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Hy,The total fee to be paid for the Autumn Semester 2017-17 is Rs.67,876 (for GEN / OBC candidates) and Rs. 22,876 (for SC/ST/PD).If you choose for hostel accommodation at IIT Bombay, you must pay Rs. 16,000 (Rs. 2,000 refundable mess advance + Rs. 13,000 Semester mess advance + Rs.1,000 towards Bus pass for internal transport for IITB Campus.)Edit- tuition fee is 1 lakh per semester.(in image)1. All the SC/ST/PD students are exempted from payment of Tuition Fee.2. Institute has two semesters in a year i.e. Autumn & Spring.3. Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech.) is a year (8 Semesters) Programme.4. Dual Degree/ 5 yr Integrated M. Sc. is a 5 Year (10 Semester) Programme.5. IIT Bombay reserves right to revise fee structure in subsequent semester.*one time fee only.**Payable in Autumn Semester (July – December) every year..(☆~ signifies heading)☆~PG Level Programme for Working Professionals :The registration for the course(s) can be done at the CEP office. At the time of registration, the candidate should also pay the course fees of Rs. 6,000/- (Rs. Six thousand only) per course, payable by way of Demand Draft in favour of "Registrar, IIT Bombay, (CEP Account)".(The fees cannot be refunded once the registration is done).☆~MDP Course on Resource Mobilization for NGOsRs.30000/- per participant, (if a NGO sends more than one participant then fees applicable will be Rs. 25000/- per participant) covers, tuition, course material, registration, lunch, tea/coffee served during the programme days. The course is non residential and accommodation will not be provided on IIT Bombay campus to the participants. Participants will make their own arrangements of transportation to and from SJMSOM to their destinations. The fees are payable in advance by demand draft drawn in favour of .Registrar, IIT Bombay. All payments should be sent to SJMSOM through SOSVA.A prize is awarded to the participant by SOSVA, for the most successful strategy adopted by him/her in his/her organisation, post 12 months of course completion.☆~IIT Bombay Research Fellowship Scheme~The awardees are selected on the basis of their academic record followed by an interview, and a written test. They are required to work on research projects for a minimum period of two years in different Departments/ Schools/ Centres/ Inter-disciplinary Programs based on their academic background and research interests.The Research Fellowship Scheme is open to B.Tech. / B.E. / M.Tech. / MBA / M.A. / http://M.Com. / http://M.Sc. / MBBS or equivalent degree, with or without experience. Students with research inclinations in Humanities, Bio-sectors, Management and other background are also eligible.The awardees with B. Tech/B.E. or http://M.Sc qualification will are awarded a stipend of Rs. 8,000 - 10,000/- p.m. Degree holders with experience can expect higher amount.Ancillary benefits include funding for participation in national & international conferences, Library facilities and hostel accommodation.IIT Bombay provides assistance to iuts students in three forms- Scholarship, Research Fellowship and Research Assistants.☆~SCHOLARSHIPS~~IIT Bombay provides assistance to its students in three forms- Scholarship, Research Fellowship and Research Assistants.The students of IIT Bombay receive scholarship not just from the institute but also from the private organizations. Government also recognises the brilliant students of IIT Bombay and awards them through the scholarship route.☆~IIT Bombay Scholarship 2017For all students:1. Merit-cum-Means (MCM) Scholarship: Tuition fee waiver (Rs.45,000 per semester) Rs.1000 per month for both semesters in the academic year2. Free Tuition: Tuition fee waiver (Rs.45,000 per semester)For SC/ ST students:1. Free Tuition: Tuition fee waiver (Rs.45,000 per semester)2. Free Messing: only for basic menu Pocket allowance of Rs. 250 per month for both semesters in the academic year; Exemption from payment of hostel room rentFor PD students:1. Free Tuition: Tuition fee waiver (Rs.45,000 per semester)Private scholarships1. Named Merit Scholarships: Rs. 25,000 - Rs.1,50,000 per year2. Named Merit-cum-Means Scholarships: Rs. 25,000 - Rs.1,00,000 per year.☆~Private ScholarshipStudents at IIT Bombay are awarded scholarships by various private organizations too. The criteria adopted by these organizations are same as followed by the IIT Bombay- 'Merit and Means'. The organizations have a separate Scholarship Trust wherein only those students can apply whose parental gross income from all sources does not exceeds beyond Rs 4, 50,000.The IIT alumni in USA have also established a fund for providing scholarships to the brilliant and deserving students of IIT under the name- IIT Bombay Heritage fund Scholarships. The alumni collect funds from all the members of the alumni for the constitution of the scholarship to be awarded to large number of students. The selection criteria for availing scholarship under the IIT Bombay Heritage fund are same as the criteria set up by the Private Organisations.A student can get the full details from the Academic office of the Institute.