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Since the 1990s, few things have remained timeless societal staples like Friends, Pokémon, Britney Spears, and the internet.Seriously. Lots of things have come and gone, but these guys have stuck around, rolled with the Y2K punches, and integrated themselves into our society. (Pokémon Go or a new Britney Spears Vegas residency, anyone?)Yet nothing has said “I’m here to stay” like the internet. From dial-up and AOL everything to Chrome and IoT, the ~*interwebs*~ have completely infiltrated our lives.Learn More About HubSpot's CMS SoftwareLearning about web development is kind of like drinking from a fire hose. Google “coding,” and you’ve turned the hose on full blast. This guide serves as a slow drip to get you acquainted with and intrigued by the world of web development. It’s by no means a comprehensive manual.In this guide, we’ll cover the bare-bone-basics of web development, the process of creating a website, and additional resources for those who want to learn more about development — or become a developer themselves.Keep reading to dive into website development or use the chapter links to jump around the guide.Web Develop- ment BasicsTypes of Web Develop- mentThe Web Develop- ment ProcessWeb Develop- ment ResourcesWhat is website development?Website development refers to the work that goes into building a website. This could apply to anything from creating a single plain-text webpage to developing a complex web application or social network.While web development typically refers to web markup and coding, it includes all related development tasks, such as client-side scripting, server-side scripting, server and network security configuration, ecommerce development, and content management system (CMS) development.See why thousands of customers use CMS Hub to build an optimized website that integrates with their HubSpot CRM data and full marketing suite.Web Development BasicsWebsiteIP addressHTTPCodingFront-endBackendCMSNow that we've defined web development, let’s review some web development basics to better acquaint you with the topic.1. What is a website?Websites are files stored on servers, which are computers that host (fancy term for “store files for”) websites. These servers are connected to a giant network called the internet … or the World Wide Web (if we’re sticking with 90s terminology). We talk more about servers in the next section.Browsers are computer programs that load the websites via your internet connection, such as Google Chrome or Internet Explorer. Your computer is also known as the client.2. What is an Internet Protocol (IP) address?Internet Protocol is a set of standards that govern interaction on the internet.To access a website, you need to know its IP address. An IP address is a unique string of numbers. Each device has an IP address to distinguish itself from the billions of websites and devices connected via the internet.The IP address for HubSpot is 104.16.249.5. You can find any website’s IP address by visiting a site like Site 24x7 or by using Command Prompt on Windows or Network Utility > Traceroute on MacBooks.To find your device’s IP address, you can also type “what’s my IP address” into your search browser.While you can access a website using its IP address, most internet users prefer to use domain names or by going through search engines.3. What is HyperText Transfer Protocol?HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) connects you and your website request to the remote server that houses all website data. It’s a set of rules (a protocol) that defines how messages should be sent over the internet. It allows you to jump between site pages and websites.When you type a website into your web browser or search for something through a search engine, HTTP provides a framework so that the client (computer) and server can speak the same language when they make requests and responses to each other over the internet. It’s essentially the translator between you and the internet — it reads your website request, reads the code sent back from the server, and translates it for you in the form of a website.4. What is coding?Coding refers to writing code for servers and applications. It’s called a “language” because it’s comprised of vocabulary and grammatical rules for communicating with computers. They also include special commands, abbreviations, and punctuation that can only be read by devices and programs.In a sense, developers are translators, too.All software is written by at least one coding language, but they all vary based on platform, operating system, and style. There are many different types of coding languages … all of which fall into two categories (written by two different types of developers) — front-end and backend.5. What is the front-end?Front-end (or client-side) is the side of a website or software that you see and interact with as an internet user. When website information is transferred from a server to a browser, front-end coding languages allow the website to function without having to continually “communicate” with the internet.Front-end code allows users like you and me to interact with a website and play videos, expand or minimize images, highlight text, and more. Web developers who work on front-end coding work on client-side development.We’ll unpack more about front-end development in the next section.6. What is the backend?Backend (or server-side) is the side that you don’t see when you use the internet. It’s the digital infrastructure, and to non-developers, it looks like a bunch of numbers, letters, and symbols.There are more backend coding languages than front-end languages. That’s because of browsers — at the front-end — only understand JavaScript, but a server — at the backend — can be configured to understand (pretty much) any language. We’ll cover more about backend development next.7. What is a content management system?A content management system (CMS) is a web application or a series of programs used to create and manage web content. (Note: CMSs aren’t the same as site builders, like Squarespace or Wix.)See why thousands of customers use CMS Hub to build an optimized website that integrates with their HubSpot CRM data and full marketing suite.While not required to build a website, using is CMS is certainly easier. It provides the building blocks (like plugins and add-ons) and lets you create the structure with your code. CMSs are typically used for e-commerce and blogging, but they’re useful for all types of websites.Now, why is web development important?You might be a business owner hiring a freelance developer to build your website, a marketer pitching a vision to your development team, or a student learning about development as a career. Regardless of who you are or why you’re reading this guide, understanding the basics of website development can be helpful in this technology-driven world.The internet isn’t going away anytime soon. In fact, it’s become a portal and primary method of research, connection, education, and entertainment in the world.As of 2019, there are 4.2 billion global internet users. That’s more than half the world’s population, and these folks are using the internet for a vast variety of reasons.What’s the one thing those reasons have in common? They require a website, and each website requires a skilled web developer.Web development is also a rapidly expanding industry. Between now and 2028, the employment of web developers is expected to grow by 13%. That’s much faster than most other technology careers.Whether you’re looking to hire a web developer or become one, you should understand the different types of web development that developers can master — we dive into this below.Types of Web DevelopmentFront-end developmentBackend developmentFull stack developmentWebsite developmentDesktop developmentMobile developmentGame developmentEmbedded developmentSecurity developmentThese different types of web development primarily refer to the different sectors of the profession in which web developers can work — we referenced some of these in the sections above. Some of these distinctions overlap, and oftentimes, web developers will master multiple types of web development.1. Front-endFront-end developers work on the client- or user-facing side of websites, programs, and software. They design and develop the visual aspects, including the layout, navigation, graphics, and other aesthetics. These developers also work on the user interface and user experience of whatever project they're developing.2. BackendBackend developers work on the server-facing side of websites, programs, and software. These developers work in systems like servers, operating systems, APIs, and databases and manage the code for security, content, and site structure.3. Full StackFull stack developers work in both the front-end and backend sides of a website. They can create a website, application, or software program from start to finish.4. WebsiteWebsite developers are synonymous to front-end, backend, or full-stack developers. However, these professionals specialize in building websites (as opposed to mobile applications, desktop software, or video games).5. DesktopDesktop developers specialize in building software that lives on your desktop, such as Mac OS, Windows, and more.6. MobileMobile developers build mobile applications that live on a mobile device such as a smartphone or tablet. These operate much differently than other websites and software programs, thus requiring a separate set of development skills.7. GameGame developers specialize in writing code for video games, both console games (Xbox, PlayStation, etc.) and mobile games — which allows this specialty to overlap somewhat with mobile development. Game developers, however, have specific skills for building interactive, engaging gaming experiences.8. EmbeddedEmbedded developers work with all hardware that isn't a computer; this includes electronic interfaces, consumer