebony”.“A most significant discovery from this period, made by Chicago's Oriental Institute, was a stone incense burner excavated at the site of Qustul, capital of the Nubian kingdom called Ta-Seti, "The Land of the Bow." Engraved on the side of the burner are a seated ruler, a palace portal and a crown and falcon, motifs that were to become symbols of Egyptian pharaohs”.“Archeologists and other scholars have only recently begun to appreciate the full significance of the salvaged Nubian treasures, having now had time to catalog and study them”.Source: John Noble Wilford, Nubian Treasures Reflect Black Influence on Egypt, The New York Times Archive article February 11, 1992Egyptologist and Nubiologist Bruce Williams, Ph.D“After the rebirth of the Qustul spectacle, after the New York Times proclaimed on March 1st, 1979 that, "Evidence of the oldest recognizable monarchy...is expected to stimulate a new appraisal of the origins of civilization in Africa", the Eurocentrics, beat red with anger and humiliation, could restrain themselves no longer”.Source: Williams, Bruce (2011). Before the Pyramids. Chicago, Illinois: Oriental Institute Museum Publications. pp. 89–90.The Qustul censer made no later than 3400 B.C.The Qustul censer is an incense burner depicting three ships sailing toward a serekh (royal palace). In the middle boat a Pharaoh is shown (as archaeologist Bruce Williams discerned) wearing the White Crown of Upper Egypt and is adorned in royal Egyptian regalia. By his crown, a falcon symbol of the god Horus hovers, and in front of the falcon a rosette, an Egyptian royal insignia, is shown. This piece of characteristic Egyptian art was found not in Egypt, but rather 200 miles southward into Nubia. This discovery was mind-boggling. The Qustul censer was dated at 3,400 B.C., long preceding predynastic Egypt.The evidence was irrefutable. The earliest displays of the Egyptian monarchy and Pharaonic symbols came, not from Egypt, but from the South---Nubia. It should be understood that the censer was no anomaly.Heads of the anthropological elite offered naive and feeble rationales and retorts for the Qustul censer. They asserted that the censer was mostly likely an import. The Qustul censer, however, was made of indisputably Nubian stone. That it could be made in Nubia, exported to Egypt, and imported once again back to Nubia was highly improbable. Others exclaimed that Williams was incorrect in his dating of the object, despite the fact that his dating was accurate and conclusive. Yet more, "one scholar actually resorted to the desperate tactic of claiming that the Qustul censer had not really been found in Tomb L-24 [site at Qustul] at all. He claimed that the paper work... had been sloppy." Williams kept detailed and accurate records which were verified (via signature) by other archaeologists accompanying him in his excavations.The Qustul incense burner indicates that the unification of Nubia preceded that of Egypt. The Ta-Seti had a rich culture at Qustul. Qustul Cemetery L had tombs that equaled or exceeded Kemite tombs of the First Dynasty of Egypt. The A-Group people were called Steu 'bowmen'.The Steu had the same funeral customs, pottery, musical instruments and related artifacts of the Egyptians. Williams (1987, p.173,182) believes that the Qustul Pharaohs are the Egyptian Rulers referred to as the Red Crown rulers in ancient Egyptian documents.Dr. Williams (1987) gave six reasons why he believes that the Steu of Qustul founded Kemite civilization:1. Direct progression of royal complex designs from Qustul to Hierakonpolis to Abydos.2. Egyptian objects in Naqada III a-b tombs3. No royal tombs in Lower and Upper Egypt.4. Pharoanic monuments that refer to conflict in Upper Egypt.5. Inscriptions of the ruler Pe-Hor, are older than Iry-Hor of Abydos.6. The ten rulers of Qustul, one at Hierakonpolis and three at Abydos corresponds to the "historical"kings of late Naqada period.“The findings of Williams (1987), support the findings of so-called Afrocentric Dr. Diop (1991) because we also understand better now why the Egyptian term designating royalty etymologically means: (the man) who comes from the South= nsw< n y swt = who belongs to the South= who is a native of the South= the King of Lower Egypt, and has never meant just King, in other words king of Lower and Upper Egypt, King of all Egypt (p.108)”.“A number of writers dispute any claim that the Nubian kings were responsible for the genesis of the Egyptian monarchies that followed”.Source: Bruce Williams, "Forbears of Menes in Nubia: Myth or Reality," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Jan., 1987), pp. 15-26“Williams however notes that his research advanced no claim of a Nubian origin or genesis for the pharonic monarchy. Instead he holds that the archaeological data shows Nubian linkages and influence in helping to "fashion pharaonic civilization." Such data includes detailed excavations of the burial place of the Nubian rulers with date stamps well before the historical First Dynasty of Egypt. The size and wealth of the tombs were also vastly greater than that of the well-known Abydos tombs in Egypt”.Source: F. J. Yurco, 'Were the ancient Egyptians black or white?', Biblical Archeology Review (Vol 15, no. 5, 1989), pp. 24-9, 58.Heads of the anthropological elite offered naive and feeble rationales and retorts for the Qustul censer. They asserted that the censer was mostly likely an import. The Qustul censer, however, was made of indisputably Nubian stone. That it could be made in Nubia, exported to Egypt, and imported once again back to Nubia is highly improbable. Others exclaimed that Williams was incorrect in his dating of the object, despite the fact that his dating was accurate and conclusive. Yet more, "one scholar actually resorted to the desperate tactic of claiming that the Qustul censer had not really been found in Tomb L-24 [site at Qustul] at all! He claimed that the paper work...had been sloppy." Williams kept detailed and accurate records which were verified (via signature) by other archaeologists accompanying him in his excavations.“Ta-Seti, the A-Group state based in Qustul, perhaps the earliest known kingdom in the Nile Valley apparently conquered portions of upper Egypt. A-Group type royal tombs have been found in Upper Egypt”.Source: Excavations Between Abu Simbel and the Sudan Frontier, Part 1: The A-Group Royal Cemetery at Qustul, Cemetery L., (Bruce B. Williams, 1986), The Oriental Institute of the University of ChicagoThey Hail From the SouthTa-Seti, the A-Group state based in Qustul, perhaps the earliest known kingdom in the Nile Valley (Williams, 1986) apparently conquered portions of Upper Egypt. A-Group type royal tombs have been found in Upper Egypt (Williams, 1986). As a matter of language we read Qus-tul, but this is a corruption of Qus-Uta-Su, where Qus is Kus and Uta is bow, su is like saying the Su-Dan or the Khenti-Amenti-Su. In other words Qus-Uta-Su is the same as Ta-Seti but in two different forms/languages. Kus would be how the Hebrews called the people of Kusah, ie., Kush and I guess Qus is an Arabic dialect of Kus, ultimately though, the generic Kas as in K'Mt is Kas'Ma'At or Kas'Ma'Et, depending on the word following 'At or 'Et, as in Horu-Sa-Aset-Nephru. There is no 'f' in the language so as we read Neferu, the 'f' is replaced with the 'ph' sound and the 'e' of ne-fe-r is removed.