☆~Government ScholarshipThe students of IIT Bombay can apply for scholarship to the Government besides applying for the same in their institute. The Central government awards National Scholarships to students of every state on the basis of marks scored by them in the previous academic year. A student interested in renewing his/her scholarship also has to submit the progress report of the last academic year.However, those students who have already received the scholarships by appearing in the National Talent Search Examination of the NCERT need not apply to the government again. The NCERT scholarship can be availed till one finishes his/her Masters' programme.☆~Research Fellowship~IIT Bombay awards 100 Research fellowships each year to the students belonging to different colleges across the country, for undertaking research project at its different departments. The Research work is allotted on the basis of a student's academic qualification.The students short listed for the fellowship scheme need not necessarily belong to an engineering background. The fellowship is open even for post graduates in other streams too. For undertaking the research work, the institute provides a fixed amount in the form of stipend. The amount, however, differs with the experience. For instance, the students who are in III year of their B.Tech programme or are in II year of M.A. MSC., http://M.Com and MBA receive Rs 10,000 per month as stipend. The M.Tech degree holders with some experience, on the other hands, are awarded a stipend Rs 2000 more. The students can continue their studies along with the research work.Besides the stipend, the students who are conferred Research fellowship are given a long term membership to the Institute's library for reference purposes.The applications for the fellowship programme are released in the end of December month every year.☆~Research Assistanceship (RA)~The students with a good GATE score are considered for the position of' Research Assistants' by various departments of IIT Bombay. As a Research Assistant the students has look after the concerned department institute and assist in teaching and other works. A Research assistant has to devote a total of 20 hours in a week. They are also given the liberty to complete their M.Tech programme in three years instead of the☆~SUMMER INTERNSHIP SCHEME-The awardees (who have not completed their degrees) have an opportunity to work on projects under the supervision of faculty members/scientists during their summer vacation. On the completion of their degrees, they could be considered for research Fellowship subject to performance during Summer Internship. The Summer Internship scheme is open to pre-final year B.Tech./ B.E./ M.A./ http://M.Com/ http://M.Sc./ M.E./ M.Tech./ MBA/ MBBS or equivalent degree students.Rs. 3000/-p.m. for summer internship (For a maximum of two months).Other benefits include Library facilities and hostel accommodation.SELECTION PROCEDURE(Selection Procedure for Summer Award of Scholarships)The selection procedure consists of preliminary screening of applications, followed by personal interviews that take place in a decentralized manner at the department level.Selection criteria includes consistently brilliant academic performance (relative rank in the class/University), work carried out by the student besides his regular academic work, participation/recognition in competitions such as Techfest, Olympiads, National Talent Search Exams, and performance in the interview.Happy to help you.HOPE IT WILL HELP YOU.THANK YOU.

Thanks for a2a!!The total fee to be paid for the Autumn Semester 2017-17 is Rs.67,876 (for GEN / OBC candidates) and Rs. 22,876 (for SC/ST/PD).If you choose for hostel accommodation at IIT Bombay, you must pay Rs. 16,000 (Rs. 2,000 refundable mess advance + Rs. 13,000 Semester mess advance + Rs.1,000 towards Bus pass for internal transport for IITB Campus.)1. All the SC/ST/PD students are exempted from payment of Tuition Fee.2. Institute has two semesters in a year i.e. Autumn & Spring.3. Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech.) is a year (8 Semesters) Programme.4. Dual Degree/ 5 yr Integrated M. Sc. is a 5 Year (10 Semester) Programme.5. IIT Bombay reserves right to revise fee structure in subsequent semester.*one time fee only.**Payable in Autumn Semester (July – December) every yearPG Level Programme for Working ProfessionalsThe registration for the course(s) can be done at the CEP office. At the time of registration, the candidate should also pay the course fees of Rs. 6,000/- (Rs. Six thousand only) per course, payable by way of Demand Draft in favour of "Registrar, IIT Bombay, (CEP Account)".