Part Number Description Unit Qty Case Qty: Fill & Download for Free

It is very important to give priority to poultry development in the Animal husbandry sector because the egg production of the State at present is 108 crore while the consumption is 473 crore per year. Similarly requirement of chicken meat is met by procuring and rearing about 10 crore one day old broiler chicks annually. Indian Nutritional Academy, Hyderabad has suggested consumption of 182 eggs per head per annum as standard. The National availability is 53 eggs while in U.P. it is 22 eggs. Similarly the standard suggested for chicken meat consumption is 11.00 kg, the National availability is 2.20 kg and for U.P. it is 0.987 kg per head per anuum. This clearly reflects the huge gap in requirement & availability. Though the State have enormous potential and conducive environment for poultry development yet only Backyard Poultry is developing steadily in the State. Inspite of rich resources like availability of maize grain, other poultry feed ingredients, plenty of man power, huge market, steep rise in poultry product consumption; development of entrepreneurship in poultry sector is not taking required pace in the State. Therefore, for the development of entrepreneurship and making state self sufficient by providing incentives and creating investor friendly environment, the State Govt. has proposed bankable schemes for establishment of 123 lac commercial layer and 6 lac parent broiler birds in next five years. In the scheme measures have been taken for financial relief through required poultry policy initiatives.2. Name of the Schemes(i) Establishment of Commercial Layer Farm(ii) Establishment of Parent Broiler Farm2.1 Establishment of Commercial Layer Farms In the first stage 123 lac commercial layer birds units will be established in five years in order to produce nearly 365 crore eggs for making State self sufficient in egg production. 2.1.1 Thirty thousand birds shall be considered as one unit. Entrepreneur may establish more than one unit and will be entitled for getting 10% interest subvention on the term loan for five years (60 months) to the maximum of Rs. 40.00 lac per unit. In case amount of term loan is less, then 10% subvention in interest will be calculated on actual amount of term loan taken and in any case it will never be more than Rs. 40.00lacs per unit in five years (60 months). Cost of one Unit of 30000 Layer Birds is Rs. 180.00 lac. Bank loan (TL+CC) = 126.00 lac (70%. Margin Money - INR = 54.00 lac (30%) 2.2 Establishment of Parent Broiler Farms With the objective of making broiler farming more profitable and organised and making state self sufficient in broiler chicks production, establishment of six lac broiler parent birds farm in next five years will be encouraged in order to produce nearly 972 lac chicks within the State. 2.2.1 Ten thousand birds shall be considered as one unit. Entrepreneur may establish more than one unit and the entrepreneur will be entitled for getting 10% interest subvention on the term loan for five years (60 months) to the maximum of Rs. 45.00 lac per unit. In case amount of term loan is less the 10% subvention in interest will be calculated on actual amount of term loan taken and in any case it will never be more than Rs. 45.00 lacs per unit in five years (60 months). Cost of Project of one Unit (10000 Birds) = Rs. 206.50 lac. Bank loan 70% = 145.00 lac, Margin Money 30% = 61.50 lac 3. Effective date of the Scheme- The benefit of the scheme will be effective from 17.06.2013 (date of release of Govt. Notification). No. 2280/Thirty Seven-2-2013-1(45)/12 APPLICABLE FOR BOTH SCHEME 4. Eligibility • No domicile restriction. • Scheme is open for every one residing in India or abroad. • NRI's and entrepreneurs from other countries are also eligible. • Individual/partnership/groups/companies are also eligible. • Any body applying for the establishment of units must have land in his name. (a)No of Units one can opt:- • There is no upper limit for number of units , any body can opt for any number of units. • The total number of birds at a farm must be in multiple of one unit. • There is no need of establishing one unit far from second or third unit. (b)Incentives 1. Interest subvention:- Entrepreneurs will be entitled for getting 10 point percent interest subvention on loan (TL+CC) taken from bank for five years (60 months) from first installment repayment to bank to the maximum of Rs. 40.00 lac per unit. This benefit will multiply with number of units. 2. Exemption from Stamp Duty • 100% exemption in the stamp duty on purchasing of the land for poultry units maximum area is 3 acre land/unit in the case of Commercial Layer and 6 acre/unit in the case of Broiler Parent. 3. Exemption of Electricity Duty Provision has been made to provide following benefits on electricity bill to these units. Commercial Layer one Unit @ Rs. 1200/- per month for 10 years Broiler Parent one Unit @ Rs. 2400/- per month for 10 years 4. Rebate in CST & VAT In units where capital investment is more than Rs. 5.00 crore then the poultry unit will be eligible get interest free loan (IFS) equal to the total amount of CST and VAT deposited from the date of first sale upto 10 years and this amount will be repayed as full amount by the entrepreneur after 7 year from the date of receiving the loan. Exemption from Mandi Tax If the investment in plant, machinery and spare parts in the new unit is more than Rs. 5.00 crore then such unit will get exemption from Mandi Fees on purchase of raw materials for 5 years as per food processing policy-2012 of U.P. 5. The Poultry Entrepreneurs will also get following benefits. 5.1 Under the schemes 100 percent stamp duty exemption will be given on purchase of land in any part of the state (maximum 3 acre for one layer unit and 6 acre for one unit of broiler parent bird) for which furnishing of Bank guarantee and a certificate from the Chief Veterinary Officer of the concerned district will be mandatory. U.P. Govt. order Kar Evam Nibandhan Anubhag-7 Notification NO. K.N. 7- 344/11/2012/312(98)/2012 Lucknow dated 01-04-2013 5.2 Electricity duty for these unit will be exempted for 10 years up to the limit as prescribed by U.P. Govt. Order. Energy Section-3 No. 1026/Thirty Seven-P-3-2013 Lucknow Dated 12 June 2013 5.3 In case the capital investment on establishment of poultry unit is more than Rs 5.00 crore, then the poultry unit will get interest free loan equal to the total amount of Central Sales Tax and VAT deposited from the date of first sale upto 10 years and will be repayed as full amount by the entrepreneur after 7 years from the date of distribution of loan. U.P. Govt. Order No. 1854/37-2-2013-1(45)/12 T.C. 5.4 Similarly, if the investment in plant, machinery and spare parts in the new unit is more than Rs. 5.00 crore, then such unit will get exemption from Mandi Fees on purchase of raw materials for 5 years as per food processing