devices, iOT devices, real-time systems, and more. With a recent rise in iOT and connected devices, this development skill is becoming more popular and in-demand.9. SecuritySecurity developers establish methods and procedures for the security of a software program or website. These developers typically work as ethical hackers and build systems that discover and eradicate security risks.Now, let's dive into the web development process (which involves many of these types of development).Website Development ProcessThe process of creating a website isn’t as easy as 1-2-3. Each development path is different based on the type of website, coding languages, and resources.The following section serves as a brief overview of the web development process and a short introduction into the most common languages and CMS options.Planning Your Website and Creating a SitemapAll websites start with a plan. Developers call this plan a wireframe or sitemap (not to be confused with sitemap.XML, which is a file that helps SERPs crawl and find your site). It doesn’t have to be an official document; it’s simply a vision for your site that’ll give both you and your developer(s) direction and a place to start. You can draw it on a whiteboard or use a tool like Invision, Slickplan, or Mindnode.Just like a business plan gives a potential investor insight into your goals and deliverables, a sitemap gives a developer an idea of what you’re picturing and the information needed to meet your vision. You can create your sitemap on your own or work with your developer(s).Here are a few questions to ask yourself when planning your site.What individual pages do you want? What content will be on those pages?How can you organize those pages into categories? (These categories might represent your homepage menu — if it helps to think about it like that.)What is the hierarchy of pages on your site?How will the pages link together?What pages and categories are essential to your site and user experience, and which ones could be removed or combined?Writing Your Website CodeThe next step in the web development process is writing the code.Developers will use different coding languages for the front-end and backend of websites, as well as for different functionalities of the site (such as design, interactivity, etc.) These different languages work together to build and run your site.Let’s start with the most commonly-used languages. Almost every website uses these three together, and yours probably will, too.HTMLHyperText Markup Language (HTML) has been used since the 1990s. It’s the foundation of all websites and represents the bare minimum of what’s needed to create a website. (Yes, you can create a website with only HTML. It wouldn’t look too pretty, though.)Below is HTML for a basic Bootstrap button.Languages like CSS and JavaScript enhance and modify the basic site structure built by HTML codes. HTML5 is the most recent version and supports cross-platform browser functionality, making it popular in mobile application development.CSSCascading Style Sheets (CSS) was developed in the late 1990s. It adds design elements like typography, colors, and layouts to websites; it’s the cosmetic code.CSS allows developers to transform your website to match the aesthetic you envisioned for your site, and like HTML5, CSS is compatible with all browsers.Here's a code snippet for customizing the jumbotron element in Bootstrap CSS.JavaScriptJavaScript is the cherry-on-top of coding languages. Created in the mid-90s, JavaScript is used to add functionality to websites. Developers use it to add animations, automate tasks within certain pages, and add interactive features that enhance user experience.JavaScript is rapidly evolving. Once considered a “toy” language, JavaScript is now the most widely used coding language in the world. With the help of Node.Js, it’s now a backend coding language. It’s the first language to be understood by browser, and some have even discussed applying machine learning to it, too.Below is a JavaScript code snippet for automatically opening links in a new window in WordPress.HTML, CSS, JavaScript are the “big three” of web development. Almost every website uses them in some capacity. There are plenty of others, such as server-side languages like Java, C++, Python, and SQL, but understanding these three is foundational to your website development knowledge.Building the Backend of Your WebsiteWriting code might be one of the more complicated parts of web development, but it’s hardly the only component. You also have to build your backend and front-end site structures and design.Let’s start with the backend.The backend handles the data that enables the functionality on the front-end. For example, Facebook's backend stores my photos, so that the front-end can then allow others to look at them. It’s comprised of two major components:Databases, which is responsible for storing, organizing, and processing data so that it’s retrievable by server requestsServers, which is the hardware and software that make up your computer. Servers are responsible for sending, processing, and receiving data requests. They’re the intermediary between the database and the client/browser. The browser will, in effect, tell the server "I need this information", and the server will know how to get that information from the database and send it to the client.These components work together to build the foundation for each website.As for building your website, backend developers will establish three things.Your logic code, which is essentially a set of rules for how your website will respond to certain requests and how objects of your website will interact.Your database management, which is how your website will organize, manage, and retrieve its data. Read more on SQL vs. NoSQL here.Your infrastructure, which is how your site will be hosted. Hosting your own site will give you greater control, but it’s much more expensive and requires you to maintain your own server health and security.With these components and decisions in place, your website will be ready for front-end development.Note: The backend is slightly tangential to web development because you don't always need a backend if you're not storing any data. “Data” in this context means any user-entered information that you need to save and persist. Think about logging in to a website. If they don't have a backend, how could they remember your login information? Or what your profile settings are? To get this information, you need a backend.Facebook, as an example, needs to know what people are in your Friends list, what events you have joined, what posts you have created, and more. This is all "data" that lives in a database. If they didn't have a backend with a database, none of that data would be accessible to them.On the other hand, a website that’s purely informational and doesn’t require the users to enter any data wouldn’t need a backend.So, if you have no data, you don’t necessarily have a need for backend development. But that’s not saying you shouldn’t learn the basics. You never know when you might need it.Building the Front-End of Your WebsiteIf you’ve ever dabbled in web design or toyed with a website in WordPress, Squarespace, or Google Sites, you’ve touched front-end web development.The front-end stuff is important — it’s what your visitors, customers, and users see and how they’ll use your website.Front-end (or client-side) development includes a combination of JavaScript, HTML, and CSS. It also controls components such as typography and fonts, navigation, positioning, and browser compatibility and responsiveness. This part will reflect more of your initial site vision and what you included in your wireframe.As technology and consumer preferences change, client-side coding tends to become outdated … a lot faster than backend development does. This is where coding resources (like the ones we’ve included below) come in handy.Working with a CMSWhy would someone choose a CMS over coding “by hand” or “from scratch?” Well, a CMS is easier to use (you have to write less code), and it often has tools around hosting the site. On the other hand, it’s less flexible and, therefore, gives you less control over your front-end.See why thousands of customers use HubSpot's CMS to build an optimized website that integrates with their HubSpot CRM data and full marketing stack.CMS options also often include plugins that remove the need to write a backend. For example, there are WordPress plugins for ecommerce so that, instead of building a complicated backend to charge customers’ credit cards, you can just use an existing plugin and avoid the need to deal with databases and server-side code at all.Popular content management systems include HubSpot, Joomla, Magento, and WordPress — which has over 60% market share. (In this case we’re talking about open source WordPress software, not the WordPress site builder.)Acquiring a Domain NameAt this point, your website will have an IP address. It also needs a domain name that your visitors can use to find your site.Perhaps you’ve heard of sites like GoDaddy and Hover. These services help you purchase a domain name and register with ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). Most domain registrations are good for a year before you’re required to renew.Site builders and hosting services, like WordPress and Squarespace, also allow you to purchase a domain name.Website Development ResourcesInterested in learning more about development and coding? Outside of connecting and networking with other developers, there are plenty of resources you can tap into to further your understanding or web development.Web Development Courses and ClassesWhether you want to explore backend, front-end, or full-stack coding, here are a few online courses and classes recommended by our own HubSpot developers.TutorialsPointAll content and resources on TutorialsPoint are free. Between tutorials, ebooks, and