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Give us a backstory for a character you have written? What does he/she do? What universe is your character placed in?

Kars Vandor is a poor young colonist from a remote arid mining world of Obarwinko, population 4 million, on the edge of Rimward space, in the far future of the 55th Century.He is 18... his mother is 35. She had him when she was working as a prostitute in the cyberslums on the nearby world of New Asia. She came to the Colony world of Obarwinko on a Cryoship Settler’s Transport because the Obarwinko Ores Corporation said they would pay for the trip and then would pay decent wages, and allow her to work a decent job, while getting her degree at night, over an 8 year period.Kars started work at 16. His first job was a tool Handler for the corporation on a mega-structure project. He also learned a little bit of space Habitat Construction even though the world isn't Industrial. There were jobs at the Port because they are building submodules to lift into orbit, to construct an orbital port to increase bulk ore shipments, to the major trade route.Kars is now a Welder. He works at the Spaceport, mostly at night, to avoid the desert heat.He really wants to get off of this world. He constantly see ships take off and land.The Blue Torches of engines of the ships in flight, at night, carrying millions in riches away, to the High Population worlds of the Aurin Cluster.His viking blood stirs his dreams of a life anong the stars. Travelling, wandering.That's the way to Freedom.Working for the corporation gives you a grey, furnished apartment, with climate control and a food card, transportation and some spending money- to buy things manufactured locally by the corporation.But not enough money to leave the world.There is a wall outside of the desert perimeter of his home, near tge maglev monorail to thr Downport, that the robots patrol, they have surveillance cameras. There is a Drone Response Unit that swoops in, and bags carnivorous creatures killed this way, for the Bio-science Division of OOC.You have to Always carry identification Friend or Foe- If you don't respond to an IFF query you get shot down by OOC with inhuman precision.Everybody works for the OOC, so there is a daycare center that promotes loyalty on video screens and toys.Slogans are imprinted on Kars’ mind:Loyalty and ObedienceDedication and EnduranceProficiency and SkillMost people never travel to another world.He lives in the Universe of my novels.

What are some things electric vehicle owners in the U.S. should know?

Ok, here are some tips and tricks for someone contemplating the jump to electric power. Just stuff I have managed to pick up over the 4 years we have had no use for gasoline. Yea, it’s long, I expect to make a faq out of it someday. (Edit to add even more details)Some basics.You should choose a car with a range at least 50% longer than your round trip daily commute. Makes sure you can run some errands, or it’s real cold or hot, and you have the heat or AC on full blast, etc. This isn’t hard to find these days, since the average US driver does 13,000 miles a year, or less than 40 a day, and even the cheap, small battery models have 130 or more mile range.You should have a place for daily charging. For almost all of us, that’s at home in our driveway or garage. For apartment dwellers, or on street parkers, this could be at the office. If you don’t have either option it is possible to get by with public charging, but it is annoying. This should be solved eventually, around here apartment buildings are adding chargers, even including them in the amenities listed on the “now leasing” banner.Some cities, and an entire Canadian province have required all new residential construction to be charger ready, (an open space in the breaker panel, and a wire good for 50 amps pulled to a parking space). For cities, there are some schemes under test that add charging points to streetlights, another that adds it to parking meters.You don’t need a garage to charge in. You can safely plug in the charging cable even in driving rain. You could drop the cord into the puddle you are standing in, and not get shocked. (I wouldn’t, but the system is designed to cope). Basically when you grab the plug, off the hanger, there is only low voltage in the cable. Only after the box determines that the plug is fully seated in an actual car, and that you let go of the latching button, will you hear the clunk that is line voltage getting applied to the cable.I admit that charging when it’s snowing is annoying. When you are finished charging, you may need to dig snow out from around the socket in order to close the flap, and if you drop the plug, the end is deeply recessed, and can pack full of snow.Ok, some details on charging.First, there are chargers built into the car. There is a box hanging on the wall, or built into a kiosk. That actually isn’t a charger, it’s actually the safety system alluded to above. It’s official name is an EVSE They have two jobs, tell the car how big a fuse they are connected to, and to turn on the power when it’s safe to do so. It’s the chargers job to only draw the amount of power the box says to.The chargers built into the car vary in size, and are rated in kw. Typical sizes are 3kw on a few base models, and on plug in hybrids, 6 and 7.2 kw on the mid priced. The standard Tesla has a 10kw charger, there is an option for the model S to have a second one installed. To calculate an approximate from empty charge time, divide the battery capacity by the charger size. So your 30 kWh Leaf with its 6 kw charger, takes 5 hours. My 24 kWh eGolf with its 7.2 kw charger takes 3.4 hours. That P85D Tesla will need 8.5 hours.EVSE come in 3 strengths.Level 1 is an ordinary wall outlet. The cord comes with the car. It can add 5 miles of range for each hour you are plugged in. If you are in Europe, your outlets charge 2.5 times faster than ours. I used to carry an extension cord, I don’t bother any more.Level 2 is a dryer or electric stove amount of power. It will have you charging at speeds between 25 and 40 miles an hour. Most public charging kiosks are at this level. All cars sold will be able to use them. If you have a Tesla, it will come with an adapter. These will refill an empty battery (unless huge) in under 8 hours. If you need or want one for home, they start at $300, the cost of getting power to them will vary depending on what needs to be done, but figure $250 at the low end, with 5–600 more typical. You can even buy an open source board and controller for $100 that will let you make your own. Some places will insist the box be hard wired (especially if you mount it outside), others allow outlets. A few of the cords that come with the car will also work with a stove circuit, or other versions of 220 volt outlets, with adapters. The Tesla cord can do this, and comes with the adapter for stove circuits.The standard plug on level 1 and 2 chargers is the J-1772. All cars can be charged with one. Tesla uses its own plug, but includes an adapter. There are a few Tesla specific level 2 chargers in the wild, Tesla had a program that would supply them to hotels. There isn’t an adapter to use Tesla specific chargers on other cars (that I know of). The J-1772 includes a latch. Some cars can use this to lock the plug in place, requiring you to have the key fob to disconnect. We live down the street from a middle school. I am sure a 5th grader passing by would consider unplugging the car to be a funny and most original prank. (Our driveway is very short, Our chargers cable is bright orange, it’s not subtle). Our car came with a lock.Level 3 is what you will be using to top up on a long trip. They are very. fast, with speeds ranging from a low of 100 mph, to a high over 600 mph. They are a lot more expensive than a level 2, and even the mere 100 mph version is $10,000, and it takes as much power as your whole house. 