“Qustul in Nubia "could well have been the seat of Egypt's founding dynasty".Source: Williams, Bruce (2011). Before the Pyramids. Chicago, Illinois: Oriental Institute Museum Publications. pp. 89–90.The Narmer PaletteDuring Egyptian Dynasty I, the A-Group or Ta-Seti (Kushite) people of Lower Nubia “disappear”. Given the close relationship between the Predynastic Egyptians and Ta-Seti who founded the first empire on earth (Williams 1985), suggest that the Narmar Palette, depiction of the epic battle which unified Kem (Egypt) may also record the forced submission of the A-Group people to Upper Egyptian rule. The terms of this victory may have called for the A-Group people to move into Kem. This would explain the lack of archaeological data on the A-Group people after the unification of Kem. This would also explain how the Egyptian form of government came from the south into the Delta. Trigger (1987) noted that: Evidence that both the Red and the White Crowns were originally southern Egyptian symbols suggests that most of the iconography originated in Upper Egypt" (p.63).The research makes it clear that the first sepats or nomes of Egypt were probably founded by “Kushites” who spoke a Niger-Congo language and belonged to the Ounanian culture. The A-Group people were the foundation of the Egyptians. The Egyptians differenciated themselves from the Kushites once the former city-states or sepats became Kem (Winters, 1994, 2002).David O'Connor wrote that the Qustul incense burner provides evidence that the A-group Nubian culture in Qustul marked the "pivotal change" from predynastic to dynastic "Egyptian monumental art”.https://www.cambridge.org/core/j...The Nubian drawings from roughly the same period as the Qustul incense burner, many showing distinctly "Egyptian" like themes and symbols.A close-up of the pharaonic figure and his fan-bearer in the Nag el-Hamdulab tableaux, prior to its destruction by vandals. The rock art features a royal procession with two standard bearers in front and the figure of a man holding a cane-like staff in one hand and perhaps a flail in the other and is presumably wearing a hedjet (white crown) who is then followed by a fan-bearer.The assumption is that the art probably represents an Egyptian pharaoh's triumphal procession over the Nubians with possible tribute from Nubians. This doesn’t make sense as Egyptologists have long acknowledged that the southern periphery of Upper Egypt around the Aswan-Elephantine area was inhabited by ethnically 'Nubian' (A-Group) people since neolithic times. This of course upsets their theories.Then the obvious question must be asked, why would the earliest depiction of an Egyptian king be found so far from the actual centers of of pharaonic activity namely Abutu (Abydos), Nubt (Naqada), and Nekhen (Hierakonpolis)-- and much closer to cultural centers of Lower Nubia? It defies common logic, unless it is in fact a Nubian and not an Egyptian.Research Source: https://www.researchgate.net/pub...Sudan has some important rock art. Most of the northern part of the country is either desert or semi-desert but there are fertile areas in the Nile Valley and there is a lot of art in these Rocky hills. In the extreme north east is a mountain called Jebel Awaynat on top of which the borders of Egypt, Libya and Sudan all meet. This area is very rich in rock engravings and paintings. South of here is an ancient river valley (ancient tributary of the Nile) with many important engravings and still further south and east of Darfur is Kordofan which is also rich in rock art. Meanwhile, there are rock paintings in the north east along the Ethiopian border. Southern Sudan does so far not appear to have much rock art but there is art in the Nuba Mountains and there is probably art not yet recorded near the Ethiopian border and the border with the Central Africa Republic (CAR).Source: www.britishmuseum.org/Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project: Amri to Kirbekan SurveyCited: https://www.researchgate.net/pub...Dr. Muhammad Arabi a Nubian and Egyptian historian explains why the ancient Egyptians and Nubians were “black”.Racist scholars are comfortable placing Greece & Rome within the context of European/Western history and civilization (rightly so), but are threatened when ancient Egypt is viewed the same way within African culture.STATE FORMATION HAD IT’S ORIGINS IN THE SOUTHThe southern kingdom, Upper Egypt, was always recognized as the more dominant of the two regions. It was from the south that the most enduring influences in Egyptian society came and without doubt most of its greatest leaders were southerners too. Throughout her long history Egypt constantly needed to return to the south to refresh herself and to restore her institutions, when the weight of years or of external pressures bore too heavily upon her.State formation and the cultural weight of the south.“The consensus among Egyptologists is that the south (Upper Egypt), achieved ascendacy over Lower Egypt (the Delta/north,) to usher in the well-known Egyptian dynastic period.[105] The exact nature of the unification is still a matter of ongoing research, but the northern culture does not appear to be as elaborated as that of the south as regards conditions near the establishment of the dynastic civilization. According to the mainstream Cambridge History of Africa: "While not attempting to underestimate the contribution that Deltaic political and religious institutions made to those of a united Egypt, many Egyptologists now discount the idea that a united prehistoric kingdom of Lower Egypt ever existed”.Source: The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 1, From the Earliest Times to c. 500 BC, (Cambridge University Press: 1982), Edited by J. Desmond Clark pp. 500-509Egyptian state founded from the south, and indigenous in character. Egyptians dominated Palestine in some eras.