Letter Of Appointment For Independent Director Mr: Fill & Download for Free

Being a student at IIT Madras, I have been following this issue for quite some time now (well before the recent controversy broke out). Let me attempt to write an unbiased account of what actually transpired.The Ambedkar-Periyar Study Circle (APSC) is a group of socially concerned students who espouse secular and rationalist thinking, and may be considered to be on the Left of the conventional political spectrum. They take up and organize lectures, discussions and debates on related social and political issues, including that of the caste system. So naturally, they oppose the BJP and Prime Minister Modi, who represent the Right and might be perceived as favouring Hinduism over other religions, on several topics. They are classified by the IIT Madras administration as an "independent student body", meaning that while they may use the campus infrastructure for conducting their activities, they are not entitled to use the institute name and logo to publicize and promote their activities. Their activities are overseen by a specially appointed Faculty Advisor, who is required to keep the Dean of Students informed about the activities of such groups.Last semester, the APSC put up several notices across the IIT Madras campus. This notice, while condemning several of the recent policies of Mr. Modi's central government, included a quote attributed to B. R. Ambedkar regarding the caste system, which went as follows:-"You must destroy the Religion of the Shrutis and the Smritis. Nothing else will avail.""Hinduism is a veritable chamber of horrors, and it must die for caste to vanish."Please find the image of the notice attached below:-As far as I am aware, this notice went largely unnoticed (:p) by most students or was ignored during that time.A few weeks after this incident, a student of IIT Madras who objected to the above notice, shot off an anonymous letter directly to the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), without first consulting the Deans or the Director, seeking action against APSC. The letter was signed as "Students, IIT Madras".The HRD Ministry received the above anonymous letter, and decided to investigate the issue further by requesting the IIT Madras Director for the institute's comments on the matter. Please note that:-1) The letter was sent not by the HRD Minister Ms. Smriti Irani herself, but only by an Under Secretary to the Government of India.2) The HRD Ministry did not advocate or insist on action against APSC (at least in the letter), but merely asked IIT Madras to comment on the matter.The Dean of Students, Dr. Sivakumar, decided that APSC had acted in violation of the Institute's guidelines regarding the functioning of "independent student bodies", and decided to temporarily de-recognize (not ban) APSC as an independent student body, pending the next BoS (Board of Students) meeting in August when the next semester starts. The APSC was not asked to defend, clarify or modify their stance before the decision was taken.This issue got blown into massive proportions by the media, who went about their usual game of mis-representing the complete facts to grab eyeballs and create sensational headlines. Politicians quickly jumped onto the bandwagon, and are now trying to gain so-called "brownie points" out of an issue, which under ideal circumstances could have, and should have been resolved peacefully within the IIT Madras campus through calm discussions, negotiations and debate.Source:- Please read the following article Dissent and Derecognition – The APSC issue for a well-written, complete and unbiased account of the issue by The Fifth Estate, the official campus news body of IIT Madras.P.S.:- My very first answer on Quora. Hope I have been able to do justice to the entire issue.Edit, P.S.2.:- Wow. Over 2,000 upvotes within one day, and that too on my very first Quora answer. Thank you everyone for the support! :)And yeah, have corrected a small typo. ("Study Circle" instead of what was originally "Student Circle" in the introduction to APSC.)

India is home to many eminent Muslims who have made their mark in numerous fields and have played a constructive role in India's economic rise and cultural influence across the world.Out of the 12 Presidents of the Republic of India, three were Muslims – Zakir Hussain, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Additionally, Mohammad Hidayatullah, A. M. Ahmadi, Mirza Hameedullah Beg and Altamas Kabir held the office of the Chief Justice of India on various occasions since independence. Mohammad Hidayatullah also served as the acting President of India on two separate occasions; and holds the distinct honour of being the only person to have served in all three offices of the President of India, the Vice President of India and the Chief Justice of India.[94][95]The current Vice President of India, Mohammad Hamid Ansari, Foreign Minister Salman Khurshid and Director (Head) of the Intelligence Bureau, Syed Asif Ibrahim are Muslims. Mr. Ibrahim is the fist Muslim to hold this office. From 30 July 2010 to 10 June 2012, Dr. S. Y. Quraishi served as the Chief Election Commissioner of India.[96] He was the first Muslim to serve in this position. Prominent Indian bureaucrats and diplomats include Abid Hussain, Ali Yavar Jung and Asaf Ali. Zafar Saifullah was Cabinet Secretary of the Government of India from 1993 to 1994.[97] Salman Haidar was Indian Foreign Secretary from 1995 to 1997 and Deputy Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations.[98][99] Influential Muslim politicians in India include Sheikh Abdullah, Farooq Abdullah and his son Omar Abdullah (the current Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir), Mufti Mohammad Sayeed, Sikander Bakht, A R Antulay, Ahmed Patel, C. H. Mohammed Koya, A.B.A. Ghani Khan Choudhury, Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi, Salman Khurshid, Saifuddin Soz, E. Ahamed, Ghulam Nabi Azad, Syed Shahnawaz Hussain and Asaduddin Owaisi.[citation needed]Some of the most popular and influential actors and actresses of the Mumbai-based Bollywood film industry are Muslims. These include Yusuf Khan (stage name Dilip Kumar),[100] Shahrukh Khan,[101] Aamir Khan,[102] Salman Khan,[103] Saif Ali Khan,[104][104][105] Madhubala,[106] and Emraan Hashmi.[107] India is also home to several critically acclaimed Muslim actors such asNaseeruddin Shah, Johnny Walker, Shabana Azmi,[108] Waheeda Rehman,[109] Amjad Khan, Parveen Babi, Feroz Khan, Meena Kumari, Prem Nazir, Mammootty, Nargis Dutt, Irrfan Khan, Farida Jalal, Arshad Warsi, Mehmood, Zeenat Aman, Farooq Sheikh and Tabu.Some of the best known film directors of Indian cinema include Mehboob Khan, K. A. Abbas, Kamal Amrohi, K. Asif and the Abbas-Mustan duo. Indian Muslims also play pivotal roles in other forms of performing arts in India, particularly in music, modern art and theatre. M. F. Husain is one of India's best known contemporary artists. Academy Awards winners Resul Pookutty and A. R. Rahman,Naushad Ali, Salim-Sulaiman and Nadeem Akhtar of the Nadeem-Shravan duo are some of India's celebrated musicians. Abrar Alvi penned many of the greatest classics of Indian cinema. Prominent poets and lyricists include Shakeel Badayuni, Sahir Ludhianvi and Majrooh Sultanpuri. Popular Indian singers of Muslim faith include Mohammed Rafi, Anu Malik, Lucky Ali, Talat Mahmood and Shamshad Begum. Another famous personality is the tabla maestro Zakir Hussian.Sania Mirza, from Hyderabad, is the highest-ranked Indian woman tennis player. In cricket (the most popular sport of India), there are many Muslim players who have made strong and significant impacts. Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi, Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi and Mohammad Azharuddin captained the Indian cricket team on various occasions. Other prominent Muslim cricketers in India areMushtaq Ali, Syed Kirmani, Arshad Ayub, Mohammad Kaif, Munaf Patel, Zaheer Khan, Irfan Pathan, Yusuf Pathan and Wasim Jaffer.Azim Premji, CEO of India's 3rd largest IT company Wipro Technologies and the 5th richest man in India with an estimated fortune of US$17.1 billion.[110]India is home to several influential Muslim businessmen. Some of India's most prominent firms, such as Wipro, Wockhardt, Himalaya Health Care, Hamdard Laboratories,Cipla and Mirza Tanners were founded by Muslims. The only two South Asian Muslim billionaires named by Forbes Magazine, Yusuf Hamied and Azim Premji, are from India. Irfan Razack is also a prominent entrepreneur.Though Muslims are under-represented in the Indian Armed Forces, as compared to Hindus and Sikhs,[111] several Indian military Muslim personnel have earned gallantry awards and high ranks for exceptional service to the nation. Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif was Deputy Chief of the Air staff during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and later served as Chief of the Air staff of the Indian Air Force from 1973 to 1976.[112][113] Indian Army's Abdul Hamid was posthumously awarded India's highest military decoration, the Param Vir Chakra, for knocking-out seven Pakistani tanks with a recoilless gun during the Battle of Asal Uttar in 1965.[114][115] Two other Muslims – Brigadier Mohammed Usman and Mohammed Ismail – were awarded Mahavir Chakra for their actions during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.[116] High ranking Muslims in the Indian Armed Forces include Lieutenant General Jameel Mahmood (former GOC-in-C Eastern Command of the Indian Army)[117] and Major General Mohammed Amin Naik.[118]Abdul Kalam, one of India's most respected scientists and the father of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) of India, was honoured through his appointment as the 11th President of India.[119] His extensive contribution to India's defence industry lead him to being nicknamed as the Missile Man of India[120] and during his tenure as the President of India, he was affectionately known as People's President. Zahoor Qasim, former Director of the National Institute of Oceanography, led India's first scientific expedition to Antarctica and played a crucial role in the establishment of Dakshin Gangotri. He was also the former Vice Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia, Secretary of the Department of Ocean Development and the founder of Polar Research in India.[121] Other prominent Muslim scientists and engineers include C. M. Habibullah, a stem cell scientist and director of Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Allied Hospitals and Center for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Hyderabad.[122] In the field of Unani medicine, one can name Hakim Ajmal Khan, Hakim Abdul Hameed and Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman. Salim Ali, was an Indian ornithologist and naturalist, also known as the "birdman of India". Obaid Siddiqui is also a Biologist.On field of Literature and arts, many Muslims including Mughal Emperors are famous for their works. Ghalib with Bahadur Shah II are famous Urdu Writers. Kazi Nazrul Islam is considered one of best poet of Bengali literature. The list is much bigger.The contribution of Muslim revolutionaries, poets and writers is documented in the struggle for independence. Titu Mir raised a revolt against British. Abul Kalam Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Rafi Ahmed Kidwai are Muslims who engaged in this purpose. Muhammad Ashfaq Ullah Khan of Shahjehanpur conspired to loot the British treasury at Kakori (Lucknow). Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan(popularly known as Frontier Gandhi), was a noted nationalist who spent 45 of his 95 years of life in jail; Barakatullah of Bhopal was one of the founders of the Ghadar party which created a network of anti-British organisations; Syed Rahmat Shah of the Ghadar party worked as an underground revolutionary in France and was hanged for his part in the unsuccessful Ghadar (mutiny) uprising in 1915; Ali Ahmad Siddiqui of Faizabad (UP) planned the Indian Mutiny in Malaya and Burma along with Syed Mujtaba Hussain of Jaunpur and was hanged in 1917; Vakkom Abdul Khadir of Kerala participated in the "Quit India" struggle in 1942 and was hanged; Umar Subhani, an industrialist and millionaire of Bombay provided Gandhi with congress expenses and ultimately died for the cause of independence. Among Muslim women, Hazrat Mahal, Asghari Begum, Bi Amma contributed in the struggle for independence from the British.Maulana Azad was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement and a strong advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. Shown here is Azad (left) with Sardar Pateland Mahatma Gandhi in 1940.The first ever Indian rebellion against the British saw itself in the Vellore Mutiny of 10 July 1806 which left around 200 British Officers and troops dead or injured. But it was subdued by the British and the mutineers and the family of Tippu Sultan who were incarcerated in the Vellore Fort at that time had to pay a heavy price. It predates the Indian Rebellion of 1857. And as a result of the Sepoy Mutiny, mostly the upper class Muslim rebels were targeted by the Britishers, as under their leadership the war was mostly fought in and around Delhi. Thousands of kith and kins were shot or hanged near the gate of Red Fort, Delhi, which is now known as 'Khooni Darwaza'(the bloody gate). The renowned Urdu poet Mirza Ghalib(1797–1869) has given a vivid description of such executions in his letters now published by the Oxford University Press 'Ghalib his life and letters'compiled and translated by Ralph Russel and Khurshidul Islam(1994).As the Muslim power waned with the gradual demise of the Mughal Empire, the Muslims of India faced a new challenge – that of protecting their culture and interests, yet interacting with the alien, technologically advantaged power. In this period, the Ulama of Firangi Mahal, based first at Sehali in District Barabanki, and, since the 1690s, based in Lucknow, educated and guided the Muslims. The Firangi Mahal led and steered the Muslims of India.Other famous Muslims who fought for independence against the British rule: Abul Kalam Azad, Mehmud Hasan of Darul Uloom Deoband who was implicated in the famous Silk Letter Conspiracy to overthrow the British through an armed struggle, Husain Ahmed Madani, former Shaikhul Hadith of Darul Uloom Deoband, Ubaidullah Sindhi, Hakeem Ajmal Khan, Hasrat Mohani, Syed Mahmud, Professor Maulavi Barkatullah, Zakir Husain, Saifuddin Kichlu, Vakkom Abdul Khadir, Manzoor Abdul Wahab, Bahadur Shah Zafar, Hakeem Nusrat Husain, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai, Colonel Shahnawaz, M.A.Ansari, Rafi Ahmad Kidwai, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad, Ansar Harwani, Tak Sherwani, Nawab Viqarul Mulk, Nawab Mohsinul Mulk, Mustsafa Husain, VM Ubaidullah, SR Rahim, Badaruddin Taiyabji, and Moulvi Abdul Hamid.Until 1920, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a member of the Indian National Congress and was part of the independence struggle. Allama Muhammad Iqbal, poet and philosopher, was a strong proponent of Hindu–Muslim unity and an undivdided India perhaps until 1930.Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy was also active in the Indian National Congress in Bengal during his early political career. Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Shaukat Ali struggled for the emancipation of the Muslims in the overall Indian context, and struggled for independence alongside Mahatma Gandhi and Abdul Bari of Firangi Mahal. Abid Hasan,Shah Nawaz Khan, Capt. Abbas Ali, Habib ur Rahman, M.Z. Kiani, were very important comrades of Subhas Chandra Bose. Asaf Ali was one of the advocates demanding release of INA soldiers.