100 amps, 240 volts. The rest want the sort of voltage and current that you might find at a smaller manufacturing plant. They can be hard on your batteries, as keeping them in balance at those speeds is difficult.Of course there are annoying complications. There are three different plugs for high speed connections, Japanese, the rest of the world, and Tesla. A public charger will usually support both of the public standards, and Tesla chargers are their own world. If you find one at a car dealer, it will only support a single standard, whatever that brand supports. You find them next to interstates, and most have food or at least coffee available. Tesla has a 5 year head start on building their network, and has the fastest chargers for now.On some cars the ability to use a level 3 charger is standard, others make it optional, or dependent on which trim level you purchase. A few models don’t have it, even as an option. If you are even just thinking you might want to take a longer trip someday, and it’s optional, get it. We have only used fast charging a few times, but it made the difference between a routine dinner stop, and a delay.To tell them apart, or tell if your car is equipped to use one, if it is a Tesla, it uses the same plug as their slower chargers. In the case of a Leaf, the Chademo standard uses a completely separate and noticeably larger plug, the socket is next to the normal plug under the door. In the rest of the cars, SAE/CCS is two additional pins just outside of , and at the bottom of the standard J-1772 socket. Most have a cover over the pins when not in use.The best way to find chargers is Plugshare (phone app or web page). It’s crowdsourced, so it shows all chargers no matter who is providing them. It also assigns a rating to them, showing how often you could actually charge, or that you always find them ICEed, (conventional car parked) or a victim of their own popularity and with someone already plugged in. It can filter out chargers that don’t apply to your car, and it has a system for people to offer up their home charger to a passing traveler in need. One thing really in its favor, they include detailed directions on where the thing is located.If your average daily mileage is under 40, you can do pretty well with just overnight wall outlet charging. It will use less than $1 in electricity to do this. We ordered a level 2 charger when we bought our car, but it was more than a year before I installed it. Remember, since you can easily plug in every day, your charging time will reflect how far you drove, not how long it takes from empty.Tip: if you are renting the place, and park in a spot next to the house, look around for an outlet on the outside (the one they plug hedge clippers into) and buy a heavy duty extension cord. When my brother bought his Volt, until he got around to installing an outdoor outlet, they ran an extension cord out a window. In my case, it took me close to a year to get around to wiring and mounting the charger, and the outlet on the front of the house served.Check with your power company. In some places they offer a plan with off peak pricing, so your evening fill up will be half or more off. The car and possibly the charger will have timers that will make it easy to delay charging for when rates are cheap.If you are staying at a campground, the RV hookup will be an electric stove outlet, that will run a level 2. At a farm? Do they have a welder in the barn? The voltages are correct, but the outlet is an older 3 pin sort, rather than the modern stove plug that level 2 chargers use. Adapters aren’t hard to make, and you might be able to buy one at a place that has RV supplies. (For the roll your own sorts, welders use 6–50 plugs and sockets, stoves use 14–50)Wintertime. Batteries don’t work as well when very cold. Some cars will warm the batteries to an optimal temperature if you are plugged into the grid. The other problem is heat. A gas powered car throws away 75% or more of the energy in the fuel, as heat out the tailpipe and radiator. It doesn’t change your gas mileage to divert some of it from the radiator in front, to one inside the cabin.In an EV, 90% of the energy goes toward motion, which doesn’t leave enough to warm the cabin with. So to get a warm cabin you have to spend some of the energy in the battery. There are two ways this happens, using the air conditioning “backwards” as a heat pump, or by using the same sort of resistive heater that you aren’t supposed to have under your desk at the office. The heat pump is the more efficient system. Both do have the advantage that warm air happens quickly, no waiting for an engine to warm up.There is another way, that is great in cool but not frigid weather. You want the heated seats. They will keep you comfortably warm when it’s 40F out, without affecting range.One thing about heating and air conditioning in an EV that will make conventional car owners jealous, the car has timers that can start the heat, air conditioning or the defroster, and if plugged in, they will use grid power for this. You go out in the morning, and the car will be already warm, and the windshield clear. You get back to the car that has spent all day in the August sun, and when you open the door, you aren’t hit with the waves of heat that feel like you are standing in front of a blast furnace. You can sit down, wearing shorts, and the back of your thighs won’t get branded with the upholstery’s stitching pattern. A number of them have the ability to also turn on the heat, etc. from a phone app. When the meeting finally is winding up, you poke the phone, and the car starts whirring all by itself.One other weather related thing: the batteries can freeze. If it gets below -20F -27C, and stays there for days, the batteries can freeze. Supposedly they aren’t harmed by this, as long as you don’t try to charge them. Just move the car into a warmer space, and let them thaw. The manufacturers build a heater into the pack, to prevent this. If connected to outside power, it will keep them safe, till mud season. If it isn’t plugged in, it will use the batteries themselves. Even a small pack will keep them safe for more than a week. So if you live in someplace like frostbite falls, or Barrow, be sure to plug it in when you leave it for a few days. Wall outlets are more than sufficient.Range anxiety and charging times, the usual elephants in the room. You get over it. Most of us charge at home, while we are sleeping. As far as we are concerned the car takes 30 seconds or less a day to charge, 10 seconds to plug in, 20 to unplug and hang the cord up. It’s like charging your phone, you don’t know how long it takes, you just plug it in before bed, and it’s full when you wake up.The real change in outlook happens after a month or so. Imagine there were pixies that came around every night, and