videos, TutorialsPoint provides many different ways to learn.eggheadAccording to their website, “egghead is a group of working web development professionals and open source contributors that provide you with concise, information-dense video courses on the best tools in the industry.” Users can take courses, listen to podcasts, or take lessons on a wide variety of web development topics.Khan AcademyKhan Academy is a well-known free educational resource. Users can learn anything from macroeconomics to linear algebra to US history, as well as a handful of computing topics.freeCodeCampfreeCodeCamp is a non-profit organization (like Khan Academy) that helps people learn to code for free. With thousands of articles, videos, and interactive lessons, as well as worldwide study groups, freeCodeCamp helps thousands of developers and engineers learn about programming and land development jobs.TreehouseTeam Treehouse is a subscription-based online learning program. Users pay a monthly fee and gain access to hundreds of courses on over 20 different topics. From JavaScript to Python to PHP, Treehouse can teach you all you need to know about web development.Web Development CommunitiesWeb developers are masters of the internet, so it makes sense that they’d hang out on there.According to Code Condo, developers join these communities for:Up-to-date information and problem solvingInsightful answers, new perspectivesTips and tricks for all-level programmersLinks to resources, talks and research papersMeeting new friends, code buddies, and potential partnersHere are a few online communities recommended by our own HubSpot developers.Stack OverflowStack Overflow was introduced ten years ago and has since become one of the most popular programming communities in the world. According to co-founder Jeff Atwood, “[Stack Overflow] is by programmers, for programmers, with the ultimate intent of collectively increasing the sum total of good programming knowledge in the world.”Stack Overflow is a great place to go with questions because most of the time, other developers have asked and answered the same ones. The forums in Stack Overflow keep you connected to other developers while also keeping you informed.Mozilla Development NetworkMozilla Development Network (MDN) is known to be more thorough and accurate than other online resources. It’s not as much a community as a comprehensive resource and library of documents for coding languages. MDN is useful when learning how certain functions work and staying up-to-date on coding and development news.RedditReddit is a forum-based community where developers of all levels gather to ask and answer questions. It’s incredibly interactive and includes people from all over the world. You can also join “subreddits” based on topic, such as web design, JavaScript, or freelancing.Dive Into Web DevelopmentThe internet is here to stay. It’s getting better every day, and web developers are on the front lines of these innovations and improvements. From this blog to your favorite social network to the apps you use on your phone, web development touches almost every part of your day — and your business.Take the time to understand coding and programming to improve not only your life but the lives of your customers, too.

Question: Which would you rather have -- more organic traffic or better rankings?It’s a trick question for most of us -- we’d actually rather have both. That’s because we know that both search engine metrics can make a huge difference in our businesses.As you probably already know, Google tends to rank pages higher in search results based on the authority of that page. In modern SEO, links build up the page’s authority and improve its SEO value. In the same arena, duplicate content gets penalized.The right key word search term can mean the difference in traffic and rankings.Recent data estimates that the link popularity of a specific page accounts for 22.33% of the components of Google’s ranking algorithm.What if you could access the most updated resources that would help you build the right links? You'd feel like the ultimate demon of search engine power, right? What difference would that make in your investment, considering that about 37% of business owners spend between $10,000 and $50,000 per month on link building?There is actually a submission SEO tool called Ultimate Demon to help build links to increase traffic. Do make sure you understand how a tool works because they often are a baseline that you need to tweak to get the results you really want: juice from search engines.Over the years, I’ve come to understand that a link building campaign with useful content and quality anchor text phrases is easier than most people think.If you can develop and document your strategy, you’ll ultimately generate more authority links for your pages. Both content marketing and link building are like those interconnected steel rings magicians use -- the ones that can’t be separated.In this in-depth post, I’ll show you 9 link building software resources that you can tap into any time that you want to.These resources provide scalable link-earning techniques, tips and best practices that are proven to work. When you implement them, your search engine rankings and site traffic will both improve.1. Broken Link Building Bible (source)All links are created equal, right? Actually, no.Link building used to be easy. You could set up a few PBN (private blog network) sites and get a bunch of links that’d push your organic rankings to the top. But does it still work?The honest guys says you shouldn’t do it. Ditch the idea of a PBN. Sooner or later, Google will catch up with you and push your rankings to page 107 or de-index your pages altogether regardless of how popular your search term is.Instead, to get links that’ll actually improve your search listings, increase your search term traffic and get you a higher click-through rate (CTR), you need to study the Broken Link Building Bible.Broken link building is a white-hat and scalable tactic for getting the right kind of links.At its core, it’s a content-focused strategy for any link building campaign. You simply find dead (or broken) links, analyze the page for relevance and create more valuable content to replace the broken content. This helps site owners, editors and webmasters improve their site user experience by replacing broken links with a link to your page based on a search term.With the right approach, you can create an link building campaign and automate broken link building, which will continually build momentum for your site with this simple link building software.As you go through the Broken Link Building Bible, you’ll discover why broken link building is perhaps the most effective white-hat link building strategy to come along in years.However, understand this: Your success at getting the right links will entirely depend on how willing you are to research and analyze or audit different websites.Broken link building is all about making an impact. It’s about helping webmasters and making the web a better place.Webmasters are always happy to fix broken links - if they find them. They know there’s a relationship between Google rankings and links but, on big sites, finding broken links isn’t easy.You'll also want to make sure you aren't linking duplicate content.A dead link -- that is, a link that no longer works -- doesn’t do the user or the site any good. In fact, too many broken links can have a negative effect on a site. Webmasters hate doing all the keyword search term work and link building to have this happen.Having too many broken links on a page is a sign of a neglected or abandoned site. The Google Search Quality Raters General Guidelines view broken links as one of the ways to measure a homepage’s quality. It's one SEO tool.According to Moz, broken link building is a strategy that constructively addresses many of the competing interests in our industry: content vs. links, link earning vs. link building and inbound vs. outbound.2. Advanced Guide to Link Building (source)I’ve had my fair share of SEO struggles. I struggled to get other sites to link to my posts. I struggled to keep up with Google updates. I struggled to reach the expected quantity and quality of links necessary to rank highly in Google.Those struggles taught me that achieving success online takes time. You have to be patient and you’ve also got to create content that’ll help people get closer to achieving their goals.One of the best steps I’ve taken since I started blogging is the creation of The Advanced Guide to Link Building, which I shared with the digital marketing world for free. This isn't link building software but helps you understand the steps necessary for success regardless of what building software you choose..If you’ve struggled to build the kind of links that Google loves, the way I did in the beginning, you should study this guide. It’ll show you:How to go about finding and getting those “perfect links”The right way to create epic search term content that’ll help you build relationships with the leaders in your industryHow to identify and approach the authority sites you can get links from in just a few minutesThe hidden secrets to getting hard-to-come-by .edu and .gov backlinksThe step-by-step method of link-building outreach that walks you through the process of initiating and building a relationship with influencers and pro bloggers3. Using Educational Linkbait to Get Valuable .Edu Links (source)This resource was written way back in 2011, but it’s been consistently updated to match modern SEO best practices. It’s not your typical long-form post -- it’s pretty short, actually -- but it’ll show you:Why educational links matterHow to create content that attracts .edu linksHow to build relationships that help you get these linksLink building has evolved significantly since 2011. Lots of tactics that used to work have since fizzled out -- e.g., article directories, duplicate or barely-rewritten