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More than 500 brothels were established by German National Socialist government. In brothels German prostitutes received salary, insurances, benefits, vacations, pension, and proper medical care; they were considered military personnel. And if the Third Reich had existed for another 30 years, they would have received a pension as a war veterans. Brothels were administered by the Feldgendarme and Medical troops, a special ministry was created within the framework of military department. All prostitutes who worked in field brothels were listed as officials of this ministry. So Hitler's Germany may well be considered the first country to officially legalize prostitution. The women fell into several categories:Patriotic German women, members of NSDAP, went to work in brothels solely voluntarily, out of patriotic motives. The German Union of Women and the Association of German girls “Faith and Beauty”, supplied ideologically savvy girls to Wehrmacht field brothels. Moreover, prostitution was considered as a honorable job: Nazi prostitutes sincerely believed that they were contributing to the victory of The Third German Reich.Professional prostitutes, were recruited from all over Germany and occupied countries.German women convicted of civil or political crimes, that opted for brothel rather than serving in a work camp such as Dachau.Female POWs (mainly Russians)Forced labor from the local population (mostly in the East) . One of the terms for these women was "Offizierdecke" - Officer's mattress.September 1941 photo from Signal magazine for soldiers. Signal was a main propaganda resource in Nazi Germany.1.GERMANYMost famous Nazi brothel was Salon Kitty located in wealthy district in Berlin at No.11, Giesebrecht Strasse, owned by Frau Katharina Zammit. Salon Kitty was a high-class Berlin brothel that became the very epitome of relaxation for high ranking officers and visiting diplomats.The requirement profile for prostitutes was: "intelligent, multilingual, nationalistically minded and man-crazy". Twenty women were specially chosen and trained for work in Salon Kitty.The salon was taken over by SS general Reinhardt Heydrich in 1939 for espionage purposes. Fitted out with hidden microphones, this sophisticated surveillance system became the main source of Gestapo intelligence. The plan was to seduce top German dignitaries and foreign visitors, as well as diplomats, with alcohol and women so they would disclose secrets or express their honest opinions on Nazi-related topics and individuals. Notable guests included Heydrich Reinhardt, Joseph Dietrich, Galeazzo Ciano and Joseph Goebbels. The salon was bombed and destroyed in an British air raid in 1942.Visiting German brothels was forbidden for soldiers of Axis satellite armies (Hungarians, Romanians, Bulgarians, Slovaks, Finns). The organization of brothels was laid on themselves. However only Hungarians were able to organize something like field brothels. The rest were survived without brothel since access to German facilities for soldiers of satellite armies was prohibited .2.WEHRMACHT BROTHELS IN OCCUPIED USSRBrothels were the integral part of Wehrmacht. According to the surviving documents such establishments were in Russian cities of Pskov, Gatchina, Revel, and Stalino. Military brothels were few types:Garrison brothels were set up in large towns that has high volumes of troops present or passing through.Hotel Brothels (for officers)Field brothels traveled behind the lines to give comfort to the men just rotated in from the front but at rest for only a day or two. Photo: Field brothels traveled behind the lines:Non-German prostitutes did not have an insurance, vacation and benefits, they worked only for salary.Ukrainian WW2 veteran Antonina Demchina recalled how several times a mobile brothel, made up of several trailer cars (in two cars separate girls were for officers), appeared in her city. Girls were different nationalities aged from 13 to 19, but most of them were local. Girls were elegantly dressed with beautiful accessories and makeup. A doctor, nurse and cosmetician were part of the mobile brothel team. In the city of Nikolaev mobile brothels functioned since the early days of occupation.At the beginning of the war, ladies from front-line brothels were divided by few categories:for soldiers,for unteroffizersfor feldwebel (NCO)for officers.One hour was given to visit prostitute that included 15 minutes for sex. During one hour the client had to register the coupon where the girl’s name, last name and registration number (the soldier had to keep the coupon for 2 months), to pay 2 or 3 Reichsmarks, get hygiene products: 1 bar of soap, a towel and 3 condoms. He had to take a shower twice and only after that he was allowed to use the female body.In the Wehrmacht army barter flourished: the soldiers exchanged coupons for marmalade, schnapps, cigarettes. Some smart soldiers used someone else's coupons, made their way into the feldwebel's brothels, where the girls were better looking and some even sneaked to the officer brothels..In the USSR brothels originally did not exist because, according to the communism, sex could be only for free as an exchange for true love; prostitution was banned and criminalised. Germans had to open places for sex entertainment and implement the “sex for money without love” policy. Special teams were engaged in the selection of girls, many of whom were faced with a dilemma between hijacking in Germany for