Long Beach California Register And Purchase January 2008: Fill & Download for Free

Nothing. The needs of the Navy come first. There is no legal or regulatory limit as to gow many hours they can work him or how intensely. He's in the military. It's not a normal job.The below is intended to allow my answer to be posted, in spite of the bot. Please ignore.Aliso Creek (Spanish for "Alder Creek"; also called Alisos Creek) is a 19-mile (31 km)-long urban stream that runs through Orange County in the U.S. state of California from the Santa Ana Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, collecting seven main tributaries. The creek is mostly channelized, and as of 2004, the 30.4-square-mile (78.7 km2) watershed had a population of 149,087 divided among seven incorporated cities.The creek flows generally south-southwest through a narrow coastal watershed at the southern extreme end of the arid Los Angeles Basin in a fairly straight course. Owing to the submersion of Southern California in the Pacific Ocean as recently as 10 million years ago, the creek flows over marine sedimentary rock that dates from the late Eocene to the Pliocene. The present-day form of the watershed, with its broad sediment-filled valleys and deeply eroded side canyons, was shaped by a climate change during the previous Ice Age that produced Aliso Canyon, the creek's final gorge.The name was given to the creek by Spanish explorers in the 18th century, although there are now many places in California that use the name. Historically, the creek served as the boundary between the Juaneño (Acjachemem) and Gabrieleño (Tongva) Indians. The creek's watershed then became a major portion of the 1842 Rancho Niguel Mexican Land Grant to Juan Avila, later purchased by two American ranchers. Although attempts to use the creek and its watershed as a municipal water source date to the early 20th century, the water it provided was of poor quality and erratic occurrence. As a result, the creek became neglected throughout the late part of the century, eventually becoming little more than an open wastewater drain. Despite this general decline, the Aliso Creek watershed still supports some biodiversity, and it remains a popular recreational area.Pollution, floods and development of the watershed and the surrounding county have blighted the water quality and wildlife of the creek since the 1960s, when residential suburban development of the eight cities in the watershed began. Pollution continues to be a major problem for the creek—the subject of many water quality and feasibility studies—but, as with many other Orange County streams, little has been done to correct it.EtymologyThe Native American name for Aliso Creek has almost certainly been lost. The current name of Aliso Creek was given by Spanish conquistadors sometime between the 1750s and the 1800s. The word aliso means "alder tree" in Spanish, and likely refers to the riparian vegetation that lines the creek especially near its mouth. The California sycamore, Platanus racemosa, is also known as aliso in Spanish, and is common in the area around the creek. According to the Geographic Names Information System of the United States Geological Survey, there are now 46 places in California that use the name, as well as five other streams in California that use the name, including as a variant name.Other derivatives for Aliso Creek's name have arisen since then—including "Los Alisos Creek" and "Alisos Creek". Several nearby geographical features also are named for the creek, including Aliso Peak, a 683-foot (208 m) headland. A middle school in the Saddleback Valley Unified School District, Los Alisos Intermediate School, borders the creek. The creek is also the namesake of Aliso Creek Road, which crosses the creek once and only parallels it for a short length. The city of Aliso Viejo and several other communities that lie near the stream also share their name with the creek.CourseAliso Creek rises in the foothills of the Santa Ana Mountains, near the community of Portola Hills, part of Lake Forest, and at the boundary of the Cleveland National Forest. The Loma Ridge rises about 1,500 feet (460 m) above the creek's headwaters, which are at an elevation of 2,300 feet (700 m). There is no pond, lake or spring at the creek's ultimate source; it starts out as a small seasonal gully that courses southwards through a small valley with relatively little development. The creek then continues generally southwest for 19 miles (31 km) to the Pacific Ocean at Laguna Beach, collecting water from seven major tributaries and over forty minor drains and streams. For much of its course, the creek is channelized and confined by urban development. It only flows freely in several stretches in its far upper and lower course. Passing south of several residential areas on the foothills to the north, Aliso Creek and El Toro Road run parallel for much of the creek's length upstream from Interstate 5. Flowing southwest in a small ravine along the right side of the road, the creek soon passes underneath the twin bridges of California State Route 241, and receives from the right an unnamed northern fork. At this confluence, the creek turns more to the south, then crosses under El Toro Road and bisects another residential area. As it enters the city of Lake Forest, it receives from the right Munger Creek and from the left English Canyon Creek, a larger tributary which drains part of the city of Mission Viejo, 16 miles (26 km) from the mouth.A slow-moving and shallow headwaters of a streamThe upstream portions of Aliso Creek (here shown while flowing) are relatively pristine in comparison with the downstream segments.The creek crosses under Trabuco Road and Jeronimo Road; the latter was once the site of a stream gauge. It makes a bend to the southeast then veers back south, entering a large gulch and crossing beneath Interstate 5. The creek then enters a culvert beneath Paseo de Valencia, then crosses under Laguna Hills Drive and cascades under Moulton Parkway, through the community of Laguna Hills. It then swings to the southeast and receives the Aliso Hills Channel, which enters from the left, 13 miles (21 km) from the mouth. The Aliso Hills Channel drains much of eastern Laguna Hills, western Mission Viejo, and southeastern Lake Forest.[2][11][12][13] From the confluence, the gradient of the creek flattens sharply and the stream enters a broad and shallow valley that runs between Aliso Creek Road on the west and Alicia Parkway on the east. It passes under California State Route 73, which crosses the valley on an earthfill and a bridge segment. The creek receives from the right the Dairy Fork, 9 miles (14 km) from the mouth, which drains parts of southern Laguna Hills and northeastern Aliso Viejo. The southwest-flowing Dairy Fork once flowed in a prominent canyon that was filled in the 1960s and 1970s to build the city of Aliso Viejo; State Route 73 now runs above the former canyon.[2][11][12][13]After receiving the fork, Aliso Creek passes into three massive culverts that cross under Pacific Park Drive, which crosses also on an earthfill. Flowing past several sports complexes, it begins to form the boundary of Aliso Viejo and Laguna Niguel, then crosses under Aliso Creek Road into Aliso and Wood Canyons Regional Park. Here, it receives from the left its largest tributary, Sulphur Creek. This creek is about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) long and drains a fair portion of northern Laguna Niguel, 7 miles (11 km) from the mouth. From there, Aliso Creek bends west and enters Aliso Canyon, which cuts through the San Joaquin Hills on the creek's final run to the sea.[2][11][12][13] About 1 mile (1.6 km) downstream of the Sulphur Creek confluence, the creek is briefly impounded behind a small dam, and receives the south-flowing Wood Canyon Creek, the second largest tributary, 5 miles (8.0 km) from the mouth. Wood Canyon Creek drains the largest arm of Aliso Canyon and most of eastern Aliso Viejo. Flowing almost due south through a valley with slopes dissected by many deep side canyons, Aliso Creek turns sharply west as it enters private property less than 1 mile (1.6 km) from the mouth. This section of the canyon is known for flooding frequently. The creek then enters a reserved size lagoon, crosses under the Pacific Coast Highway and enters the Pacific Ocean.