“State formation in the ancient Nile Valley does not appear to have taken the sudden form suggested by the influx or inspiration of a Dynastic Mediterranean or Mesopotamian race. Instead material evidence indicates that the indigenous peoples evolved the state gradually, in a slowly phased process suggesting a degree of regional integration well before the 1st Dynasty. These phases involved the emergence of dispersed kingdoms both in Egypt (Kaiser and Dreyer 1982) and possibly in Nubia (Williams 1987), with up to ten indigenous rulers in place before the 1st Dynasty. (Kaiser and Dreyer 1982). Such continuity confirms the forensic data of Zakrzewski (2007) and others noted above, and provides further evidence of the indigenous genesis of the pharaonic state”.Source: Greenberg, Joseph H. (1963) The Languages of Africa. International journal of American linguistics, 29, 1, part 2“What is truly unique about this state is the integration of rule over an extensive geographic region, in contrast to other contemporaneous Near Easter polities in Nubia, Mesopotamia, Palestine and the Levant. Present evidence suggests that the state which emerged by the First Dynasty had its roots in the Nagada culture of Upper Egypt, where grave types, pottery and artifacts demonstrate an evolution of form from the Predynastic to the First Dynasty. This cannot be demonstrated for the material culture of Lower Egypt, which was eventually displaced by that which originated in Upper Egypt. Hierarchical society with much social and economic differentiation, as symbolized in the Nagada II cemeteries of Upper Egypt, does not seem to have been present, then, in Lower Egypt, a fact which supports an Upper Egyptian origin for the unified state. Thus archaeological evidence cannot support earlier theories that the founders of Egyptian civilization were an invading Dynastic race from the east..”Source: (Bard, Kathryn A. 1994 The Egyptian Predynastic: A Review of the Evidence. Journal of Field Archaeology 21(3):265-288.)References Cited: https://www.researchgate.net/fil...“Populations and cultures now found south of the desert roamed far to the north. The culture of Upper Egypt, which became dynastic Egyptian civilization, could fairly be called a Sudanese transplant."Source: (Egypt and Sub-Saharan Africa: Their Interaction. Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa, by Joseph O. Vogel, AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, California (1997), pp. 465-472 )“Analysis of crania is the traditional approach to assessing ancient population origins, relationships, and diversity. In studies based on anatomical traits and measurements of crania, similarities have been found between Nile Valley crania from 30,000, 20,000 and 12,000 years ago and various African remains from more recent times (see Thoma 1984; Brauer and Rimbach 1990; Angel and Kelley 1986; Keita 1993). Studies of crania from southern predynastic Egypt, from the formative period (4000-3100 B.C.), show them usually to be more similar to the crania of ancient Nubians, Kushites, Saharans, or modern groups from the Horn of Africa than to those of dynastic northern Egyptians or ancient or modern Southern Europeans”.Source: S.O.Y. and A.J. Boyce, "The Geographical Origins and Population Relationships of Early Ancient Egyptians", in Egypt in Africa, Theodore Celenko (ed), Indiana University Press, 1996, pp. 20-33.Ancient Egyptian civilization was, in ways and to an extent usually not recognized, fundamentally African. The evidence of both language and culture reveals these African roots.The main cities of are shown on the maps and provide the locations of important cities such as Thebes, Abydos, Thinis, Khmun (Hermopolis), Dendera, Hierakonpolis, Koptos, Edfu, Elephantine and Aswan. Upper Egypt had its own kings and Pharoahs until the unification of Egypt c3100BC.The evidence of the origins of the ancient Egyptians from their sacred texts:Detail from the Papyrus of Hunefer, c. 1370 bce. Hunefer and his wifeThe Hunefer PapyrusHunefer the 19th century scribe was the owner of the Papyrus of Hunefer, a copy of the funerary Egyptian Book of Spells for Going Forth by Day, coined by 19th century Egyptologists as “the Egyptian Book of the Dead”, which represents one of the classic examples of these texts, along with others such as the Papyrus of Ani. The papyrus was found in his tomb in Thebes. It dates from the 19th Dynasty, about 1285 B.C.E. It can be seen in the British Museum. In the words of the ancient Egyptians, in their own sacred texts, it states:“WE CAME FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE NILE WHERE THE GOD HAPI DWELLS, AT THE FOOTHILLS OF THE MOUNTAINS OF THE MOON”. "We," meaning the ancient Egyptians, as stated, came from the beginning of the Nile. Not from the Mediterranean, not from the Levant or any other lands north and outside of Egypt. The hail from the south. Let’s deal with facts.Mountains of the Moon is an ancient term referring to a legendary mountain range of eastern equatorial Africa, located on the border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) at the source of the Nile river.Q: Where Is The Begining Of The Nile?A: The farthest point of the beginning of the Nile is in Uganda; this is the White Nile. Another point is in Ethiopia.“The Blue Nile and White Nile meet in Khartoum; and the other side of Khartoum is the Omdurman Republic of Sudan. From there it flows from the south down north. And there it meets with the Atbara River in Atbara, Sudan. Then it flows completely through Sudan (Ta-Nehisi, Ta-Seti, as it was called), part of that ancient empire which was at one time adjacent to the nation called Meroe or Merowe. From that, into the southern part of what the Romans called "Nubia," and parallel on the Nile, part of which the Greeks called "Egypticus"; the English called it "Egypt" and the Jews in their mythology called it "Mizraim" which the current Arabs called Mizr/Mizrair. Thus it ends in the Sea of Sais, also called the Great Sea, today's Mediterranean Sea. The God Hapi is always shown tying two symbols of the "Two Lands," Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt, during Dynastic Periods, or from the beginning of the Dynastic Periods. The lotus flower is the symbol of the south, and the papyrus plant, the symbol of the north. From: A lecture delivered for the Minority Ethnic Unit of the Greater London Council, London, England, March 6–8, 1986”.“According to Herodotus, the Ancient Egyptians believed that the Nile had its source in two great mountains within which were eternal springs. From here one branch was said to flow north, dividing Egypt, and another south into Nubia and Ethiopia. Greek trader Diogenes traveled inland from Rhapta (coastal city in what is today Tanzania) for 25 days before encountering two great lakes and a snowy range of mountains where the Nile draws its source (Lane-Poole 1950: 4)”.