Short answer :-Blaming Nehru for all of India’s current problems has become a fashion in last few years. It seems completely illogical and absurd to me. Afterall, a person has to be evaluated, based on the appropriate context of his era, not on what is happening 70 - 80 years after his death.Blaming Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi for today's problem is like blaming Sunil Gavaskar and Kapil Dev for India’s loss to NZ in World Cup 2019 semi final. Just like Legendary players like Gavaskar and Kapil Dev should not be abused for poor performance of Kohli and Sharma, similarly Gandhi and Nehru should not be blamed for today's issues.Imagine how irrelevant and absurd would it sound that in 2100 AD nearly 80-100 years after Modi dies, someone is trying to win Lok Sabha elections by saying that Advani or Rajnath Singh should have been PM in 2014 as they were past BJP party presidents while Modi was not?Imagine how illogical would be for someone in 2100AD to say that ‘India would have been a better country had Nitin Gadkar (then the BJP's party president would have become the PM instead of Modi) ?Imagine someone creating a 3000 crore statue of ‘Iron Man’ Amit Shah, and at the same time saying that India would have been better if Amit Shah would have become PM instead of Modi who became PM by backdoor entry ?Does any of this sound even 0.0001 % relevant 100 yrs after Modi’ s death?Long answer below :-Not only on Quora but nowadays Nehru is abused also on Facebook and Twitter and whatsapp.Because of the simple reason, that people in India love to find a reason for blaming their failures on someone else's actions. They love to exaggerate stories, come up with half cooked, half baked tales, moreover they love to live in an 'unrealistic' world.In reality, Nehru was the most talented and the most successful PM in the history of India, in the most violent and challenging times of the world, immediately after an era that witnessed two world wars in quick succession. There is no one, who comes anywhere close to him, when it comes to matters of democracy and social reforms.His tenure of 50 odd years, as one of the greatest sons of India, is studied by historians in two phases. First phase, is the set of 32 years he served as a young, bold, intelligent and dynamic Indian freedom fighter who was Gandhi's right hand and the 2nd set is the set of 17 years, he served as Independent India's Founder PM. His vast contribution to India spanning 49 years, is the reason why Indian history books have mentioned him in great detail.Despite being from a super rich and affluent family, he decided to dedicate 32 years of his life, in serving the country and living a very modest life. He faced lathicharge several times and injured himself on many occasions, but kept going. He went to British jails 10 times for over 3,529 days or almost 10 years. His contribution to India's independence movement is next to Gandhi. No one highlights the fact that while serving in jail, he could not attend his ailing wife and newly born son, both of whom died due to his stay in jail for long sentences.Post independence, as India's PM he was the most popular, the most successful and most competent PM of India till date. He was the father of Industrial Revolution in India and the architect of Modern India. He built dams, schools, colleges and a great democratic framework. He also setup a framework where IIT's, AIIMS, ISRO, IISc, NIT's, NID, NSD, CSIR, IIMs were established, nurtured and developed.In India, recently BJP and RSS have come to power and strangely they don't have any leaders of their own to look up to. So instead of making an effort of raising their own level to that of Nehru, they have started lowering the level of Nehru and bringing it down to their own level.Since they can't find any flaw in his national policies, they try to call him British agent, Western thinker, Catholic Christian, Parsi, Muslim, Anti -Hindu, Anti-Sikh, Anti-India, debauch, womanizer, gay, drunkard, drug addict, chain smoker, beef eater, one who blackmailed Gandhi, killed Bose and ruined Sardar Patel's career, gave Kashmir to China and Pakistan, gave up UNSC seat to support China etc. These are completely false claims, supported by nothing, but morphed photos, fake claims, distorted data, mis-interpretation of facts and figures. There is no evidence of any of these fake stories spreading on social media, whatsapp, youtube and Facebook. None of these claims are even 0.01% true. One can read my other posts to go in detail for facts proving each of these accusations to be completely false and baseless.It is very ironic that those who sided with the British themselves, accuse Nehru of being a British agent, just because he was educated in Cambridge University and spoke good english. It is also ironic, that those Hindus who themselves eat non-veg food regularly, accuse Nehru of being a beef eater. People like Subramanium Swamy whose daughter married a Muslim, accuses Nehru of being a Muslim as his daughter Indira married a Parsi Feroze Ghandy. Illiterate people like Baba Ramdev who never understood Socialism and importance of Swadeshi concept started by Nehru, are now selling Swadeshi products and have build 8000 crores worth business empire and still they accuse Nehru to be a western thinker, despite stealing his idea of Swadeshi. Even more ironical, is that child rapists like Bapu Asharam call Nehru a womanizer, just because he shook hands with foreign women while greating them at an Indian airport. People who accuse Nehru of shaking hands with foreign women, forget that it was S.C. Bose who had married a foreign Christian girl called Emily in Europe. Their fake Hindutva doesn't get affected by this fact. People who portray Bhagat Singh and Bose as devout Hindus, forget that both of them were inclined towards atheism, though Bose was a follower of Swami Vivekanand and a moderate Hindu himself, both Bhagat Singh and Bose were far more extreme leftists than moderate Nehru.The height of absurdity is crossed when fake education degree holders like Smriti Irani, Pokhriyal etc go on to become HRD/Education Ministers in Central government of India and they accuse Cambridge alumnus Nehru to be a criminal. Moreover, terrorism accused and anti-national extremists like Sadhvi Pragya Thakur out on bail, call Nehru a conman. Patanjali Boss and Managing Director Mr. Balakrishna who is a Nepali citizen and 98% owner of the company's shares, openly tweets that Nehru died of AIDS in 1964, despite the fact that AIDS was discovered and clinically reported as a disease only in 1990.People who have never ever been to Kashmir accuse him of giving it up to Pakistan, despite the fact that it was his article 370 which helped India annex Controversial 'Muslim' dominated Kashmir into 'Hindu' dominated 'Secular' India. Moreover, he himself being a Kashmiri Pandit was the only one who made it an integral part of India, while Sardar Patel was least bothered about Kashmir.Sardar Patel is given credit for uniting 565 princely states of India in 1947. He thoroughly deserves the credit, as he was the Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India at that time, reporting directly to and taking instructions from the Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, on all areas of national policy.However we must understand the role of both Nehru and Patel in uniting the 565 states. Since most of the princely states wanted to be independent and tried to avoid being a part of a democracy, it was difficult for Indian National Congress to convince them to join India instead of staying independent or joining Pakistan. INC didn't have any army of its own at that time to exert pressure. Neither would it be feasible for INC to use arms against own countrymen, now would it be advisable, as most of the princely states had their own army, own military equipment and own currency. They were too powerful to be dealt with force and too difficult to negotiate with.Keeping in mind the limitations of INC and the relative strength of the princely states, who covered approximately 48% of the land and comprised of 28% of the population, it seemed an insurmountable task. Therefore the military option was ruled out. The only other option was to negotiate, but they were reluctant to be brought to the negotiating table, unless the INC exerts some sort of power, influence and offer something lucrative in return.Nehru strategically analysed, that though the princely states were tough to negotiate with INC, these princely states were controlled like puppets by the British empire, which was represented in India by then the Viceroy as Lord Mountbatten. So if the INC could some how bring Mountbatten on their side, then the 565 princely states could be brought to the negotiating table easily and later merged with India.Nehru and Menon worked in collaboration with each other to convince Mountbatten to work for a united India, as opposed to the idea of a broken and fragmented India, which was endorsed by former UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill. After being convinced by Nehru and Menon, that a divided India would cause enormous bloodshed, riots and crime against humanity, Lord Mountbatten agreed to help Nehru by going against the wishes of his UK boss, because Mountbatten had already seen enough of war and bloodshed in the World War-2, where he in the capacity of the Supreme Commander in Chief of the UK had defeated Germany’s Hitler and Italian Mussolini.Nehru and Menon also reminded Mountbatten that UK owes a lot to India, especially because more than 200,000 soldiers fighting in the British army were Indians and that Indian National Congress had agreed to support the British, only if the British grant full independence to India, post completion of WW-2.Therefore, visionary and clever Nehru played a master stroke by appointing then the Viceroy of India - Lord Mountbatten as the Governor General of Independent India. Immediately after that, the princely states decided to fall in line to join the Indian territory. The 565 states were split into 3 categories namely large states, medium states and small states, based on their relative size, population and regional influence.Nehru based on his discussion with Sardar, Menon and Mountbatten decided to offer a sort of a ‘joining bonus and annual salary ’ or privy purses to each of the kings and in return they would give up their ruling rights and join the Indian union. They would surrender their currency, their ruling rights and entire military, therefore the privy purses had to be a considerable amount.The trio of Nehru, Sardar and Menon decided that 450 small states would be given a salary of Rs 5000 per annum, while 102 medium states would be given the salary ranging from Rs 1,00,000 to Rs 2,00,000 per annum. 