[2][11][12][13]Tidal lagoonA dry wash curves from the upper right through a sandy basin down onto a beach on the left and its subsequent confluence with a larger body of waterAerial photograph of the emptied lagoonAt Aliso Beach, the mouth of Aliso Creek, lies a freshwater pond that changes frequently in elevation and extent. Tidal activity at the creek's mouth results in sediment building gradually up into a sandbar, impounding it in a small lake about 0.2 miles (0.3 km) long at its fullest extent. Afterwards, the water level rises upstream of the sandbar until one of two factors causes it to breach: either waves at high tide wash away the top of the sandbar, or the lagoon rises enough to overtop the sandbar by itself. Once the water level rises above the sandbar, rapid erosion quickly cuts through the sand and drains the approximately 3–5 foot (0.9–1.5 m)-deep lake in a matter of minutes. Peak flows through the sandbar can reach 500 cubic feet per second (14 m3/s), even if the incoming flow of the creek is nowhere near that size.[14][15] Because of the raised flow of the creek and the construction of a parking lot in the lagoon area since the 1960s, the lagoon has never been able to fill to its much larger, historic extent without breaching. Species such as the tidewater goby have suffered because of loss of their habitat this way.[16]DischargeAliso Creek is known to have historically contained water for most of the year, averaging 6.7 cubic feet per second (0.19 m3/s) in the wet season;[2] urban runoff has raised the creek's year-round base flow to close to 9.2 cubic feet per second (0.26 m3/s) at the mouth, with routine surges of more than 700 cubic feet per second (20 m3/s) in the winter. The United States Geological Survey had two stream gauges on the creek—one at the mouth in Laguna Beach, and one at the El Toro Road bridge near Mission Viejo. The Laguna Beach gauge was in operation from 1983 to 1986, and the El Toro gauge was operational from 1931 to 1980. The former received runoff from about 95 percent of the watershed, while the latter received runoff from 7.91 square miles (20.49 km2), or 26 percent of the watershed area.[17][18]A creek flows out of a gap through a coastal mountain range and flows onto the beach.Aliso Creek empties into a sandy lagoon at its mouth in Laguna Beach. Due to tides and erosion, its mouth is ever-changing.The largest flow recorded at the Laguna Beach streamflow gauge was 5,400 cubic feet per second (150 m3/s) with a water depth of 11.3 feet (3.4 m) on March 1, 1983.[17] The 1983 flood was caused by an El Niño event causing heavy runoff from the overdeveloped watershed. Damage was worst at the mouth of Aliso Canyon, which contains the Aliso Creek Inn and several other structures.[19] On February 16, 1986, 2,880 cubic feet per second (82 m3/s) was recorded, and 2,870 cubic feet per second (81 m3/s) was recorded on October 1, 1983.[17]The largest flow recorded at El Toro was 2,500 cubic feet per second (71 m3/s) on February 24, 1969, with a water depth of 11 feet (3.4 m). On January 5, 1979, the second largest flow, 2,450 cubic feet per second (69 m3/s), was recorded, and 1,950 cubic feet per second (55 m3/s) on February 6, 1937.[18] There was another nearby gauge—now out of service—at the Jeronimo Road crossing just downstream of El Toro. Before it was taken out of service in the 1980s, it frequently recorded periods of extremely low or nonexistent flow for most of the year.[20]The dramatic change in Aliso Creek flows from the 1960s onwards can be seen in streamflow data from the El Toro gauge. From 1931 to 1960, the average peak flow was 511 cubic feet per second (14.5 m3/s)—though peaks recorded ranged from zero to 1,950 cubic feet per second (55 m3/s). Between 1960 and 1980, the average peak flow was 1,178 cubic feet per second (33.4 m3/s), nearly twice the average before 1960.[18] Urban runoff now constitutes nearly 80 percent of the creek's dry season flow—7.2 cubic feet per second (0.20 m3/s)—and natural runoff, including springs in the Santa Ana Mountains, now supply a negligible amount of the creek's water.[14][15]GeologyMost of Southern California, including all of Orange County, was periodically part of the Pacific Ocean; the most recent epoch was approximately 10 million years ago (MYA). The Santa Ana Mountains, which now border the creek to the north and east, began their uplift about 5.5 million years ago along the Elsinore Fault.[21] Aliso Creek formed about this time, running from the mountains across the broad coastal plain to the Pacific.Mountains are to the upper right (northeast) and lower left (southwest), and the flat land in between is highly urbanized.Relief map of Aliso Creek watershed and surrounding citiesAbout 1.22 million years ago, the San Joaquin Hills along the Orange County coast began their uplift along a blind thrust fault (the San Joaquin Hills blind thrust) extending south from the Los Angeles Basin.[22] As Aliso Creek was an antecedent stream, or one that had formed prior to the mountains' uplift, it cut a water gap through the rising mountains that today is Aliso Canyon. The same phenomenon occurred to the north with Laguna Canyon and San Diego Creek, and to the south at San Juan Creek. The uplift also caused Aliso Creek's largest tributary, Sulphur Creek, to turn north to join Aliso Creek instead of flowing south to Salt Creek.[5] The Wisconsinian era was responsible for shaping the watershed to its present-day form, with deep side canyons and broad alluvial valleys.[5]During the last glacial period (110,000 to 10,000 years ago), especially in the Wisconsinian glaciation (31,000 to 10,000 years ago), the climate of Southern California changed radically from arid to wet, to a climate likely similar to the present-day Pacific Northwest. Prodigious rainfall gradually turned the small streams of the region into large and powerful rivers.[23][24] It was this surge in volume that allowed Aliso Creek and other rivers to cut through the San Joaquin Hills. A 400-foot (120 m) drop in sea level escalated the process, allowing the rivers to flow more rapidly and have more erosive power. As sea levels rose after the Wisconsinian glaciation, the water gaps the rivers had cut through the San Joaquin Hills, including Aliso Canyon, became fjord-like inlets. Aliso Creek and these other streams deposited sediments into the inlets, turning them into flat-floored alluvial valleys with an elevation very close to sea level. Eventually, the sediment deposited met the coastline. By then, the rivers and streams had diminished to their original flow before the glaciation.[23]In the wake of the periodic inundation of Southern California by the ocean, most of the Aliso Creek watershed is underlain by several layers of marine sedimentary strata, the oldest dating from the Eocene (55.8–33.9 MYA) and the most recent, the Pliocene (5.33–2.59 MYA).[25] These alluvial sediments range from 13 to 36 feet (4.0 to 11.0 m) in depth. Generally throughout the watershed, there are five major soil and rock outcrop types—Capistrano sandy loam, Cieneba sandy loam, Marina loamy sand, Myford sandy loam, and Cieneba-rock outcrop. The water table ranges from 6 to 20 feet (1.8 to 6.1 m) deep.[25]WatershedGeographyMore informationThe Aliso Creek drainage basin lies in the south central part of Orange County, roughly halfway between the Santa Ana River and the Orange–San Diego County boundary.[27] It is a roughly spoon shaped area of 30.4 square miles (79 km2),[28] comprising generally hilly and sometimes mountainous land. The watershed borders five major Orange County watersheds: Santiago Creek to the north, San Diego Creek to the west, Laguna Canyon to the southwest, Salt Creek to the southeast, and San Juan Creek to the east.[12] To be more specific, the boundary with San Diego Creek is drained to the west by two tributaries of San Diego Creek—Serrano Creek and the La Cañada Wash. Two tributaries of San Juan Creek—Oso Creek and Trabuco Creek—border Aliso Creek to the northeast and southeast.[12][29]As of 2004, the Aliso Creek watershed had a population of 149,087.[4] Nine communities were established in the creek's watershed as it was developed in the 20th century. By 2001 seven of them had become cities (from mouth to source, Laguna Beach, Laguna Niguel, Aliso Viejo, Laguna Hills, Laguna Woods, Lake Forest, and Mission Viejo), and the last two, Foothill Ranch and Portola Hills, were incorporated into the city of Lake Forest in 2000.