“It seems very clear that Diogenes, traveling directly west from the coast, came upon either Lake Nyassa or Lake Victoria (or possibly both). The nearby snowcapped mountains could only be the Rwenzori range. Others have suggested that Diogenes may have spotted Kilimanjaro, however, this is unlikely given the absence of a major lake in the region as well as that that Diogenes described a range rather than a solitary mountain. In any case, via Marinus’s writings, the travels of the Greek merchant Diogenes found their way into to Ptolemy’s canonical Geographica and we see the first appearance of the Mountains of the Moon”.Source: “History of the Exploration of Africa as Reflected in the Maps in the Collection of the Rhodes-Livingstone Museum”, Edward Humphry Lane-Poole. Rhodes-Livingstone Museum, 1950 - Africa - page 4THE RWENZORI MOUNTAINS OF UGANDA (Mountains of the Moon)Where Are The Foothills Of The Mountains Of The Moon? There are two mountains in all of Africa whose river contributes to the Nile. The White Nile Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and the Blue Nile, the Rwenzori Mountain in Uganda, which is the source of the White Nile. Civilization flowed “down” the river Nile, which starts from the White Nile and Blue Nile in Uganda and Ethiopia, flowing . The River Nile stretching for 4,000 miles was a huge cultural highway that facilitated the movement of African people and natural resources and the exchange of information and goods. So, Uganda appears to be the ancestral home of the ancient Egyptians or the “Foothills of the Mountains of the Moon”. - Through The Dark Continent: or “The Sources of the Nile around the Great Lakes of Equatorial Africa and down the Livingstone River to the Atlantic Ocean". The Twa people (also known as Batwa or pygmies) originate from the very same area. So do the gods Bes and Hathor.Various identifications have been made in modern times, the Rwenzori Mountains of Uganda being the most accurate and celebrated.“For centuries this area of equatorial Africa has been called “The Mountain of the Moon” by the native inhabitants. As a matter of fact, in the language of Ki-Swahili, Kilimanjaro means “Mountain of the Moon,” as does the Buganda word Rwenzori”.Source: Nile Valley Civilizations, Anthony Browder (pg. 46)“THE LAND OF PUNT, LAND OF THE GODS”"There are many things in the manners and customs and religions of the historic EGYPTIANS THAT SUGGESTS THAT THE ORIGINAL HOME OF THEIR PREHISTORIC ANCESTORS WAS IN A COUNTRY IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF UGANDA AND PUNT." (Some historians believe that the biblical land of Punt was in the area known on modern maps as Somalia).Source: Budge's Egypt: A Classic 19th-Century Travel Guide, Sir E. A. Wallis Budge, pg. (21–2).The ancient Egyptians held a special reverence for the Land of Punt. Known to them as Ta netjer or Ta nuter (“God’s Land”), they regarded it as both their ancestral homeland and a spiritual center. There was a pre-existing relationship with Punt, one which seems to have dwindled over thousands of years. Egyptian and Puntite culture had many things in common (i.e. shared language, shared heritage and shared deities), but ties had obviously weakened, the result of conflicts.Based on the evidence of the ancient pharaoh’s inscriptions, Punt/Punt Land is many believe is in part the State of Somalia at the Horn of Africa. The ancient city of Opone in Somalia is identical to the city of Pouen referenced as part of Punt by ancient inscriptions. Areas in Eritrea are also thought to be in the mix.Hatshepsut's inscriptions also claim that her divine mother was from Punt - and there is evidence that Bes (the goddess of childbirth) came from Punt Land as well. Other inscriptions indicate that the 18th Dynasty pharaohs considered Punt as the origin of their culture.James Henry Breasted (1906):“The question of the location of Punt (ancient Ethiopia) is too large for discussion here, but is was certainly in Africa, and probably was the Somali coast”.W.M. Flinders Petrie (1939): In “The Making of Egypt” (1939). Petrie states:“In the “Horn of Africa” there they named the "Land of Punt," sacred to later Egyptians as the source of the race". The Horn of Africa is the easternmost projection of the African continent. The Horn of Africa denotes the region containing the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia..”Source: British Egyptologist Ernest A. Wallis BudgeOne of the principal challenges in locating the Land of Punt has been the absence of artifacts that could be definitively identified with an ancient Puntite civilization. Perhaps the closest thing to that were two v-shaped arm-clamps made of ivory, which were found in an Old Kingdom tomb at Shellal in Upper Egypt. Some writers initially proposed that the person buried within the grave may have been a Puntite envoy. However, the Egyptologist David O’Connor later demonstrated that the man was, in fact, an Upper Nubian emissary since an Upper Nubian figure is shown wearing a very similar armlet on the causeway of Pharaoh Sahure’s mortuary temple in Abusir (cf. Wilkinson).Punt Land became a semi-mythical land for the pharaohs, but it was a real place through the New Kingdom (1570-1069 BC). During the reign of Amunhotep II (1425-1400 BC) delegations from Punt were accepted. The reign of Ramses II (1279-1213 BC) and of Ramesses III (1186-1155 BC) mentioned Punt as well. The pharaohs were fascinated by Punt as a "land of plenty" and it was best known as Ta Netjer – “God’s Land.”Source: E.A. Wallis BudgeBaboon mummy analysis reveals Eritrea and Ethiopia as location of land of Punt“It appears that the search for Punt may have come to an end according to new research which claims to prove that it was located in Eritrea/East Ethiopia. Live baboons were among the goods that we know the Egyptians got from Punt. The research team included Professor Salima Ikram from the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, and Professor Nathaniel Dominy and graduate student Gillian Leigh Moritz, both from the University of California, Santa Cruz”.The team studied two baboon mummies in the British Museum. By analysing hairs from these baboons using oxygen isotope analysis, they were able to work out where they originated. Oxygen isotopes act as a 'signal' that can let scientists know where they came from. Depending on the environment an animal lived in, the ratio of different isotopes of oxygen will be different. “Oxygen tends to vary as a function of rainfall and the water composition of plants and seed,” said Professor Nathaniel Dominy of UC Santa Cruz.Only one of the two baboons was suitable for the research – the other had spent time in Thebes as an exotic pet, and so its isotopic data had been distorted. Working on the baboon discovered in the Valley of the Kings, the researchers compared the oxygen isotope values in the ancient baboons to those found in their modern day brethren. Although isotope values in baboons in Somalia, Yemen and Mozambique did not match, those in Eritrea and Eastern Ethiopia were closely matched.