5 large states were given salary ranging from Rs 2,00,000 per annum to Rs 10,00,000 per annum. Only 6 large states namely Hyderabad, Travancore, Baroda, Jaipur, Mysore and Patiala were given salary more than Rs 10,00,000 per annum.On the other hand, Jinnah was trying to lure these kings towards Pakistan by offering business opportunities to them in Railways Karachi port. To further appease the disgruntled Kings, some of the Kings were given ceremonial designations of Governor, while some joined politics, some were offered high positions in the military like Brigadier and Major General. Some of princely states were given construction contracts in Indian Railways, Museums, Ports and Shipping industry.Through out this episode, I do not see any activity, which makes Sardar Patel a bigger hero than Nehru. Nehru being the PM was the chief strategist, Mountbatten was the influencial stakeholder and Sardar /Menon were the people who were just following the orders of their PM by executing the tasks assigned to them. I would rather say, they worked extremely well as a team in those days, only keeping the welfare of the country in their mind.Please don’t fall for fake Nehru- Patel rift controversies created for political purpose.Nehru is often incorrectly blamed for not exploiting military advantage against Pakistan in 1947 -48 war. He has mentioned in his letters, that all efforts should be made to attain peace and avoid wars, because political leaders like him don't die in wars, however thousands of foot solidiers are killed on both sides and millions of family members of deceased soldiers suffer on both sides.He didn't want more Indian soldiers to die in that war against Pakistan, as several thousands had already died and we had already defended the fertile lands of Kashmir very well.More military conflict would have definitely drained out massive resources from India's already bankrupt treasury which we had inherited after 200 years of economic exploitation by the British. Therefore I think that Nehru was extremely wise and prudent to take the issue to the UN and declare a ceasefire as it put an immediate end to war, saving lives of thousands of Indian soldiers and millions of rupees that were now being used for constructive purposes in India like agriculture, roads, water-dams, hospitals, schools, colleges and universities.As for annexing of Kashmir in a peaceful and strategic way lets look at the best practices of top corporate leaders to attract talented people into their organization.As most people are already aware, even today lots of great companies like Amazon, Microsoft and Google give a good 'joining bonus' to attract initially 'reluctant to join' candidates from other organizations, though this leads to 'complaints' from existing employees of these organizations, who are unhappy with the existing pay structure and annual bonus.Kashmir issue of 1947 was pretty much like the same. Both India and Pakistan wanted Kashmir to join them. Muslim dominated Kashmir was naturally more inclined to join a Muslim dominated Pakistan rather than join a Hindu dominated India. As partition was done on the basis of religion there was no way 'Hindu' dominated India could have 'Muslim' dominated Kashmir easily. Nehru established extremely good and trustworthy relationship with Sheikh Abdullah who was a strong Muslim leader of muslim dominated Kashmir. So when Sheikh Abdullah refused to merge Kashmir with Pakistan and spoke openly against Jinnah, he was able to convince entire Kashmiri population to join India. Therefore the people's will was given top most priority and Kashmir willingly merged into Indian union.Lets compare this from a HR strategic talent attraction and retention perspective of a global MNC. In this scenario the CEO of a MNC made an extra effort of giving a lucrative 'joining bonus' to recruit a 'particular candidate' in order to ensure that the 'candidate' doesn't join a 'competitor' organization.Here Nehru was the CEO of India and gave this 'joining bonus' of 'article 370 special provisions to make it lucrative for candidate 'Kashmir' to join India and not join 'competitor' Pakistan.Obviously existing Indian states did get upset initially, just like existing employees of an organization, who feel that new comers are getting better pay than existing ones.After a couple of years this 'one time joining bonus of article 370 ' was tweaked (through New Delhi act of 1950) and most of its provisions 'standardised' at par with rest of the states.Here I would like to give credit to Nehru who proved to be 'Management Guru' ahead of his time, as what he implemented as a leader and practitioner, later on got added to several management books as chapters on HR strategy. Any guesses why Nehru wanted that particular candidate 'Kashmir' to join India, because he himself was a Kashmiri Pandit. In a way you can say, one college alumnus has special preference for recruiting candidates from his own alma matter!!!As for POK, India left it as it is due to potential massive costs, rising burden on treasury, and potential loss of lives of Indian soldiers. Quora wizard Balaji Viswanathan has also supported Nehru’s decision to leave POK, in his posts, after analysing all parameters.Article 370/371 came into Kashmir after mutual agreement of Raja Hari Singh, his Minister Sheikh Abdullah, Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Patel. Over a period of time, article 370 was implemented in 8-9 states of India including North Eastern states, Maharashtra and Gujarat and it still exists there for special castes, tribal and ethnic communities. There is nothing wrong with it in these 9 states, where it works perfectly fine even today, but it has been misunderstood and abused in Kashmir by Pakistan sponsored terrorists, separatists and hard core extremists. This means that Nehru's decision to get article 370 in Kashmir was not a historic blunder as portrayed by social media nowadays. Rather it was confidence building measure initiated by Hindu majority India to peacefully annex Muslim majority Kashmir into India.Despite being under enormous pressure, Nehru ensured that article 370 is a temporary provision and he stated that future PM’s of India would have the full freedom to scrap it /modify it when needed. Therefore, in these circumstances, Nehru would be extremely happy in heaven, if Modi scraps this outdated and obsolete law just like Nehru diluted it in 1950 under the New Delhi Act of 1950. Yes, Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi didn't scrap it in their tenure, probably because there was no need to do it at that time. There were no extremists, no terrorists over there and separatists were also ignored by the Kashmiris till 1989. Problem started only in 1989 when Rajiv Gandhi was in opposition and VP Singh was made PM. PM VP Singh appointed Kashmiri leader Mufti Saeed (father of Mehbooba Mufti) as Home Minister who allowed terrorists to infiltrate into Kashmir and promote radical extremism. After Rajiv Gandhi died in 1991, since then the obsolete article 370 has become a shield for extremists in Kashmir to defend themselves. Moreover the liberalization and economic reforms started by Dr. Manmohan Singh gave benefits to the whole of India but Kashmir missed out on that. Therefore I don't think that Nehru can be blamed for abuse of article 370 be Kashmiri extremists, almost 25- 30 years after his death.As for 1962 war, it was Nehru’s firm belief in the principles of Hinduism in particular and in humanity at large, that he offered help to Tibetan refugees (including