[26] The largest urban area in the basin is in the middle, where Interstate 5 bisects the watershed east to west. The northern boundary of this urban area stretches a little beyond California State Route 241 and the southern boundary is near California State Route 73 in the south. This area consists primarily of Lake Forest, Laguna Woods, and Laguna Hills.[26]The Loma Ridge of the Santa Ana Mountains runs east to west in the far northeastern corner of the watershed, forming the water divide with Santiago Creek. The San Joaquin Hills are at the southwestern portion of the watershed, following the coastline, and subranges within form the divides with Laguna Canyon and Salt Creeks.[12] While the Santa Ana Mountains rise to 4,000 feet (1,200 m) or more, the San Joaquin Hills top out at 1,000 feet (300 m) at Temple Hill ("Top of the World"),[10] which lies to the north of Aliso Canyon—the water gap in the San Joaquin Hills through which Aliso Creek passes. Most of the hills rise to only 600 feet (180 m) or 700 feet (210 m). The largest body of water in the watershed, Sulphur Creek Reservoir, is located to the northeast of Aliso Canyon.[10][13]Bacterial pollutionA small stream winds past in the lower left foreground while residential subdivisions sprawl over the hills on both sides. Mountains rise in the distance beneath an empty, pale blue sky.Overview of Aliso Creek watershed from a ridge on the San Joaquin Hills, with Santa Ana Mountains in distanceAliso Creek's watershed, as well as most of Orange County, saw a rapid jump in urban development from the 1960s onward, which introduced increased flow, non-native vegetation, and high bacterial levels to the creek, severely hurting its ecology.[4] The creek is part of the Clean Water Act list of impaired waters,[30] which is defined as "impaired by one or more pollutants that do not meet one or more water quality standards". It is said that Aliso Creek is one of the "most publicized" streams on the list.[31] As of 2001, the average annual precipitation in the San Juan Hydrological Unit, which Aliso Creek is part of, was 16.42 inches (417 mm).[32]Bacteria affecting the water quality mainly consist of different types of fecal coliforms, with a high level of E. coli bacteria. This comes from pet waste, fertilizer, manure, and other organic pollutants that are washed into the creek, raising the average bacteria level 34 percent higher than levels declared safe under California law.[33] This in turn affects recreation at popular Aliso Creek Beach at the creek's mouth, violating state swimming standards 99 percent of the time, especially during storm events, as beachgoers are warned to avoid the creek for 72 hours (3 days) after a major storm event.[34][35]According to the county health department, the number of bacteria in the creek, especially at the freshwater lagoon at its mouth, frequently exceeds limits set by California law.[32]A large concrete hole opens out on a steep slope above muddy waterA large storm drain flows into Aliso Creek on the right bank, shortly downstream from Aliso Creek Road. This drain and over 40 others are responsible for the poor water quality of Aliso Creek.According to the Los Angeles Times, "County health officials acknowledge that the bacterial count at the mouth of the creek—which curls into a warm-water stagnant pond that flushes out onto the beach—is at times alarmingly high, often surpassing the legal limit for California. As a result, the area where the creek meets the sea, and the creek itself, are considered permanently off limits to swimmers and bear prominent signs that warn of the dangers of trespassing into such toxic waters. Nevertheless, people do, almost daily. Officials from the Orange County Environmental Health Department say that skin rashes, infections, "pink eye" and other assorted ailments are not uncommon to those who use Aliso Beach and, unwittingly, come in contact with the creek and its invisible bacteria...".[36] The problems facing the creeks are blamed on urbanization, which has deprived the creeks of needed sediment while increasing pollution.[32]Other pollutantsChlorine is responsible for the degradation of fish and shrimp in the creek. The sources for chlorine in urban runoff include irrigation and car washing. The only remaining fish species in the creek is carp, which can withstand high amounts of chlorine. Carp up to 18 inches (1.5 feet / 45 cm) long have been found in Aliso Creek near the mouth. Temperatures of the creek near the mouth have been known to exceed 90 °F (32 °C), although the temperature at the outflow is often much colder because it has been mixed with seawater.[36]Changes of sediment patterns in the creek have also created another problem. Stemming from the construction of structures interfering with stream flow, and increased runoff from the urban areas adjoining the creek, excessive erosion has created problems not limited to just the creek. The creek is eroding material from its bed and transporting it to the ocean, but naturally, sediment from the whole watershed flowed towards the main stem via a complex network of tributaries. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers warned in a 1997 study that up to $4.2 million in damage occurs per year as a result of the pollution of Aliso Creek and its neighbor San Juan Creek. This includes physical damage to creek banks, bridges, pipes and other creekside structures.In the upper portion of the watershed, spectacular erosion-related events have occurred at English Canyon Creek, where water flowing at high velocity around a bend during a flood caused several landslides in the 1990s.[37]RecreationA light-blue reservoir formed by a large dam across a broad valley ringed by housesLaguna Niguel Lake (otherwise known as Sulphur Creek Reservoir), here seen near the dam, is a major recreation and flood-control feature on Sulphur Creek.The Aliso Creek watershed includes portions of the Cleveland National Forest in the upper watershed, and two major regional parks—the 3,879-acre (1,570 ha) Aliso and Wood Canyons Regional Park and its adjoining Aliso Creek Beach, one of the county's most popular beaches with over one million annual visitors;[38] and the 236-acre (96 ha) Laguna Niguel Regional Park, which borders Sulphur Creek. Because of its shallowness and erratic flow, Aliso Creek is not navigable even in the winter and spring (rainy season); the only spot in the entire watershed where boating is possible is Sulphur Creek Reservoir. A mostly paved trail, the Aliso Creek Trail, follows the creek from Aliso Canyon to the Cleveland National Forest.[39]The only major fishing spot in the Aliso Creek's watershed is the 44-acre (18 ha) Sulphur Creek Reservoir, formed by a large earthfill dam across Sulphur Creek inside Laguna Niguel Regional Park. The lake is regularly stocked with catfish, bass, bluegill, and trout during the winter months.[40] Any other location in the watershed will probably yield only the bottom-dweller carp.Most of the trails in the watershed are biking and equestrian trails located in the lower portion of the watershed, in the immensely popular Aliso Canyon and its tributary, Wood Canyon. Aside from the main Aliso Creek Trail, the Wood Canyon Trail parallels a tributary of Aliso Creek (Wood Canyon Creek). There is also a bikeway along Sulphur Creek and along parts of English Canyon.[39]WildlifeHistoricA long, silver and gray fishSteelhead trout existed in Aliso Creek and likely inhabited the creek within recorded history, as recently as 1972.Before agricultural and later urban development of the watershed, live oak, sycamore, and alder trees lined the banks of Aliso Creek and its major tributaries, specifically Wood Canyon, Sulphur and English Canyon creeks, in a rich riparian zone.[37] Coyotes, mountain lions, and other large mammals were found throughout the Aliso Creek watershed, especially in the mountainous areas in the San Joaquin Hills and Santa Ana Mountains. These animals can still be found in some number, but they are mostly confined to the wilderness areas that are surrounded by residential development. These "islands" of native vegetation and wildlife still support many native Southern California organisms. As the creek was perennial, the riparian zone surrounding the creek likely was similar to that of San Juan Creek to the south.