slave labor or "serving in the brothel next door." The eastward the Wehrmacht advanced and the longer Barbarossa went on, the racial question was no longer important in the selection of workers; Germans were ok with external attractiveness, beautiful face, body and the German language knowledge.In 1941 Germans brought women from Western Europe to the brothels operating in the USSR. In particular, in Zhytomyr brothel, prostitutes from the Netherlands worked. In elite brothel in Nikolaev prostitutes delivered from Germany. But over time, everything changed. From the beginning of 1942, Wehrmacht brothels began to recruit female workers from various nationalities, in particular, Jews, Gypsies, Latvian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Russian women. Himmler, who originally was against sexual contacts of his soldiers with non-German women, suddenly decided that sex in a brothel with a person of another nationality would not harm the German race, since in this case there is no pregnancies due to the use of a condom.In addition to the official brothels, unofficial ones operated in the territories occupied by Germans. Usually they were opened in the apartments of beautiful open-minded single women or who want to earn money . The head of the security police and SD of Kiev wrote that a factor that complicated the fight against sexually transmitted diseases was the presence of a large number of illegal brothels in the city.Photo: Russian dancers for German soldiers:In one of the brothels of Stalino (now - Donetsk) the life of prostitutes proceeded according to the following schedule:6.00 - medical examination,9.00 - breakfast,9.30 - 11.00 - free time to the city,11.00 - 13.00 - stay in a hotel, preparation for work,13.00 - 13.30 - lunch,14.00 - 20.30 - service for soldiers and officers,21.00 - dinner.To spend the night girls were obliged only in the hotel.Some restaurants and buffets for the Germans had so-called meeting rooms, where dishwashers and waitresses provided additional sexual service for money.Relying on archival documents, scientific publications, memoirs of witnesses of the German occupation (in particular, partisan memoirs), I managed to establish the existence of 57 brothels. Of these, 36 are in Ukraine: in Lviv (2), Drohobych (2), Ternopil, Brody, Stanislav, Yaroslav, Peremyshl, Zamost, Yasnozorye, Kiev (2), Moshnny, Kharkiv (4), Zhytomyr, Donetsk (2) , Snezhny, Makeyevka, Nikolaev (3), Kirovograd, Voznesensk, Odessa, Poltava, Novomoskovsk, Maloarkhangelsk, Feodosia, Kerch. Another 21 were found in other cities of the USSR: Minsk, Mogilev, Gomel, Vitebsk, Brest, Riga (2), Liepaja, Vilnius,In the cities of north-west Russia, brothels, usually were located in small 2-3 story houses like hotel “Great Britainia” in Donetsk where during the war Wehrmacht brothel was located (15 Artema St., Donetsk, Ukraine):To work in such places women were driven not by machine guns, but by fierce hunger. Shifts worked from 20 to 30 girls, each of whom served up to several dozen clients per day. Monthly salary of:prostitute was about 500 rubles per week.brothel cleaner received 250 rubles,a doctor and an accountant - 900 each per month.Contraceptives could be purchased in brothels, in buffets, in kitchen. A significant proportion of the contents of the parcels sent from Germany to the Eastern front were condoms. Wehrmacht condom and the Wehrmachtbordell ticket:In the USSR, recruitment metods to brothels were various and sophisticated. Ukranian polizais and other Nazi collaborators were engaged in pimpism and procurement. Wehrmacht brothel in Donesk was run by local Ukrainian.Girls were offered work as a prostitute through employment office that functioned in occupied cities. For example, in Mariupol, women were recruited to brothels through the employment office.Another was taken away by force from the street,someone was blackmailed by the arrest of relatives.Superintendent and polizais reported addresses of pretty girls to the police quarter.Sometimes the German authorities deceived women. In Kiev, girls were offered waitress job in restaurants, but after few days of waitressing they were forcibly transferred to brothels.The partisan commander Grigory Balitsky in his memoirs “War at Night,” told about the partisan Nina Taran from Poltava, who run away from the Gomel brothel and joined Belarussian partisan group. She was recruited on her way to work in Germany. At the Poltava station, Germans lined up the girls, selected 28 tall and good looking and put everyone in a train to Belarus. “We stopped in Chernigov where girls were examined by doctors, five were rejected (they were virgins). Upon arrival in Gomel, everyone was placed in a dormitory, dressed in white blouses and black skirts, made hairstyles in the German manner and told that we had the honor to work as prostitutes in a brothel.”In 1941, providing brothels with volunteers was problematic because of the evacuation of civilian population from the city and lack of local brothel culture. For example, for Mikheevka brothel it took four weeks to find prostitutes.Russian Foreign Minister Molotov read into the record an interim war report that told :“In the city of Smolensk the German Command opened a brothel for officers in one of the hotels into which hundreds of women and girls were driven; they were mercilessly dragged down the street by their arms and hair. Everywhere the lust-maddened German gangsters break into houses, they rape the women and girls under the very eyes of