Dalai Lama) who were killed in millions of numbers in China by Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong was implementing his 'Great Leap forward' strategy at that time and this resulted in deaths of millions of people. Nehru’s decision to help Tibetan refugees in 1959, angered China and it attacked us few years later in 1962. Aksai Chin was never under Indian occupation even for 200+ years earlier even Kashmir was under British rule, we never had it in real life, though we always had it on the map.RSS fondly gives high regard to many Hindu heroes like Prithviraj Chouhan, Raja Ratan Singh(husband of Padmavati), Rana Sanga, Rana Pratap, Shivaji, who lost wars to foreign invaders, but their faith in the principles of humanity in general and in the principles of Hinduism in particular remained rock solid. However the same RSS continues to be suffering from selective memory disorder, when it accuses Nehru for losing the 1962 war. Nehru was a diplomat and global Statesman, not a war trained military general. INC leadership never had any background in military warfare and didn't have any great military equipment either.Yes, he wanted peace with China at all costs, therefore he followed a policy of appeasement with them. This is nothing new to our culture and history. In Satyug, even Lord Shiva avoided direct war and confrontation with demon Bhasmasur at Kailash, only because he wanted to explore all options of peace before asking Lord Vishnu to kill him.Lord Vishnu himself has always said that all efforts should be made to attain peace and avoid wars, because rulers and Kings don't die alone in wars, thousands of solidiers are killed on both sides and millions of family members of deceased soldiers suffer on both sides also.In Tretayug, Lord Ram tried this policy of appeasement with Ravan as well by sending Hanumanji and Angaad as messengers of peace and asking him to return Devi Sita gracefully and respectfully and the war could be avoided.In Dwaparyug, Lord Krishna himself went as messenger of peace to avoid the great Mahabharat war. Lord Krishna even gave a proposal of accepting just 5 small villages for the 5 Pandava brothers and in return Duryodhan could keep the entire Bharatvarsh. Was this not a policy of appeasement to give away a piece of land in return for avoiding large scale military conflict and attaining peace at all costs?Is it not wise to explore all options of peace to avoid war?As a devout Hindu, I don't find anything wrong in Nehru’s policies on China. Moreover he was not a trained military general to fight wars. He was a statesman and a diplomat. Even Sardar Patel in 1950 had pointed out the Chines threat to Nehru, but Patel could not provide a solution to it, probably because there was no solution in the first place, except to keep China happy at all costs and avoid warfare. Both Sardar Patel and Nehru knew from the very beginning that India could not afford a large scale war with a 3 times larger in size neighbouring country like China, so the only way to stay safe was to keep China happy by accepting its annexation of Tibet, signing the Panchsheel agreement, and avoiding discussion on all controversial border issues that could flare things up. This policy of Nehru worked fine for 15 years from 1947-62, so one cannot say that Nehru's foreign policy with Chinese was not successful, rather it was very successful for 15 out of 17 years of his tenure.At that time, Chinese leader Mao who had killed 4-5 crore (40–50 million) people in his own country during his reign had become unpopular and his regime had become extremely unstable at that time. His country was on the verge of a disaster and his own political future was very uncertain. At that time in 1959, when Nehru gave asylum to Dalai Lama on purely humanitarian grounds, this gave Mao a golden opportunity to shift the focus of his govt's inefficiencies to an external country -India shaking hands with a Chinese enemy-Dalai Lama.As Nehru’s friendship with Dalai Lama increased with time, It took Chinese 2-3 years to prepare for the war and assemble their forces in such a large number that they could attack and defeat the Indian army in 1962.Yes we lost the war under Nehru's leadership, and he took the moral responsibility for the failure of the same, however Nehru learnt from his mistakes and invested heavily in military equipment thereafter. Immediately after the 1962 war got over, Nehru doubled the budget for defence forces, quadrupled the military personnel and set nuclear science programs for self defense and military reasons (it was earlier restricted to civil purposes only).Though Nehru died soon after, his recent investment in army (1962–1964) helped India won its two major wars in next few years, against Pakistan in 1964 under Shastri and against China in 1967 under Indira Gandhi. Nehru who had initiated the nuclear science program only for peaceful purposes before the 1962 war, after the loss had now extended it to defence and war purposes as well.Though Nehru's global stature and diplomacy was not good enough to avoid the war, however it was good enough to successfully save the lives of 4000+ Indian soldiers, who were taken as prisoners of war by the Chinese army. After the chinese debacle, India has not yet made any mistake in military affairs , so I give full credit for this to Nehru for learning from his earlier mistakes.Kings and politicians don't fight wars, they only inspire the army. Even if S.C. Bose, Patel or Indira Gandhi would have been PM in 1962, the result of the war would have been the same, because the people who were fighting the war were the same, the machinery and war equipment would have been the same, the geographic location conditions which went against us, would have been the same and more importantly the opposition i.e Chinese army would have remained the same.In wars, you win some, you lose some. No one wins all wars, not even the British Empire, not even the USA and USSR won all the wars they fought. Nehru annexed 14 disputed territories (with Pakistan) into India. He further got Hyderabad, Junagadh and Jammu and Kashmir merged with India. He also won Pondicherry from France and Goa from Portugal. After so many victories, the law of averages took over and we lost a miniscule part of kashmir to China.Cambridge educated Jawaharlal Nehru was a visionary leader who put India on the global map. The seeds of meritocracy sowed by Nehru by creating/constituting institutions like IIT's, AIIMS, IIM's, ISRO, DRDO, India's nuclear and atomic energy program, CSIR(Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) , IISc, NIT's (then REC's), NID (National Institute of Design) , NSD (National School of Drama) , Lalit Kala Academy, Sangeet Natak Academy, Kendriya Vidyalayas, RBI(Reserve Bank of India) , SBI( State Bank of India) , UTI( Unit Trust of India) , LIC( Life Insurance Corporation of India) , ONGC( Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) , NPTI( National Power Training Institute), BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited) , SAIL (Steel Authority of India) and many more public sector Enterprises, dams like Bhakra Nangal dam, Hirakud dam etc have put India at the top of the world today, just behind USA and China in almost every parameter that you can think of. Unfortunately, he didn't have time on his side, else he could have done a lot better.Moreover children and grandchildren of Sardar Patel, Lal Bahadur Shastri, S.C.Bose all have happily settled abroad in US, UK, Europe, Canada and Germany and living luxurious lives there. No one asks them for their contribution to India, post independence.Edit2:- Thanks Quorans for 415+ upvotes. Based on popular requests, I shall be adding a section on Nehru’s role in pre and post independence of India.Gandhi and Nehru’s strategic role in pre- independence era :-Gandhi and Nehru knew it very well, that Indians can't defeat a supreme military powered UK (which had established the largest empire in the world spreading across Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and Australia) by arming themselves with wooden lathis and pelting stones and some locally made pistols.UK which had probably the best Airforce, Navy and tanks/missiles in the world could tear part any opposition in any of its colonies. UK also had the support of its Allies including nuclear powered USA, USSR and France.I hope people remember that UK's best ally USA threw an atomic bomb on twin cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. As Nehru had travelled to different countries in the world, he understood global affairs much more than anyone else. This was also one of the major reasons for INC to not support S.C.Bose, when he suggested a military alliance with Japan.If Nehru indeed wanted a military solution, he could have sought help from German hero Hitler and Italian Mussolini, both of whom had invited him personally to meet them, whenever he traveled to Europe.