policy- 2012 of U.P. 6. Application form available on website shall be submitted to Director, Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh, Gokarannath Road, Badshah Bagh, Lucknow Proforma 'A' is for Commercial Layer Farming. Proforma 'B' is for Parent Broiler Farming For details contact to the Director, Department of Animal Husbandry, Gokrannath Road, Badshah Bagh, Lucknow, U.P. Telephone No. 0522-2740238, 0522-2740482, Fax-0522- 2740202. Investors can also contact on Toll Free No. 1800 180 5141, 0522-2741991, 0522- 2741992 and Fax No 0522-2740832. You can also visit on department http://websitehttp://animalhusb.up.nic.in for information. Contact Person- Dr. A.U. Qidwai-08090396756, [email protected], Dr. V.K. Sinha-09839300136, [email protected] Dr. Jaikesh Pandey- 09451374055 Proforma-A Department of Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow. Uttar Pradesh Poultry Project-2013 (UPGovt. No. 13 eq0l@lSrhl&2&2013&1¼45½@12Vh0lh0 fnukad 15 ebZ 2013 iSjk&6½ Format For Submission of Scheme Layer Farm 1. General i. Name of the sponsoring bank ii. Address of the controlling office sponsoring the scheme iii. Nature and objectives of the proposed scheme iv. Details of proposed investments http://S.No. Investment No of Units (a) (b) (c) v. Specification of the scheme area (Name & Block/s) http://S.No. District Block vi. Names of the financing bank's branches (Nationalized Bank) http://S.No. Name of Branches District (a) (b) (c) vii. Status of beneficiaries (individual/Partnership/Company/ Corporation/Co-operative Society/Others viii. Details of borrower's profile Photo (a) Capability (b) Experience (c) Financial Soundness (d) Technical/Other Special Qualifications (e) Technical/Managerial Staff and adequacy thereof Separate paper can be used for submitting information where ever necessary PROJECT REPORT LAYER FARM 2. Technical Aspects a) Location Land and Land Development i) Location details of the project ii) Total Area of land and its cost iii) Site Map iv) Particulars of land development, fencing gates etc b) Civil Structures Detailed cost estimates along with measurements of various civil structures - Sheds for Birds - Store room - Dressing room - Office room - Quarters for staff - Others c) Equipment/Plant and Machinery i) Feeders ii) Waterers iii) Generator iv) Feed grinder and mixer v) Debeaker vi) Vaccinator vii) Fridge/Deep Freezer viii) other equipment if necessary ix) Truck/Van/Jeep (Price quotations for the above equipment x) Others d) Housing i) Type of housing Deep Litter/Cages/ Environment controlled ii) Area required (Sqft/bird) e) Birds i) Location details of the project ii) No of birds to be purchased iii) Source of purchase cost of bird iv) Rs. per bird v) Vaccination of purchased birds vi) Proposed programme of replacement f) Production Parameters i) Standard Egg Production ii) Feed efficiency (kg of feed/No of eggs produced) iii Mortality g) Bird placement shedule/Chart Dates to be appended PROJECT REPORT LAYER FARM h) Feeding i) Source of availability Purchased or own feed manufacturing ii) If Purchased a) Place of purchase b) Brand c) Cost (Rs. / kg) - Chick - Grower - Layer iii) If manufactured on farm a) capacity of feed grinder and mixer b) source raw material iv) c) Feed Formula d) Cost of Production (Rs. /kg) - Chick -Grower -Layer Requirement (kg per bird) - Chick - Grower - Layer i) Veterinary Aid i) Source ii) Location iii) Distance (km) iv) Availability of staff v) Type of facilities available vi) If own arrangements are made a) Employment a veterinary/doctor/stockman/ consultant b) Periodicity of visit c) Amount Paid (Rs) vii) Expenditure per bird per cycle (Rs) j) Electricity i) Source SCB/Other ii) Approval from electricity board iii) Connected load iv) Problems of power failure v) Arrangements for generator k) Water i) Source ii) Quality of water iii Availability of sufficient quantity for drinking and cleaning iv If investment has to be made type of structure, design and cost l) Marketing of Eggs i) Source of sale ii) Place of disposal iii) Distance (km) iv) Basis of payment (Number or weight) iv) Price realized - (Rs./kg/egg) v) Periodicity of payment m) Marketing of Other products i) Manure - Qty/bird price per unit (Rs/Qt) ii) Empty gunny bags Number and cost/bag n) Beneficiary experience o) Comments on technical feasibility p) Government restrictions if any 3. Financial Aspects i) Unit Cost SNo. Name of Investment Physical Unit and specification Unit cost with component wise breakup (Rs) ii) Down payment/margin iii) Year wise physical & financial programme Year Investment Physical units (Rs) Unit Cost (Rs) Total outlay /(Rs) Margin (Rs) Bank loan (Rs) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 iv) Financial viability (Comment on the cash flow projection on a farm mode/unit Particulars a) Internal Rate of Return (IRR) b) Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) c) Net Present Worth (NPW) v) Financial position of the borrower's (to be furnished in case of corporate bodies/partnership firms) a. Profitability ratio i. GP ratio ii. NP ratio b. Debt equity ratio c. Whether Income tax & other obligations are paid upto date d. Whether audit is upto date (enclosed copies of audited financial statements for the last three years) vi) Lending Terms i) Rate of interest ii) Grace period iii) Repayment period iv) Nature security v) Availability of Government Guarantee wherever necessary 4. Infrastructural Facilities a) Availability of technical staff with bank/ implementing authority for monitoring b) Details of i) Technical guidance ii) Training Facilities iii) Govt. support extension support c) Insurance type of policy Periodicity Rate of premium Annexure- A-I Economic of Layer Farming - At a Glance 1. Unit Size 2. System of rearing 3. District 4. Unit cost (Rs) 5. Bank Loan (Rs) 6. Margin Money (Rs) 7. Repayment period (Years) 8. Interest rate (%) 9. BCR at 15% DF 10. NPW at 15% DF (Rs) 11. IRR (%) Annexure A-II Economic of Layers Farming - Investment Plan SNo. Description Main Points Physical Unit Unit Investment (Rs/Unit) Total Investment 1. Shed and other constructions A. Brooder cum grower shed B. Layer Shed C. Store Room 2. Watering system (Moter Pump pipeline etc.) 3. Other requirements Brooder , Grower , Layer House 4. Investment for first 3 batches recurring expenditure a. Cost chicks b. Cost of feed c. Medication, litter, labour etc 5. Total Financial Investment 6. Margin Money (30%) 7. Bank Loan (70%) Annexure A-III Economic of Layer Farming - Techno Economic Parameters 1. No of egg laying birds (Layers) 2. Relating period (weeks) Brooding cum Growing 3. No of batches 4. Space requirement per bird (sft) Brooding cum Growing Laying Period 5. Cost of construction of sheds (Rs/Sqft) 6. Store room area to be constructed (Sqft) 7. Cost of construction of store room(Rs/Bird) 8. Cost of equipments and other requirements (Rs/Bird) Brooding , Growing and Cages 9. Mortality Percentage (%) 10. Cost of DOCs (Rs/Chick) 11. Supply of free chicks (%) 12. Extra Purchased (%) 13. Feed requirement (kg/bird) Brooding stage, growing stage Laying Stage 14 Feed cost (Rs/kg) Chicks/Grower Mash Layer Mash 15 Expenditure on labour (Rs/month) 16 Over heads cost (Cost of medicines, vaccine, Insurance litter etc) (Rs/bird) Brooding , growing stage Laying Stage 17 Egg Production 18 Price of Egg (Rs/Egg) 19 Body weight of disposable birds (kg) 20 Sale price of disposable birds (Rs/bird) 21 Income from manure (Rs/bird) Brooding , growing stage Laying stage 22 No of gunny bag (per ton of feed) 23 Income from gunny bags (Rs/bag) 24 Depreciation on sheds (%) 25 Depreciation on equipment (%) 26 Margin Money (%) 27 Interest rate (%) 28 Repayment period (years) 29 Grace period (years) 30 Construction period (months) 31 Rest period for sheds (weeks) Brooder , grower stage Laying Period Name and address of the entrepreneur............ contact no.................. signature of entrepreneur................................. Proforma-B Department of Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow. Uttar Pradesh Poultry Project-2013 (UPGovt. No. 13 eq0l@lSrhl&2&2013&1¼45½@12Vh0lh0 fnukad 15 ebZ 2013 iSjk&6½ Format For Submission of Scheme Broiler Parent Farm 1. General i. Name of the sponsoring bank ii. Address of the controlling office sponsoring the scheme iii. Nature and objectives of the proposed scheme iv. Details of proposed investments http://S.No. Investment No of Units (a) (b) (c) v. Specification of the scheme area (Name & Block/s) http://S.No. District Block vi. Names of the financing bank's branches (Nationalized Bank) http://S.No. Name of Branches District (a) (b) (c) vii. Status of beneficiaries (individual/Partnership/Company/ Corporation/Co-operative Society/Others Photo viii. Details of borrower's profile (a) Capability District (b) Experience (c) Financial Soundness (d) Technical/Other Special Qualifications (e) Technical/Managerial Staff and adequacy thereof Separate paper can be used for submitting information where ever necessary PROJECT REPORT BROILER PARENT FARM 2. Technical Aspects a) Location Land and Land Development i) Location details of the project ii) Total Area of land and its cost iii) Site Map iv) Particulars of land development, fencing gates etc b) Civil Structures Detailed cost estimates along with measurements of various civil structures - Sheds for Birds - Store room - Dressing room - Office room - Quarters for staff - Others c) Equipment/Plant and Machinery i) Feeders ii) Waterers iii) Generator iv) Feed grinder and mixer v) Debeaker vi) Vaccinator vii) Fridge/Deep Freezer viii) Dressing equipment if necessary ix) Truck/Van/Jeep (Price quotations for the above equipment x) Others d) Housing i) Type of housing Deep Litter/Cages/ Environment controlled ii) Area required (Sqft/bird) e) Birds i) Location details of the project ii) No of birds to be purchased iii) Source of purchase cost of bird iv) Rs. per bird v) Vaccination of purchased birds vi) Proposed programme of replacement f) Production Parameters i) Standard Chick Production per female ii) Feed efficiency (kg of feed/No of eggs produced) iii Mortality g) Bird Chart Date to be appended PROJECT REPORT BROILER PARENT h) Feeding i) Source of availability Purchased of own feed manufacturing ii) If Purchased d) Place of purchase e) Brand f) Cost (Rs. / kg) - Chick - Grower - Breeder iii) iv) If Manufactured on farm a) capacity of feed grinder and mixer b) source raw material c) Feed Formula d) Cost of Production (Rs. /kg) - Chick -Grower -Breeder Requirement (kg per bird) - Chick - Grower - Breeder i) Veterinary Aid i) Source ii) Location iii) Distance (km) iv) Availability of staff v) Type of facilities available vi) If own arrangements are made d) Employment a veterinary/doctor/stockman/ consultant e) Periodicity of visit f) Amount Paid (Rs) vii) Expenditure per bird per cycle (Rs) j) Electricity i) Source SCB/Other ii) Approval from electricity board iii) Connected load iv) Problems of power failure v) Arrangements for generator k) Water i) Source ii) Quality of water iii Availability of sufficient quantity for drinking and cleaning iv If investment has to be made type of struture, design and cost l) Marketing of Eggs i) Source of sale ii) Place of disposal iii) Distance (km) iv) Basis of payment (Number or weight) iv) Price relased - (Rs./kg/egg) v) Periodicity of payment m) Marketing of Other products i) Manure - Qty/bird price per unit (Rs/Qt) ii) Empty gunny bags Number and cost/bag n) Beneficiary experience o) Comments on technical feasibility p) Government restrictions if any 3. Financial Aspects vii)Unit Cost SNo. Name of Investment Physical Unit and specification Unit cost with component wise breakup (Rs) viii) Down payment/margin ix) Year wise physical & financial programme Year Investment Physical units (Rs) Unit Cost (Rs) Total outlay (Rs) Margin (Rs) Bank loan (Rs) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x) Financial viability (Comment on the cash flow projection on a farm mode/unit Particulars d) Internal Rate of Return (IRR) e) Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) f) Net Present Worth (NPW) xi) Financial position of the borrower's (to be furnished in case of corporate bodies/partnership firms) e. Profitability ratio iii. GP ratio iv. NP ratio f. Debt equity ratio g. Whether Income tax & other obligations are paid upto date h. Whether audit is upto date (enclosed copies of audited financial statements for the last three years) xii)Lending Terms vi) Rate of interest vii)Grace period viii) Repayment period ix) Nature security x) Availability of Government Guarantee wherever necessary 4. Infrastructural Facilities a) Availability of technical staff with bank/ implementing authority for monitoring b) Details of i) Technical guidance ii) Training Facilities iii) Govt. support extension support c) Insurance type of policy Periodicity Rate of premium Annexure- B-I Economic of Parent Broiler Farming - At a Glance 1. Unit Size 2. System of rearing 3. District 4. Unit cost (Rs) 5. Bank Loan (Rs) 6. Margin Money (Rs) 7. Repayment period (Years) 8. Interest rate (%) 9. BCR at 15% DF 10. NPW at 15% DF (Rs) 11. IRR (%) Annexure B-II Economic of Broiler Parent Farming - Investment Plan SNo. Description Main Points Physical Unit Unit Investment (Rs/Unit) Total Investment 1. Shed and other constructions A. Brooder cum grower shed B. Layer Shed C. Store Room 2. Watering system (Moter, Pump pipeline) 3. Other Requirements Brooding cum Growing House Laying House 4. Investment for first 3 batches recurring expenditure a. Cost chicks b. Cost of feed c. Medication, litter, labour etc 5. Total Financial Investment 6. Margin Money (30%) 7. Bank Loan (70%) Annexure B-III Economic of Broiler Parent Farming - Techno Economic Parameters 1. No of egg laying birds (Parent Female) 2. Relating period (weeks) Brooding cum growing 3. No of batches 