topped up your tank. Every day you get in, and the “tank” is always full, you just stop worrying about range or charging. Gone is the arriving late to something, because you forgot to stop the night before, and had to make an unplanned pit stop on the way. (Or your teenaged kid borrowed it last night, and left it a needles width above empty.) And no more making a side trip, and spending 10 minutes in the rain, heat or cold, pumping fuel. If it’s alwas full in the morning, often would you think about your gas gauge? Would you really choose filling up yourself.Now I get range anxiety when I wind up driving a conventional car. Refueling requires a conscious effort, I have to notice that I need some, and figure out where I can get it. (if I am driving a gas car, it means that it is a rental, I got off a plane, and I am in an unfamiliar city). After a while driving electric, you will stop noticing gas stations, and won’t know what a gallon of the stuff costs anymore. The last habit to go, seeing a station, and glancing at the “gas” gauge.We have never sat around waiting for a charge. Even when we made trips further than a full charge would take us. Yes it took a bit of planning, it was long enough ago that high speed chargers were still limited in availability. We just picked a high speed charger at a shopping mall next to the interstate , and had dinner while it charged. It finished charging before we finished eating.Right now the only time you will make use of a high speed charger, is on a trip that today would have you buying gas more than once in one day. You may even not need it for trips where you fill up two days in a row. (You pick a hotel that has level 2 charging available, and the car is full by the time you finish breakfast)One reading of the name of the Japanese high speed standard (Chademo) is vaguely “a cup of tea”. The implication is that you would stop, brew a cup of tea, and drink. The car would be mostly recharged, and you could continue.If you are the sort of driver that packs sandwiches to eat on the way, and tells the kids “if you aren’t back from the bathroom by the time I am done filling the tank, we’re leaving you here”, using an EV will make your trip take longer.For a more typical trip to the in-laws, you pull into the rest area, find an open charger, wave your phone or RFID card at the box bolted to the concrete pad, and plug in. In the time it takes to herd the kids thru the toilet, wait in line for to-go at deathburger, get back to the car, and get them strapped back in, a good charger will have added enough range to drive for 3 hours, or about mean time to meltdown for siblings under 10. If you are being all adult, and actually sit down for a meal that is brought to you and you don’t have to unwrap before eating, you will get the charge complete text before you get the check.Time to finish charging isn’t linear. As the pack gets full, they slow the charging down so the batteries don’t overheat. If it takes X time to charge to 50%, going from 50 to 75% might take that long again. And the last 25% might take 3X to spoon in.What this means is on long trips, is that you start thinking like a transport pilot, you take on only enough fuel to get you to your next stop plus a reserve. In EV terms, it means you try to stay on the fast end of the curve, and you don’t stick around for the battery to fully charge. Pick the charger 3/4ths of the way, instead of half way, so you are down to 10%. Then if by leaving with only 60% you will get there with 30 miles range in reserve, you leave then rather than wait as long again for 80%. If you have a Tesla, the navigation system will actually do the calculations for you, saying you need to stop at charger Q for at least 12 minutes to reach your destination.One last comment on range. High speeds on the highway make a more noticeable difference with EV than with a conventional car. Since other losses are low, aerodynamic drags contribution is more prominent. A long way of saying you will get a lot further at 65 than you will at 85.Other random things….Check your tire pressure. If it’s low, rolling restance takes a disproportionate jump, and I have found that the warning system wants you to be 20% low before it lights up. I have a compressor at home, so I just check them on the first Saturday of the month. (Unless it’s raining or snowing). A tire delays the airs escape, it can’t keep it confined forever. Plus when the temperatures drop, so does the pressure in your tire.Regenerative braking. This is where the car starts to recharge the battery as a way of slowing down. It will happen when you hit the brakes, it’s why the brake pads last so long. On an EV you can also get it to happen by just lifting your foot off the accelerator. On some cars it is the default, on others you have to tell the car you want it. it’s wonderful, it reminds me of engine braking with a manual transmission. I really notice its absence when I get back into an IC car. You can drive in city traffic, just using the accelerator. You only hit the brake pedal when you need to hold on a hill.Parking lots. Pedestrians walk 3 abreast down the middle of the lane, unless they hear an engine behind them. Engine noise, and they go single file at the edge of the lane. We learned this 20 years ago driving hybrids. Just a heads up, so it doesn’t surprise you.Since the horn is overkill in this situation, some cars come with a “growler” fake engine noise that comes on automatically below 10 mph or so, to warn people. At one point it was going to be required, don’t know if it happened. Our car is so equipped, even tho it wasn’t required that year.I find it annoying, I like the silent glide. At least it shuts up when you are stopped. I suppose I wouldn’t mind it so much if I got a choice of sounds. (A poll was taken on the VW EV forum, some of the nominees included Italian V12, Mack truck, big V8, air cooled VW, Harley, turbo 4 cylinder with blowoff noise, and a chainsaw, but the winner was the noise that the Jetsons cartoon flying car made). One solution for cars sans growler, that some proposed was to briefly turn on the air conditioning, as the compressor makes a similar noise to an engine. A wag on the Chevy Volt forum said “my car has a pedestrian warning system, 4 of them, they were made by Goodyear”. Apparently the factory low rolling resistance tires weren’t the quietest.Adressing some of the other “facts” that are routinely brought up by people that haven’t been in the same zip code as an EV.“Your electricity comes from coal, it pollutes more than a gas engine….” A couple of “facts”. with this one.. First, because EV are so energy efficient, the equivalent of over 100 mpg in a gas car, even if you had 100% coal fired electricity, (true in some parts of West Virginia, near the coal fields) it would still result in less pollution than a normal car.The second point, coal is only 30% of US generation, and dropping as fast as the utilities can get their hands on the hardware to convert to combined cycle natural gas, which halves the fuel costs, and carbon footprint. Predictions say that coal firing will essentially end by 2030. Some places like the New England states, it’s already gone. Carbon neutral generation is at 31% nationwide, last I checked, And any new generation built these days will be a renewable source. A lot more solar, especially household arrays, and for utility scale the current cheapest per kWh to construct and operate are wind turbines. (And that includes the generators that burn stuff) So your car is green already, and it gets greener without you doing anything. A gas burner doesn’t get better with time. (And you can make your car very green quickly if you have the ability to buy your power from carbon neutral sources only).