“All of our specimens in Eritrea and a certain number of our specimens from Ethiopia – that are basically due west from Eritrea – those are good matches,” said Professor Dominy.The team were unable to compare the mummies with baboons in Yemen. However, Professor Dominy reasoned that “We can tell, based on the isotopic maps of the region, that a baboon from Yemen would look an awful lot like a baboon from Somalia isotopically.” As Somalia is definitely not the place of origin for the baboon, this suggests that Yemen is not the place of origin either.He concluded that “We think Punt is a sort of circumscribed region that includes eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea.”The team also think that they may have discovered the location of the harbour that the Egyptians would have used to export the baboons and other goods back to Egypt. Dominy points to an area just outside the modern city of Massawa: “We have a specimen from that same harbour and that specimen is a very good match to the mummy”.Next, the team hopes to get the British Museum’s permission to take a pea-sized sample of bone from the baboon mummy and use it strontium isotope testing. This would hopefully confirm Eritrea/Eastern Ethiopia as the baboon’s origin and narrow down its location more specifically”.Source: http://www.independent.co.uk/lif...“The Land of Punt, “Ta-Netjeru”, meaning "Land of the Gods”Sankhkare Mentuhotep III of the Eleventh Dynasty as Osiris. Museum Luxor: Statue showing the King Mentuhotep III as Osiris with a tall crown, long beard and an full-length cloak. Sandstone, 2010 - 1998 B.C. Temple, Armant.The first Punt expedition of the Middle Kingdom was organized by Sankhkare Mentuhotep III after the reunification and internal stabilisation of Egypt. The purpose and nature of the expedition can be deduced from an inscription accompanying the scene of the offering of products which were brought back from Punt to Amen Ra. It's main purpose on the practical level was to provide"ntjw" for the Temple of Amun Re. This was accomplished by bringing back yo Egypt not just the substance in question, but also actual ntjw trees; whixh constitutes a direct link with the divine cult and creates the religious background of the expedition.In the Old and Middle Kingdoms, they may have wished to eliminate intermediaries, but in Hatshepsut's time, Nubia was already part of the Egyptian empire, no longer an obstacle their contact with Punt.It should be stressed that, by organising the Punt expedition, Hatshepsut did not aim to establish a completely new tradition but, quite the contrary, to revive an ancient one which already existed in the glorious times of the Old and Middle Kingdom. Re-establishing contact with Punt was seen as a major personal achievement with later kingsSource: Diego Espinel, Flora Trade Between Egypt and Africa in Antiquity, 2011, 439-95, 534-77.Punt was associated with Egyptians in that it came to be seen as their ancestral homeland and further, the land where the gods emerged from and consorted with each other.Head of Hatshepsut (portrayed as a male), ca. 1479-1425 B.C.E., The Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NYMekare Hatshepsut c. 1507 B.C.E.-1458 B.C.E. (was the first female ruler of ancient Egypt to reign as a male with the full authority of pharaoh (King). Her name means "Foremost of Noble Women" or "She is First Among Noble Women". She was the fifth pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty during the period known as the New Kingdom (1570-1069 BCE) and regarded as one of the best. In the 1493 B.C.E. she led an expedition to the Land of a Punt, land of the gods, Hatshepsut's was given particular significance.Queen Hatshepsut's temple inscriptions at Luxor reveal that her “divine mother”, Hathor, was from Punt - with strong indications that the pharaohs (Kings) considered the origin of their culture to be Punt Land. The Punt reliefs of Hatshepsut have an inscription describing the setting out of the fleet:“Sailing in the sea, beginning the goodly way toward God's Land, journeying in peace to the land of Punt”Source: James H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt Part Two, § 253The evidence suggests the way to Punt had been lost and Hatshepsut was directed by the gods to re-establish the connection. How the voyage was first commissioned by Hatshepsut, is based on the reliefs from her temple:“Amun-ra of Karnak spoke from his sanctum in the temple and directed Hat-shepsut to undertake the commercial exploration of the land of Punt. "The majesty of the palace made petition at the stairs of the Lord of the Gods. A command was heard from the Great Throne, an oracle of the god himself, to search out ways to Punt, to explore the roads to the terraces of myrrh" (169). Egyptians called Punt land Ta-Netjeru, meaning "Land of the Gods," and considered it their place of origin”.Source: (Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands: 1997).Relief from Hatshepsut’s tombTo emphasize their Puntite origins, the Egyptians portrayed the Puntites in the exact same manner in which they portrayed themselves.King Parahu and Queen Ati of Punt from a relief in Hatshepsut’s tomb. (Notice they are depicted as being the same complexion as the ancient Egyptians).Egyptians and the Puntites spoke and and communicated in the SAME language, believed in the same gods and are DEPICTED SIMILARLY IN COMPLEXION.“The mistress of Punt, Hatshepsut’s mother was from the land of Punt, from "Buun" the ancient name of Somalia. To conclude,"Buun" means in Somali "Horn" and the Land of "Buun" (or Punt the European translation) is located in the the Horn of Africa, in the Somali territories.”Source: Abdisalam Mahamoud. Master II degree: History of Civilisations and Religions.Puntite Workers carrying frankincense during Queen Hatshepsut's Expedition“Egyptian tradition of the Dynastic Period held that the aboriginal home of the Egyptians was Punt…”. While the exact location is still under debate, Punt is generally believed to have been located to the south-east of Egypt”.Source: Sir E. A. Wallis Budge, The History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia, Vol. I., Preface, (1928).Needless to say, Punt is not in the Arabian Peninsula, the Sinai Peninsula, Palestine, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia or Lebanon, as many Eurocentrics have suggested. Once again, the evidence of their origins will not be found outside of Africa. It’s not a mystery, it’s stupidity. Punt is almost certainly modern-day Puntland State of Somalia based on the evidence of the ancient Egyptian inscriptions.According to