content, etc.But educational sites have remained a viable source of high-quality links for any site.Incoming links from educational websites are often perceived as the most powerful links you can get and getting a bunch of these links can skyrocket your search rankings.It’s true that .edu links aren’t the only kind of powerful incoming links. There’s no proof that Google rates them universally higher than all other kinds of links. John Mu, a webmaster trends analyst at Google Zürich, clarified the issue:However, educational backlinks are powerful -- just like links from any other high-authority domain would be.Educational backlinks are hard to get. Your link building software can only help if you have high quality, respected content. According to Felix Tarcomnicu,The harder it is to get a backlink, the more value it will have.Sites with .edu domains typically have high authority as they’ve been around for a long time and have many trusted quality sites linking to them.That’s why many of these sites are viewed as authoritative by Google. Therefore, getting links from these authority top-level domains improves search performance.Wordstream’s guide on using editorial linkbait to get .edu links is a must-read. It uses anecdotes to explain the relevance of educational links and to show how you can create .edu link bait.Link bait is simply content on your site that other sites link to willingly because the content solves a problem. This is the type of content people will tag with a social bookmark.When people link to your content page on their own initiative, it means you’ve created a linkable asset. The intersection between link bait and linkable asset is your sweet spot for converting your prospects into customers.It can be a blog post, a viral podcast, an infographic or a helpful ebook. Ultimately, you want people to view your site with the same authority and want to tag it with a social bookmark as well.How to get educational backlinks: High quality links make the difference. After Google launched Panda, Penguin and Hummingbird algorithm updates, quality became the defining factor of a link, as opposed to quantity.It’s no longer a question of how many links you need to rank. The challenge that most SEOs and site owners face is actually getting these quality links (e.g., .edu links). This is where high quality, easy to use, link building software makes life just a bit easier.The vast majority of educational sites from top universities and colleges don’t accept guest posts. The ones that do accept guest articles are stricter than you can imagine. You can’t just write any post you want and get them to publish it.Also keep in mind that guest blogger or contributor content may be available through various domain names as it could by syndicated. Check links to make sure it isn't duplicate content you are using and making a social bookmark with.So, guest blogging is perhaps not the best or most effective way to get .edu links. But there are other ways that are proven to work.You can use advanced search modifiers to find education sites in Google. Your goal is to narrow your results down to educational results pages. Some of the search strings you can use are:a). site:.edu - shows you search results containing educational result sites onlyb). site:.edu “blog” - returns search results for educational blogs onlyc). site:.edu “forums” - if you want to participate in an educational discussion boardd). site:.edu “comments” - for educational blogs with comments sectionse). site:.edu “log in / create account” - returns .edu blog extensions that allow you to sign up as a user for the purpose of commenting or other kinds of participationf). site:.edu inurl:blog “seo” - for educational blogs that understand SEO and would be interested in learning more about search enginesLet’s try one of the search strings:As you can see, the search result contains only educational sites. But, it’d be difficult to get links from those sites. It’s much easier to get a link from a blog than a static web page. This is the nature of almost any link building campaign.So let’s drill down our search to focus on blogs:These results are more specific to educational blogs related to marketing. If your site is related to sales or marketing, those educational blogs are your targets.Broken link building is the easiest way to get your links from educational portals. All you've got to do is find dead links on these blogs and suggest better content -- your own -- to replace it.Broken link building works. For example, Michael Chibuzor, founder of contentmarketingup.com, generated 27 links from .edu domains in 90 days.Brian Dean has taught broken link building and his students are seeing great results. Recently, one of his students, Emil Shour, set out to rank for his most profitable search engine keyword.He leveraged the skyscraper technique and created an in-depth, long-form article in the employee wellness niche, entitled “121 Employee Wellness Program Ideas for Your Office.”Richard researched industry blogs that are relevant to employee management, found broken links and sent outreach emails to all of them.By doing this, Richard was able to push his post into a number #1 ranking and generated $100,000 in revenue. Richard also boosted his organic traffic by 348% in just 7 days.So how do you find dead links on educational blogs that you can capitalize on to get incoming links?It’s easier said than done, but it isn’t impossible. Here are the step-by-step instructions:i). First step: Go to Google and search for educational resource pages. These pages contain lists of links to external sites and contents.This time, let’s find educational resources for small businesses.The search string I used is “site:edu “resources” + blogs + small businessAnd here’s the results screenshot:You can see that the search results are relevant to small businesses only. This makes them viable.ii). Second step: Choose one of the resources and click on it. Here’s the page, with all of the resources:Some of the outgoing links on this page may be dead, but you can’t tell just by looking and clicking on all of them one-by-one will take lots of time.Instead, use a tool designed for checking dead links ...iii). Third step: Go to deadlinkchecker.com. Copy the resource page address as it appears on the browser.Then paste the site address into the search bar and click the “check” button:Out of the 142 out-going links analyzed by the dead link checker tool, 8 of them are dead. Those are the links that return any of these error messages: 404 not found, 400 bad request, -1 not found, etc.Next, prepare your content. Remember that since you’re concerned about small business, your content needs to be relevant to that topic. Otherwise, it might be difficult to convince the blog editor or administrator to swap out the dead link for your page. Search term research helps here to ensure it is relevant in today's search engine realm.iv). Step four: Send a personalized outreach email. I’ve received several outreach emails that are obviously form letters. Sometimes, the exact same email I receive went out to 10 or more other bloggers.Don’t do that. Instead, personalize your email subject lines when reaching out to educational blogs. This is key to better email open rates.Often, these people are academics and any slight error or hint of deception will result in your email being deleted without being read.To “personalize” means that you give it a personal touch. If you know the name of the person you’re writing to, address them by their first name.Not everyone understands how to write persuasive emails to site owners and bloggers. If that’s you, don’t worry. Just use the email templates below and add the person’s name, if you know it.When using any email template, keep these things in mind:Write lowercase subject lines – I do this all the time because I want the email to seem casual as if it’s from a friend, not a robot.Be creative – emails that are boring and lack emotional appeal won’t get opened or responded to.Personalize – you have to include the person’s name and the website name in the email so it doesn’t come off as spammy.Here’s a broken link email template you can model:If you didn’t find any dead links on your targeted educational resource page, don’t give up. Instead of sending a broken link email, you can simply send a basic link request email.If broken link building seems like a lot of work, or too difficult to tackle, there are other tactics that I’ve personally used to get .edu authority links:Blog commentsCreate a case study that’s relevant to the subject matterBlogger recognitionLeveraging alumni newsLocal resource pagesUniversity discountsImprove a section of a siteAs you can see, link building software may help but isn't necessary.You can learn how to apply all these link earning tactics in Chapter 5 of the Advanced Guide To Link Building.4. Linking Out Instead of Link Building to Rank in Google (source)This helpful resource shows you why linking out is a strategy, not a tactic -- because when you build quality anchor text phrases to outsiie sites, you also get these benefits:Enhanced awareness for your site and brandOpportunities for other sites to link back to your pageSearch engine awareness that you have a timely and useful resourceMore helpful information for your readersAnd so on...Developing a link building strategy isn’t a cakewalk. Heck, even SEO experts sometimes fail at a link building campaign.Link building software and tools help, but you still need to split test everything.Outbound links or links that point to external web pages from your own site can actually impact your blog authority. Make sure the pages your links point to are relevant, useful and have good standing with Google.At the heart of effective an link building campaign is the concept of giving.In other words, you link to other sites, pages and case studies willingly.