4. Space requirement per bird (sft) Brooding cum growing Laying Period 5. Cost of construction of sheds (Rs/Sqft) 6. Store room construction (Sqft) 7. Cost of construction of store room(Rs/Bird) 8. Cost of equipments and other requirements (Rs/Bird) brooding cum growing house Cages 9. Mortality Percentage (%) 10. Cost of DOCs (Rs/Chick) 11. Supply of free chicks (%) 12. Extra Purchased (%) 13. Feed requirement (kg/bird) Brooding cum growing stage Laying Stage 14 Feed cost (Rs/kg) Chicks/Grower Mash Breeder Mash 15 Expenditure on labour (Rs/month) (one labourer) 16 Over heads cost (Cost of medicines, vaccine, Insurance litter etc) (Rs/bird) Brooding cum growing stage Laying Stage 17 Chick Production 18 Price of Chicks (Rs/Chick) 19 Body weight of disposable birds (kg) 20 Sale price of disposable birds (Rs/bird) 21 Income from manure (Rs/bird) Brooding cum growing stage Laying stage 22 No of gunny bag (per ton of feed) 23 Income from gunny bags (Rs/bag) 24 Depreciation on sheds (%) 25 Depreciation on equipment (%) 26 Margin Money (%) 27 Interest rate (%) 28 Repayment period (years) 29 Grace period (years) 30 Construction period (months) 31 Rest period for sheds (weeks) Brooder cum grower stage Layer Period Name and address of the entrepreneur............ Contact no.................. Signature of entrepreneur................................. ANNEXURE-C INFORMATION FROM THE CONTROLLING OFFICE OF THE NATIONALIZED BANK IN RESPECT OF BANK LOAN SANCTION UNDER POULTRY PROJECT-2013 UPGOVT. DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP (To be submitted to the Director/CEO UPPDB) NAME OF THE BANK DATE: TOTAL AMOUNT OF CURRENT CLAIM: Details of Current Claim: (Rs.) Particulars Name and address of the Entrepreneur (P) indicate district also) Adhar no of the entrepreneur (if available) Location of the Project (indicate the district) Whether SC/ST/Women Bank/Branch address (indicate district also) with BSR Code Loan A/C No. Date of sanction Purpose of Loan Unit size Total Financial Outlay Margin Bank Loan Repayment prescribed Rate of Interest Date of release of 1st installment of loan Amount released (Rs) Interest Subsidy Claimed Any other information relevant to the project 1. We undertake having complied with all the instructions contained in UPGovt. circular No. 13 eq0l@lSrhl&2&2013&1¼45½@12Vh0lh0 Dated 15 ebZ 2013 (and subsequent modifications made by UPGovt/UPPDB) regarding operational guidelines of the scheme while sanctioning above proposals. 2. We request you to release an amount of Rs. ................................ (Rupees ) as Interest Subsidy in respect of the above entrepreneurs. Place : Date : Seal and signature of the Branch Manager (Financing Bank) Signature and seal Authorized signatory Controlling Office of the Bank Annexure-D Format for Utilization Certificate - Capital Subsidy (For the use of financing bank (Nationalized Bank) to be submitted to the Director/CEO Poultry Project-2013 UPGovt. Development of Poultry Entrepreneurship) 1. Name address of the beneficiary and location of the project 2. Name of the financing bank 3. Name & address of the financing branch 4. Date of sanction of loan by Bank 5. Date of field monitoring of the unit by the Bank 6. Date of completion of the unit 7. (i) Total financial outlay Rs. (ii) Margin Money Rs . (iii) Bank Loan Rs. (iv) Interest Subsidy received Date of receipt Amount Date of credit from Director/CEO (Rs) to the "Subsidy Reserve Fund A/C" of the borrower 8. Brief description of assets created 9. Rate of interest charged by the financial Bank % p.a. 10. This is to certify that the full amount of capital subsidy received in respect of the above project has been fully utilized and adjusted in the books of account under the sanctioned terms and conditions of the project within the overall guidelines of the scheme. Place Date Seal and signature of the Branch Manager (Financing Bank)

Hii ,Button Mushroom (Agaricus spp.) is the most popular mushroom variety grown and consumed the world over. In India, its production earlier was limited to the winter season, but with technology development, these are produced almost throughout the year in small, medium and large farms, adopting different levels of technology. The species being grown in most farms is the white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) belonging to Class Basidiomycetes and Family Agaricaceae.2. OBJECTIVEThe main objective of the exercise is to present a small scale viable bankable model production unit through adoption of appropriate technology, utilization of resources and suitable market strategy.3. BACKGROUND3.1 Origin Cultivation of button mushrooms (A.bisporus) started in the sixteenth century. However, on a commercial scale, the cultivation was initiated in Europe around 17th Century. Many farms for production of button mushrooms were established and this variety still dominates the world production and consumption. India, with its diverse agroclimate conditions and abundance of agricultural wastes, has been producing mushrooms, mainly for the domestic market, for more than four decades. Commercial production picked up in the nineties and several hi-tech export oriented farms were set up with foreign technology collaborations. But major share of mushroom production is still on small farms.3.2 Botanical Description The vegetative mycelium is composed of many inter-woven sepatate hyphae. The reproductive phase is initiated by the formation of small knob like swellings at different points of interwoven mycelial strands. These swellings increase in size and break through the surface of the substratum as small balls constituting the button stage. A matured basidiocarp (fruit body) is whitish in colour and consists of thick short stipe with an annulus. The stipe supports the pileus which appears as a hat like expansion. On the underside of the pileus, a number of radiating gills or lamella are present which are pink when young but purple-brown when mature.3.3 Production Status Large scale white button mushroom production is centred in Europe (mainly western part), North America (USA, Canada) and S.E. Asia (China, Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan and India). The national annual production of mushrooms is estimated to be around 50,000 tonnes with 85 percent of this production being of button mushrooms.3.4 Economic Importance Mushrooms are highly proteinaceous and are used as food. The white button mushroom is sold as fresh mushroom or is canned and made into soups, sauces and other food products. Protein in mushrooms have 60-70 % digestibility and contains all the essential amino acids. It has medicinal properties also. A high amount of retene is present in the button mushroom which is supposed to have an antagonistic effect on some forms of tumours.4. MARKET ANALYSIS AND STRATEGY4.1 Demand and Supply Patterns White button mushrooms are grown all over the world and account for 35-45 % of the total