historian Ahmed Abdi:“the ancient city of Opone in Somalia is identical to the city of Pouen referenced as part of Punt by ancient inscriptions”.The Egyptians called Punt Pwenet or Pwene which translates as Pouen known to the Greeks as Opone. It is well established that Opone traded with Egypt over many many centuries. Based on the evidence of the ancient pharaoh’s inscriptions, Punt/Punt Land is certainly the State of Somalia at the Horn of Africa. The ancient city of Opone in Somalia is identical to the city of Pouen referenced as part of Punt by ancient inscriptions. There are some that suggest neighboring Eritrea as a more precise location, which in ancient times was part of greater Ethiopia.Parade of the Queen's soldiers in honour of the goddess Hathor, painted relief, Chapel of Hathor, Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahari, Theban Necropolis.The Puntites are depicted in several Eighteenth Dynasty scenes. Typically, the men have brown skins and they occur amongst depictions of riverine southerners (of Wawat, Kush, Irem, etc.)“Representations of the early Puntites, or Somali people, on the Egyptian monuments, show striking resemblances to the ancient Egyptians themselves”. »Source: Brian Brown New York: Brentano's [1923]“...before foreign rule, all Egyptian Kings were Natives and the land was the most prosperous of the whole inhabited world”.Source: (Book 1, para 44, 69 Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History, Books II, 35 – IV. 58, Translated by C.H. Oldfather, Harvard University Press, 2000).Hatshepsut became queen regent and, over the course of her 20-year rule, began to bend tradition to suit her needs. Within a period of seven years, Hatshepsut statues and reliefs progressed from depictions of a subordinate queen ruling alongside a child king to that of a full fledged, male pharaoh with Thutmose III, who would have been around 10 by this time, literally below her.Hatshepsut is depicted as a male wearing the tall white crown of Upper Egypt (southern)Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, The Queen Who Would Be KingHatshepsut's Punt Expedition had special significance, simply because it was larger than any other, and evidence suggests that it was directed by the Gods to establish a connection. Amun-Ra of Karnak spoke from his sanctum in the temple and directed Hatshepsut to undertake the exploration of Punt Land. Hatshepsut made petition at the stairs of the Lord of the Gods. A command was heard from the Great Throne, an oracle of the God himself, for her to search out ways to Punt Land. Hatshepsut then commanded that the will of the God be done.The Egyptians entertained an extreme reverence in the abstract for the Land of Punt, which apparently formed part of a larger district known generally as Ta-neter, or the Land of the Gods. Hathor and Bes, two of the principal deities worshipped by the Egyptians had their divine origin in Punt, and Hathor was adored under a special form as “The Lady of Punt.” Bes, in his grotesque features and general characteristics, is clearly a barbaric divinity, and is occasionally represented as nursing or devouring the large cynocephalus apes depicted in the wall-sculptures of Dayr-el-Bahari as indigenous to the Land of Punt. The Egyptians appear to have cherished a vague tradition of their own origin as natives of Ta-nuter at some extremely remote period ; and it is interesting to note that the curved beard characteristic of these natives of the Land of the Gods is a special attribute of divinities as well as of deified personages in Egyptian art.Bes (Bisu, Aha) was a deity originally African in origin who was absorbed into the Egyptian pantheon. Bes frightened off bad spirits with his fearsome face, but was fiercely loyal to his family, and comforted them in times of sickness or childbirth. A popular household idol, the ancient Egyptians believed that Bes protected against snake and scorpion bites. He was called “The Fighter” because of his ferocity – Bes was thought to have been able to strangle lions, antelopes (thought to be agents of chaos), and cobras with his bare hands.Bes helped to encourage sleep and drove away bad dreams, and amulets of Bes were very popular and widespread. Bes’ protective duties extended to warfare – he appears on a Second Intermediate Period archer’s brace, shields, and on the war chariot of Tutankhamen. Bes was also a bringer of peace to the dead, being depicted on the headrests supporting the heads of mummies. He was associated with the protective hieroglyphic sign.Meaning of Name:“Little Warrior.” The word Bes also appears to be connected to the Nubian word for “cat” (Besa).Family: Bes’ wife was thought to be Taweret. Beginning during the late Middle Kingdom, he was paired with a female form, named Beset or Besit.Titles: “Lord of Punt”“Great Dwarf with a Large Head”Research Source: Dwarfs in ancient Egypt.Hathor, “Lady of Punt” is an ancient Egyptian goddess who personified the principles of joy, music, feminine love, and motherhood.She was one of the most important and popular deities throughout the history of ancient Egypt. She was the goddess of mothers, women, and women's physical and psychological wellbeing. She was the personification of joy, goodness, celebration, and love. She was also associated with the sky, the movement of planets, Venus, birth, and rebirth after death, as well as the cyclical rejuvenation of the entire cosmos. She is often shown as a woman with the head of a cow and is very occasionally shown as an entire cow (conflated with the primeval cow goddess whose milk created the Nile). More frequently, you may see Hathor symbolized as a woman who only has the ears or horns of a cow, with the red sun disk of Horus between her horns. Her other symbol is the sistrum, a rattle-like percussion instrument which she uses to drive evil away from the world.Fragment of a statue from the queen's temple at Deir el-Bahari representing Hatshepsut in the form of Osiris. Date/Period: 18th Dynasty, c. 1475 BC.As previously mentioned, Hatshepsut's inscriptions also claim that her divine mother was from Punt and the evidence confirms that Bes and Hathor came from Punt Land as well. Other inscriptions indicate that the 18th Dynasty pharaohs considered Punt as the origin of their culture.The respect that the ancient Egyptians had for Punt, and its associated goddess Hathor in particular, is perhaps best expressed by Pharaoh Hatshepsut herself. Hieroglyphic inscriptions attributed to her remark that:Quote:“It is the sacred region of God’s Land; it is my place of distraction; I have made it for myself in order to cleanse my spirit, along with my mother, Hathor… the lady of Punt”.Source: The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Egypt, Bill Manley, 1996Sailing