“They are all slow”. This one is best dispelled by stuffing them in the passenger seat and demontrating. If a P100D is available, it should take under 3 seconds to convince them, but even more modest examples should suffice. Besides the torque curve everyone mentions, they don’t have a flywheel. It was an old rule of thumb with the drag racing crowd, that taking a pound off the flywheel was like taking a hundred pounds off the car.“The batteries only last 3–5 years, and cost more than the car is worth to replace”. We don’t know yet how long a set of batteries will last, we haven’t been using them long enough to wear many of them out. A car owner doesn’t have that much to worry about, the EPA requires that the batteries be warranted for 8 years/80,000 miles, if you live in a state that adopted CARB rules, the warranty jumps to 10 years/150,000 miles. As they are emissions equipment, they are transferable.Ok, some actual data instead of speculation. Some brands collect data from their cars when they are in for regularly scheduled inspections (there is essentially no regular maintenance on an EV) To get down to 70% of original capacity looks like it will take nearly 20 years. Faster in hot climates, slower in more temperate ones. There are already some cars running around with more than 250,000 miles on their original batteries. Should a pack loose enough capacity to be not useful for transportation, they can be rebuilt, which thanks to volume lowering battery prices, will be fairly cheap to do. Yes the first few years of the Leaf did have a battery life issue, they had air cooled packs, and didn’t use a particularly heat tolerant battery chemistry, the LA crowd did have issues with reduced capacity. After the outcry, Nissan switched to what got nicknamed “lizard” batteries. The companies that water cooled their packs didn’t have a problem.“But toxic batteries in the landfill”. First, most (but not all) aren’t toxic waste. The stuff inside is harmless should it wind up in the trash, and is legal to toss into a landfill. But landing in the trash is just Not going to happen, for a number of reasons. First, they are on a car. We do an excellent job with cars, something like 98% of them get recycled when they are dead. What that means is that if a battery is part of a car, it will not get dumped.The batteries are excellent candidates for recycling, they come in a handy easily isolated container, they are marked as to what chemistry they use, the metals inside are valuable, some as much as $10/lb, and there could be a half a ton of them.But most of them won’t get recycled, instead they will get reused. Space and weight are limited on a car, so you want the batteries at their best. But transportation isn’t the only thing that wants mass quantities of batteries, and some are a bit less fussy. Stationary power banks to pick the most likely. People and utilities use them to even out load on a power system. You have a fine solar array, but your peak demand is at 6 PM, nearly sunset. So you take a bunch of these batteries. You get them cheap because they are reclaimed. So you have to use 25% more of them, they are less than half the price of new, space under the array isn’t being used for anything else, it’s a little big, so what.Yes this is already happening. The junkyard owners learned long ago that there is real money at the end of those fat orange wires. When a car with a traction battery gets dragged into the yard, it is immediately stuck up on a stand, and they drop the battery out first thing. They are by their standards gentle, (wrenches not torches, and they won’t let it fall more than a couple of inches. They might even include a pallet to cushion the landing, and not just the unadorned forklift blades), and they move it to a shelf indoors.The owner knows there is a ready market, and its not just owners of that make. If you damage it, he will be pissed. (If the secret junkyard cabal finds out that a yard owner sold scrap for less than they could have gotten, they will swoop in, switch the office coffee for decaf, the donuts for bran muffins, and replace their pit bull with an equal weight of toy poodles, yorkies, and other tiny yapping breeds)The people buying the packs are doing or updating an EV conversion, rebuilding traction batteries, some live off grid, and are building a storage facility for their solar array, etc. GM has contracted with a third party to buy the batteries that are replaced under the emissions system warranty. The off grid folks are particularly keen customers. Lithium is a whole lot lighter than lead. So a pack of lithium cells while a bit more complicated to build, is a whole lot easier on your back than half the capacity of deep cycle lead acid. Even better you don’t have to make weekly rounds with the distilled water, checking that they aren’t low.The motorhead community has been wrong about battery life before. When we bought a hybrid the same short life was predicted. Well for those we actually can speak from experience. We bought a Prius in 2000. 14.5 years later, it was facing repairs to the internal combustion side of things that had a parts cost greater than the current value. As part of the decision that led to us trading it in, I checked the health of the original, unmolested, traction battery. It was just over 90% of its original capacity, and the cell to cell balance was good. The hybrid, where I know the owner, with the highest mileage was a first US generation Prius with 350,000 miles on it when a teen ran a stop sign and T boned it. There are reports of ones in taxi service with double that on the original pack.I think the reputation for short EV battery life is from the early homebrew lead acid conversions. Use of any sort of cell level battery balancing was unheard of. Charging could best be described as having a bit of a brute force approach. They didn’t limit discharge depth, which unchecked actually leads to some cells getting a reverse charge, when they hit 0 before their neighbors. All combine to leave them with a very weakened battery.If you have a lithium pack, you must have an active battery management system, especially since you the manufacturer are on the hook for 8 years.“But but they catch fire…. We read about that one in the news”. Yea, you don’t here much about regular cars catching fire. That’s because it happens so often, that it isn’t news. Try 171,500 times a year or about every 3 minutes in the US alone. Once a day, the event is fatal. 