mushroom production. In India, large units with production capacities between 2000 – 3000 tonnes / annum, have been set up mainly as export oriented units in the southern, western and northern regions. A large number of small units without climatic control equipment exist throughout India and function during the autumn and winter months only.A big gap exists between the demand and supply position of white button mushrooms in the United States and European market. India exports the highest quantity of the mushroom produced in the country to USA. Netherlands and China account for 60% of the export of mushrooms. Germany is the largest importer and France and UK are large producers as well as consumers.The demand for fresh mushroom is increasing in the international market while that of preserved or canned mushrooms is decreasing. The trend in export of mushrooms (fresh and dried/preserved form) from India during the period 1999-2000 to 2001-2002 is depicted in the graphs below.The possibilities of exporting fresh mushrooms to the markets in Middle East, Europe and USA need to be explored. Europe is a very large producer of fresh button mushrooms as such only some exotic varieties of mushrooms which are high priced can be exported to these countries. However, some inhibiting factors are high cost of transportation and absence of proper pre-cooling techniques and storage facilities.Marketing problem is experienced in the winter months (December- February) when more than 75% of the annual production comes in market for sale in limited duration and market area. Farmers face the consequences of over-saturated market and are forced to sell their produce at a cheaper price. The commercial units need to establish mushroom processing unit so that during peak periods when there is glut of mushrooms in the market, the growers can resort to preservation of mushroom and as such fluctuation in prices will not affect the project economy.The price of fresh mushrooms during May-June in different markets viz. Chandigarh, Delhi and Mumbai varies between Rs.50 and Rs.100 /kg. Any mushroom unit located in and around the main markets should be able to make sufficient profit as they can save on transportation of produce.4.2 Import / Export Trends Netherlands is the leading exporter of button mushrooms (40% share) followed by China, France, Spain, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Indonesia and South Korea. USA is the largest consumer accounting for one third of World production. Other important consumers are Germany, UK, France, Italy and Canada. The quantity of mushrooms exported by India in comparison to the world export is almost negligible. The following tables 1& 2 gives the export status of fresh and dried mushrooms.Table-1: Country-wise quantity and value of fresh mushroomsexported from India during 2001 – 02.(Qty: tonnes; Value: Rs lakhs)CountryFresh MushroomsQuantityValueIreland40.8014.55Singapore0.050.02U.A.E0.050.01U.S.A11756.735090.72Total11797.635105.30Source: APEDA, New DelhiTable-2: Country-wise quantity and value of preserved/driedmushrooms exported from India during 2001 – 02(Qty: tonnes; Value: Rs lakhs)CountryPreserved/dried mushroomsQuantityValueFrance40.0041.64Japan1.0010.36Nigeria6.585.59Russia11.0016.33Switzerland1.006.38U.A.E10.014.08U.S.A4029.662057.16Total4099.252142.25Source: APEDA, New DelhiThe most important importers of white button mushroom are Germany, USA, France, U.K. and Sweden. Canned button mushrooms are imported by UK, Germany, France, USA, Sweden etc. Asian countries like China, Taiwan, Korea export their produce to the American and European countries in the form of canned mushrooms.4.3 Analysis and Future Strategy Marketing of mushrooms in India is not yet organized. It is the simple system of producers selling directly to retailer or even to the consumer. Wholesale distributor is mostly missing. However, trade in the processed (canned and dried) is sizeable and organized. In other countries 10% of the total cost is earmarked for marketing.Production of mushrooms, especially of the white button mushrooms, in India has gone up during recent years creating marketing problems. The market for processed foods has yet to develop in the country and basically fresh fruits and vegetables are preferred. Per capita consumption of mushrooms in India is hardly 5 g. as against over a kg. in developed countries. There has not been any serious effort to promote the product and to strengthen and expand the market in order to increase consumption. The marginal increase in demand is for fresh mushrooms instead of dried/preserved mushrooms. Fresh mushrooms have very short shelf-life and therefore cannot be transported to long distances without refrigerated transport facility. They are sold in the markets in and around the production areas.The cultivation of white button mushrooms throughout the year under controlled condition is restricted to a few commercial units and much of the production is under natural conditions during the winters. Majority of the growers in India do not have pasteurization facility and other sophisticated machinery/infrastructure for round the year production of white button mushroom. As such, button mushroom is cultivatedseasonally when climatic conditions are favourable and production expenses are minimum. Many growers in Haryana, especially in Sonepat, Ambala and Hisar have revolutionized the cultivation of white button mushroom by adopting very simple and cheap technology of construction of mushroom houses (mud houses with thathched roofs). Seasonal growing of white button mushroom in Haryana and Punjab has many advantages like nearness to market, easy and cheap availability of raw material coupled with utilization of family labour. The growers in HP do not use compost prepared by long method because pasteurized compost is readily available from mushroom projects located at Solan and Palampur.5. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY5.1 Agro-climatic Requirements In India, button mushrooms are grown seasonally and in environment controlled cropping houses. White button mushroom requires 20-280 C for vegetative growth (spawn run) and 12-180 C for reproductive growth. Besides that it requires relative humidity of 80-90% and enough ventilation during cropping. Seasonally, it is grown during the winter months in the north-west plains of India and for 8-10 months in a year on the hills. However, with the advent of modern cultivation technology it is now possible to cultivate this mushroom anywhere in India.The growers can take on an average 3-4 crops of white button mushrooms in a year depending upon the type and varieties cultivated. Factors affecting the yield of the crop both in terms of quality and quantity are incidence of pests/pathogens and non-availability of pure quality of spawn.5.2 Growing and Potential Belts The major producing states are Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.5.3 Varieties / Strains Ooty 1 and Ooty (BM) 2 (released in 2002) are the two strains of button mushrooms released for commercial cultivation by the scientists of Horticulture Research Station of the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University at Vijayanagaram, Ooty. The strains which are mostly cultivated in India are S-11, TM-79 and Horst H3.. 