into antiquity : BU archeologist unearths clues about ancient Egypt’s sea trade (Egypt - from 1950 to 1480 BC), 11 January 2011Trading with Punt LandInscriptions indicate relations between the two countries were very close and show the Puntites as an extremely generous people. The Land of Punt was routinely praised for its riches and the "goodness of the land" by many of the pharaohs’ scribes.The expedition presented a fair exchange by both parties and the treasures offered by the Puntites were gold (even though the Egyptians had a few of their own gold mines), wild animals, live apes, elephants, leopard skins, ivory, spices, precious woods, cosmetics, incense, aromatic gum, and frankincense and 31 incense trees (Boswellia). This was the first time a plant species was successfully transplanted to another country. The transplant was so successful that the trees flourished in Egypt for centuries.The luxury goods of Punt included: ebony, ivory, obsidian, frankincense, precious metals, and strange beasts, such as dog-faced baboons and giraffes.One thing is certain, whether Punt is in Ethiopia/Eritrea or Somalia, it is NOT in lands outside of Africa. In fact it’s south, where all the evidence points to, as the place of the ancient Egyptians origins.The Nile Valley1. Omo Kibish - site of 195,000-year-old remains of homo sapiens2. Awash Valley - site of 160,000-year-old remains of homo sapiens3. Semliki Harpoon (90,000 BC) - oldest harpoon4. Weapons factory (70,000 BC) - early commerce and industry5. Ishango Bone (20,000 BC) - oldest mathematics6. Wadi Kubbaniya (17,000-15,000 BC) - early agriculture and grain storage7. Jebel Sahaba (13,700 BC) - oldest ceremonial burials and pottery8. Toshka cemetery (13,000 BC) - oldest cattle worship9. Nabta Playa/Nubian desert (12,000 BC, 6,400 BC) - early cattle worship and calendar10. El-Salha (7050-6820 BC) - early petroglyph of a ship11. Hor-em-akhet/the “Sphinx” (8,000–13,000 BC) - oldest megalithArchaeological evidence can trace the spread of modern human habitation from the southern end of the Nile Valley in Ethiopia some 195,000 years ago to as far north as modern-day Central Sudan by 70,000 BC. Archaeological evidence also suggests the Nile Valley was the primary migratory route for early modern humans out of Central Africa and into Western Asia, and the continuous inhabitation along the riverbanks eventually grew to a large, influential civilization. Some of the world's oldest remains of Homo sapiens lie at Omo Kibish ("Omo Kibish-1" or "Kamoya's Hominid Site") on the southern edge of the Nile Valley near the modern Ethiopian-South Sudanese border.Source: http://www.academia.edu/6346508/...“The fact is the ancient Egyptians were black skinned Africans who had migrated north from Central Africa over many thousands of years and many "Culture Phases". Among them: The Qadan culture (13,000 - 9,000 B.C.), The Badari culture (circa 4400 B.C.), The Amratian culture (4500-3100 B.C.), The Amratian (Naqada I), started as a parallel culture to the Badari, but eventually replaced it. In the middle of the fourth millennium B.C, the Gerzean/Naqada II culture superceded the Naqada I. In the next period, known as Naqada III, Egypt has by now, been split-up into many administrative/territorial divisions, known as Nomes - this heralds the beginning of Dynastic Egypt”.Source: Professor Christopher Ehret Distinguished Research Professor at the University of California at Los Angeles, American scholar of African history and African historical linguistics.The peopling of the Nile is the product of the populations in the A map, from inner Africa, from the South, which expanded in the Sahara and then went back along the Nile to settle down during the desertification of the Sahara in search of greener pastures.The red dots represent the long term human occupation of indigenous African in the Nile Valley. Notice ZERO red dots show an origin outside of Africa. Sorry, the Nile Valley was made up of INDIGENOUS peoples of Africa.There is no evidence of population replacement, only population movements. Black African populations were indigenous to the region and moved their settlements in relation to the climate. Groups from the south, already adapted to savannah ecology, extended their traditional way of life following the northward shifting rains. There were almost no settlements along the Nile during the early-mid Holocene (according to this study) beside at the south (Kharthoum area). That is the 2 maps in the middle. Which is a bit surprising. The document suggest that it was inhospitable. It was then followed by an exodus of the population of the Green Sahara toward the Nile during the dessication of the Sahara.“The peoples of Egypt, the Sudan, and much of East African Ethiopia and Somalia are now generally regarded as a Nilotic continuity, with widely ranging physical features (complexions light to dark, various hair and craniofacial types) but with powerful common cultural traits, including cattle pastoralist traditions”.Source: (Trigger 1978; Bard, Snowden, this volume), (F. Yurco "An Egyptological Review," 1996).“A variety of factors are involved in the origins of the Nilotic peoples and their linkages with the rest of Africa, including geographic, genetic, and environmental data. These are presented throughout the article. As one archaeological text suggests, INTERPRETATIONS OF THE BIOLOGICAL AFFINITIES AND ORIGINS OF THE ANCIENT NILE VALLEY PEOPLES MUST BE PLACED IN THE CONTEXT OF HYPOTHESIS INFORMED OF HYPOTHESEISES INFORMED BY ARCHEOLOGICAL, LINGUISTIC, GEOGRAPHIC AND OTHER DATA. IN SUCH CONTEXTS, THE PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THE EARLY NILE VALLEY POPULATIONS CAN BE INDETIFIED AS PART OF AN AFRICAN LINEAGE, BUT EXHIBITING LOCAL VARIATION.This variation represents the short and long term effects of evolutionary forces, such as gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection, influenced by culture and geography”.Source: Nancy C. Lovell, “ Egyptians, physical anthropology of,” in Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, ed. Kathryn A. Bard and Steven Blake Shubert, ( London and New York: Routledge, 1999). pp 328-332Scale and social organization / edited by Fredrik Barth, https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/997223Quote(s):“Over the long run of northeastern African history, what emerges most strongly is the extent to which ancient Egypt's culture grew from sub-Saharan African roots. The earliest foundations of the culture that was to evolve into that of dynastic Egypt were laid, as we have already discovered, by Afrasan immigrants from the general direction of the southern Red Sea hills, who arrived probably well before 10,000 B.C.E. The new inhabitants brought with them a language directly