[4]Researchers and long-time residents of the lower Aliso Creek watershed have argued for many years over the presence of steelhead trout in Aliso Creek. Up until 2006 the National Marine Fisheries Service stated that Aliso Creek is a "[coastal basin] with no evidence of historical or extant of O. mykiss in anadromous waters." Contrary to that, a 1998 major study co-authored by the US Army Corps of Engineer and US Fish & Wildlife Service declared that steelhead had inhabited the creek until around 1972 when increased density (urbanization) resulted in poor water quality conditions (pollutants and low oxygen levels) that drove the migrational fish out.On February 20, 2009, in a written rebuke, chastising an Aliso Creek water rights applicant (South Coast Water District) a formal letter sent by NOAA Regional Manager Rodney McGinnis to Antonio Barrales of the State Water Resources Control Board, Water Rights Division, revised that 2006 assessment. Carbon copied was California Fish & Game (Mary Larson) plus US Fish & Wildlife Service (Christine Medak). This was due to 9 years of constant petitioning by the South Orange County environmental protectionist group Clean Water Now (CWN) led by Founder and Executive Director Roger E. Bütow, Board member Michael Hazzard, Joanne Sutch (Laguna Beach Beautification Committee) and Devora Hertz (Planet Laguna). Frank Selby, owner of His & Hers Fly Shop in Costa Mesa, was interviewed by Oc Register and lA Times reporters, he confirmed his own steelhead takings from the 1950s and 60s, last sighting in 1972. Frank then sent a letter to CEMARS (June 2008) titled "Regarding Aliso Creek Steelhead." He was also personally interviewed by the CWN Board to confirm actual sightings and taking.NMFS then reversed itself and declared that there was sufficient, credible information to declare that Aliso Creek had been steelhead habitat and was added to the Distinct Population Segment List under the jurisdictional domain of NOAA. It is now considered a candidate for re-colonization.During the prolonged 9-year dispute that began in 2000, Bütow and his working group "Friends of the Aliso Creek Steelhead" provided authentic Native American (Juañeno) anecdotes of takings, pictures by upstream fishermen with their catches and other personal accounts by longtime local residents that helped convince the State. It was a negotiated truce between Bütow and NOAA: Only the lower 7 miles of the creek was eventually listed because its conditions were amenable to historical populations. The habitat "termination line" was drawn at about Aliso Creek where it crosses an arterial road: Pacific Parkway in Aliso Viejo. In fact, Mary Larson (steelhead restoration coordinator for CF&G), declared to reporters when the ruling was reversed that it was obviously true, its historical presence a "duh, no-brainer moment." [41] Many anglers in the 1960s and 1970s reported taking tens or even hundreds of steelhead trout from Aliso Creek's estuary and Aliso Creek Canyon (approximately 4 miles) before suburban development began.[42][43][44][45][46] This indicates that there was a "possible run or population" of steelhead in Aliso Creek at some point.[47] The creek is also inhabited by bottom-dwellers such as carp, and historically shrimp and other benthic organisms were found throughout perennial pools in the Aliso Creek watershed. Historically, a large population of tidewater goby (10,000–15,000) was documented at the creek's mouth by Swift et al.. (1989), from a study period that ranged from March 1973 to January 1977. The tidewater goby, which depended on the transient lagoon at the mouth for survival, has declined in number because of modifications to its habitat.[48]Human impactSince urbanization began in the 1960s, sudden high and sediment-lacking flows of polluted water began to destroy the native riparian vegetation once found along much of the creek. Exotic plants, including tobacco tree, castor bean, pampas grass, periwinkle, and Artichoke thistle, but most notably the giant reed, then replaced the historic live oaks, sycamores and alders as riparian vegetation.[37] These plants have crowded out native vegetation, and in the case of giant reed, crowded out native animals—giant reed does not provide habitat for any native Southern California animals.[37] These invasive species are most prevalent along upper Sulphur Creek (Sulphur Creek Reservoir prevents these plants from spreading downstream), much of the Aliso Creek mainstem, and some parts of Wood Canyon Creek.Many of the trees in Aliso Creek's riparian zone were cut down in the Spanish Mission period to construct buildings, ships, and other projects. According to the Flood Protection Corridor Program of the Costa Machado Water Act of 2000, "Aliso Creek was one of the few streams that contained water most of the year, even during the pre-development period. There are documents describing explorers mooring their ships outside the mouth of the river and harvesting large timbers from the river area. Such large timbers could only be available from a relatively lush environment in which water was somewhat plentiful."[4] Some trees survived into the early 20th century, then a second decline of unknown cause began—either erosion or floods in the creek were responsible for their destruction, or the water table has lowered out of reach of the trees' roots. The water table began a drastic decline in the 1960s, after the watershed began to become urbanized.[37]Several birds wading and swimming in muddy waterWhite heron and ducklings in Aliso CreekAlthough historically many fish species used Aliso Creek, the only remaining one is carp, which is known to survive in areas with high toxicity. Bird life was also abundant in the watershed—and 137 species remain in the less developed areas of the watershed. Some of these birds include California least tern, least Bell's vireo, southwestern willow flycatcher, California gnatcatcher, and western snowy plover.[4] Remaining habitat for native wildlife is now primarily along Wood Canyon Creek, in the upper reaches of Aliso Creek, and along some parts of English Canyon.[25]Aside from carp, several species of fish and amphibians still inhabited the creek up to the 1980s, when floods destroyed much of the remaining riparian habitat. These included the mosquito fish, bluegill, bass, and channel catfish, as well as several species of native frogs. After the floods, most of these species were reported to have disappeared completely.[4]HistoryFirst inhabitantsIt is believed that in Native American times, Aliso Creek served as part of an important tribal boundary—between the Tongva in the north and the Acjachemen (or Juaneño) tribe in the south.[49] The Tongva's territory extended north, past the Santa Ana River and San Gabriel River, into present-day Los Angeles County, while the Acjachemen's smaller territory extended from Aliso Creek south, past San Juan Creek, and to the vicinity of San Mateo Creek in present-day San Diego County.[49] The creek's perennial flow[4] made it a likely spot for Indian settlement, although the Tongva's main settlements were near the San Gabriel River and the Acjachemen mostly lived at the confluence of San Juan Creek and Trabuco Creek. Even so, some 70 major archaeological sites have been discovered along the creek,[49] and it is believed that there was once an Acjachemen Indian village near the confluence of Aliso Creek and Sulphur Creek, named Niguili, which means "a large spring" in the native Luiseño dialect. The spring still exists near the intersection of Alicia Parkway and Highlands Road in present-day Laguna Niguel, about a mile (1.6) km east of Aliso Creek's confluence with Sulphur Creek.[50]The creek's use as a tribal boundary is disputed. As other southern California Native Americans have done, a tribe typically claimed both sides of a stream or river—and used drainage divides as boundaries instead. However, the presence of Aliso Canyon, a steep and difficult-to-traverse gorge, suggests the opposite.[49] Kroeber (1907) was the first to support this theory, and many other archaeologists have followed as well. The Juaneño disagree, arguing that their boundary stretches north to the northern drainage divide of the Aliso Creek watershed, which supports the practice of claiming both sides of a stream.