4 times a day someone is injured enough to need treatment. The fires only get reported if the car belonged to someone prominent, or it happened someplace that it was particularly disruptive, like a tunnel. Conventional cars have many ways that collision or parts failure can set things alight.There are two things that can get a lithium pack to self ignite, mechanical damage, and incompetent battery management. Those hoverboards that got recalled were because they did the battery management wrong. Every cell did have a protection chip, but they used the ones designed for a single cell, and not the ones with the extra circuits to deal with multiple cells in series.Mechanical damage fires start more slowly, than a fuel fire, the batteries smolder and vent smoke for a while before flames happen. You have more time to get away. And the battery fire doesn’t spread anywhere near as fast as you will see with a gas tank leaking it’s contents downhill.Remember, in most gas powered cars, the bottom of the fuel tank is at or at times below the floor pan. Random obstacles on the road can tear them open. Some are even made of rotary molded plastic. While some metal gas tanks are sturdy, a lot of them will collect a substantial dent if an adult were to jump up, and land on them with both feet.I helped a friend that bought a wrecked Leaf for its battery pack, to salvage the cells for some electric motorcycles he had built. The battery comes in a very sturdy can, that is mounted under the floor. Yes if you jumped and hit the center, it would deflect. At an edge or the corner, not so much. They are pretty well protected. Tesla goes one better, armoring the bottom and front edge with a substantial titanium plate. They also fill the space between the cells with a fire extinguishing gel.But cars can set themselves alight in other ways, ones that don’t even require a collision as a trigger. Conventional cars have fuel running 10 feet or more from the tank to the engine, in a steel tube at the bottom of the car. In fuel injected cars, this line is pressurized to 4 bar (50–60 psi) by a pump in the tank. At various places, there are sections of rubber hose connecting things.There is a guy on YouTube that rebuilds salvage vehicles, and records the process. He just finished recovering a Lamborghini that had a cracked fitting lead to a fire when refueling. He just started on a Ferrari where a rubber line rubbed against the worm drive hose clamp securing its neighbor, wore through, and sprayed the engine compartment with 50 psi fuel, and the exhaust manifold made certain that the failure of that cheap bit of hose did terminal amounts of damage. (The channel is Tavarish if you want to check it out)Last one, I promise.“Look at the damage mining the materials for the batteries makes” this is always accompanied by a distant view of a large open pit mine, or a detail view of excavation machines working on the ramp sides typical of open pit mining. This is a clear attempt at disinformation. Neither photo is a lithium mine. The distant view has been identified as a Russian copper mine. No identification on the close view that I have seen, but what they are mining appears to be coal or oil shale.A lithium mine and refinery looks like a bunch of man made shallow ponds, in the middle of an alkaline salt flat. It makes things a lot easier when what you want to extract is water soluble. If you have flown over the southern edge of the bay south of San Francisco, you would have seen some rectangular ponds that are somewhat unusual colors. This is a “mine” for sea salt. They just use sun and wind to evaporate the water, and the salt eventually crystallizes out.If you flew over a lithium mine, the ponds would look similar, but surrounded by the white sand of the desert, instead of the ocean. The primary source for lithium is the Atacama desert high in the Andes mountains. It is one of the most inhospitable places on the planet. Nothing lives there. It hasn’t rained there in recorded history. They used it to test the signs of life instruments used in Martian exploration.Anyhow you “mine” lithium, by rinsing the alkaline sand, leaving cleaner sand and some brine. You pump the brine into the ponds. After a while the lithium will crystallize on the surface, and you skim it off. Further refining is done electrically.

What do gun owners dislike about Joe Biden’s gun control policies?

Thanks for the a2a.Too long didn't read: We hate everything about joe bidens gun control policies.Long answer:It could not be more crazier if charles manson wrote it himself.Joe Biden's Plan to End Gun Violence | Joe Biden for PresidentRemember it sounds nice on paper. I could say I will end homelessness by creating a government funded program to end homelessness in America. If you dig deeper youd find the plan to end homelessness is through euthanasia.Biden claims his Brady handgun violence act has kept 3 million people who shouldn't have a gun from having a gun….however the truth is that is bullshit. If you look at prosecution of prohibited people who lie on a federal form to buy a gun which is a felony that carries a 10 year prison sentence and a 250,000 dollar fine…out of 120,000 (fluctuates but is around 120k) lie and buy referrals for prosecution…results in just 12…When gun buyers are caught in 'lie-and-try,' how many are prosecuted? 12Then there is straw purchases which is how criminals often get guns. A straw purchase is when someone buys a gun for someone who refuses to do the paperwork because they legally cannot buy a gun.'Straw Buyers' Of Guns Break The Law — And Often Get Away With ItSo his 3 million claim is accurate but it fails to disclose that these 3 million prohibited people just break the law anyway and are never arrested for it. They remain free to keep trying to illegally obtain a firearm through other means causing untold damage to our communities.So right off the bat he's not in our good graces.Wants to open up manufacturers to legal liable for people who illegally use the gun to commit a crime. It is like if A Ford hits my truck that I sue ford for being liable for the driver of their vehicle who was not paying attention. Its a horrible idea.Claims to want to remove weapons of war off our streets….weapons of war are not on our streets. The AR-15 has NEVER BEEN ISSUED TO ANY MILITARY. Weapons like the m16 have been illegal for civilian ownership with the passage of the 1986 firearm owners protection act. The only civilians who own automatic weapons are the ones that are currently federally registered complete with the owners fingerprints and photo. These are also over 20,000 dollar weapons minimum. Those made after 1986 are owned by people who have federal business licenses through the ATF. These licensed individuals can only sell these weapons made after 1986 to other government licensed individuals, the government, military or law enforcement.Banning “high capacity magazines” is unconstitutional. Infact Duncan v. Becerra is a case in california the attourney general Beccera is desperately fighting to defend California's law banning magazines over 10 rounds fell afoul of the common use set in the landmark ruling Heller vs DC.Regulate AR-15s under the NFA. The NFA is the national firearms act of 1934 which set up categories of weapons for federal registration. This would be illegal as AR-15s do not meet any category of NFA weapon. The NFA was passed to limit “gangster weapons” like the BAR rifle used by john dillanger.Those categories are:Machine gunsThis legal definition includes any firearm which can fire repeatedly, without manual reloading, "by a single function of the trigger", which is broader than the common definition. Both continuous fully automatic fire and "burst fire" (e.g., firearms with a 3-round burst feature) are considered machine gun features. The weapon's receiver is by itself considered to be a regulated firearm. A non-machine gun