5.4 Cultivation Technology The whole process of mushroom production can be divided into the following steps:(i) Spawn production(ii) Compost preparation(iii) Spawning(iv) Spawn running(v) Casing(vi) Fruiting5.4.1 Spawn ProductionSpawn is produced from fruiting culture / stocks of selected strains of mushrooms under sterile conditions. Stock culture may be produced in the lab or may be obtained from other reputed sources. Fruiting culture is mainly imported from various places including foreign sources which give higher yield than Indian strains and the spawn is produced in the lab. The spawn should be of good quality in terms of flavour, texture and size apart from having potential for high yield and longer shelf life.5.4.2 Compost PreparationThe substrate on which button mushroom grows is mainly prepared from a mixture of plant wastes (cereal straw/ sugarcane bagasse etc.), salts (urea , superphosphate / gypsum etc), supplements (rice bran/ wheat bran) and water. In order to produce 1 kg.of mushroom, 220 g. of dry substrate materials are required. It is recommended that each ton of compost should contain 6.6 kg. nitrogen, 2.0 kg. phosphate and 5.0 kg. of potassium (N:P:K- 33: 10:25) which would get converted into 1.98% N, 0.62% P and 1.5% K on a dry weight basis. The ratio of C: N in a good substrate should be 25-30 : 1 at the time of staking and 16-17 : 1 in the case of final compost.(A) Short Method of compostingDuring the first phase of compost preparation, paddy straw is placed in layers and sufficient water is added to the stack along with fertilizers, wheat bran, molasses etc. The whole thing is mixed thoroughly with the straw and made into a stack (almost 5feet high,5 feet wide and of any length can be made with the help of wooden boards). The stack is turned and again watered on the second day. On the fourth day the stack is again turned for the second time by adding gypsum and watered. The third and final turning is given on the twelveth day when the colour of the compost changes into dark brown and it starts emitting a strong smell of ammonia.The second phase is the pasteurization phase .The compost prepared as a result of microbe mediated fermentation process needs to be pasteurized in order to kill undesirable microbes and competitors and to convert ammonia into microbial protein.The whole process is carried out inside a steaming room where an air temperature of 600 C is maintained for 4 hours. The compost finally obtained should be granular in structure with 70% moisture content and pH 7.5. It should have a dark brown colour, sweet unobnoxious smell and free from ammonia, insects and nematodes. After the process is complete, the substrate is cooled down to 250 C.(B) Long Method of compostingThe long method of composting is usually practiced in areas where facilities for steam pasteurization is not available. In this method, the first turning is given about six days after preparation of the substrate for composting. The second turning is given on the tenth day followed by third one on the thirteenth day when gypsum is added. The fourth, fifth and sixth turnings are given on the sixteenth, nineteenth and twenty-second day. On the twenty-fifth day the seventh turning is given by adding 10% BHC (125 g.) and the eighth turning is given on the twenty-eighth day after which it is checked whether there is any smell of ammonia present in the compost. The compost is ready for spawning only if it doesn’t have any smell of ammonia; otherwise a few more turnings are given at an interval of three days till there is no smell of ammonia.5.4.3 SpawningThe process of mixing spawn with compost is called spawning. The different methods followed for spawning are given below:(i) Spot Spawning: Lumps of spawn are planted in 5 cm. deep holes made in the compost at a distance of 20-25 cm. The holes are later covered with compost.(ii) Surface Spawning: The spawn is evenly spread in the top layer of the compost and then mixed to a depth of 3-5 cm. The top portion is covered with a thin layer of compost.(iii) Layer Spawning: About 3-4 layers of spawn mixed with compost are prepared which is again covered with a thin layer of compost like in surface spawning.The spawn is mixed through the whole mass of compost at the rate of 7.5 ml./ kg. compost or 500 to 750 g./ 100 kg. compost (0.5 to 0.75%).5.4.4 Spawn RunningAfter the spawning process is over, the compost is filled in polythene bags(90x90 cm., 150 gauge thick having a capacity of 20-25 kg. per bag)/ trays(mostly wooden trays 1x1/2 m. accommodating 20-30 kg. compost) / shelves which are either covered with a newspaper sheet or polythene. The fungal bodies grow out from the spawn and take about two weeks (12-14 days) to colonise. The temperature maintained in cropping room is 23 ± 20 C. Higher temperature is detrimental for growth of the spawn and any temperature below than that specified for the purpose would result in slower spawn run. The relative humidity should be around 90% and a higher than normal CO2concentration would be beneficial.5.4.5 CasingThe compost beds after complete spawn run should be covered with a layer of soil (casing) about 3-4 cm. thick to induce fruiting. The casing material should be having high porosity, water holding capacity and the pH should range between 7-7.5. Peat moss which is considered to be the best casing material is not available in India, as such the mixtures like garden loam soil and sand (4:1); decomposed cowdung and loam soil (1:1) and spent compost (2-3 years old); sand and lime are commonly used.The casing soil before application should be either pasteurized (at 66-700 C for 7-8 hours), treated with formaldehyde (2%), formaldehyde (2%) and bavistin (75 ppm.) or steam sterilized. The treatment needs to be done at least 15 days before the material is used for casing. After casing is done the temperature of the room is again maintained at 23-280 C and relative humidity of 85-90% for another 8-10 days. Low CO2concentration is favourable for reproductive growth at this stage.5.4.6 FruitingUnder favourable environmental conditions viz. temperature (initially 23 ± 20 C for about a week and then 16 ± 20 C ), moisture (2-3 light sprays per day for moistening the casing layer), humidity( above 85%), proper ventilation and CO2concentration (0.08-0.15 %) the fruit body initials which appear in the form of pin heads start growing and gradually develop into button stage.5.5 Pest & Diseases  The insect pests mostly observed are nematodes, mites and springtails.  