[51]Spanish explorers and missionariesIn 1769, the Portola expedition camped near Aliso Creek on July 24–25, having come north from the San Juan Capistrano area along the route of today's Interstate 5.[52] These first Spanish explorers were accompanied by Franciscan missionaries who took control over nearly all of the coastal Native American groups. They later established Mission San Gabriel Arcángel and Mission San Juan Capistrano near the main native population centers, seeking to convert them to Christianity. Most of the native population was moved to these two missions—the Spanish called the Tongva Gabrielinos[53] and the Acjachemen, the Juaneño,[54] after these two missions. The Spanish began farming and ranching practices on many of the fertile floodplains surrounding the only perennial streams in the area—San Juan and Trabuco Creek, Aliso Creek, and the Santa Ana, San Gabriel and Los Angeles rivers to the north. Many of the trees in the riparian zones surrounding these creeks—specifically Aliso Creek—were cut down, and it was said that the trees near the "river['s]"[4] mouth were especially tall and there were written accounts of Spanish ships mooring in the large bay at the outlet of Aliso Canyon and men going ashore to chop down and take away these trees for constructing mission buildings, ships and other structures.[4][37]The Mexican periodMexico won independence from Spain in 1822, keeping the Alta California province, and secularized the missions in the 1830s. Former mission lands were divided into private land grants. In 1842, Juan Avila received the 13,316-acre (53.89 km2) Rancho Niguel grant. The name of the rancho was partially derived from a corruption of the original name of the village, Niguili. (The rancho name later became part of the name of the city of Laguna Niguel.)StatehoodFollowing the Mexican–American War, California was annexed by the United States, becoming the 31st state in 1850. In 1871, the first white settler along Aliso Creek, Eugene Salter, claimed 152 acres (0.62 km2) along the lower creek, inside Aliso Canyon.[5] The following year the 152 acres (0.62 km2) were acquired by George and Sarah Thurston, homesteaders who converted the mouth of the creek into an orchard irrigated by its waters for roughly the next half century.[5]Urbanization and developmentA large valley between arid chaparral-covered hills, opening towards the ocean.View of the proposed Aliso Reservoir site (below, in canyon) from the San Joaquin HillsSee also: Orange County, California § HistoryIn 1895, Rancho Niguel was acquired by rancher Lewis Moulton (1854–1938) and his partner, Jean Pierre Daguerre (1856–1911). The rancho remained under their ownership for approximately thirty-eight years, and the rancho continued to be owned by the Moulton family until the 1960s. Rancho Niguel was eventually assimilated into Laguna Niguel, Aliso Viejo, Laguna Hills, and Aliso and Wood Canyons Regional Park.[4][55][56]By the 1920s, Aliso Creek was already being experimented with as a municipal water source. In 1924, the City of Laguna Beach drilled wells into gravel deposits near the mouth of the creek, in order to provide drinking water. Just four years later, the unusually high and unexplained presence of chloride in the water prompted the city to abandon Aliso Creek as a water source.[2] Taking advantage of the creek's high winter surges, ranging from 0 to 404 acre feet (0 to 498,327 m3) monthly, local resident A. J. Stead proposed in 1934 to build a dam very near the mouth of the creek, forming a reservoir with a capacity of 2,650 acre feet (3,270,000 m3) and safe annual yield of 150 acre feet (190,000 m3). Although the proposal was accepted, the results are unknown—there is no remaining trace of these works today.[2]By the late 1960s, increasing runoff in the creek from the growing cities in the watershed begun to spell ecological problems and severe erosion for the creek. Although a series of flood control channels upstream of Aliso Creek Road (near Aliso Canyon) had already begun to prevent erosion in those heavily developed areas, the creek eroded to depths of 20 feet (6.1 m) or more in any unlined areas.[57]In 1969 a flow control and erosion mitigation project for Aliso Creek was begun, requiring the construction of two concrete drop structures on the creek.[57] These two vertical barriers, 11 feet (3.4 m) high and 30 feet (9.1 m) long, were built both upstream and downstream of Aliso Creek Road. Several grouted riprap structures were also constructed between and downstream of these drops.[4]A small dam was built about 1.4 miles (2.3 km) downstream of Aliso Creek Road in the 1990s—inside Aliso Canyon—as part of a "mitigation bank project".[57] This project, known as ACWHEP (Aliso Creek Wildlife Habitat Enhancement Project) was intended to provide water to 70 acres (0.28 km2) of former riparian areas now several feet higher than the eroded channel of the creek. It was conceived and jointly funded by the county and the Mission Viejo Company.[58] The dam was also supposed to control further erosion downstream. Due to faulty design, however, the dam failed to prevent erosion, which has continued to undermine structures throughout the canyon.[37] The grouted riprap structure is about 15 feet (4.6 m) high and 100 feet (30 m) long, and aside from impounding water, captures debris and temporarily controls wet season flows. The building of these modifications, as well as dry weather runoff from seven municipal storm sewer systems, began to contribute to the infamous pollution of Aliso Creek.[57]Cities and protected areas timelineThere are eight cities in the Aliso Creek watershed, including Mission Viejo, Aliso Viejo and Laguna Niguel. Sulphur Creek, at the southeast, is the creek's largest tributary.Aliso Creek watershed map with city boundariesIn 1927 Laguna Beach became the first city to be incorporated in the Aliso Creek watershed and the second in Orange County. At this time, prior to the 1930s, aside from some farming and ranching practices, the watershed was largely unpopulated.[4] At the end of that decade, the watershed still remained less than 1 percent developed. Up to the 1960s and 1970s, barely 15 percent of the watershed was developed, but by 1990, after doubling its rate in the past two decades, the watershed was roughly 60 percent developed.[4] The cities of Mission Viejo and Laguna Niguel were incorporated in 1988 and 1989, respectively. By the end of the 20th century, more than 70 percent of the watershed was developed.[4] The newest city in the watershed, Aliso Viejo, was incorporated in 2001.The Cleveland National Forest, the oldest protected area in the Aliso Creek watershed, was created in 1908, and the next major park to be created was Laguna Niguel Regional Park in 1973.[59] Land for Aliso and Wood Canyons Regional Park was first secured in April 1979 with 3,400 acres (14 km2), and small increments were added to the park until the early 1990s forming a total of 3,879 acres (15.70 km2).[60] Also in the 1990s, Aliso and Wood Canyons became part of the Laguna Coast Wilderness, which stretches north to Crystal Cove State Park.Flooding and mitigationLike most other coastal Orange County streams, the watershed of Aliso Creek is now heavily urbanized. With 70 percent of the original land surface now underneath impermeable surfaces such as pavement and buildings, far more runoff now enters the creek—not only inducing an increased year-round flow, but much larger rainy season flows. In the 1920s and 1930s, devastating floods wreaked havoc on much of southern California; the Los Angeles Flood of 1938 was the most famous flooding episode of this period.[4]The Orange County Flood Control Act of 1927 was created in the wake of some of the earlier flooding events of this era. Dams and reservoirs, some of the largest of which include Irvine Lake and the Sulphur Creek Reservoir, were the first features to be constructed following the passage of this act.[61] Starting from the 1960s, most Orange County rivers, including Aliso Creek, were channelized. Some, like the Santa Ana River, were entirely lined with concrete, but Aliso Creek retains a natural riverbed in most parts despite being bound to a narrow channel.