their children, jeer at the women they have violated, and then brutally murder their victims ..Women and young girls are vilely outraged in all the occupied areas. In the village of Borodayevka, in the Dniepropetrovsk region, the fascists raped every one of the women and girls. In the village of Berezovka, in the region of Smolensk, drunken German soldiers assaulted and carried off all the women and girls between the ages of 16 and 30.”3.CONCENTRATION CAMP BROTHELS:Brothels operated even in concentration camps. So, in June 1941, Heinrich Himmler ordered the organization of a brothel in the Mauthausen concentration camp, which could serve SS men.One of the prisoners of Ravensbrück, Margaret V. 25 years old, described her selection to brothel: “We had to undress and stand naked. The SS group and Dr. Shidlauwski entered and examined us. I heard the physician Shidlauwski asked Koch, "Do they really want to have a sex with these skeleton?" Koch, the commandant of Buchenwald , replied, "She is well-built, we will feed her well before work ... ”. Then Margaret V. together with another 16 selected girls, was transferred from the Ravensbrück female concentration camp to Buchenwald to 20,000 male prisoners. Her barrack was fenced with barbed wire, and her body was given constant access..Brothels were set up for the Wehrmacht ( 500 throughout the war) and for SS officers. Hundreds of girls, mostly of Polish and Russian origin, were forced to work as prostitutes. "Whore for Hitler's troops" was tattooed on these young women. (after March 1942, Jewish women were no longer allowed to work in brothels). Forced prostitution and rape were common in concentration camps, female prisoners being mainly the victims. Documents presented at the Nuremberg Trials in 1946 prove the fact that systematic acts of rape were committed by Germans.Until 1942, there were 500 brothels of this kind in Western and Eastern Europe. Operating in hotels and in synagogues confiscated by Nazis, these self-evident war-rape sites used to serve travelling soldiers and those withdrawn from the front. In combination with the German concentration camp brothels, it is estimated that at least 34,140 european women were forced to serve as prostitutes during the Third Reich.Photo: Brothel in Köln, Germany. Luftwaffe soldiers with a prostitute on Cologne streetThe testimonial of the German artilleryman Wilhelm Lippich, who was dislocated near Leningrad:“In our regiment, I knew soldiers who enjoyed the chronic hunger of local young women to meet sexual needs. Having seized a loaf of bread, they set off a couple of kilometers from the front line, where they got a female. One heartless soldier, in response to a request for payment, cut off only a couple of slices of the bread to the woman and left the rest to himself.”“On some days, long queues lined up on the entrance . For sexual services, women most often received natural payment. For example, German clients of the bath-and-laundry complex in the Marevo Novgorod region often spoiled their beloved Russian women in “brothel-houses” with chocolate candies, which was then almost a gastronomic miracle. The girls usually did not take the money. A loaf of bread is much more generous than the rapidly depreciating rubles. ”4. OCCUPIED POLANDIn September 1939, 1.5 million German men have marched into Poland as conquerors. In the early weeks of the occupation, condoms covered all green space of Krakow Planty Square because soldiers and prostitutes had affairs there.In autumn 1939, Wehrmacht men consorted openly with Warsaw prostitutes. Most of soldiers were first time outside of Germany and for them everything was new, exotic and existing. As far as the image of Polish women among German men is concerned, it switched from the prejudice of anti-Slavism to the focus on the fabled beauty of the Polish women. The sexual behaviour of German men clearly mirrored their internalisation of the idea of being Herrenmenschen in the occupied East.For Himmler it was a slap in the face when in 1943 in the East almost every Waffen-SS leader held a relationship with Polish female. Members of the police and the SS, lived stable lives in the occupied territories. Often occupiers and Polish women lived in marriage-like relationships; the Reichssicherheitshauptamt called this type of relationship the Ostehe (eastern marriage).In the period of the invasion and the first months of occupation, all three kinds of sexual contacts – consensual, forced, and commercial – were widely practiced . One and a half million German men brought along with them their emotional and sexual needs. So, with the invasion, the need for sexual services increased. From numerous small, medium and large towns, from all regions of conquered Poland, in the first phase of the occupation one can find evidence of Germans visiting (as yet) unregistered prostitutes. At the beginning of the occupation, illegal prostitution flourished — some examples from cities should suffice here.Around Christmas 1939, shortly after the invasion, a member of the SS Georg D., along with his comrades got to know several Polish women in the FF café in Warsaw. Afterwards they went to the room of one of the women where they spent the night together. D. and one of the women got together several times after that until this occupier began a relationship with a supposedly ethnic German woman (who was in fact Polish).The Warsaw Jewish woman Emilia H. rejected in early 1940 the advances of a German corporal, but then later that year