(Source :-Letters from Hitler and Mussolini to Nehru).This also proves that Nehru was a much more accepted global leader representing India at international level than Bose, as these two leaders reached out to meet Nehru and at the same time refused to give appointment to Bose even, when Bose waited outside their office at reception.However Nehru decided to not visit these German and Italian fascists, as they were military dictators with proven past track record of violence, corruption and deceit and all they were interested in was free supply of Indian soldiers against the British, but not in the welfare / independence of the Indian citizens .Nehru knew it before, but Netaji Bose learnt after a long time, that Italy and Germany were least bothered to help Indians get their independence from British. Indian Nationalist Bose tried to convince Hitler for the same on several occasions, however on every occasion, Hitler refused to provide any help to Indians suffering from the British Raj, because there was nothing India could offer him in return. Finally Bose, gave up his efforts to team up with Germany and Italy and focussed on taking help only from Japan.Though Gandhi and Nehru trusted Bose's pure intentions for India's independence, but knew it very well that it just won't work in an extremely complicated political climate pre-World War-2 and requested him to resign from Inc and continue with his efforts separately as the end objective was the same.The victory of UK’s Allies over the Axis in 2nd world War again proved that Nehru's strategic decision making of INC to not seek help from Japan was right, else we could have been nuked as well. This also proves that Nehru was correct in his judgment, when he predicted the victors of the World War 2, much before it actually started, some thing that our beloved Netaji got terribly wrong.It would have been a catastrophic strategic failure for a extremely poor nation like India, if we had gone ahead with S.C.Bose's decision to side with Japan.If we had, indeed gone ahead with S.C.Bose's decision to side with Japan (who were losers of the 2nd world war) we would have been bombarded terribly. Imagine British and their allies using their powerful airforce for bombarding Indian cities like they bombarded Germany, Hiroshima and Nakasaki among others.I ask all Netaji supporters to ask this question to their heart and answer honestly, Could we Indians as a country of poor farmers and some laborers have fought these technologically superior military aircrafts with pelting stones, hand made local pistols n lathis made of bamboo ? Probably No.It is not that Indians didn't have a good army and military means. We did have very good military warfare and brave soldiers, but beyond the access of the common citizens. However most of Indian soldiers were either directly serving the British Army as separate regional regiments in Punjab, Bengal, Calcutt, Bombay etc or indirectly serving the puppet Kings/Maharajas who were serving the British Raj directly.Gandhi and Nehru were well read in global affairs as well as Indian culture and history. They knew that most of the 500 +Indian Maharajas and their dynasties, who had reasonably good armies, had already sided with the British post the revolt of 1857. The British had bribed the Maharajas all over India to act in the favor of the British East Indian Company /British Raj. That is the reason, why none of these 500+ Rajas and their massive armies revolted or fought against the British for the next 90 years from 1857–1947.Realizing that the comman man was being exploited and made to suffer by their very own Indian Kings in collaboration with the British, Gandhi and Nehru decided that military option against British was ruled out.Even if Indian citizens resorted to military route and fought against the British government, just think who would fight against whom? Indians were on both sides.For. Eg. 95% of British government soldiers spread across various regional regiments were of Indian orgin only, which means that Indian citizens would have ended up killing Indian soldiers only, which would have further divided the already fragmented and battered country. Moreover Maharajas would have used their social political influence to crush the common man's desire to be independent.Thus Gandhi and Nehru decided to defeat the british in their own game by using the British law against its govt.All these years, the British had been claiming themselves to be ‘messiah of peace and democracy’ while criticizing Indians and other European countries of monarchy, military dictatorship, cruelty etc and preaching the ‘so called good and civilised’ things British were teaching un-civilised Indians. These double standards by the British gave an opportunity for British educated Indians like Gandhi, Nehru, Sardar Patel and INC leaders to argue with the British on its constitutional policies and human rights. Being born and brought up in India, they knew the tyranny of the British Raj, the immense suffering it caused to the common man and on the other hand being educated in law from top British universities, they could argue on legal grounds.Therefore Gandhi and Nehru agitated within the framework of the British law in such a way that they got great crowd support and also they did not resort to any violence. They went door to door and awakened the masses across different regions, geographies, religions, caste and social, political and cultural barriers and then merged them into the soul of one nation in principle. He gave them the concept of One Nation ‘Akhand Bharat’:-One for all and all for One.Once the erstwhile divided 33 crore people were united as one nation with one belief, Gandhi was a big force to reckon with as he could influence their behaviors and actions to such a great level that made the existing governance of Maharajas /Kings and British Raj ineffective.Then they did strategic planning to do non-cooperation, they believed in ahimsa (non-violence), and finally forced the British government to come to the negotiating table. Gandhi and Nehru understood that breaking of the salt law (Dandi March), boycott of British manufactured cotton clothes, promotion of Swadeshi products would harm the British economy a lot more than a large scale military attack against them. Dandi March was a big success and reduced Britain's revenue from India by 6 percent. Major economic blockages by India like Cotton, wood, spices, handicrafts, steel and other raw materials reduced Britain's revenue from India by another 32 %. Overall more than 40% of Britain's revenue coming from India was reduced and it brought them to the negotiating table.Therefore they broke the economic back bone on the British Empire without even making them realize it.Nehru spent 9 terms in jail, each visit was full of suffering and crying. He hardly got an opportunity to meet his ailing wife (who died at age of 36), old father and young daughter. Even today white collar criminals are put in different jails than murderers and rapists.Nehru spent 9 terms in jail spanning 3,259 days (almost 10 years) which is the maximum for any Indian freedom fighter. He has mentioned in his 200 letters to his family that he utilises his time in reading books and writing books.Rather than wasting time in cursing the British (like most Indians did) he used this time to make new strategies in countering the next move of the British.Moreover the Headquarters of Indian National Congress at Anand Bhavan which was worth lakhs of rupees even 120 years ago (now worth 100 crores) , was earlier the personal home of Nehru, which he donated generously to the Indian Congress party as it had no money of it's own to setup an office (as the entire nation and its people were mostly bankrupt). So in way he used his personal wealth to sponsor the start-up ‘Poorna Swaraj’ or independence movement of India .Not only that, all official trips of the INC leadership within India as well as abroad were sponsored by Nehru himself.Post independence, Nehru initiated 5 year plans for faster progress of the country. The first Five Year Plan emphasised on Agriculture for which major river valley