“Linking out instead of link building to rank in Google” is a helpful resource that doesn’t follow traditional advice. Rather, it capitalizes on the principle of reciprocity.According to Wikipedia, “reciprocity is a social rule that says we should repay, in kind, what another person has provided us. That is, people give back the kind of treatment they have received from you.”For example, if you’re writing a guide to SEO, you should link out to authority sites that have addressed the topic before. As much as you can, link out to pages with high page authority - it’ll have a dramatic impact on your search performance and online visibility. Use simple search term phrases for anchor text when possible.Reciprocity is one of the most vital of Cialdini’s 6 principles of persuasion. We humans are basically hard-wired to pay back our debts, help those who offered us a helping hand and generally treat others as they’ve treated us.I’ve applied the principle of reciprocity to grow QuickSprout to over 700,000 monthly visitors and generated tens of thousands of quality backlinks. I give away tremendous value in my content.When I write a post, I link out to anywhere from 5 to 20 external web pages that contain helpful and relevant content.I don’t claim to know it all - that’s why I include the views of other expert’s in my posts. It’s also helped me earn more links and increase revenue since 2007.Here’s one of my recent posts on Helping You Succeed Through Online Marketing!. I linked out to more than 20 external web pages that offer additional information to my readers.Linking out to relevant pages not only earns you editorial links, but it also improves your search rankings. A survey of major newspapers on the web found that those who link out tend to outperform others who don’t on several performance metrics.Check popular sites like Digg, Reddit, Twitter & Tumblr - they all link out excessively, and yet they still have millions of visitors coming back again and again.If you’re worried that linking out will harm your rankings, do you have any proof of that?I’ll keep looking, but so far I haven’t seen any proof that linking out to relevant and informative sites/pages that users will benefit from actually hurts my long-term rankings and revenue.5. Low Hanging Fruit: Linkbuilding with Screaming Frog (source)To a large extent, valuable content makes it a lot easier to convince webmasters to link to you. According to MarketingSherpa, “53% of businesses view content creation as the single most effective SEO technique.”There are lots of opportunities to grow your site, if you just study your Google Webmasters Tools data and pinpoint the links coming in to your site.Go to Traffic > Links to Your Site:Next, go to “More”:Finally, download latest links (limit is 100,000):Getting the right links may seem difficult, especially when you’re not producing enough content.But if you consider the impact those links will have on your search rankings, you’ll invest in content creation and promotion.The old way of creating content and expecting customers to just show up is no longer feasible. You need to spend about 70% of your time and resources on promotion - that’s the new and better way.“Low Hanging Fruit: Link Building with Screaming Frog” is an in-depth post that reveals opportunities for getting the right links using Screaming Frog, a premium SEO tool for link reclamation and link analysis.Screaming Frog is invaluable as link building software for architecture research. You can also use it to initiate relationships with bloggers and reporters, among other things.The tool can analyze your links and show you ways to pass more SEO search term value to your web pages.Knowing when to increase your link building efforts or slow down with that mission is critical. This is the whole essence of link velocity, which measures the rate at which other sites link to you.There’s no single rule on how fast you should get links to your site. SEOs have differing opinions, but Google hasn’t commented one way or the other.The best approach is to create more content and increase your site authority. Content growth can solve your link velocity problems.For example, it doesn’t matter how many links SEO Software, Tools and Resources for Better Marketing or HubSpot | Inbound Marketing & Sales Software generate this week; Google won’t view those links as manipulative, because both sites have good authority and thousands of pages already.6. Your Link Reclamation Sucks Like Irene’s Dyson (source)Link reclamation is the easiest way to earn editorial links to your pages from referring sites that mentioned your brand but didn’t link to you.Whether you’re a B2B or B2C marketer, there are three sources of links you need to reclaim:i). Brand mentions: This means aspects of your brand such as your site, events, courses, etc. Other sites could be mentioning your site, without linking to it. Brand mentions are the future of link building. Through link reclamation, you can request actual links be added to mentions that already exist.ii). Product mentions: Several sites, media portals and discussion boards could be mentioning your product without linking to your sales page or homepage.If you’ve got a great product, I can almost guarantee that you can reclaim 10 or more unclaimed links today. You don't need link building software for this. You can use the Rank Tank’s brand unlinked mentions finder tool to find these product mentions across the web.iii). Personnel mentions: What about your team, your name, your nickname or your professional title?All of these provide another opportunity to reclaim unlinked personal mentions and boost your search rankings based on your company or you being the search term. You want people to view your site with the authority to use you as the social bookmark.If you want to dominate social media and claim brand mentions easily by building relationships with social media power users, site owners and bloggers, this guide -- “Your Link Reclamation Sucks Like Irene’s Dyson” -- will help you.In an earlier Whiteboard Friday video, Ross Hudgens showed that that you can reclaim links from brand misspellings, brand monitoring and moving links to primary domain, etc.7. Ultimate Guide to Link Building (source)Without a doubt, links connect the web together. Links exist because there are websites, pages and portals that need to share information with users, rank pertinent content, push the drivel aside and prevent plagiarism or duplicate content where possible. That is the job of search engines and every SEO tool must play in their realm.Who links to your site and how they link to it are more important to Google than virtually any other Google ranking factor. Data from Searchmetrics suggests that the number of backlinks is the third most important factor in the UK Google ranking factors.In this book, Ultimate Guide To Link Building, Eric Ward shows you:How to build linksHow to gain authority and credibility for your websiteHow to increase your site traffic and rankingsWard teaches with a deep understanding of link profiles, what makes them good and how to maximize the quality of links that point to your site. Understanding this means you won't need expensive link building software but you may still take advantage of tools to make you more efficient.Ward uses illustrated case studies, expert interviews and helpful resources in this book to drive his message home. You’ll find that getting backlinks can actually be fun, once you master the art of networking with bloggers.Using some of the outlined whitehat backlink techniques, Dom Wells, founder of Human Proof Designs, built 59 quality links to his new site in 10 weeks.And Inflow used email outreach (a tactic for connecting with site owners and getting them to reference and link to your page) to gain 96 links from 43 domains.8. Link Building for Startups – Find Unlinked Brand Mentions at Scale (source)Most startups waste time trying to get the right links when there’s a far more accessible opportunity right under their noses.More links will improve your search performance, increase leads to your business and increase your revenue. If you don’t get links to your site, your search rankings, traffic and leads will suffer. Your startup will fail.If you’re a startup entrepreneur, you’ll agree with me that you need to contend with a lot of competition.According to Club Z, about 80% of startups fail to see projected return on investment, frequently due to a lack of planning and experience.Before you can drive targeted visitors from Google and benefit from your site, you need to build quality links to your pages.Guest blogging is a viable and free way to do just that. As you contribute to industry blogs, you can speed up your rate of getting links by simultaneously reclaiming your brand mentions.For example, I could cite your domain name (e.g., iPad Cases & Covers for iPad Air, Mini & more | DODOcase) without linking to it. Before someone can visit that site, they’d have to copy and paste it into their browser or look for it via a search engine.But if the domain name was hyperlinked, when someone clicks on it, they’ll visit the startup site.If you’ve been consistently creating fresh and useful content and promoting your site through social media, there’s no doubt that other sites are mentioning your brand name. Don’t let these mentions be a waste; reclaim them and be your own best search term.And that’s exactly what you can learn from “Link Building for Startups – Find Unlinked Brand Mentions at Scale.”9. How to Get Links on Resources Pages (source)One of the most effective methods I use for getting links is through resources pages. With this tactic, Startup Company Lawyer got a link on the resources page of Johnson Cornell University.Although contextual links are desirable and powerful, you still need to diversify anchor text, If all your links appear within the content, this may not seem natural.I am a firm believer that there’s no single one-size-fits-all approach to link diversity ratios.Depending on the domain authority and page authority of referring pages and their IP diversities, Google can use these factors to gauge and pass value to your links.Different niches require different approaches to getting links. For example, building links to a niche site (e.g., a site focused on a specific topic or product) is a delicate process, because you've got to be mindful of the linking site - making sure they’re relevant even if they’re not too popular.But for an authority site, it doesn’t matter where you get your links from. It could be from an entirely unrelated web page, but provided your site has some authority Google will likely not view this as spammy.