(The fees cannot be refunded once the registration is done).MDP Course on Resource Mobilization for NGOsRs.30000/- per participant, (if a NGO sends more than one participant then fees applicable will be Rs. 25000/- per participant) covers, tuition, course material, registration, lunch, tea/coffee served during the programme days. The course is non residential and accommodation will not be provided on IIT Bombay campus to the participants. Participants will make their own arrangements of transportation to and from SJMSOM to their destinations. The fees are payable in advance by demand draft drawn in favour of .Registrar, IIT Bombay. All payments should be sent to SJMSOM through SOSVA.A prize is awarded to the participant by SOSVA, for the most successful strategy adopted by him/her in his/her organisation, post 12 months of course completion.IIT Bombay Research Fellowship SchemeThe awardees are selected on the basis of their academic record followed by an interview, and a written test. They are required to work on research projects for a minimum period of two years in different Departments/ Schools/ Centres/ Inter-disciplinary Programs based on their academic background and research interests.The Research Fellowship Scheme is open to B.Tech. / B.E. / M.Tech. / MBA / M.A. / http://M.Com. / http://M.Sc. / MBBS or equivalent degree, with or without experience. Students with research inclinations in Humanities, Bio-sectors, Management and other background are also eligible.The awardees with B. Tech/B.E. or http://M.Sc qualification will are awarded a stipend of Rs. 8,000 - 10,000/- p.m. Degree holders with experience can expect higher amount.Ancillary benefits include funding for participation in national & international conferences, Library facilities and hostel accommodation.IIT Bombay provides assistance to its students in three forms- Scholarship, Research Fellowship and Research Assistants.SCHOLARSHIPSIIT Bombay provides assistance to its students in three forms- Scholarship, Research Fellowship and Research Assistants.The students of IIT Bombay receive scholarship not just from the institute but also from the private organizations. Government also recognises the brilliant students of IIT Bombay and awards them through the scholarship route.IIT Bombay Scholarship 2017For all students:1. Merit-cum-Means (MCM) Scholarship: Tuition fee waiver (Rs.45,000 per semester) Rs.1000 per month for both semesters in the academic year2. Free Tuition: Tuition fee waiver (Rs.45,000 per semester)For SC/ ST students:1. Free Tuition: Tuition fee waiver (Rs.45,000 per semester)2. Free Messing: only for basic menu Pocket allowance of Rs. 250 per month for both semesters in the academic year; Exemption from payment of hostel room rentFor PD students:1. Free Tuition: Tuition fee waiver (Rs.45,000 per semester)Private scholarships1. Named Merit Scholarships: Rs. 25,000 - Rs.1,50,000 per year2. Named Merit-cum-Means Scholarships: Rs. 25,000 - Rs.1,00,000 per year.Private ScholarshipStudents at IIT Bombay are awarded scholarships by various private organizations too. The criteria adopted by these organizations are same as followed by the IIT Bombay- 'Merit and Means'. The organizations have a separate Scholarship Trust wherein only those students can apply whose parental gross income from all sources does not exceeds beyond Rs 4, 50,000.The IIT alumni in USA have also established a fund for providing scholarships to the brilliant and deserving students of IIT under the name- IIT Bombay Heritage fund Scholarships. The alumni collect funds from all the members of the alumni for the constitution of the scholarship to be awarded to large number of students. The selection criteria for availing scholarship under the IIT Bombay Heritage fund are same as the criteria set up by the Private Organisations.A student can get the full details from the Academic office of the Institute.Government ScholarshipThe students of IIT Bombay can apply for scholarship to the Government besides applying for the same in their institute. The Central government awards National Scholarships to students of every state on the basis of marks scored by them in the previous academic year. A student interested in renewing his/her scholarship also has to submit the progress report of the last academic year.However, those students who have already received the scholarships by appearing in the National Talent Search Examination of the NCERT need not apply to the government again. The NCERT scholarship can be availed till one finishes his/her Masters' programme.Research FellowshipIIT Bombay awards 100 Research fellowships each year to the students belonging to different colleges across the country, for undertaking research project at its different departments. The Research work is allotted on the basis of a student's academic qualification.The students short listed for the fellowship scheme need not necessarily belong to an engineering background. The fellowship is open even for post graduates in other streams too. For undertaking the research work, the institute provides a fixed amount in the form of stipend. The amount, however, differs with the experience. For instance, the students who are in III year of their B.Tech programme or are in II year of M.A. MSC., http://M.Com and MBA receive Rs 10,000 per month as stipend. The M.Tech degree holders with some experience, on the other hands, are