that may be converted to fire more than one shot per trigger pull by ordinary mechanical skills is determined to be "readily convertible", and classed as a machine gun, such as a KG-9 pistol (pre-ban ones are "grandfathered").Short-barreled rifles (SBRs)This category includes any firearm with a buttstock and either a rifled barrel less than 16" long or an overall length under 26". The overall length is measured with any folding or collapsing stocks in the extended position. The category also includes firearms which came from the factory with a buttstock that was later removed by a third party.Short barreled shotguns (SBSs)This category is defined similarly to SBRs, but with either a smoothbore barrel less than 18" long or a minimum overall length under 26".SuppressorsThe legal term for a suppressor is silencer. This category includes any portable device designed to muffle or disguise the report of a portable firearm. This category does not include non-portable devices, such as sound traps used by gunsmiths in their shops which are large and usually bolted to the floor.Destructive devices (DDs) - (added to the NFA of 1934 via the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968)There are two broad classes of destructive devices:Devices such as grenades, bombs, explosive missiles, poison gas weapons, etc.Any firearm with a bore over 0.50 inch except for shotguns or shotgun shells which have been found to be generally recognized as particularly suitable for sporting purposes. (Many firearms with bores over 0.50 inch, such as 10-gauge or 12-gauge shotguns, are exempted from the law because they have been determined to have a "legitimate sporting use".)Any other weapon (AOW)Firearms meeting the definition of "any other weapon", or AOW, are weapons or devices that can be concealed on the person and from which a shot can be discharged by the energy of an explosive. Many AOWs are disguised devices such as pens, cigarette lighters, knives, cane guns, and umbrella guns. AOWs can be pistols and revolvers with smooth bore barrels (e.g., H&R Handy-Gun, Serbu Super-Shorty) designed or redesigned to fire a fixed shotgun shell. While the above weapons are similar in appearance to weapons made from shotguns, they were originally manufactured in the described configuration rather than modified from existing shotguns. As a result, such weapons do not fit within the definition of shotgun or weapons made from a shotgun.The AOW definition includes specifically described weapons with combination shotgun and rifle barrels 12 inches or more but less than 18 inches in length from which only a single discharge can be made from either barrel without manual reloading.The ATF Firearms Technology Branch has issued opinions that when a pistol (such as an AR-type pistol) under 26" in overall length is fitted with a vertical fore-grip, it is no longer "designed, made and intended to fire ... when held in one hand," and therefore no longer meets the definition of a pistol. Such a firearm then falls only within the definition of "any other weapon" under the NFA.The AR-15 would require biden illegally rewritting an act of Congress which he does not have authority to do. It should also be noted the ATF has also violated this by rewritting bump stocks and maybe doing it again with pistol braces for pistol versions of Ak platform and AR-15 platform rifles. The ATF doing this violates the seperation of powers within our government. The ATF cannot legislate through opinion making.The buy backs that biden thinks he can do are vehemently opposed. You cannot buy back something you never owned. You cannot force us to sell you our property which we legally bought either.Biden wants to limit how many guns we own to reduce stock piling weapons…how about no. What we buy is our business. If I wanna buy a 22 to hunt squirrels and a muzzleloader to hunt deer I should not have to wait to buy a gun because some asshole thinks hes doing something good. It could be a very harmful policy. If a woman bought a 22 caliber rifle prior to breaking up with her abusive boyfriend she shouldnt have to wait a month to buy a handgun cause the creep is sending death threats to her.He wants a universal background check. Universal background checks are something only misinformed people think is good. 1 in 5 criminals get a gun with a background check cause the other 4 have someone else buy it for them. Plus how can a citizen run a background check? Remember black americans think the police are racist and are out hunting them. They will be uncomfortable walking into a police station to buy a gun. We prefer switching to the BIDS or blind identification system for a background check which could easily be made into an app to allow a citizen run a background check without exposing the buyer or seller at risk for identity fraud.Biden also thinks guns sold online do not have background checks. It is federal law all internet sales across state lines needs to go to a FFL. Gun owners also go into gun shops and do transfers through the FFL for a background check on privaye sales unless they are immediate family.Biden wants to close the boyfriend loophole. Biden proves once again he's a fudd. The boyfriend loophole is an imaginary loophole that anti gun and ignorant people made up. They allege that a dimestically violent boyfriend can buy a gun putting the woman at risk.Please download the following: https://www.atf.gov/firearms/docs/4473-part-1-firearms-transaction-record-over-counter-atf-form-53009/downloadThis is the federal background check. I draw your attention to the definitions on page 5 lower left hand side for question 21 i.Notice the terms partner and intimiate partner…this legally includes abusive boyfriends…I also draw your attention also on page 5 the definition for 21 b.Again…boyfriends who are abusive are prohibited by federal law. Only fudds like biden dont know this. Only people who willfully do not research a subject before forming an opinion do not know this.Biden wants the Social security administration to throw people into the prohibited category. The social security aministration cannot lawfully do this. The reasoning to fudds like biden is that SSA can adjudicate. Ajudication is a legal process involving a judge who is involved in litigation. The SSA is not part of the judicial branch of government. So this would be illegal which is why trump reversed course before the government lost its pants and tighty whities in a major class action law suit for illegally denying people their rights under the second amendment. A doctor would have to testify in court you cannot have a weapon for ajudication to show your mentally ill or have to have entered a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity for this to happen. The SSA cannot do it.Biden wants to make it so if you been convicted of a misdemenor hate crime or a crime of bias to prevent you from having a gun. This is a whole level of ignorant. Hate crimes in states are felonies which prohibit you from owning a gun to begin with. They usually mimic federal law being 10 years in prison. Misdemenor hate crimes are often more then 2 years in prison. A misdemenor of more then 2 years in prison under federal law makes you a prohibited person exempt from owning a firearm.Biden wants to increase the feds having more time to investigate you from 3 days to 10. The issue with this is new Jersey. There is a case where a woman was waiting 43 days for her background check to clear when it was supposed to be returned in 30 days. She was stabbed to death in her drive way by her abusive ex which is why she wanted the gun. She died. We will not green light anyone sitting on paperwork to investigate. If the feds with the instant results of the nics cant do their job in 3 days they dont need another 7.Biden claims he will close the fugitive from justice loophole. I again ask for you to review the 4473.Again question 21 d page 5.Federal law already prohibits fugitives from justice from buying a gun. The 500,000 fugitives purged by trump were records for individuals who under federal definition did not flee the state to avoid prosecution. It was attributed to trump…the decision was actually made by obama when Joe biden was the second highest man in the land.