“How to Get Links on Resources Pages” is a helpful guide that gives you vital information on how to get the right links by capitalizing on resource pages - pages with plenty of linked-to resources (e.g., blogs, books, papers, resource works, images).Matthew Barby used the resource linking tactic to find link building opportunities for the travel blog he created with a group of friends, Melted Stories Travel Blog: Stories, Advice & Reviews for Backpackers.He got 15 new links from the sites he contacted, generated a decent amount of traffic and grew his blog.ConclusionAt the heart of every link building campaign is email outreach. Whether you’re involved in guest blogging, broken link building, social media networking or blog sponsorship, you need to connect with people.However, you can’t simply blast scripted emails to hundreds of people and wonder why only a handful of them read it and replied to you. You also need to learn how to write high-converting emails.Get personal. Your target audience wants to connect with you on a personal level. They should want to make you a social bookmark.That’s the quickest way you can build a loyal audience, get referral traffic, improve your search traffic, increase your email subscribers and grow your sales.

No. 1David R. JohnsonDavid R. Johnson is lawyer specializing in computer communications. He is a Senior Fellow at Center for Democracy and Technology, and a former chairman of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.Johnson graduated from Yale College with a B.A. summa cum laude in 1967. He completed a year of postgraduate study at University College, Oxford in 1968, and earned a J.D.from Yale Law School in 1972. For a year following graduation Johnson clerked for the Honorable Malcolm R. Wilkey of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.Johnson joined Washington, D.C. law firm Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering in 1973, and became a partner in 1980. His practice focused primarily on the emerging area of electronic commerce, including counseling on issues relating to privacy, domain names and Internet governance issues, jurisdiction, copyright, taxation, electronic contracting, encryption, defamation, ISP and OSP liability, regulation, and other intellectual property matters.Johnson helped to write the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (1986) Johnson was active in the introduction of personal computers in law practice, acting as President and CEO of Counsel Connect, a system connecting corporate counsel and outside law firms, and serving the Board of the Center for Computer-Assisted Legal Instruction (CALI) and as a Trustee of the National Center for Automated Information Research (NCAIR).In October 1993, coincidental with the move of its main offices from Cambridge, Massachusetts to D.C., Johnson became a director of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.[2] In February 2005, while serving as the organization's Senior Policy Fellow, Johnson replaced founder Mitch Kapor as Chairman of the EFF Board.In the early 2000s, along with Post, Johnson was active in the re-organization of ICANN - penning several critical papers with Susan P. Crawford. In 2006 he collaborated with Crawford in the establishment of OneWebDay.From 2004-2009 Johnson held the post of Visiting Professor at New York Law School. In May 2009 he commenced a one year Senior Fellowship with the Center for Democracy and Technology.Writings• Law and Borders - The Rise of Law in Cyberspace co-authored with David G. Post, 48 Stanford Law Review 1367 (May 1996) (1997 McGannon Award)• The Life of the Law Online 51 N.Y.L. SCH. L. REV. 956 (2007) or First Monday, Issue 11-2.• THE ACCOUNTABLE NET:PEER PRODUCTION OF INTERNET GOVERNANCE w/ Susan P. Crawford, John G. Palfrey, Jr. (Aspen Institute) 2004No. 2Lawrence LessigLawrence Lessig is the Director of the Edmond J. Safra Foundation Center for Ethics at Harvard University, and a Professor of Law at Harvard Law School.Prior to returning to Harvard, Lessig was a Professor of Law at Stanford Law School (where he was founder of Stanford's Center for Internet and Society), Harvard Law School (1997-2000), and the University of Chicago Law School. Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner on the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals and Justice Antonin Scalia on the United States Supreme Court.His current academic work addresses the question of "institutional corruption" roughly, influences within an economy of influence that weaken the effectiveness of an institution, or weaken public trust. His current work at the EJ Safra Lab oversees a 5 year research project addressing institutional corruption in a number of institutional contexts.Lessig has won numerous awards, including the Free Software Foundation's Freedom Award, and was named one of Scientific American's Top 50 Visionaries. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.Lessig serves on the boards of Creative Commons, MAPLight, Brave New Film Foundation, Change Congress, The American Academy, Berlin, Freedom House and iCommons.org. He is on the advisory board of the Sunlight Foundation. He has previously served on the boards of the Free Software Foundation, the Software Freedom Law Center, Electronic Frontier Foundation, the Public Library of Science, Free Press, and Public Knowledge. Lessig was also a columnist for Wired, Red Herring, and the Industry Standard.Lessig earned a BA in economics and a BS in management from the University of Pennsylvania, an MA in philosophy from Cambridge, and a JD from Yale. He has received honorary degrees from The University of Amsterdam, Athabasca University, and The Georgian-American University.Code is lawIn computer science, "code" typically refers to the text of a computer program (the source code). In law, "code" can refer to the texts that constitute statutory law. In his book Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Lessig explores the ways in which code in both senses can be instruments for social control, leading to his dictum that "Code is law."Legislative reformDespite presenting an anti-regulatory standpoint in many fora, Lessig still sees the need for legislative enforcement of copyright. He has called for limiting copyright terms for creative professionals to five years, but believes that introducing the bureaucratic procedure needed to renew trademarks, by making copyright need to be renewed for up to 75 years after this five-year term, would mean that creative professionals' work, many of the independent, would become more easily and quickly available.Free CultureIn 2002, Lessig received the Award for the Advancement of Free Software from the Free Software Foundation (FSF), and on March 28, 2004 he was elected to the FSF's Board of Directors. In 2006, Lessig was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Lessig is also a well-known critic of copyright term extensions.He proposed the concept of "Free Culture". He also supports free software and open spectrum. At his Free Culture keynote at theO'Reilly Open Source Convention 2002, half of his speech was about software patents, which he views as a rising threat to both free/open source software and innovation.In March 2006, Lessig joined the board of advisors of the Digital Universe project. A few months later, Lessig gave a talk on the ethics of the Free Culture Movement at the 2006 Wikimania conference.Lessig claimed in 2009 that, because 70% of young people obtain digital information from illegal sources, the law should be changed.Net neutralityLessig has long been known to be a supporter of Net Neutrality. In 2006, he testified before the US Senate that he believed Congress should ratify Michael Powell's four Internet freedoms and add a restriction to access-tiering, i.e. he does not believe content providers should be charged different amounts. The reason is that the Internet, under the neutral end-to-end design is an invaluable platform for innovation, and the economic benefit of innovation would be threatened if large corporations could purchase faster service to the detriment of newer companies with less capital. However, Lessig has supported the idea of allowing ISPs to give consumers the option of different tiers of service at different prices. He was reported on CBC News as saying that he has always been in favour of allowing internet providers to charge differently for consumer access at different speeds. He said, "Now, no doubt, my position might be wrong. Some friends in the network neutrality movement as well as some scholars believe it is wrong - that it doesn't go far enough. But the suggestion that the position is 'recent' is baseless. If I'm wrong, I've always been wrong."Combating sexual abuseIn May 2005, it was revealed that Lessig had experienced sexual abuse by the director at the American Boychoir School which he had attended as an adolescent. Lessig reached a settlement with the school in the past, under confidential terms. He revealed his experiences in the course of representing another student victim, John Hardwicke, in court. In August 2006, he succeeded in persuading the New Jersey Supreme Court to restrict the scope of immunity radically, which had protected nonprofits that failed to prevent sexual abuse from legal liability.No. 3Steve