awarded a stipend Rs 2000 more. The students can continue their studies along with the research work.Besides the stipend, the students who are conferred Research fellowship are given a long term membership to the Institute's library for reference purposes.The applications for the fellowship programme are released in the end of December month every year.Research Assistanceship (RA)The students with a good GATEscore are considered for the position of' Research Assistants' by various departments of IIT Bombay. As a Research Assistant the students has look after the concerned department institute and assist in teaching and other works. A Research assistant has to devote a total of 20 hours in a week. They are also given the liberty to complete their M.Tech programme in three years instead of theSUMMER INTERNSHIP SCHEMEThe awardees (who have not completed their degrees) have an opportunity to work on projects under the supervision of faculty members/scientists during their summer vacation. On the completion of their degrees, they could be considered for research Fellowship subject to performance during Summer Internship. The Summer Internship scheme is open to pre-final year B.Tech./ B.E./ M.A./ http://M.Com/ http://M.Sc./ M.E./ M.Tech./ MBA/ MBBS or equivalent degree students.Rs. 3000/-p.m. for summer internship (For a maximum of two months).Other benefits include Library facilities and hostel accommodation.SELECTION PROCEDURE(Selection Procedure for Summer Award of Scholarships)The selection procedure consists of preliminary screening of applications, followed by personal interviews that take place in a decentralized manner at the department level.Selection criteria includes consistently brilliant academic performance (relative rank in the class/University), work carried out by the student besides his regular academic work, participation/recognition in competitions such as Techfest, Olympiads, National Talent Search Exams, and performance in the interview.✌

I am a Kashmiri Pandit who has never lived in Kashmir. My extended family, my mother's family, and others, were driven out of the Kashmir valley as a result of the insurgency of 1989-1990.While India was based upon the precept of being inclusive, and took in most princely states at the time of the lapse of paramountcy from the British, Kashmir was always a problem.The political entity of Jammu and Kashmir was bunched and given to Raja Gulab Singh through the Treaty of Amritsar in 1846. The British jumbled geographically contiguous regions with unbelievable variation in culture and ethos, and chucked the whole set of lands north of the Punjab to Gulab Singh's clan.In my opinion, the problem of Kashmir springs from a sense of confusion, and to understand this, the above geopolitical primer is necessary.Continuing, the culture of the Kashmir valley was always, and continues to be, starkly different from the rest of India. Geographically isolated owing to its sandwiched position between the Karakoram and the Pir Panjal, the valley has been the birthplace of philosophers, poets, and great minds. This history instilled in Kashmiris a sense of intellectual and cultural superiority, aided by their Caucasian ancestry, which put them on a different level than other Indians. In fact, Kashmiris, in popular parlance, still refer to anything coming from the south of the Pir Panjal, as "Punjabi", with a hint of looking down upon it. This is not slighting Kashmiris, but a glimpse into their mindset.The bottom line is that Kashmiris are very, very different from the rest of the subcultures in India. Usual Hindu festivals and observances are not commonplace, and if you have seen them, it is only due to the impression of foreign culture upon a community that has been forced to leave its own land.So, you see where this whole "azadi" argument comes from, roughly. In light of the prevalent culture of unity and diversity we are bred to celebrate, you might already be calling me an idiot. Nonetheless, this feeling of absolute difference from the cultures south of the mountains really makes us Kashmiris believe that ethnically, culturally and in all aspects, we stand apart from other regions of India.After delving into my culture, I too sort of espouse this, though not to a belligerent extent. I love the idea of India, and I have lived in Delhi all my life.Believing in this to hardcore extents gives rise to the argument that Kashmir should be an independent land. It does not fit Pakistan's cornerstone, the two-nation theory, as again, Islam, culture and life, are all very different from what is prevalent in Pakistan.Kashmir has a unique syncretic culture fusing mystical Kashmir Shaivism and Sufi influences, and Kashmiri life thrives on the concept on Kashmiriyat, the social way of inclusive and tolerant harmony between religions, very different from the form of Islam, and traditions in Pakistan.This is the cultural argument for Azadi, and I find sense in it, although in the modern geopolitical scenario, I do not support it.