she ran into him again. In her interrogation she said:“In the intervening time, my furniture had been taken away and I was forced to sell my valuables. That was to say I had suddenly become poor. I told this to B. . . . and he had pity on me . . . From then on, a love affair began and went on for 8 months. With B. I again and again had sexual intercourse. We intended to get married when the war was over. B. does not know that I am a Jew”Germans were aware of their legally privileged position: they were the ruling class, the Herrenmenschen. German men could offer their Polish girlfriends luxury goods that had been confiscated from Jewish and non-Jewish Poles. Felix O. drove from Plöhnen to go ‘shopping’ with his Polish girlfriend in Litzmannstadt, one of the Polish cities with the largest ghettos. A Polish resistance song that was widespread during the occupation mentions specifically the source of the luxury goods, namely, the ghetto. One of the verses (rhyming in the original Polish) says:‘There goes a proud young girl, hand in hand with the occupier, with her dress from the ghetto. ‘Aren't you ashamed, father, for having such a daughter? No, you do nothing, for the daughter is just like the father. You became an ethnic German’The Foreign Ministry of the Polish Government in Exile issued a document on May 3, 1941, describing the mass kidnapping raids conducted in Polish cities with the aim of capturing young Polish women for sexual slavery in new brothels attended by German soldiers and officers. Polish girls as young as 15, classified as suitable for slave labor and shipped to Germany, were sexually exploited by German soldiers usually at their place of destination.Sexual violence was institutionalized in the German army. Hitler allowed the rape on conquered territory. Hitler, since May 13, 1941 forbad any persecution of German soldiers for raping "enemy civilians". There is systematic evidence of rape by German soldiers, including documents that were presented in 1946 at the Nuremberg trials.A German war veteran will tell you fairly tales that Germans did not commit rape. We largely believed that Wehrmacht soldiers were not so amorous and brutal when dealing with conquered women. A silly illusion. These men were immoral and boorish. In fact having sex was encouraged by their commanders as matter of policy, amorous and lustful men made better fighters and killers. In most cases, in Eastern Europe, women were being caught on the streets of occupied cities in Łapankas (Nazi German military kidnapping raids against civilians) and forced to serve as prostitutes .Łapanka, 1941 kidnapping raid in Warsaw's Żoliborz district. Selected young women were later forced into military brothels:The Swiss Red Cross mission driver Franz Mawick wrote in 1942 from Warsaw about what he saw:"Uniformed Germans ... gaze fixedly at women and girls between the ages of 15 and 25. One of the soldiers pulls out a pocket flashlight and shines it on one of the women, straight into her eyes. The two women turn their pale faces to us, expressing weariness and resignation. The first one is about 30 years old. "What is this old whore looking for around here?" – one of the three soldiers laughs. "Bread, sir" – asks the woman. ....."A kick in the ass you get, not bread" – answers the soldier. Owner of the flashlight directs the light again on the faces and bodies of girls. ... The youngest is maybe 15 years old ...... They open her coat and start groping her with their lustful paws. "This one is ideal for bed" – he says.".The record of a bugged conversation from June 1944 between German POWs reveals the importance of womanizing among the men. The transcriber decided to summarize the discussion instead of the men's exact words: "18:45 Women ; 19:15 Women; 19:45 Women; 20:00 Women."When people listening conversations it's hard to transcribe everything, the talk predictably enough revolved around where were the best girls, how much they cost and what other sexual opportunities were available behind the front. In one of such conversation Wehrmacht soldiers told stories like experienced sex tourists:Wallus: "In Warsaw, our troops had to wait in line in front of the building's door. In Radom , the first room was full while the truck people stood outside. Each woman had 14 to 15 men per hour. They replaced the women every two days."Niwiem: "I have to say that we weren't nearly as respectable in France sometimes. When I was in Paris , I saw our soldiers grabbing girls in the middle of a bar, throwing them across a table and -- end of story! Married women, too!"6. Readily Available SexDuring the war, the majority of the Wehrmacht soldiers went abroad for the first time. When the NSDAP came into power, less than 4% of German population had passports. For them, charms of traveling all over Europe, living far from their wives, tast of exotic food, the excitement of armed fight, the enjoyment of readily available sex was very exiting experience. It's no accident that many tended to romanticize their memories.Müller: "When I was in Kharkov (in present-day Ukraine ), everything was destroyed except the center of the city. A wonderful city, a wonderful memory. All the people there spoke a little German, which they had learned in school. And in Taganrog (in Russia ) there were wonderful cinemas and wonderful beach cafés. I went everywhere in a truck. And all you saw were women doing compulsory labor."Fausst: "Oh, my God!"Müller: "They were building roads, drop-dead gorgeous girls. So