[4]A muddy flow of water drops over an artificial concrete waterfall, from a tree-lined riverbed to a riprap-lined channel.Many drop structures exist in the Aliso Creek riverbed to prevent erosion.Several tributaries of Aliso Creek—the Dairy Fork, Aliso Hills Channel, Munger Creek, and other smaller ones—have been replaced by storm drains.[62] Wood Canyon Creek remains much like its original condition, despite degradation due to polluted water. Sulphur Creek has been channelized and diverted into culverts in several stretches, and English Canyon Creek has received some riprap stabilization and bank protection.[37]Although there are no major flood control dams on Aliso Creek itself, there are 19 drop structures, and while doing nothing to reduce the creek's rainy season surges, the drop structures were constructed to mitigate the catastrophic erosion that came with the creek's increased flow. Although the creek has a wide floodplain throughout most of Aliso Canyon, a major bottleneck lies at the south end of the canyon where a sharp bend in the creek is constricted between crowded development and steep cliffs. In flooding events, this area generally sustains heavy damage.[4]Another major era of floods lasted from the 1980s until the early 21st century. The 1983 El Niño season brought unprecedented rainfall that produced a flow of 5,400 cubic feet per second (150 m3/s) from the creek, an all-time high. The creek overflowed its banks and flooded up to 10 feet (3.0 m) deep in places.[19] There were five large floods throughout the 1990s, including one in 1998 that reputedly destroyed six footbridges.[63] The years of 2004 and 2005 again saw heavy rainfall.[64]Along the creekCrossingsCrossings of the creek are listed from mouth to source (year built in parentheses).[13][65] The creek is crossed by roughly 30 major bridges.More informationTributariesFrom mouth to source, Aliso Creek is joined by six major tributaries. All of these tributaries as well as several others are listed. Another 46 minor streams and drains flow into the creek.More information: Name, Variant name(s) ...[12]See alsoMore informationCook's CornerList of rivers of CaliforniaList of rivers of Orange County, CaliforniaReferencesMore information: References ...External linksMore information: External links ...

It depends…live in a box, don’t spend any money, and it’s cheap. Instead of trying to guess how you’ll spend yourself, here are some pros and cons, good and bad points, and general info about living in Las Vegas from someone who has lived here a little while and lived throughout the world (Germany, Italy, Korea, Belgium), the US (Florida, Georgia, Texas, California, Nebraska, Mississippi) and the desert southwest (Arizona).EmploymentI’m on my third employer since moving to the Las Vegas valley. With the idea that the lower cost of living as compared to California comes lower corporate cost of living indexes as compared to the rest of the US, so national employers don’t always have the best compensation packages here. I’m fortunate, my current employer is based on the east coast (NoVA) and doesn’t adjust wages for out-of-market locations as there are so few of us there, so I’m pretty happy with that, but the other two companies did not have market adjustments based on “ground truth” but only large-scale economic factors such as housing costs (see below) and some basic generic living expenses. It’s easy to find work if you’ve got either the education or the experience in what companies out here look for. Check the job boards for what’s hot here before moving out thinking you’ll work a gaming table and make $500K a year off of tips because you’re a great comedian or your bust should be in the Louvre.HousingHome prices are reasonable, but the market is volatile. Depending on the part of town, cost per square foot can fluctuate wildly, and even within similar parts of the town, being in a planned community can significantly increase the costs - but also leads to (hopefully) more stable resale values. There are substantial portions of town that are gated, master planned communities. This restricts your ability to drive around and see the neighborhoods without a realtor or coordinating with an individual seller. There are many areas with custom multi-million dollar homes, especially on the west side/north west inside the CC-215 beltway, where this is not a problem, but variable zoned land, lack of HOA rules, and utility and drainage issues lead to some interesting home clusters. There are quite a few horse ranches as well, and while Las Vegas doesn’t have a huge problem with flies and mosquitoes, the more livestock, waste, and standing water, the more of a problem you’ll have.Figuring out what houses really cost can be a problem. There are still more foreclosures in Las Vegas than the national average and there is still a lot of foreclosed inventory that banks are releasing slowly in order to keep the market from getting thrown out of whack. (Finally, the banks do something smart.) So when you see housing cost averages, make sure they don’t include foreclosed or short-sale properties as those could radically lower the average home price and lead to sticker shock when you first show up.The foreclosures and housing bubble were real here in Las Vegas. Pull up the history of a home on Zillow and for new construction between 2003 and 2008, you’ll see the vast majority had at least one “sale to bank” between 2010 and 2012. Homes in my area sold new in 2005 for around $500K. They’re just now hitting the low-to-mid $300K’s in recovery; most were under $200K as foreclosures in 2011. The good news is the dry weather keeps the homes in excellent condition. Bonus: there’s not really a termite problem to speak of unlike many desert locations - even termites have trouble surviving here. Anecdotally, homes are going for $10K-$15K minimum over the “Zestimate” on the Zillow site - it just can’t keep up with the market here.Schools (K-12)They suck. Look it up. Bloated administration, apathy running deep with administrators, teachers, and students. Sports > academics. Heck, everything > academics. If you can, put your kids in a private school. If not, work hard to show them that there’s a payoff to independent study, reading, and developing a strong work ethic.Schools (vocational/community college)There are some good nursing schools, The College of Southern Nevada (CSN) has several conveniently located campuses, and there are vocational and service industry academies. The situation with this level of learning isn’t too bad.UNLVThe local high school students have nicknamed it “U Never Leave Vegas”. They’re opening up a medical school and are one of two accredited 4-year institutions that offer degrees in hotel and restaurant management (Northern Arizona University is the other) and this may be dated information, but last I heard it was only these 2.CrimeWell, if the students aren’t motivated, the criminals are. I think all but one ZIP code (Summerlin?) had crime rates above the national average for 2015. We were on track early this year for 11 homicides per 100,000, but that’s leveled off to a more respectable 6/100,000 or so, helped by our record-setting 16 days this July/August without a homicide. Drugs are right there if you need them, opiod abuse is rampant, and there are enough random acts of violence that you just never know what’s going to happen in specific parts of town. Here’s a tip: if you see a street sign that says “Maryland”, you’re where you shouldn’t be. (It’s almost a joke to side bet on the over/under when there’s a homicide to see how many blocks it is from Maryland Parkway between I-515 and the Airport.)The good news is the Las Vegas Metro PD keeps The Strip and Fremont Street areas very, very safe. They also have a very high solve rate on homicides and violent crime. So yeah, you might get killed, but odds are they’ll figure out who did it. So you’ll have that going for you.PotThe good news is that all of this crime will magically disappear because you can now buy recreational marijuana if you’re 21. (There have been 29 attempted burglaries, burglaries, robberies, or assaults on marijuana “dispensaries” in the last 12 months.) If you live here, cool, you can mellow out in your domicile. But you won’t, most likely, because the prices are higher than on the street (or so I’m told) and they’re in the crap areas of town. But you could, you know, if you wanted to. And if your employer let you. And if your wife didn’t give you that look when you