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Coming back to modern history, Kashmiri Muslims were dissatisfied with Dogra rule even before Partition. The Dogra rulers were accused of favouring Hindus for important positions and opportunities, and the same cultural superiority left most Kashmiris in a state of disquiet, seeing an external ruler rule them.At the time of Partition, Pakistan violated the Standstill Agreement and sent tribal invaders to raid Kashmir. Hari Singh, in a desperate attempt to salvage his land, as the Pathans closed in on Srinagar, signed the Instrument of Accession, and Indian troops were airlifted into Kashmir, managing to save half of the valley, the rest becoming PoK, consisting of Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir, segregated from the Indian Administered part by the Line of Control (LoC).It is not for me to expand this answer into a historical discourse. However, I will draw attention to a few points.Hari Singh was a despised ruler in Kashmir, with a Muslim majority, and his decision to join India was seen as something that was not representative of the majority of his subjects. This continues to this day, where Kashmiris living in Kashmir do not see Kashmir as a rightfully acceded part of India.Secondly, some historians argue that there was communal uprising against the ruler in Kashmir which led to the war of 1947-48, and Nehru forced the signing of the Instrument of Accession. Through extensive research and examination of documents, up to the correspondences of British officers, historians like MJ Akbar have lambasted such claims, showing how Kashmir was quiet on the communal front, and how Nehru was desperately adamant upon taking the population of Kashmir into confidence before making the Accession final.Nevertheless, we see how these events began the progression of antithetic sentiments against the accession, and against the Indian state. Naturally, the other option was to side with Pakistan, naively taken in by the promises of the two-nation theory, in a state of desperation and confusion that would continue to haunt Kashmiris.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I wrote a research essay on the exodus of the Kashmiri Pandits last year. The first part enumerated and tried to explain the motivations behind such insurgency, and I augmented it with a small personal account as part of another answer on Quora, which I will proceed to quote:The religious-political mobilization of Kashmiri Muslims perhaps started with the theft of the Moe-e-Muqaddas in December 1963. Though the relic was restored a week later, the intervening period saw the law and order of the valley paralyzed. The incident increased the prominence of the Mullahs in politics, with Pakistan giving ready support to them over this crisis (Maheshwari 2-5). Eager to grab this chance, Pakistan launched Operation Gibraltar in 1965, and the first batch of mujahideenstarted crossing over from Azad Kashmir in the winter of that year (Lamb 259).Though Pakistan lost the war, the attempt infused confused Kashmiri youth with rebellious romanticism that percolated to the young and ill-educated (Maheshwari 6). In the early 20th century, Kashmir was trying to break out of feudalism, and pirsand Muslim landlords were discomfited by the strength of Pandits in official positions (Devadas 6-7). Adding to this was the impetus provided by Iran’s revolution and the Afghan jihad.In 1987, after the rigged elections, this secessionist sentiment peaked, and Pakistan, for the first time since 1965, sensed an opportunity in Kashmir, carried on the warhead of religious crusade. Kashmir’s historical sense of ethnic superiority was swept aside by the winds of Islam flowing from Afghanistan and Iran, and the movement for freedom started turning into pure Islamic jihad. Says David Devadas, “Kashmiris could see on Western media how Eastern Europe was lapping up freedom, and theirs would be topped by the divine flavor of the decade: Islam.” (Devadas 173)Kashmiri Hindus and Muslims have a complicated love-hate relationship with a common ancestry and culture, but faith a differentiating factor. The syncretic tolerant culture of Kashmiriyat has prevented open communal conflict in society. In the late 20th century however, tensions rose, and the primary cause of this was unemployment. The Hindus, historically patrons of learning, managed to keep the tradition alive, learning Pashtun, Dogri, Urdu and English, and thus being useful to their rulers. Muslims were kept away from modern education by influential maulvis, and the common Muslim found it hard to obtain education and jobs. Gradually, a Hindu was seen as part of the government, on account of his better skills and opportunities, and thus earned the hate of the majority populace (Wakhlu 380-82).In the insurgency of 1989-90, the struggle shifted from an ethnic one and assumed communal flavour. In the wake of socio-economic frustrations, many terrorist organizations sprung up, with the desperate and confused youth taking to terrorism dressed as revolutionaries. For their cause, eliminating Kashmiri Pandits and wealthy