we drove by, pulled them into the truck, raped them and them threw them out again. Boy, they sure cursed at us."While accounts of mass rape provoked at most a mild rebuke from their conversation partners, a number of soldiers clearly still felt that the sexual violence at times reached a limit which should be respected, even in the locker-room environment of the POW camp.4. BROTHELS IN OCCUPIED FRANCEFrance surrendered on June 22, 1940. It provided many brothels for the German occupiers. In the second half of July, two orders were issued for the suppression of street prostitution and the establishment of brothels for the Wehrmacht. Nazis confiscated existing brothels, put in its own staff, adhering to the criteria of “Aryan” racial purity. Officers were not allowed to go to these places, they were put up in hotels. Thus Wehrmacht commanders wanted to stop the spread of homosexuality and sexually transmitted diseases in the army to increase the incentives for soldiers, prevent intimate relationships on the side, for fear of espionage.Photo: Wehrmacht brothel in synagogue in FranceThe leaders of the Wehrmacht established a thoroughly bureaucratic system of around 100 new brothels already before 1942, based on a existing system of government controlled ones. The soldiers were given official visitation cards issued by Oberkommando des Heeres and were prohibited from engaging in sexual contact with other French women. In September 1941, General von Brauchitsch suggested that weekly visits for all younger soldiers be considered mandatory to prevent any "sexual excesses" among them. The sex workers had a scheduled medical check-up to prevent the spread of venereal diseases. The order to regulate the soldiers' sex life was issued on 29 July 1940. From that point on, independent prostitution was forbidden and persecuted by the police. As before, the prostitutes were paid a nominal fee. The soldiers had to bring up the money themselves from their regular pay. .Photo: Brothel in FranceThe broad enabling brothel visit was seen as an important strategic measure war, to help "morale", ie the willingness to fight and kill should be maintained or increased. This concession by the Wehrmacht to the "needs" of the soldiers besides promoting loyalty to the fascist system also curbed the wehrkraftzersetzenden by STDs through commitment to condom use in brothel visit. The brothel system also lessened chances of German soldiers moving towards homosexuality.“When, during World War II, some German battleship moored in the French port of Brest, hard work began in the brothels of the German invaders. Women just remained lying between the rooms. There were no more toilet stalls, lingerie, flirting and seduction, they just lifted up their skirts so that they would stick up to five dozen pistons a day. “ - Lothar Günther Buchheim’s novel “The Boat”..Obergrenadier Martin Eichenseer of Stabs Kompanie, G.R. 916:"The first time I went I was a lad of 17-½ and still somewhat of a virgin, I never had intercourse but had done other things with the local girls. With my pockets filled with the 'regulation equipment', I went to the brothel in St. Laurent. I was very nervous and did not know what to expect. When my turn came I went into a room with a very good-looking girl about my age from Slovakia. She had dark hair and big breasts. Sex with her was great even though I didn't know what she was saying. We weren't supposed to pay them in the Army brothels but I gave her some money anyway. The worst part was when she spread her legs and I had to spray her with the can of disinfectant. Only then would she sign my card. You had to bring back the empty can with the pass. If you didn't spray or bring it back you got two weeks extra labor and guard for punishment.The next time I went I was excited at seeing this Slovak girl again but to my disgust I got this German woman who was in her late thirties, although I wouldn't mind her now, ha ha. She was big-breasted but flabby and had "a lot of wear on her tires" if you know what I mean. I just couldn't do it. She finally told me to close my eyes and she performed oral sex on me. It wasn't too bad as I thought of the other girl. She signed my pass and I left. On the way back I realized I still has a full can. In order not to get in trouble I sprayed it empty in the woods. I would have gone again but the war got in the way."Obergefreiter Josef Brass, Nr. 1 Kompanie, Pionier Bn. 352:"In Russia we didn't get to go to any but in France they were quite plentiful. The women were about average in appearance but certainly knew how to please a man. But as young and virile as we were then it didn't take much. Many of the younger men, 17-19 years old, didn't go because they were embarrassed by the things they were required to do, such as disinfecting the woman's genitals. I always felt that the army procedures were a bit too much but then again no-one I know of ever got a disease from an Army brothel. And if you did they knew which girl gave it to you and who ever else she had sex with and everyone could get cured. Some of us did go to the local civilian ones, the girls were prettier and acted like they enjoyed it. However if you got V.D. from one of them it was bad luck. You got cured then sent East to serve in a Penal Battalion for two weeks to three months. Being a "500" (slang for military prisoners) was no easy life and chances were slim you would make it back. In any event the Army tried to give us the best it could under the