ChabinskySteven Chabinsky served as Deputy Assistant Director and as the highest-ranking civilian position in the FBI's Cyber Division. In that capacity he helped oversee all FBI investigative strategies, intelligence analysis, policy development, and major outreach efforts that focused on protecting the United States from cyber attack, cyber espionage, online child exploitation, and Internet fraud. For over ten years, Mr. Chabinsky helped shape and draft many of the most significant US national cyber and infrastructure protection strategies, to include the Homeland Security Act of 2002, the National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace of 2003 and, in 2008, National Security Presidential Directive 54, which includes the Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative.Prior to joining the FBI, Mr. Chabinsky worked as an associate attorney in the law firm of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett in New York City practicing complex litigation including insurance and reinsurance contract disputes, class action product liability, and internal investigations. Mr. Chabinsky clerked for the Honorable Judge Dennis G. Jacobs (now Chief Judge) of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and holds his undergraduate and law degrees, both with honors, from Duke University. He has testified before the House and Senate, and is a frequent keynote speaker and guest lecturer. His ideas have been featured in print news media, he has appeared on radio and television, and he is the author of the article "Cybersecurity Strategy: A Primer for Policy Makers and Those on the Front Line," published in the peer-reviewed Journal of National Security Law and Policy. He is the recipient of numerous awards and recognitions, including the National Security Agency's bronze medallion for inspired leadership, the ODNI's bronze medallion for Collection, and the Rank Award of Meritorious Executive conferred by the President of the United States for unwavering leadership and sustained extraordinary performance. In August 2012, Mr. Chabinsky was selected as one of Security magazine's "Most Influential People in Security."No. 4Pavan DuggalPavan Duggal is one of the pioneers in the field of Cyberlaw and is Asia's leading authority on Cyberlaw. He is a practicing Advocate, Supreme Court of India and a Cyberlaw Consultant. He is the President of Cyberlaws.Net -, The Cyberlaw Consultancy which is Internet's unique and first ever consultancy dedicated exclusively to the new field of Cyberlaw.He is the Founder President of Cyberlaw Asia, Asia’s pioneering organization committed to the passing of dynamic Cyberlaws in the Asian continent. Cyberlaw Asia is engaged in the process of creating greater awareness about Cyberlaws in different countries of Asia.Pavan has been associated with UNESCO on Ethical, Legal, and Societal Challenges of Cyberspace in Asia and the Pacific. He is the consultant to United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) on the Asia Pacific Conference on Cybercrime and Information Security 2002.He is Member of Nominating Committee of The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) . He is also member of the Membership Advisory Committee and Membership Implementation Task Force (MITF) of ICANN and is involved in the legal issues of At Large Membership of this global body.He is the Member of the Public Interest http://Registry’s.Org Advisory Council .Pavan is doing a lot of work in the area of Intellectual property rights in the electronic medium and in cyberspace. He is a member of the World Intellectual Property Organization Arbitration and Mediation Centre's Panel of Neutrals. He has acted as an arbitrator in various domain name disputes of the World Intellectual Property Organization.Pavan is the member of AFACT Legal Working Group of UN/CEFACT.Pavan has vetted and reviewed the e-primer on Cyberlaw prepared by e-Asean Task Force as an expert authority.He is the Cyberlaw correspondent for the Global Legal Publication JURIST: The Legal Education Network.He is advising the Controller of Certifying Authorities, Ministry of Information Technology, Government of India on issues concerning the Indian Cyberlaw namely, The Information Technology Act, 2000. He is also the Member of the IT Act Legal Advisory Group constituted by the Controller of Certifying Authorities.Pavan has also the credit of having done pioneering work in the field of Convergence Law. Pavan Duggal has testified before the Indian Parliamentary Standing Committee on Information Technology, on the Communication Convergence Bill, 2001.Pavan is the Founder President of Cyberlaw India . He has also founded The Cyberlaw Association. He is the Founder of Cyberarbitration, an online system of alternative dispute resolution.Being a prolific writer , he has authored three books entitled " Cyberlaw in India " , " Cyberlaw The Indian Perspective " and " Indian Convergence Law " . Pavan writes regularly, inter-alia amongst others, every Sunday his Cyberlaw column " Brief Cases " in The Economic Times.He has been invited as a distinguished speaker on various issues of Cyberlaw at numerous International Internet Fora, conferences and exhibitions like India Internet World, 1998, 1999 , 2000 & 2001 at New Delhi; E-biz-2000, E-BizIndia-2000, E-Governance Conference; Apricot 1999 at Singapore; and Regional Meeting of Infoethics (UNESCO), 2000 at Beijing.Pavan has been invited as a speaker on Cyber Terrorism at the 11th Annual AMIC conference in Perth, Australia. He was also plenary speaker at the Regional Seminar on the Root Causes of Terrorism and the Role of Youth organized by the World Youth Foundation on the subject of Cybercrime and Cyber Terrorism. He was invited by the Mauritian Management Association to conduct the first of its kind seminar on Cyberlaw in Mauritius in August 2002.Achievements [edit]He has been a member of number of committees namely:• The ICANN Nominating Committee representing the Asia Pacific region, 2003 and 2004.[3]• Membership Advisory Committee of The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).[4]No. 5Parry AftabParry Aftab is an American lawyer specializing in Internet privacy and security law, and is considered "one of the founders of the field of cyberlaw". She is the Executive Director of wiredsafety, a volunteer organization dedicated to online safety. She was featured in Chris Hansen's book, To Catch a Predator. She created the StopCyberbullying Coalition to help address cyberbullying and digital abuse issues.She was appointed to the federal NTIA Online Safety and Technology Working Group (OSTWG) and the Berkman Center's Internet Safety Technical Task Force (ISTTF). Facebook appointed her to its Safety Advisory Board. She advises MTV as well..Aftab assisted the UN at its recent Cyberhate Conference. Aftab was one of 24 experts and industry leaders appointed to the Congressionally created NTIA Online Safety and Technology Working Group (OSTWG) in 2009. She was one of the 29 members of the Berkman Center's Internet Safety Technical Task Force (ISTTF). On April 15, 2009 Parry joined Diane Sawyer in the first town meeting on morning TV, on the topic of sexting. She keynoted the Children and ICT event held in Gijón, Spain as part of the EU Safer Internet initiative.In 2009, Parry Aftab created the StopCyberbullying Coalition to help address cyberbullying and digital abuse issues. The StopCyberbullying Coalition members include Facebook, AOL, Microsoft, Build-A-Bear, Procter & Gamble, Google, Yahoo!, Disney, Webkinz, the Girl Scouts of the USA, Buzz Marketing Group, MTV and others. Her work on sexting issues began in 1998 when a teenaged girl sent nude and sexual videos to a boy she liked. She is working with the families of the girls who took their own lives after their sexting images were used to harass them and were broadcast to their communities.Facebook appointed Aftab to its Safety Advisory Board. She advises MTV as well.Parry Aftab told the Minnesota School Board Association at their annual meeting in August 2009 that they need to address cyberbullying. She warned that they have to adopt a cell phone policy and enforce it.Following September 11, Parry Aftab's charity, WiredSafety, helped protect the families of those killed at the World Trade Center. She worked to help children worldwide get past the fear they felt following the attacks. She found a rescue worker who had worked at Ground Zero with his search and rescue dog, Servous. To help children understand the rescue dogs issue better, she wrote a children's story published on http://WiredKids.org.Awards and honorsIn June 2009, Aftab contributed to the United Nations "2009 Unlearning Intolerance Seminar" entitled, "Cyberhate: Danger in Cyber Space."In November 2010, "Mrs. Aftab [became] the 2010 New Jersey recipient of the FBI Director's Community Leadership Award (DCLA)"Works• Child Abuse on the Internet. Ending the Silence, Carlos A. Arnaldo, Ed., Chapter 21: "The Technical Response: Blocking, Filtering and Rating the Internet", pp. 135–140 (2001)ISBN 92-3-103728-5 ISBN 978-9231037283• Inocencia en Peligro : Conviva con sus Hijos y Protéjalos Cuando Naveguen por Internet (2001) ISBN 970-10-3297-7 ISBN 978-9701032978• The Parent's Guide to Protecting Your Children in Cyberspace (1999) ISBN 0-07-135752-1 ISBN 978-0071357524• Parents Guide to the Internet: And How to Protect Your Children in Cyberspace (1997) ISBN 0-9660491-0-1 ISBN 978-0966049107• Servous The Rescue Dog (online, undated)[14]No. 6S J TubrazyS J Tubrazy ‘Shahid Jamal Tubrazy’ is practicing lawyer in banking recovery laws and cyber laws from Pakistan. He is managing partner of sjtubrazy & co a law firm locates in Lahore Pakistan. He is professor of cyber laws in reputed law colleges. He has conducted various seminars liaison with FIA (NR3C) a law federal enforcement agency Pakistan. He is pioneer to lay down the basic foundation ‘cyber jurisprudence’ and also interpret