Muslims was paramount, as they were seen as agents of India (Maheshwari 74). Opposing the state’s exclusion from India, they were branded enemies of its Muslim identity and bore the heaviest brunt (Teng, Zadoo).Nascent terrorist groups, plagued by lack of direction, turned to Pakistan for help, and were welcomed, thousands of Kashmiri youth crossing over to receive training and support. Disordered, desperate and cunning, they made it easy for the Jamaat-e-Islami and Pakistan based transnational mujahideen to take over the ideologies of the uprising and bathe it in the colour of jihad (Devadas 212).The very presence of a Pandit in the valley was therefore a challenge to its extensive Islamization and thus its struggle for freedom in a time when religious and ethnic identities were tangled up. Pyarelal Koul says that the exodus of Pandits was clearly caused due to collective intimidation by the Muslim community (Koul 56-57). Extremist leaders considered Pandits to be traitors and their aggressive stance ultimately seeded the ethnic cleansing that drove Pandits out of the valley (Bhat).References:Bhat, Ghulam Rasool. "The Exodus of Kashmiri Pandits and Its Impact." International Journal of Research in Social Sciences & Humanities (2002): 103-116.Devadas, David. In Search of A Future. New Delhi: Penguin, 2007.Gadoo, Chaman Lal and Mohan Krishen Teng. White Paper on Kashmir. New Delhi: Jeoffrey & Bell Inc. Publishers, 1996.Koul, Pyarelal. Kashmir - Trail and Travail. New Delhi: Suman Publications, 1996.Lamb, Alastair. Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy 1846-1990. Hertfordshire: Roxford Books, 1991.Maheshwari, Anil. Crescent Over Kashmir. Delhi: 1993, Rupa & Co.Wakhlu, Khem Lata. Kashmir: Behind The White Curtain. New Delhi: Konark Publishers, 1992.***My father's family lived in this town in North Kashmir called Sopore. We had a big house by the Jhelum. It had many rooms, gardens and spacious compounds. Since our departure, the house has been taken over by the Indian Army. Their barracks and base are set up there, and last I heard, they pay us a meagre rent for their forced occupation.My grandfather was then a high ranking official in the municipality of Sopore. His father was a well-known name through all Kashmir. True to the theme of targeting prominent Pandits, they were given multiple death threats, and once my grandfather's office was also made the target of a crude bomb attack.My mother's family had a mansion in the center of Srinagar, in a locality called Karan Nagar. We went there in 2004, and we saw a half-constructed mall in its place. The beautiful house, constructed by my mother's grandfather, a minister in the court of Hari Singh, had been demolished without ceremony.My mother remembers how it was unsafe to remain out in the dark as a Pandit girl. She was doing her internship, and she would never be sure if she would return home in the evening.Entire properties and belongings of many Pandit families faced the same fate. My mother says they had this humongous collection of old and rare books that had to be left behind. The fleeing minority had to let go of anything they could not carry on their person. Every outgoing truck carried so many broken homes.Pandits were in the minority, and were scared. Never ones for conflict, most families quietly fled their homeland, taking all they could. The message was everywhere: in warnings blared out from mosques, hit-lists stuck on walls and doors, and in the threatening whispers that abounded. Their young were being killed and mutilated, their daughters raped and bloodied. They saw no other way but to save their lives and make a run for it.Luckily, we had land in Delhi and Gurgaon. We came here and settled. My mother's family settled in Jammu. Many others were not half as lucky, and still rot and die in migrant camps.This story has been lost and buried long ago, eclipsed by the cries of human rights violations in Kashmir by the Army. The media chose to forget the story of the original inhabitants of the valley, who were finally driven out as a result of intimidation through selective genocide. The ones who live there now conveniently forget their war against the Pandits which began this macabre period in Kashmiri history, and whine about the presence of the Army in "their" land. Hypocrites.The story is a painful one, full of loss and gore, riddled with personal grievances, and lost dreams. Unfortunately, it remains an unspoken spectre in popular media, and a nonexistent episode in public memory.Wail of a Valley-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The insurgency brought the iron hand of the Indian state to control Kashmir. Military presence was unprecedentedly high, and the AFSPA gave Indian forces the right to use force on disturbing elements, arrest without warrants, and exercise other inhuman treatments, modeled on laws formulated to curb the Quit India Movement by the British.Cries of gross human rights violations by the Indian forces, including mass killings, brutal torture, disappearances, extrajudicial killings and rape