circumstances.5. WEHRMACHT IN AFRICA:During the African campaign, the Wehrmacht generally did not have own brothels. In Libya, Egypt and Ethiopia, General Erwin Rommel decided to use the services of the local population. However, soldiers from the African corps rarely used their services. First, the terrible African heat killed any sexual desire. And secondly, the Germans were forbidden sexual intercourse with the "color". European women in these places were very rare, and most of them were very old. On the other hand, the Arab palaces, despite all the prohibitions, turned out to be very popular among German officers. They very willingly took young and attractive Arab girls as servants.6. THE PUNISHMENT TO PROSTITUTES :USSR. German brothels (usually military mobiles) could also fall into the hands of soldiers of the Russian Army. This did not always mean liberation for women, but rather violence and physical extermination. A veteran of the war, Nikolai Nikulin, recalled how his rangers once were spying upon German camp in the nearest village and decided to find out who was in the last house. It turned out that there was a brothel, where Russian women worked. Instead of freeing the unfortunate, blinded by rage men simply began to rape prostitutes. One of the prostitutes was able to inform Germans, a battle ensued, during which almost all the rangers died.After the war about 2,000 such women were imprisoned in the special settlement to the White Sea region. Their children were taken to orphanages: they grew up there, without knowing who were their fathers. Their mothers were nicknamed “German whores”.In addition to those who were sent "to the settlement" to the White Sea, in 1945 several thousands Soviet women (the exact number is unknown) received 10 years in GULAG as a punishment under the article "cooperation with the enemy", although they collaborated only in the bed. There was enough one report from neighbours - "she has a child from Fritz", and the mother ended up in Siberian labour camp.POLAND. Polish patriots also tried to discipline women who were consorting with Germans: accusatory leaflets, moral suasions, and honour punishments such as executions.Sometimes Polish fighters came back to their homes only to find out that his girlfriends/wifes had few years of prosperous happy life and intensive sexual relationships with german soldiers. Obviously those beautiful young girls were killed on the place as a revenge and punishment. It was thousands of such stories . Poland and Rissia have even songs about it.FRANCE. When the Germans retreated, French men showed their patriotism, pursuing female traitors. French woman that bear child from German soldier and her mother:Women were shaved, taken naked through the streets to the amusement of the crowd, they poured mud on them; their children from wehrmacht soldiers stigmatised for life ....In 1945, 20,000 French women were hounded through streets and given short haircuts by their French compatriots, who accused them of "horizontal collaboration" with the Nazis.7. CHILDREN OF WEHRMACHT SOLDIERS:Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Eichwede and Prof. Jan Phillip Reemtsma citing Russian historian and German sources, say that more than a million children were conceived in Russia. Based on biological realities it can be said statistically that about one in ten sexual intercourse resulted in a pregnancy.In Norway, Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands and France 200,000 children were born during the presence of German soldiers during occupation.NORWAY:Thousands of mothers to these children had been labeled with taglines, and many of them were destined to serve as slave workers at the Norwegian concentration camps as a punishment after the war. Records show that treatments were even more severe and harsh for the children.One of those children, known as Harriet von Nickel, has written an autobiography that actually depicts her experiences as a war child. She records: “As a two-year-old living with foster parents, I was chained up with the dog in the yard.”Further on, another record in her autobiography reads: “As a six-year-old, I was thrown into the river by a man from my village who said he wanted to see if the witch will drown or float.”Last but not least, 10 years old Harriet recalled that drunken villagers had attacked and labeled her with a swastika on her forehead. The girl used sandpaper to rub her skin and remove the swastika after the attack.Photo below: ABBA singer Anna Frida Lyngstad (brunette) is a one of war children, her father was a wehrmacht soldier in Norway:She was born to a Norwegian mother Synni Lyngstad from whom she kept the surname, and a Wehrmacht soldier father Alfred Haase. However, being a child of German soldier born in Norway was very challenging things that could happen in one’s life. The Lyngstad family knew this and wisely escaped to Sweden in early 1947. Her mother Synni died right after the relocation. Frida was one of the approximately 11,000 children that were Lebensborn in Norway during and after the World War II.Photo: Lebensborn programmes in Germany and in occupied territoriesUSSR:April, 1945. In the letter to Joseph Stalin, academic Ivan Maisky asked: “what we suppose to do with children born to Soviet women from German soldiers?In the letter academic suggested to confiscate all babies from their mothers ”without exception, to change their name and send them to orphanages.” ...Kurt Bleuster, a historian from the United States, claims that "between 50,000 and 100,000 children were born in Russia, the Baltic States, Belarus and Ukraine, as a result of living together with the Germans in 1941-1944.GERMANYIn the decade after World War II, more than 100,000 babies were born to unwed German mothers and Allied soldier fathers. Most of the men left Europe without ever meeting their children. Now, many “occupation babies” are scrambling to find their fathers before it’s too lateBy the way, 64-year-old Kurt Blaumeister is also a "child of war". His mother, a German from Berlin, got pregnant from a Soviet officer - and subsequently, in 1948, moved to America. When his mother died, Bloumeister spent a long time looking for his father - but he never found it. Now Kurt makes a living by performing expeditions on the orders of the Wehrmacht soldiers. 