mention it.SportsThe NHL decided one failing franchise in the desert (Phoenix Coyotes) wasn’t enough and thus the Las Vegas Golden Knights were born. They have the dumb name because the owner is a former US Army alumnus who wanted to name them after the Army’s parachute team, the Black Knights, but thank God the US Army said, “No, thank you, we own the copyright on that.” I love ice hockey, so I’ll go, but only for single games so I can deconflict with other major events on the strip as they will play in the T Mobile area smashed between I-15 and The Strip (Las Vegas Blvd).The NFL, not wanting to be left out, voted to let the Oakland Raiders move to Las Vegas. We’re crazy enough to be Raiders fans, but I don’t know that there’s going to be enough of the 2 million or so people who will be crazy enough to pay for season tickets. My gut feeling is 1/2 the stands will be full of the visiting team’s drunk/hungover fans who are combining a Vegas trip with a road game experience. More Backpage ads between September and January, I suppose. Traffic will be just short of apocalyptic on NFL game days.There’s NASCAR and NHRA tracks, the NBA Summer League, boxing, MMA, and there’s talk of bringing Formula 1 to the valley as a road circuit. That I would pay to see…like book a room in a resort hotel on the Strip, do the parties, spend the week just soaking it in. Fingers crossed.UtilitiesResidential natural gas for cooking and home heating is cheap; gas for your car is not. And while natural gas and (oddly enough) residential water prices are low, electricity rates are high unless your only other comparison is California or an overseas country, which is bizarre given that solar and hydroelectric power comprise the majority of of residential power sources. There are some that attribute this to the opening up of power utilities and the large casino corporations have been paying “exit fees” to the state-run utility in order to purchase power on the open market, thus reducing the subsidies for residential power costs. (When I first lived here it wasn’t unusual for your kWH price to drop every quarter or so. Nothing like that over the past few years.)TaxesThere isn’t an income tax, but there are two annual taxes that come as a surprise to some folks: the GST and the Supplemental GST. The GST, or General Services Tax, and it’s supplemental cousin, are assessed annually when you register or renew a vehicle registration. The assessment is based off of the (depreciated) MSRP of your vehicle and the depreciated value itself. For a 2015 BMW 3 series, with an MSRP of around $44K when new, this was $711 the first year, still in the mid $600’s last year. Some people see this as a vehicle registration fee, but vehicle registration is only $32…but you can’t register without the GST/S-GST, unless…Veteran’s Benefits/CareThe Southern Nevada VA Health Care system is pretty good. There are 6 or 7 primary care clinics in the Las Vegas/Henderson area, a brand-new VA hospital was built in northern North Las Vegas, very accessible from the highway, and the SNVA works with Veteran’s Choice in the event they can’t provide the care in a timely manner.For veterans with individual ratings that mathematically add up to 100% - not using the VA’s combined rating chart - Nevada offers a tax credit towards either property or the GST/S-GST that is collected when vehicles are registered or renewed. For the current fiscal year (the fiscal year starts on 1 July in NV) this was $1,365. You have the option of applying towards one or the other tax, but not both. I applied the entire amount to the GST/S-GST and so paid less than $100 to register 3 late model vehicles.For veterans with a combined rating of 100%, you are entitled to two (2) Disabled Veteran license plates that permit parking in disabled/handicapped parking spaces, the tax credit, and free parking at all paid public parking locations - including McCarran Airport.Dining & FoodThe vast majority of the non-strip restaurants are national chains and even the mom & pop places can be total crap. (I have yet to find good Italian food off the strip, if you know where to find it, please message me. Same for excellent legit Asian massage - if you know, message.) There’s chain restaurant after chain restaurant with 1 or 2 diamonds in the rough. One high point is that all of the Nevada-Style Taverns (read: local gambling spots with video poker and slots, a restaurant, and bar) are open 24/7, so you can always get food, and it’s not bad food, it’s just more “American” style or comfort food. Now, for Asian food? Jackpot. Las Vegas’ Chinatown and concentrations/clusters of Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Thai restaurants, supermarkets (fresh giant prawns even!), and shops are a Godsend. It’s no Koreatown or Chinatown in LA or SFO, but it’s pretty damn good, and very reasonably priced. There are also some smaller markets and butcher shops, but given the volume of what’s brought into Las Vegas and the way the city is arranged most of the food will be at higher-volume retailers. (Yes, there’s good Mexican food, it’s Nevada.) Strip restaurants can be hit or miss depending on whether they’re serious (Wolfgang Puck) or kitsch (Guy Fieri). It’s hard to trust the reviews because so much of it comes “baked in” with the overall experience most tourists are having. Myself, I now just pick one, order what I like, and hope for the best…and it’s usually excellent. (I’ve lived in Seoul, Korea; Germany, Italy, & Belgium; Monterey, CA, and other places with pretty good dining, Las Vegas holds up - on the strip and for Asian food.) Russian and Balkan food can be more difficult to pin down. There’s an excellent no-kidding German-run German bakery with 2 1/2 locations (one is pickup only).ShoppingWhat you can’t get locally you can order and odds are it’ll be shipped from a local fulfillment center. The lack of decent indoor malls is odd given the weather, but the open-layout centers are quite nice. If you do need the “mall” experience, the one on the strip has just about everything and many stores have local discounts. Even the “premium” outlet malls now have Local’s Night with gifts, free valet parking, and coupon books. There are really nice high end and ultra high end shops in the major hotel resort casinos. The Shops at the Forum (Caesar’s Palace) and The Shops at the Venetian (The Venetian) are superb.Yeah, there are brothels outside of Clark Count on the other side of the Spring Mountains. Google it, I’m not going into it here as that kind of shopping’s not my thing.TrafficThere’s an almost-beltway for Las Vegas. The Air Force base and some mountains in the north east prevent extending a loop from I-515 to the new CC-215 highway, but it’s close enough with US 95 and the Summerlin Parkway that you can avoid the downtown and strip traffic if you don’t mind a few extra miles at regular speed as opposed to a shorter trip with some stop-and-go and slowdown. (It takes the same amount of time in most cases, so you’re balancing frustration vs. distance.)Right now, I think just about every single major highway or intersection is under construction. Maybe it just feels like it, but it’s a bit of a mess as things are re-routed to help the flow of traffic. It’s supposed to be much better when they finish…just in time for the NFL’s Raiders to get here and they’ll start all over.When there is traffic, it sucks. Las Vegas has some of the most aggressive drivers I’ve ever encountered, police presence on the highways is minimal, and almost every accident is litigated, which, as my insurance company explained to me, is why my rates doubled when I moved here.Oh, and with the high winds that are a part of the NV weather, there’s usually a fair bit of debris all over the roads. What doesn’t crack your windshield will puncture your tire.WeatherIt’s really not that bad. Okay, there are 4 months, June - September, that can just be incredibly miserable if you need to be outside, aren’t used to the heat, don’t have shade, and don’t have water. If that happens, you’ll not have to worry about it too long, because you’ll die.The reason it’s only 4 months of near-blast furnace temps and wind is because of both the elevation (most of Las Vegas is at or above 2,000 ft altitude) and the mountain range to the west. (I could be full of crap on the reasons, ask a meteorologist friend. What you don’t have one? Well, neither did I.) As the days grow shorter, the more time the city spends in the shadow of Mt. Charleston (11,916 ft) and the Spring Mountains. Oh, and the mountains, for the most part, appear to have been stripped of all soil, so there’s very little to hold the heat in once summer’s over, however, Las Vegas doesn’t experience the high diurnal temperature fluctuations that the northern part of the state does.One surprise for new residents is how cold the cold feels in the winter. While the lows may only be in the high 30’s or low 40’s, the cold, combined with the winds, lack of heat retention, and darkness will have you breaking out your old winter gear your 2nd or 3rd winter here. It’s not Scottsdale, Arizona. You’re not going to swim in November without a heated pool and it’s not a shorts-and-a-t shirt at 7 AM kind of place. There’s usually snow on Mt. Charleston from late October through late June, and this year, given the snow totals, into July.