have been echoing since before 1990.I will expand upon two particularly horrific incidents:The Gawkadal MassacreUpon the appointment of Jagmohan as governor, massive raids were conducted by the Indian Army, aimed at weeding out alleged militants and illegal weapons. Angered by this ruthless roughing up of the general population, people took to the streets the next day, and were fired upon by the CRPF, on Gawkadal Bridge in Srinagar, leading to a death toll of 50.Gawakadal massacreThe Kunan Poshpore IncidentFebruary 23, 1991: Units of the Indian Army launched massive interrogation operations in the Kunan Poshpore village in the Kupwara district, allegedly mass-raping more than 100 women.Conflicting investigations have distorted any conclusions to be drawn, like most of Kashmir's murky recent past. The Wikipedia page has extensive references, and I urge you to go through the same:Kunan Poshpora incidentThe Wiki page on Human Rights Abuses in J&K gives a good overview of the same, along with a chilling, chronologically arranged table inlay on the right of the page, listing major incidents:Human rights abuses in Jammu and KashmirA few acquaintances I have from my generation who have grown up in Kashmir show an extreme dislike for the Indian state and its forces. They say they have seen these excesses and atrocities with their own eyes, and cannot help but hate India.Forgive me, for perspective is something I can only offer from my side, as a Kashmiri Pandit, who has never lived in Kashmir. To cover the point of view of those who live there, I have attempted to give a factual report of the atrocities alleged to abound in Kashmir.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------In epilogue, I will present my own gleanings on the complicated issue in Kashmir, which I formed as a result of my research on the exodus.I feel that Kashmiris are essentially confused about their position on what they want. They want to use India's resources but harbour strong pro-Pakistan sentiment, which I feel comes from the historically seeded antagonization of the Indian state, beginning from the accession perceived as illegitimate. Playing on this desperation and confusion, Pakistani forces planted the insurgency as an attempt to Islamize the state and steal it from India through dreams of a widespread popular uprising. Though the aborigines of Kashmir were intimidated into leaving, the overbearing force used by India suppressed this projected uprising.In the confused attempt, Kashmiris incurred the inhumane wrath of the Indian forces, and a continued struggle with no aim, no strong basis, and based upon the cornerstones of further confused, mashed-up and botched up ethnic and religious bases, and bombarded by torture, killings and disappearances by an enemy that was too strong for them, the population lost their fervour of the romantic uprising for Azadi.I sometimes pity that population, for like a naive kid lured by a kidnapper using candy, they let Pakistan play on their desperation, and their history of poor rule, to advance its pipe dream of snatching Kashmir from India as a political prize to vindicate their raison d'etre, the two-nation theory.In their confusion and the hurry to separate from the Indian state, they started an era of gore and violence, bred violence and destruction in their state when other regions in India were blooming in development and growth, and inspired further isolation and prejudice from the general Indian, also managing to drive out a historically significant community, puncturing the beautiful fabric of Kashmiriyat.Like a boisterous kid who becomes destructive only to lose energy, the people became disillusioned with the insurgency, and people began to settle down, focusing on real problems like jobs and growth. In recent times, peace has returned to the valley, military presence has decreased, and the atmosphere has become more open. Cafes have opened on the streets of Srinagar, where youngsters share conversations over coffee. People have started going out, enjoying, staying out late. Things my parents never imagined would happen in Kashmir. People realize that peace is the way to go.I talked of the historical, anthropological and cultural motivations for Azadi earlier, which in my opinion have weight, but are absolutely weightless in the modern political scenario. They do not provide an argument strong enough for an enveloped land to remain independent in a geopolitically precarious region wedged between powerful states. I do not think Azadi is a viable solution. Neither do I think joining Pakistan will do, for I think Pakistan is culturally very different, and also different in terms of religion, which puts paid to its insistence of having Kashmir on the basis of Muslim majority, and it is a nation that is struggling with its own problems galore.For interested readers, a list of links and books: http://www.quora.com/What-exactly-is-the-situation-in-Kashmir-for-Hindus-and-Muslims-Answers-from-Kashmiris-will-be-especially-appreciated/answer/Himanish-Ganjoo/comment/4858599?srid=XdNP&share=1