90-year-olds, who once came to our land in arms, are trying to find their children.“I managed to find only two,” says Bleumaster. - Already older people, almost 70 years. I found one in Tikhvin, another in Vyborg. Both refused to talk to me - they said they did not want to have anything in common with biological fathers ...8. ALLIED BROTHELSWESTERN FRONT. Americans and the British had field brothels under the guise of small trading companies. German prostitutes were not afraid to be captured by the allies. Americans registered former prostitutes and released them with a good luck.From YouTube testimonies of Americans WW2 veterans:German women freely offered sex in exchange of food, job and other benefits. Despite that in the USA army the fraternisation with German females was officially prohibited, such relationships had a place and often ended up with marriage.EASTERN FRONT. In the summer of 1944, G. Zhukov and K. Rokossovsky opened two experimental brothels for officers with the consent of the Soviet High Command. These brothels were called - Vacation Hotels , although they served sexual purpose and were intended only for Soviet officers. Many Russian girls wanted to work there. The experiment, however, ended in a touching way - and very Russian style. As planned the first group of officers spent their three week vacation in that Holels. But after that, all this officers returned to the front and took all their new girlfriends with them to the battlefields. New girls were not recruited. High Command stopped the experiment.From YouTube testimonies of Russian WW2 veterans:When Red Army advanced to the central Europe especially to Romania, Soviet soldiers were very surprised to meet local prostitutes that demanded money for sex. This phenomenon was very alien to the Russian mind, obviously Russian soldiers refused to pay and consequently had a big trouble (fight, police complaints) from Romanian prostitutes and their husbands that were pimps.In Germany Soviet soldiers met another foreign style, German women freely offered sex for pleasure however later on was discovered that many of those women had honorea and syphilis. Trouble again.After the Germany was finally defeated, the fraternisation between German women and Russian soldiers had a place. Russian soldiers often tried to smuggle their German girlfriends inside of big bags, furniture or suitcases over the border to the USSR but usually they were discovered in the trains.Soviet war veterans say that most beautiful women in Europe were Polish women and most proudful were Yugoslavian female partisans, most sexualy unaccessible were Bulgarians women.Sources:(German military brothels in World War II - Wikipedia )(Wehrmacht Brothels / der Erste Zug.)('We Threw Her Outside and Shot at Her'.)( Проституция в Третьем Рейхе)(Бордели в Третьем Рейхе)(Liebe im Vernichtungskrieg - Exposé)(The war child Frida Lyngstad from ABBA was lucky enough to move from Norway to Sweden)(League of German Girls - Wikipedia)(The Sexual Policies and Sexual Realities of the German Occupiers in Poland in the Second World War)Brownmiller, Susan : Against our will. rape and male dominanceThe book in German (Gegen unseren Willen. Vergewaltigung und Männerherrschaft)

I think that, yes, we can partially take some of the blame.First we must understand that extremism has existed in any society that we've created. No matter how tolerant, accepting, or reasonable a society there are always a group of people swayed by some form of extremism whether it be political, religious or even sometimes just a fanatical obsession with a certain goal or even idolizing a person.I see a lot of people that want to say that ISIS is the way it is because Islam is a bad religion and its appealing to extremist and radicals because of some of the ways the Quran can be interpreted or misinterpreted. But I think this is simplifying a broader issue. It's easy from the U.S. to say that groups like ISIS are rising up just because they're bad people and that's what they do, but it's a lot harder to realize that sometimes people do bad things because something in their life has triggered them to think that it's the only way to better their lives.The U.S. historically, has really screwed up its foreign policy in the middle east. That's all there is to it. We can try and sugar coat our way around things but at the end of the day, the middle east was not always the way it is today, and part of that change is because the U.S. helped topple the pro-western government in Iran. The 1982 coup d'etat saw the end of the democratically elected government in Iran, and this effort was carried out by both the UK and the U.S. over an oil dispute. The Prime