“That was a decision that was made under the previous administration,” Bowdich replied. “It was the Department of Justice’s Office of Legal Counsel that reviewed the law and believed that it needed to be interpreted so that if someone was a fugitive in a state, there had to be indications that they had crossed state lines.”So legally 500,000 people were illegally added to the nics database as a fugitive from justice even though they did not meet the legal definition of fugitive from justice….law suit…government loses its pants and undies.Joe biden wants to ban the sale of guns online, along with parts and ammunition. No…that is insane. It would violate the interstate commerce laws and constitution so bad.He wants to create an agency to ensure prohibited people give up their guns. Pretty sure that will look like Waco and ruby ridge…the answer is no joe!Joe biden wants red flag laws. Red flag laws are where someone says your dangerous and law enforcement storms your house to take your lawfully owned property without you going before a judge. This is a violation of the 5th and 14th amendment which says no one can take your lawfully owned property without your day in court. These red flag laws are ripe for abuse. They have already been abused. I have a friend who was a cop who was fired from his job after his weapons were taken away cause of a spiteful ex wife who lied to cause him trouble during a messy divorce. He lost his job cause it appeared he was guilty why else would his guns be taken away…oh yeah cause his ex wife lied to get back at him for divorcing her. He still has not gotten his guns back despite a court order either. Hell no Joe.He wants licensing through states. No offense but state licenses are a registry. Registry leads to a list for confiscation…people say its not a registry…it's a license…how do you think they keep track of who has a license and who doesn't…a list… plus anti gunners and fudds claim licenses reduce firearm trafficking….last I looked murder was illegal. Just cause you make something illegal doesn't mean it stops…murder..prostitution…meth..coke..rape…theft..money laundering…running across a boarder…blowing up buildings…arson…drunk driving….all illegal all still happen. No Joe no.Funding the background check…no Joe…we need to end states using local police to do background checks. We need to make it mandatory that states submit records to the federal government or lose ALL federal funding and open states up to be liable for failing to submit records to the nics database by allowing families to sue the state. Its called accountability Joe.Establish a new Task Force on Online Harassment and Abuse to focus on the connection between mass shootings, online harassment, extremism, and violence against women. Dear Joe…I know you have dementia. Police and law enforcement has cyber divisions for this. Mass shootings are commited by people who are depressed and angry and looking to hurt others. We know this from a man who was going to shoot his school up or a mall. The answer is no to your task Force.Establish risk accessment to identify domestic violence victims at risk of being killed with a gun by their abuser. Joe no. The problem is domestic violence victims cover for their abusers and will even lie to police. I know this cause one year I spent new years with police when a dude punched his girlfriend and she was laying motionless on the ground with a busted lip. Unfortunately I did not see the punch just him standing over her on the ice covered ground with his hand in a fist screaming at her he will hit her again while she was unconscious…she told the police and me that it was her fault. She slipped and hit her face on the telephone pole 12 feet from where she was laying on the ground. Needless to say the small town found out and he got jumped by some yokels in a bar room bathroom…not that I was involved with that. Any who the police cannot access if victims cover for the abuser. Houston control to Joe fudd come back joe fudd.Joe wants smart guns. Sounds good on paper. Smart guns use RFID technology. Rfid technology is broken. I dont mean broken as in it dont work. I mean broken as in criminals are using stuff from hardware stores to exploit the RFID chip in your credit card to steal it. You might as well just leave your gun on the front porch for criminals. The other issue is fingerprint smart guns…its used on gun safes too. It is…well a joke.Fingerprint recognition is spotty especially with wet or dirty fingers.LPL Picking Gun LocksIn fact the lock picking lawyer trashes a lot of gun locks including fingerprint locks. Fingerprint technology just is not mature enough yet. I also saw such stuff embedded in epoxy in pistol grips. These things are dumb. I can use a heat gun from homedepot to reheat the epoxy to remove the “Smart Components”.Hold adults accountable for minors having guns. No Joe. That is already law. It is illegal for a minor to be in posession of a firearm when not in direct supervision of an adult. It also prohibits taking young kids hunting or teaching them safe firearm handling under your fudd proposal.Require gun owners to lock their guns up. Gun locks are a joke. They can be opened within seconds…even without lock picking tools. I have seen gun locks opened with a star wars Lego character.See lock picking lawyers playlist on gun locks!! LPL Picking Gun Locks PSA (public service announcement) california DOJ certified gun locks require are certified as compliant if they can withstand being picked for 2 minutes by a person with a screw driver and a paperclip who does not know how to pick a lock. Thats right lock picks are not allowed to be used for certification! False sense of security. No joe no stop being a fudd.Joe wants to make straw purchasing a serious crime…Joe its already a serious crime punishable by 10 years in prison and or a 250,000 dollar fine. It does not get more serious…Joe wants to give more funding to prosecute straw purchasers…Joe they got plenty of funding..they choose not to prosecute…if a real gun owner got into the white house they'll pass a law that the prosector who denied to prosecute a straw purchaser is guilty of dereliction of duty and are civilly liable for any death or injury to the victim or their family and can be sued by the victim and their family. That will light a fire under them to do their job.Joe biden wants to notify state and local law enforcement of any and all firearm denials to prevent prohibited people from buying guns through other means. Joe they