ancestral to ancient Egyptian. They introduced to Egypt the idea of using wild grasses or grains as food. They also introduced a new religion its central belief, in the efficacy of clan deities, explains the traceability of the ancient Egyptian gods to different particular Egyptians localities: originally they were the deities of the local communities, whose members in still earlier times had belonged to a clan or a group of related clans”.Source: Christopher Ehret. (2002) The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800, (p. 93).Using primarily linguistic evidence, and taking into account recent archaeology at sites such as Hierakonpolis/Nekhen, as well as the symbolic meaning of objects such as sceptres and headrests in Ancient Egyptian and contemporary African cultures, this paper traces the geographical location and movements of early peoples in and around the Nile Valley. It is possible from this overview of the data to conclude that the limited conceptual vocabulary shared by the ancestors of contemporary Chadic-speakers (therefore also contemporary Cushitic-speakers), contemporary Nilotic-speakers and Ancient Egyptian-speakers suggests that the earliest speakers of the Egyptian language could be located to the south of Upper Egypt or, earlier, in the Sahara.The marked grammatical and lexicographic affinities of Ancient Egyptian with Chadic are well-known, and consistent Nilotic cultural, religious and political patterns are detectable in the formation of the first Egyptian kingships. The question these data raise is the articulation between the languages and the cultural patterns of this pool of ancient African societies from which emerged Predynastic Egypt.It is possible from this overview of the data to conclude that the limited conceptual vocabulary shared by the ancestors of contemporary Chadic-speakers (therefore also contemporary Cushitic-speakers), contemporary Nilotic-speakers and Ancient Egyptian-speakers suggests that the earliest speakers of the Egyptian language could be located to the south of Upper Egypt (Diakonoff 1998) or, earlier, in the Sahara (Wendorf 2004), where Takács (1999, 47) suggests their ‘long co-existence’ can be found. In addition, it is consistent with this view to suggest that the northern border of their homeland was further than the Wadi Howar proposed by Blench (1999, 2001), which is actually its southern border. Neither Chadics nor Cushitics existed at this time, but their ancestors lived in a homeland further north than the peripheral countries that they inhabited thereafter, to the south-west, in a Niger-Congo environment, and to the south-east, in a Nilo-Saharan environment, where they interacted and innovated in terms of language.From this perspective, the Upper Egyptian cultures were an ancient North East African ‘periphery at the crossroads’, as suggested by Dahl and Hjort-af-Ornas of the Beja (Dahl and Hjort-af-Ornas 2006).In summary, genetics strongly relates both the modern and ancient Egyptians with contemporary Afro-Asiatic groups elsewhere in Northeast Africa. This, in turn, jibes perfectly with Puntite origins for the latter populations.The region known as Kush has been inhabited for several millennia. Royal Ontario Museum and University of Khartoum researchers found a "tool workshop" south of Dongola, Sudan with thousands of paleolithic axes on rows of stones, dating back 70,000 years.Old Dongola graveyardAs early as 13,000 BC, ceremonial burial practices were taking place at Jebel Sahaba and Wadi Halfa in the northern part of modern-day Sudan (known to archaeologists as the "Qadan" period, 13,000-8,000 BC).Tomb of the C-group (Middle Kingdom) at Toshka East in the form of a brick burial chamber with stone ring.Note: The C-Group culture was an ancient civilization centered in Nubia, which existed approximately ca. 2600 BCE to ca. 1550 BCEAt the Toshka site in modern-day "Lower Nubia," archaeologists have uncovered tombs where domesticated wild cattle were placed above human remains, indicative of the use of cattle in a ceremonial fashion. Circular tomb walls with above-ground mounds are further evidence of the beginnings of ceremonial burials.At other sites nearby, we can see the development of Ethiopian (better known as "Egyptian") civilization. At the Kadruka cemetery, spouted vessels were found, and the tombs at El Gaba were filled with jewelry, pottery, ostrich feathers, headrests, facial painting, etc.--all of which were present in "dynastic Egypt," and are still used today amongst different peoples of modern-day Ethiopia.The neolithic The Sabu-Jaddi rock artpaintings site in Sudan is a unique cluster of more than 1600 rock drawings from different historical periods expanding for more than 6000 years through different eras of Nubiancivilization. The site is located 600 km north of Khartoum between the villages of Sabu and Jaddi. The well-preserved drawings include wild and domestic animals, humans and boats.Source: WikiThe term "Ethiopia" was first used by Ancient Greek writers in reference to the east-central African kingdom that they believed to be not only culturally and ethnically linked to ancient "Egypt" (Kemet), but the source of such civilization as well.Just west of the city of Kerma lies the site of Busharia, where shards of pottery dating from 8000 to 9000 BC have been found. A nearby discovery at El-Barga shed light on foundations of round buildings, graves and pottery shards from 7,500 BC.Therefore Kushitic civilization began on the banks of the Nile over 15,000 years ago and was settled at least 55,000 years prior.Furthermore, based on the traditions of the first settlers and the artifacts found in this region, Kushitic civilization gave birth to that of so-called "Egypt" (see: Nile Valley Civilization).Kerma (also known as Dukki Gel) was the capital city of the Kerma Culture, which was located in present-day Sudan at least 5500 years ago. Kerma is one of the largest archaeological sites in ancient Nubia.

* Racial arrogance. Delusional Eurocentrists think that they can dictate what Africans are and what Africans were, what Africans did, what Africans didn’t do. Their opinion is final and the voice is global. The same racial arrogance fueled slavery and the scramble for Africa. As someone noted : Europeans were so arrogant, they saw no problem with coming into a foreign land and telling the natives there that they, the outsiders, were forming new countries and that the tribes that may have been rivals or didn't see each other as kin were now all countrymen living within their false arbitrary borders. Code Noir - Wikipedia. The Code Noir French pronunciation: ​ [kɔd nwaʁ], Black Code) was a decree originally passed by France's King Louis XIV in 1685. The Code Noir defined the conditions of slavery(more)