it exhaustively.Works / PublicationValidated Cyber Law Definitions by SJTubrazyCyber Jurisprudence , Quantum Computing, Cyberspace, Cyber lawyer, Cyberwill, Digital Afterlife , Digital Death, Digital Inheritance, Digital Will, Digital Property, Digital Assets, Clouding computing, SJ Tubrazy lawyer, cyber advocate, internet lawyer, internet advocate, internet lawyer, computer lawyer, Pakistan, Digital Worth, Digital Ownership, Online Legacy, Digital Vault, Digital Storage, Internet Transfer, Web Legacy, Web Death, Web Storage, Web Ownership, Web Footprint, Virtual Death, Virtual Property, Virtual IdentityBooks1. Manual of Cyber Laws in Pakistan. (2013-14)2. The Investigation for Fair Trial Act 2013. (2013-14)3. Electronic Transaction laws in PakistanPractice and Procedure ( 2013-14)4. Electronic Fund Transfers laws in Pakistan,Practice and Procedure Up to Date Commentary ( 2013-2014)5. Uniform Domain Name Disputes Resolution Policy (Comprehensive Commentary with relevant WIPO decisions) (2013-14)6. Prevention of Eletronic Crimes Ordinance (commentary) (2007-08)7. Uniform Domain Name Disputes Resolution Policy (Commentary with WIPO decisions) (2006-07)Awards1. Awards of Merits (PLC+FIA)Concepts1. Cyber Jurisprudence2. Cyber Execution.Wok for Public Interest1. Writ Petition for enforcement of Section 12 of Electronic Ordinance 20022. Case Against Goolge & Bing for search results pornographic images for non-pornographic terms 'HOT'No. 7John P. BeardwoodJohn Beardwood is a partner of the firm, engaged in a corporate/commercial practice, with an emphasis on outsourcing and procurement, technology and privacy law related matters. John is regularly listed among the world's preeminent internet and e-commerce lawyers in Who's Who Legal - The International Who's Who of Business Lawyers where, in addition to being referred to as "an authority on outsourcing" in the guide to Internet and E-Commerce Lawyers, he is identified as being both one of the two most highly nominated Canadian lawyers in the guide, and one of the ten "most highly regarded individuals" globally; and is also included as a leading lawyer in the Internet & e-Commerce chapter of Who's Who Legal: Canada 2010. He is listed inChambers Global – The World's Leading Lawyers for Business 2010, for Information Technology. He is consistently recognized in The Best Lawyers in Canada for information technology law, and highly recommended as an outsourcing practitioner in thePLC Which Lawyer? Yearbook and in the PLC Outsourcing Handbook. His biography is included in the Canadian Who's Who.John is Co-Chair of the National Technology and Intellectual Property Practice Group; Co-Chair of the National Outsourcing Practice Group; and Vice-Chair of the Privacy and Information Protection Practice Group.Honours and Awards• Chambers Global 2011-2013 for Information Technology• Canadian Legal Lexpert Directory 2010-2011 for Computer & IT Law• Who's Who Legal Guide to Internet & e-Commerce Lawyers as being one of the ten "most highly regarded individuals" globally• Practical Law Company's Cross-border Outsourcing Handbook 2010 and Which Lawyer? Yearbook 2008-2009 as "Highly Recommended" for Outsourcing (Canada)• International Who's Who of Internet and e-Commerce Lawyers in 2008-2009• Best Lawyers in Canada 2008-2013 for Information Technology Law• National Post's "Best Lawyers in Canada" 2007-2008 for IT lawNo. 8William "Terry" W. FisherWilliam "Terry" W. Fisher is the WilmerHale Professor of Intellectual Property Law at Harvard Law School and faculty director of the Berkman Center for Internet and Society. His primary research and teaching areas are intellectual property law and legal history.In his book Promises to Keep: Technology, Law and the Future of Entertainment (Stanford University Press 2004), Fisher proposes replacing much of copyright and digital rights management with a government-administered reward system. Under such a scheme, movies and songs would be legal to download. Authors and artists would receive compensation from the government based on how often their works were read, watched, or listened to. The system would be funded by taxes.Fisher is one of the founders of Noank Media, a private enterprise similar in many ways to the proposal of Promises to Keep. Noank licenses and distributes digital content by collecting blanket-license revenues from internet services providers and distributing revenues to authors and artists based on the size of their audience.Fisher was among the lawyers, along with his colleague John Palfrey and the law firm of Jones Day, who represented Shepard Fairey, pro bono, in his law suit against the Associated Press related to the iconic Hope poster.[3]An alumnus of Amherst College, Fisher received a law degree and a Ph.D. in the history of American civilization from Harvard University. He was a law clerk to U.S. Supreme Courtjustice Thurgood Marshall.Prof. Fisher is currently teaching an online version of Copyright law course on edX to a group of selected students.No. 9MARVIN AMMORIMarvin Ammori is a leading First Amendment lawyer and Internet policy expert. He was instrumental to the adoption of network neutrality rules in the US and abroad–having been perhaps the nation’s leading legal advocate advancing network neutrality–and also instrumental to the defeat of the SOPA and PIPA copyright/censorship bills.He is a Legal Fellow with the New America Foundation Open Technology Initiative and an Affiliate Scholar at Stanford Law School’s Center for Internet & Society. He also heads a law firm and consulting practice, the Ammori Group, whose clients include leading Internet companies and nonprofit organizations. The Ammori Group’s site includes a longer bio and some kind words about his work.Before starting the Ammori Group, he was a law professor at Nebraska, where he led a program working with U.S. CyberCommand to educate the military’s first generation of “cyberwar” lawyers. His main academic contributions have been in First Amendment theory and doctrine. He left academia to return to Washington, DC, to be a participant again, rather than a spectator, in shaping public policy to advance innovation and free speech.Before being a law professor, he was a leading advocate for civil liberties and consumer rights as the head lawyer of Free Press. In that capacity, and as the lead lawyer on the seminal Comcast/BitTorrent case, he was perhaps the nation’s leading lawyer on network neutrality, the nation’s most debated Internet policy issue and amongst the nation’s most important recent policy debates. During 2007 and 2008, he was a technology policy advisor to the Obama campaign and to the Presidential Transition.He is also a Term Member of the Council on Foreign Relations and a member of the Council’s Term Member Advisory Committee. He is an Affiliate Fellow of the Yale Information Society Project, an advisor to the University of Michigan’s Michigan in Washington Program, and collaborates with Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation.He graduated from Harvard Law School, taught on fellowships at Yale and Georgetown law schools, and earned his undergraduate degree from the University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. He loves ice cream.Works / PublicationsCan the FTC Save Uber?Author(s): Marvin AmmoriTaxi commissions are crushing disruptive transportation apps. Marvin Ammori discusses in this Slate article. Read more » about Can the FTC Save Uber?The Conversation: Time to Mobilize for CyberwarAuthor(s): Marvin AmmoriPROTECT IP Act (S.968) and Stop Online Privacy Act (H.R.3261)Author(s): Marvin AmmoriFirst Amendment ArchitectureAuthor(s): Marvin AmmoriNo. 10DAVID LEVINEDavid Levine is an Assistant Professor of Law at Elon University School of Law and an Affiliate Scholar at the Center for Internet and Society (CIS). Aside from the copyright and fair use areas for which CIS has become known, Dave's research interests include the operation of intellectual property law at the intersection of the technology field and public life, intellectual property's impact on transparency, and the impact of copyright law in the arts. Currently, Dave is researching the use of trade secrecy's inevitable disclosure doctrine and intellectual property law's impact on public transparency.In addition to the publications below, Dave has been quoted in articles in newspapers including the Los Angeles Times and appeared on CNBC, spoken at several intellectual property and cyberlaw conferences, and testified before the Library of Congress' National Recording Preservation Board. Dave also hosts an interview talk show on KZSU-FM (Stanford), 90.1 on the dial, entitled "Hearsay Culture" where he interviews people involved with technology. The show airs from 5 to 6 PM PST on Wednesdays, and is available by live stream here, by iTunes podcast here, on CIS' podcast feed here, or on the Hearsay Culture website feed.After earning a bachelor of science degree from Cornell University’s New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations in 1994, Dave was the Legislative Aide for the Hon. Sandy Galef, New York State Assemblywoman; additionally, he was the volunteer Field Director for the New York State chapter of the Concord Coalition, with which he remains involved. During law school, Dave was a summer extern for the Hon. Adlai S. Hardin, United States Bankruptcy Judge in the Southern District of New York.Upon graduating from Case Western Reserve University School of Law, Dave practiced law in Manhattan as an associate in the litigation departments of Windels Marx Lane & Mittendorf LLP (formerly Lane & Mittendorf LLP) and thereafter Pryor Cashman Sherman & Flynn LLP. At Pryor Cashman, Dave worked on a variety of cases in the intellectual property and technology litigation fields for several entertainment and fashion industry clients. Dave was an Assistant Corporation Counsel for the New York City Law Department, Office of the Corporation Counsel. In 2005-2007.