The crop is suspect to several diseases like Dry Bubble (brown spot), Wet Bubble (White Mould), Cobweb, Green Mould, False truffle (Truffle disease), Olive green mould, Brown plaster mould and Bacterial blotch.Professional help and extension advice will have to sought by the entrepreneur to adopt appropriate and timely control measures against pests & diseases.5.6 Harvesting and Yield Harvesting is done at button stage and caps measuring 2.5 to 4 cm. across and closed are ideal for the purpose. The first crop appears about three weeks after casing. Mushrooms need to be harvested by light twisting without disturbing the casing soil. Once the harvesting is complete, the gaps in the beds should be filled with fresh sterilized casing material and then watered.About 10-14 kg. fresh mushrooms per 100 kg. fresh compost can be obtained in two months crop. Short method used for preparation of compost under natural conditions gives more yield (15-20 kg. per 100 kg. compost).6. POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT6.1 Packing and Storage (A) Short Term StorageButton mushrooms are highly perishable. Harvested mushrooms are cut at the soil line and washed in a solution of 5g. KMS in 10L. of water for removing the soil particles as well as to induce whiteness. After removing excess water these are packed in perforated poly bags each containing around 250-500 g. of mushrooms. They can be stored in polythene bags at 4-50C for a short period of 3-4 days.The mushrooms are usually packed in unlabelled simple polythene or polypropylene for retail sale. Bulk packaging does not exist. In developed countries, modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and controlled atmosphere packaging (CAP) are in vogue.(B) Long Term StorageWhite button mushrooms are not usually dried by common procedures used in case of oyster, paddy and shitake mushrooms. Canning is the most popular method of preserving the white button mushrooms and sizeable quantity of canned produce are exported to international markets. Besides that, freeze drying, IQF and pickling are also practiced by some units.7. SOURCES OF TECHNOLOGY(i) National Centre for Mushroom, Chambaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh-173213, [Tel: (01792) 30451, 30767]8. ECONOMICS OF A SMALL SCALE MODEL8.1 The demand for Button mushroom is fast increasing in international markets and a big gap exists between supply and demand. There is need to take advantage of this situation by encouraging its production which is a highly viable venture as brought out below:Costs & Returns8.2 The minimum viable production unit will require a land site of 1.5 acres. The cost components of this model along with the basis for costing are exhibited in Annexure I. A summary is given in the figure below. Inclusive of contingencies, the project cost works out to Rs.107 lakhs as below.(Rs. In Lakhs)Project costAmountLand & Site Development5.15Building44.96Plant & Machinery47.00Misc. Fixed Assets0.75Contingency4.88Pre-Operative Cost4.25Total106.998.3 The major components of the model are:· Cost of acquiring land and its development (Rs.5.15 lakhs): The land would have to be acquired in areas well connected to urban markets. On an average the cost of land might be put at Rs.3 lakhs per acre.· Cost of levelling the site (including fencing etc.) would be Rs.0.15 lakhs and cost of putting up guard rooms would be Rs.50 thousand.· Building (Rs.44.96 lakhs): The estimated cost of this component works out to around Rs.45 lakhs, major item being growing room at the cost of Rs.25.92 lakhs.· Plant & Machinery (Rs.47.00 lakhs): The cost of equipping the production unit works out to Rs.30 lakhs, that of compost and casing unit to Rs.7 lakhs and that of installing canning facilities, spawn Lab and other equipments to Rs.10 lakhs.· Miscellaneous Fixed Assets (Rs.0.75 lakhs): This is the estimated cost of building up a communication system and furnishing.· Pre-operative Expenses (Rs.4.25 lakhs): These include professional charges, administrative expenses and other start up expenses.There would be three sources of financing the project as below:Source Rs. LakhsFarmer’s share 53.50Capital subsidy 21.40Term loan 32.10Total 107.008.4 Returns from the Project: Annexure II gives data on production cost and profitability. The yield from the Unit is estimated at 200 tonnes per annum. Valued at Rs.24,000 per tonne, the annual gross return would come to Rs.48 lakhs.Financial Analysis:8.5 The projected balance sheet of the model may be seen at Annexure III while Annexure IV presents a cash flow statement.8.6 Annexure V brings out the project profit and loss account over a 10 year period. It would be seen that after accounting for all costs including depreciation, interest, taxes and retained profit etc., there are net cash accruals every year from year 1 to year 10. These, however, decline slightly over the 10 year period from Rs.20.70 lakhs in the first year to Rs.16.10 lakhs in the final year.

I’d use suffixes, but OK, here’s a bunch:Format:Abbreviation / Name / TypeDescriptionAMT / Amount / AmountA monetary value in [e.g. Australian] currency, stored as [e.g. Australian cents, or Australian dollars and cents to two decimal places].BLOB / Binary Large OBject / ObjectAn object stored in binary format rather than a human-readable format; e.g an image file.CNT / Count / CountAn integer number of objects or things (e.g. line item count, days count).CODE or CD / Code / CodeThe identifier of a code table entry.A code has a defined set of reference values against which input is validated.The default is to store codes as [e.g 3-character, or whatever format your organisation specifies] codes unless there is a good reason to the contrary. For example, Occupation code in ANZSCO (Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations) has a standard of 6 characters.COORD / Coordinate / MiscelleneousA single coordinate of a geocoded point. Geocode coordinates can either be geographic (lat/long) or map grid (X/Y) coordinates. Field names or descriptions must indicate which type is held in the field.The commonest coordinates used are decimal geographic coordinates (NOT map grid coordinates), based on the [e.g. GDA94 datum, or whatever you are using]. This datum covers [e.g. the whole of Australia].[Add other notes specific to your circumstances, e.g. Also recommended is the use of 12-character fields to support geocodes sourced from the Geocoded National Address File (G-NAF). Note that values of south latitude are negative; the negative sign should be stored as part of the 12 characters.]DATE or DT / Date / DateA standard date indicating day, month and year.The default is [e.g. a standard reverse Gregorian date, or whatever date format your organisation specifies].DAYS / Days / DateTime duration in days.This is an optional classword, often useful in systems that store a lot of duration-style data, such as an HR system.DESC / Description / TextOne or more sentences describing something.DPID / Delivery Point Identifier / IdentifierA special case of ID. The numeric descriptor for an Australia Post postal delivery point, equal to a physical address for the delivery of mail.