projects like Bhakra Nangal, Damodar, Mahanadi and Tunga Bhadra were undertaken increasing both irrigation and hydro power electric supply. These dams were to ensure waters reaches the farmlands.During first Plan period (1951–56) there was low inflation and agricultural productivity increased manifold.Land tenure system was rationalised and Zamindari system was abolished. However, land reform measures didn't continue in most of the states and land was not restored to the tiller in most of the states except in West Bengal during Communist rule.During the second Five Year Plan (1956–61), the emphasis shifted from agriculture to industry when heavy industries were set up in the public sector and major steel plants were established in Bhillai, Bokaro, Durgapur and Rourkela.It also created new urban areas which would have taken a long time without government intervention. In private sector there were few industries in the hands of Tatas, Birlas and Dalmias. The 3rd five year plan focused on science and technology institutions.Overall, I think that regarding the freedom seeking independence movement of India, Gandhi was the soul, Nehru was the brain which took strategic decisions , Bose was the heart where passions and emotions originated and Sardar Patel was the strong and robust body. Let's not fall into the trap of petty and shrewd politicians who have made a career for themselves by baseless criticism of legendary figures. If I have to compare Nehru with a great leader of the glorious past of India, then I would compare him only with the likes of Emperor Ashoka and Emperor Akbar.I often wondered if Nehru would be born again in today's communal, caste based, corrupt political climate where would he stand? What would he do? Who would reply back to Modi’s abuses?Recently Kejriwal declared that India was fortunate to have Nehru as its first PM and architect of modern India who built laid the foundation of science, technology and industry in India. Kejriwal also said that India without Nehru would have been in a pitiable situation.I see AAP leader and Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal as an equally secular, honest, socialist, democratic, patriotic, nationalist, hardworking, visionary and well read as Nehru (maybe Kejriwal is a reincarnation of Nehru himself as Nehru died in 1964 and Kejriwal was born few years later in 1968, after all the theory of reincarnation of souls, is not new in Hinduism). During interviews in 1960’s, Nehru often said that he should be remembered as ‘Pratham Sewak’ or first servant of India and not first Prime Minister of India. Nehru further added that if he were to be reborn, he would like to serve India again and would like to be educated at IIT and join IAS rather than join US based MNC. It could well be pay back time for Kejriwal to be rewarded for his past good karma to join prestigious institutions like IIT, IAS and work as CM in the Government of Delhi - all the institutions which he created, nurtured and cared for as Nehru in his previous birth? ). Nehru had created IIT’s so that its alumni serve the country and in Kejriwal he is doing exactly the same.Both Nehru and Kejriwal see infrastructure projects like Bhakra Nangal Dam and Signature bride of Delhi as temples of Modern India. Both are extremely popular among the masses and draw huge crowds. Both want govt to spend huge amounts of money being spent on education and public health care rather than on temples and mosques. Both don't keep any VIP security and are approachable to the masses to an extent that people can even hug them or hit them. Both hate crony capitalism and consider ‘profit’ as a dirty word, if it is achieved unethically after exploitation of the common man.Modi is chasing Nehru, and Kejriwal is chasing Modi, is it payback Karma ? Could it well be the return of Nehru ?Edit4:- Based on multiple requests that I have received to write more on Nehru, I shall add more text here, If you are tired of reading and want to stop reading, you can stop here. I have brought my post to a logical conclusion. For voracious readers, pls continue to read below. Thanks to Dr. K. L. Raina for his inputs shared over mail.Post independence Era, Nehru and his vision for Science, Technology and Education:-Science occupied a central place in Pt Jawaharlal Nehru's vision of good society. As a scholar at Cambridge, he had acquired a sensitive understanding of the intellectual matrix of science and this understanding became deeper through extensive reading of socialist literature.In many ways Pt Nehru was the greatest man of our age. His name and fame will resound throughout the world in the ages to come. His love of science was only one facet of his complex, many sided, mysterious personality, yet his depth of understanding of science was perhaps unique among world leaders. He said, "The future belongs to science and to those who make friends with science".Science for Pt Nehru was more than just a conglomeration of disciplines dealing with the development of material resources. He was concerned with, what he described as a scientific temper which enables man to look upon himself, upon society and upon the problems facing mankind with an intellectual vigor, which combines sympathy with objectivity. To him science is an effective agent to bring social and economic transformation. It doesn't solve man's present day problems but also governs the future course of civilization also.Pt. Nehru often referred to the paradox of India being a rich country inhabited by poor and starving people and asked, "Why are we unable to convert our natural endowments into wealth meaningful to our people?" And the question was answered in the book 'Discovery of India' in these words: "It is science alone that could solve the problems of hunger and poverty, of insanitation and illiteracy, of superstition and decaying customs and tradition".After our country achieved independence his gaze was on development since he wanted to concretize his vision on new India. As Prime Minister he wanted India to develop along modern lines and make rapid strides lest it should be left behind in the competitive world so he looked upon science and technology as the levers for this purpose and for raising the living standards of masses.In 1950 Planning Commission was set up to devise strategy of rapid economic growth as well as of the reduction in economic disparities. Heavy industries, Machine tool factories, fertilizer plants, shipping and aeronautical industries came up with amazing speed. Towns and cities started cropping up at places which had known no habitation at all. The entire rural India was connected through a network of village development blocks and community projects.During British period emphasis on Indian science and technology was directed towards meeting the needs and requirements of the then Government for increasing trade communication and defenses. This resulted in several important advances such as the first scientific survey of the country and a network of meteorological stations, the buildings of canals and railway system. Several academic institutions were created.The end of 19th century and the first 50 yrs. of 20th century produced some of the ablest scientist the country has known and this period is recognized as the Renaissance of science for India.Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar(1894-1955) an outstanding chemist in his own right, worked very closely with Pt Nehru and founded the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) with a chain of National Laboratories.In the later period, another person who made the greatest impact on Indian Science was Dr Homi Bhabha, the father of India's Nuclear Program. He was instrumental in establishing the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and the Atomic Energy Establishment which was later named after him.Dr Vikram Sarabhai was another scientist of physics background whose efforts yielded in the establishment of Space Research Organization (ISRO) and IIM's. However, it was only after the independence and through the vision of Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru that science and technology were developed as a major force for accelerating for social and economic change.Nehru's involvement in the promotion of scientific activities in India was of several folds. On the eve of independence he constituted a scientific manpower committee along the lines of a similar committee of England.From 1947 to 1950 in addition to being Prime Minister, he was the Minister-in-charge of scientific Research. In this capacity and even otherwise his fervent and convincing advocacy of the importance of science on motions to grant funds punctuated the parliamentary debates and lent luster and freshness to the quite often dull deliberations, presenting and defending the budget demands for scientific research he was not tired of reminding of his colleagues, the fundamental impact of science on the modern world and its implications for the Indian science.He laid the foundation for the establishment of a chain of national laboratories and continued as the chairman of the Governing Council of Scientific and Industrial Research until his death. From the time the Department of Atomic Energy was created, it remained directly under his charge as Prime Minister. He was elected President of Indian Science Congress Association in 1942 and again in 1947. Since that time he attended its annual sessions regularly.1n 1950, three laboratories, namely the National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi, the National Chemical Laboratory in Poona and Central Technical Research Institute in Mysore were established. Pt. Nehru diverted his attention to the villagers in 1952 in a new effort to galvanize the national economy. He gave a call that "Everything can wait but not agriculture". This statement became a landmark in the history of India for the formulation of future policies towards agricultural development.It was for the first time that Government of India showed determination to tackle major rural problems. Research institutes on crops, animals, fisheries and other related sciences were started. Agricultural Universities, colleges and research institutes were sprung up in every part of the country. It was the vision of Pt Nehru that gave us the "Green Revolution" and placed our country on strong footing to take up any challenge on the food requirements of one billion people by the turn of 20th century.Today, India can be proud of having the third largest manpower in the field of science and technology because of the structure which Pt Nehru laid down for higher education in fifties. It was the N.R.Sarkar Committee which reported in 1946 with regard to the post war landscape of technical education that led to the founding of an innovative technological institute at Kharagpur, afterwards it was raised to level of an institute of technology.Within four years, four others IIT's were established on the same pattern. This coincided in its own way with Pt. Nehru's vision of future India in which science and technology would play a considerable role in the development of the country. From the day these technical institutes were established, it was visualized that these institutes would compete with the best of the kind in the world. The model taken was from that from MIT at Boston. US helped directly for the establishment of MIT like IIT at Kanpur and Delhi. Russian and German influence was strong in Bombay and Madras IITs. All these institutes were developed in fifties.The mineral raw materials constitute the backbone of industrial production. It was Pt Nehru's time that mineral exploration and mining development was given the pride of the place and its exploration made India totally self sufficient in the filed of planning, engineering and construction of mines.Presently India is in a position to extend technical know-how in setting up, integrating and mining steel plants to other countries. The credit for all this goes to Jawaharlal Nehru, whose vision is being transmitted into reality. India's atomic energy program owns its beginning and development to the encouragement that Nehru gave during 17 years of his Prime Ministership.The creation of the Department of Atomic Energy in 1954 as an independent Ministry with Pt Nehru as its in charge was a radical departure from the normal methodologies of the working of the Government Ministries. It was Pt. Nehru who started the space Program in 1963 and its first centre at Thumba started functioning.Later on India undertook many complex projects and accomplished them. As President of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, on 23rd May 1964, Pt Nehru approved for the setting of National Laboratory devoted to the study of the Ocean. This decision led to the establishment of the National Institute of Oceanography and Research soon after his death.Pt. Nehru had strong scientific temper which dispels difference between myths and logics. From the foregoing account it is ample clear that our impressive achievements in the field of science and technology during the post independence period own a great deal to the interest, support and patronage of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.Unfortunately,certain extremist groups within BJP and RSS have stooped to a new low, something never seen before in Indian history. They still live in the past, and don't want to do anything in present to make a better future. They continue to spread stories that Mahabharat character Ashwathama is still alive, if that wasn't enough, now they say that S.C.Bose is still alive. It seems that spreading fake stories is the forte of some people.Some people are just too jealous of Nehru's success and seem to dislike him for that. It all depends on PM Modi now, if he continues to get driven by RSS agenda (instead of Niti Aayog agenda) and loses track of development, he may do gross injustice to the people of his country. Rather he should focus on implementation of policies initiated by Niti Aayog.Edit5:- Today in winter of 2018, Modi and BJP are hell bent on chasing and erasing Nehru’s legacy and destroying the constitutional framework setup by him. Nehru is no more so BJP can abuse him as much as they want, as they know he will not return from the ashes to answer back. In today's Era, I do not see any one in Congress even worthy of comparison with the likes of Nehru.Edit6 :- This answer was collapsed recently by Quora, as it was reported by huge number of trolls from a particular party. I hope it is reinstated as the people of this country have a right to know the truth and stay away from fake propoganda done by paid trolls of a particular party.Edit 7:-I don't want to get political. Deeply saddened by the extremely low level politics done by Modi and BJP. Not only Quora, but Facebook, youtube, whatsapp and entire social media is filled up with such disgusting things. Now BJP has made this tool of disgusting and derogatory language the new normal. The BJP always thinks that those male politicians who have potential and perform better than Modi are all rapists, womanizer and children of Muslim terrorists be it Mahatma Gandhi, Pandit Nehru or even new comer Arvind Kejriwal, and if the political candidate performing better than BJP is a lady, then she must be a sex worker /prostitute, be it Indira Gandhi or Atishi Marleen a of AAP. This is the unfortunate truth of BJP in 2019.Edit 8:-Blaming Nehru for all of India’s current problems has become a fashion in last few years. It seems completely illogical and absurd to me. Afterall, a person has to be evaluated, based on the appropriate context of his era, not on what is happening 70 - 80 years after his death. Blaming Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi for today's problem is like blaming Sunil Gavaskar and Kapil Dev for India’s poor performance and loss to NZ in World Cup 2019 semi final. Just like Legendary players like Gavaskar and Kapil Dev should not be abused for poor performance of Kohli and Sharma, similarly Nehru and Gandhi should not be blamed for current problems of India. Therefore It is only the current leadership to be blamed. We should stop living in the past and live in the present while planning for the future.Edit 9:-I visited my alma matter on 22nd December 2019 to attend the Alumni event. Till 5 years ago there was a stone kept in the IIT Delhi Main building where it was written /carved out the following text ‘IIT Delhi foundation stone inaugurated by first PM of Independent India Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru in year 1960’ and I was disappointed to see that it is now destroyed / removed. Then I quickly went to IIT Delhi administration and inquired about it. They told me that this happened recently after Modi came to power in 2014 and even the IIT Delhi website which a contained a section on ‘History of IIT ‘s’ and ‘Nehru's vision for science and technology’ and his role in setting up IIT’s has also been removed based on instructions received from MHRD. Very disappointed to see this.