(Okay, the weather is really that bad, but only for those 4 months. 114 degrees F with a UV index of 9, 30+ MPH winds, and a sun that will cut through any amount of window tinting really sucks. But it’s only 1/3 of the year, and you do get used to it. Really, you do.)Non-Strip/Fremont Street Nightlife100’s of local places to hang out at, probably 1000’s. That’s not too bad…if you like your clothes smelling like 1,000 packs of cigarettes. Most places that are open late and cater to the nightlife crowd also have some slots, which means they can have indoor smoking. (All of the casinos have some indoor smoking, some have better ventilation systems than others.) I had forgotten how nice it was (even as a [now reformed, relax ma, I quit] smoker) to not have your clothes stink when you get home. Alas, if you go out here, you’re probably going to have to put up with it again.The good news is, there’s hiking, day trips, a park with stocked lakes, Mt Charleston recreation areas, and more than a few festivals, dining events, beer festivals, and same type of events other cities of 2+ million people have. Las Vegas is someplace I’ve spent more time outside as the sun’s going down (summer or not) grilling, swimming, and just plain relaxing than any other place I’ve lived.But, if you do want to dance to EDM until 5 AM, stay up bleary-eyed at a blackjack table all night, or take in pulsating neon and street performers, well, we have that, too, but you can read enough about that online. One thing The Strip and Fremont Street do is make it very easy to entertain guests, although 1/2 the time it’s the first time in a long time (or ever) that I’ve been to the same place I’m “showing” them.The town is seriously lacking in real museums, particularly art and history. Fly to NYC or drive to LA. But really, would it be so difficult to have at least one decent art museum that wasn’t in some casino shop backroom (really) or showing off old neon?TravelThe good news is that flights are cheap, plentiful, are rarely delayed, and the airport is conveniently located, both in relationship to where you want your guests to be (on The Strip) and where you live (it’s at the I-15/I-215 interchange).The bad news is, if you’re not flying there, you’re driving all damn day or several damn days, to get there. LA, Anaheim, and the beach cities are 5–7 hours away depending on traffic. You won’t go there as often as you think, mostly because the 2-lane sections of I-15 between Barstow, CA, and Primm, NV, will drive you absolutely insane with the number of slow, open-mouth breathers parked in the left lane at 10 MPH under the speed limit and the other 95% of non-truck traffic which is rental cars weaving around hungover or drunk going to or from Vegas.Phoenix is 5–6 hours away, but no one has really found a good reason to go there yet. (I’m from there with family there and the drive on US-93 alternates between sheer boredom and sheer terror.)Even Grand Canyon NP is over 4 hours away. There’s what’s left of Lake Meade (1 hour), Zion NM (2 1/2 hours), Death Valley (3 hours), Sedona (4 hours), see where I’m going with this?You wanna leave Vegas? You’re going to fly, but it’s not going to cost you much. (SFO is 10–12 hours by car, have fun.)EntertainmentShows are cool, sometimes, and there are pretty good discounts for locals for most attractions. Concerts, however, are a different story. For example, I bought two tickets for The Weeknd’s show in Las Vegas, $340/each, open seating/floor (New Year’s Eve Eve, was worth it). If I had the time it would have been cheaper to fly to Phoenix, have a rental car, stay 2 nights in a hotel, see The Weeknd there ($30 cheap seats), and still have money left over. Concerts, because they’re a Big Deal when they’re in Vegas, can be over-the-top expensive. On the positive side, the venues are typically smaller, more personal and intimate, and the performers hit the city while they’re in town, and the clubs will usually announce if they’ve got a talent scheduled to be there. But holy crap are they expensive. Most of the reason taxes are low for residents is because everything tourist-related is taxed to the edge of discouraging tourists. (I’m good with that by the way.) Again, a positive note, everyone comes here, some headline for a while, and if you combine a concert with a family or friend visit, it’s pretty cool to actually “act like a tourist” in your own city.GamblingYeah, some locals are heavy into this. I was honestly surprised at first. I would have thought that the industry wouldn’t pee in its own pool (so to speak), but they’ll take it all if they can get it. I remember my first visit to a car dealership to have routine maintenance done on a Saturday. There was a TV on in the customer area, some coffee, couches, etc. (Audi, they do things right, it’s not a McDonald’s play area atmosphere like at a Toyota dealer.) I was watching the CBS national game and a guy walked up and said, “What’s the score?” I told him I wasn’t really paying attention and he commented on the spread, how much he had on what, what prop bets he had taken, etc. Then another customer chimed in with his bets, and so on. I couldn’t believe it. Now I have local casino apps on my phone giving me the to-the-minute money line on games. I don’t bet much, less than $100 a year, but I still have the information handy.MiscellaneousA one day class, background check, and $93 will get you a concealed carry permit for your pistol. No special additional checks needed otherwise. You can open carry just about anywhere. (Screw you, Buffalo Wild Wings and Levi’s Jeans.)The Clark County shooting range is the largest municipal range in the US. They even have a .50 cal range. On quiet Sunday mornings I can just barely hear muted “pop pop pop” coming from the range while having my coffee on the patio; it’s soothing.If that’s not your scene, jack up your 4 x 4 phallus extender so your bumpers don’t protect regular car owners and your headlights blind everyone and head out into the desert for a full day of off-roading. I hear it’s nice. Dirt bikes and ATV’s and Utes are out there as well.Fishing and boating on both Lake Meade and the Colorado River are popular pastimes as are hiking, photography, camping, and hunting.Being a local has almost unfair advantages over tourists when it comes to, er, “hooking up” with tourists. If you’re single, or if it’s just your thing, male or female, you’ll love the “dating” scene. Serious, more meaningful relationships are, as I’m led to believe by my coworkers, just not worth it. When you’re ready to settle down move away, then come back after you are. Their words, not mine.After a few years, you’ll yearn to see real, natural, lush, green vegetation. You’ll kill to see rivers flowing with regular banks of grass, trees, and dirt instead of the cold, dead, lifelessness of Lake Meade and the Colorado River. You’ll start to forget about those “hot” summer days by the pond when it was almost 90 (can you believe it?!?!) and you’re just relaxing in the shade of a tree.Then you’ll go stand in line in the air conditioning at the Venetian to ride a fake gondola around a chlorinated “canal” with a bunch of fat tourists wearing Crocs and talking about how they were this close to winning big the night before. You’ll smile - smile smugly inside - sit back and enjoy the artificial breeze before heading back home.(I’d leave, but Vegas just fits.)