[This may only be relevant within Australia.]DTS / Date Time Stamp / DateA point in the time continuum. Includes date, time and a variable precision factor.The size can vary and must defined by the element definition used. For example it could be YYYYMMDDHHMM or YYYYMMDDHHMMSSmmmsss (where mmm is milliseconds and sss is microseconds).FGNAMT / Foreign Amount / AmountA monetary amount in a foreign currency. This indicates that a field holds foreign currency amounts in the currency type specified for that country.Note: This element is not the same as AMT (which indicates [e.g. Australian currency in cents]); instead, this indicates foreign currency. Size is defined as 13 (numeric) to allow for high exchange rates of foreign currency units to the [e.g. Australian dollar (e.g. AU$1 = 20563.0086 Mozambique meticals, back in 2007). This allows storage of 99,999,999,999.99 Mozambique meticals, which equals AU$4,863,101.60. In contrast, AMT is only 9 (numeric).]HOURS or HRS / Hours / DateTime duration in hours.This is an optional classword, often useful in systems that store a lot of short duration-style data, such as an HR or telephony system.ID / Identifier / IdentifierA value that uniquely identifies an object or thing in a specific context.IND / Indicator / IndicatorA value indicating one of two possible outcomes for a condition.Possible values are Y or N. It may be permissible to use NULL or space to indicate no value. Normally, if more than two values are required then CODE should be used instead of Indicator.INIT / Initiative / Miscellaneousn/aA single character which is the first character (initial) of a name.LINE or LINEn / Line Item 1 / TextUsed for a subset of text equating to a line, e.g. ADDR.1ST.LINE or ADDRESS_LINE1.This classword is used when there is a group of related free format text fields, but their sequencing is important ; e.g. in the case of address lines.LIST / List / MiscellaneousA concatenation of free text, values or codes of the same type in the one field separated by a delimiter. The default delimiter is a comma; sometimes other delimiters are used, e.g. a slash (/).Each entry in the list should be followed by the delimiter, including the final entry in the list.MTHS / Months / DateTime duration in months.This is an optional classword, often useful in systems that store a lot of duration-type data, such as an HR system.NAME / Name / TextA set of words used to identify a person or thing.NUM / Number / NumberAn identifying reference commonly referred to as a number (e.g. phone number, street number, tax number), NOT used in calculations.OBJ / Object / MiscellaneousA generic object, whose structure and possibly format are unknown. These may be binary or character objects, such as BLOBs or CLOBs.PCT or PC / Percent / MiscellaneousA numeric value representing a proportion or rate per hundred.Generally held as 4 digits (nn.nn) but can vary depending on requirements.PERIOD / Period / PeriodA period of time or the sum of several periods of time.The size will vary depending on requirements (eg. HHHHMM or HHMM or HHMMSS or HHMMSSmmm or HHMMSSmmmsss where the H's represent hours, MM = minutes, SS = seconds, mmm = milliseconds and sss = microseconds). The size must be defined in the element definition.[This is an alternative to using separate classwords for SECS, MINS, HRS, DAYS, etc.]PLACE / Place / NameThe name of a geographic location.POSTCODE or PCODE / Postcode / TextThe numeric descriptor for a postal delivery area, aligned with locality, suburb or place. Valid values as per [e.g. Australia Post]. Leading zeroes are significant.QTY / Quantity / QuantityA number of objects or things.RATE / Rate / QuantityThe standard English use of the word rate as a statement of numerical proportion, e.g. currency exchange rate, interest rate, rate for pensions, allowances, supplements, payment rate, etc. Can be used when meaning the periodic rate a client has been granted. However, AMT is more appropriate for most money fields.SEQ / Sequence / SequenceA numeric value to indicate the position of an object in an ordered set of objects, or as a tiebreaker to make a record unique.SURNAME / Surname / NameThe family, last, or surname of a customer/individual in full.TEXT or TXT / Text / TextA block of text, often containing a description.TFN / Tax File Number / IdentifierA special case of ID. The Tax File Number of a customer (person or organisation), as issued by the Australian Tax Office (ATO).[This may only be relevant within Australia. The US, for example would use Social Security Number.]TIME / Time / TimeThe time of the day.The size will vary depending on requirements (eg. either HHMM or HHMMSS or HHMMSSmmm or HHMMSSmmmsss where mmm is milliseconds and sss is microseconds). The size must be defined in the element definition. The hours are always held in 24 hour clock format.TITLE / Title / NameA title to be used in addressing a customer, whether by mail or phone.TYPE / Type / MiscellaneousThe name of a type of things in a set of things. It implies that there is a known set of types for the things in the set of things or in other words a classification scheme.URI / Uniform Resource Identifier / URIThe identifier or name of a resource, the main purpose being to enable interaction with representations of the resource over a network, typically the World Wide Web, using specific protocols.URIs are defined in schemes defining a specific syntax and associated protocols. The URI syntax is essentially a URI scheme name like "http", "ftp", "mailto", "urn", "tel", "rtsp", etc., followed by a colon character, and then a scheme-specific part.URL / Uniform Resource Locator / URIA URI that, in addition to identifying a resource, provides means of acting upon or obtaining a representation of the resource by describing its primary access mechanism or network "location".In effect, this is the name and address (location) of a resource that resides on the the Internet or an intranet. The first part of the of the address indicates what protocol to use (e.g. HTTP, FTP, etc.) and the second part specifies the IP address or the domain name where the resource is located.VAL / Value / Miscellaneousn/aA value whose instances in the database belong to different classwords. This is mainly used in generic data structures.Also used when referring to a repository for data of different classes, e.g. in field name with key/ value pairing.XML / Extensible Markup Language / TextA block of XML (Extensible Markup Language).YEAR or YR / Year / DateAny year long period. Most often a calendar or financial year, but can be any 355 or 356 day period.YEARS / Years / DateTime duration in years.This is an optional classword, often useful in systems that store a lot of duration-type data, such as an HR system.