cannot legally buy the gun…even attempting to is illegal under federal law…cause they would have to lie on the 4473. Plus I am an FFL. I have seen firearm denials on state mandated background checks denied because under other identifying charactistics the customer put that he had a nice dick…I have seen denials for doodling on the 4473…i have seen denials for crossing out mispellings in the address…I have seen denials cause a pen died and half a letter was visible with ink but the ink was uneven on the lettering causing it to be denied…are we really going to waste police resources having local police following up for nice dick, big tits, and badonka donk and bubble butt denials? No no the police got better things to do. The feds are more then capable of doing their job by executing their duty to make arrests for which they are collecting a pay check for with our tax dollars.Mandate that lost or stolen guns are reported….oh Joe what nursing home did they abduct you from. Gun owners already self report stolen firearms without the law you propose. If someone steals your car joe you dont shrug and say uh well I'm not required by law to report my car stolen so I'm not gonna do anything…we wont compromise with you. Gun owners know when you give an inch anti gunners and fudds will take a 1000 miles by cramming it full of your anti gun fudd wish list that we do not support in the slightest so no. It sounds reasonable but so did the idea of the greeks leaving a trojan horse to appease the gods of troy….how did that work out for Troy again? No.Stop ghost guns…joe that would be illegal as well. It runs afoul of the second amendment cause of common use. Home made guns have been in our country since we were a British colony. Millions and millions of such guns exist. That would run afoul of the heller common use standard. You also cannot ban 3d printers as they are also in common use…you don't have legal standing for that…or lathes…mills…cnc machines…screw drivers…hammers…welders that are also used to build weapons. You also cannot ban the 3d printed files as code is protected by the constitution as free speech. In the 1990s while you were sleeping in the senate joe the electronic freedom foundation took on a series of cases for a man named Bernstein a cryptographer who wanted to release the source code for an algorithm he made. The us department of justice wanted him to get a license to do so. He sued and won as the supreme court found code is infact a protected form of free speech in the case Bernstein v. Department of Justice. So you would be breaking many laws Joe. The answer is no.Restructure the atf and fund it…the ATF doesnt need restructuring it needs abolishing. The ATF now legislates when its not supposed to. They also have a lot of illegal things they do.Padding numbers - Specific Acts of Unlawful Reprisal Against ATF Agents, Employees & Whistleblowers.The FBI can do everything the ATF does…the FBI already runs the background check.Have the atf report on firearms trafficking….joe the FBI does that. The FBI investigates trafficking and unlike the atf already reports on it.Six Indicted on Gun Trafficking ChargesYoud know that if you stopped rambling about how your proposals would help a worker in Scranton pennsylvania or talking about your hairy legs and read a memo that you didnt forget you were reading and wander off.Dedicate the brightest minds to solving gun violence…Joe your brightest minds lack common sense…for example out of 30,000 gun deaths a year 20,000 are suicides…your brightest minds are puppets who will parrot the illogical claim that just so happens to suit your anti gun agenda ban all guns. They dont have the brains to understand taking a gun from someone whos suicidal does not change that they are suicidal. Sure it may make them choose another less successful method but that's a coin toss. The common sense thing is to change their mind with intervention programs to prevent them from becoming suicidal.Prohibit federal funds from being used to arm or train educators…bad Joe bad. Through federal funds you could ensure they are properly trained and equipped to safely use their gun around children. Believe it or not there's 2 places educators are armed and they have never had a school shooting in the school. They also got a program for students who see or hear bullying or violent longings to report it anonymously so the school can prevent a school shooting. Armed teachers and anonymous reporting by students saves lives.Biden believes his plan of locking guns up with atrocious gun locks and red flag laws would prevent gun suicides…no Joe…they won't.Biden wants trauma centers for gun shot wounds…the hospital has those!!! Infact er doctors recieve training just for treating gun shot wounds and are very good at it…we dont need your trauma centers.These trauma centers for sexual assault and domestic violence also already exist…they specialize in it…they exist within a federally funded network already. We dont need double of everything.He wants to train health care providers in sexual assault and domestic violence….joe that have this already…infact I know a woman in texas who works for a health care provider and she specializes domestic violence and sexual assault that is all she does! She recieves training every 6 months!!!Wants to add people on the no fly list to a new prohibited category preventing them from owning guns. Absolutely horrible as these no fly lists are secret lists that have no ability for you to appeal them. People are on these no fly lists for the dumbest reasons like wearing a full face respirator on a 15 hour flight. (The 95 masks loose their effectiveness after 12 hours and doctors recommend people like cancer patients to avoid wearing 95 mask on long flights and should wear a full face respirator instead to prevent infections as a result of chemotherapy.if they refuse the 95 mask they can be kicked off the plane AND be added to the airlines no fly list.)Joe biden is just a fudd.Biden is a poorly informed arm chair expert who pretends to be a gun owner. His ideas are either illegal or redundant mirroring things that already exist. Other proposals like his “assault weapon ban” which are illegal are best defined as gleaned from the lowest hanging rotten fruit of the idea tree and piled onto a platter with other refuse and served up to satiate a hunger of the uninformed to feel like they are important and doing good things so they can pat themselves on the back while stroking their ego in trump like fashion in a congradulatory circle jerk while doing nothing to actually fix the real problems.Such individuals are the enemy of progress and the leading force clinging desperately to unhinged and delusional ideals so they can be pat on the head by their masters blowing their anti gun whistle. Such people have dragged this out for decades preventing knowledgable gun owners from enacting real meaningful measures to combat the underlying problems driving the deaths. The blood of countless americans have stained these lap dogs red and stained their masters hands with a red stain from the routine petting of their pets that cannot be removed from the hands of their masters no matter how much they try to wash their hands as they blame everyone but themselves for the issues we gun owners need to fix due to their failed policies.

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