Minister, wanted to nationalize Iran's oil. And well, that wasn't in the U.S.'s best interests, so they and Britain orchestrated a plan to get Mossendegh.BP's Long History Of Destroying The WorldOne of the most pivotal moments in world and United States history came in 1953 when the CIA and British intelligence forces staged a coup in Iran, overthrowing the democratically elected Mohammed Mossadegh, a national Iranian hero who was named Time's Man of the Year in 1952. That coup led directly to the Iranian revolution of 1979, which launched an era of Middle East anti-Americanism whose repercussions have since been felt in deadly ways.This paved the way for the revolution in 1979, which saw the overthrow of U.S. backed leaders and their replacement with the Islamic republic. Prior to the Islamic Republic the Shah regime was in power. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was pro west and anti communist, yet again, the U.S. played a small role in allowing him to become ousted.Yet, at the height of Iran's prosperity, the Shah suddenly became the target of an ignoble campaign led by U.S. and British foreign policy makers. Bolstered by slander in the Western press, these forces, along with Soviet-inspired communist insurgents, and mullahs opposing the Shah's progressiveness, combined to face him with overwhelming opposition. In three years he went from vibrant monarch to exile (on January 16, 1979), and ultimately death, while Iran fell to Ayatollah Khomeini's terror.Houchang Nahavandi, one of the Shah's ministers and closest advisers, reveals in his book The Last Shah of Iran: "We now know that the idea of deposing the Shah was broached continually, from the mid-seventies on, in the National Security Council in Washington, by Henry Kissinger, whom the Shah thought of as a firm friend."Iran and the Shah: What Really HappenedSo once again, America decides it doesn't like something about a ruler and helps pave the way to ousting him from power. The results we can now see. Islamic rule in Iran.After the 1979 revolution, concern began to grow in Iraq about an insurgency from Iraq's supressed Shia majority. Iraq wished to take advantage of Iran's instability and overtake Iran as the dominant Persian gulf state and this led to the Iran-Iraq war. The war has been compared to World War I in terms of the types of warfare used, including trench warfare and mustard gas by the Iraqi government against Iranian troops. The United States as well as other international powers, supported Iraq through loans, military equipment and satellite imagery of Iranian targets. The international community remained silent about Iraq's use of chemical warfare against Iran, only mentioning that it was happening and not that it was only Iraq who was using these tactics. They stood by silently as these attacks continued. The UN Security Council didn't recognize Iraq as the aggressor of the war, until 1991.Iran–Iraq WarThe war had crippling effects on both Iran and Iraq's economies and further entrenched them in political and religious rule and ideology.In Iraq, the U.S. played a smaller role but still a present one in the regimes that we've seen today. The 1963 Ramadan Revolution, while not officially supported by the U.S., was something that the CIA had extensive information about.Writing in his memoirs of the 1963 coup, long time OSS and CIA intelligence analyst Harry Rositzke presented it as an example of one on which they had good intelligence in contrast to others that caught the agency by surprise. The overthrow "was forecast in exact detail by CIA agents." "Agents in the Ba’th Party headquarters in Baghdad had for years kept Washington au courant on the party’s personnel and organization, its secret communications and sources of funds, and its penetrations of military and civilian hierarchies in several countries....CIA sources were in a perfect position to follow each step of Ba’th preparations for the Iraqi coup, which focused on making contacts with military and civilian leaders in Baghdad.After the coup, the Ba'ath party split into two separate groups who operated under the same name. Relations with the U.S. were severed, however, in 1972 the U.S. worked with the Shah of Iran to finance and arm the Kurdish for the second Kurdish-Iraqi war. Support ceased after Iran and Iraq signed the Algiers Agreement in 1975.In 1979, within Iraq, al-Bakr tried to demote the vice president into relative obscurity. The vice president responded by launching a counter-coup, making al-Bakr resign, conducting a brutal purge of hundreds of Ba'athists and declaring himself President. That man was Saddam Hussein. For several years the U.S. and Saddam maintained a strained but cordial relationship. We helped arm Iraq under Saddam's rule, in the Iraq-Iran war before we eventually made it our mission to oust him from power and set up our own interim government.Iraq–United States relationsMembers of the interim government ruled in Iraq, and this 2014 presidential election saw Fuad Masum take the presidency.You can see him speak on ISIS and Iraq's challenges here:Implications of the Iran-Iraq WarNow we turn to Syria. Syria has been bathed in conflict yet many know very little about what the conflict is about or why it's an issue. The refugee crisis and the takeovers of ISIS have recently thrust Syria into the limelight, however, wrongdoings and sufferings have been going on for quite some time.An undercover photographer secretly spent time in Syria, documenting evidence of crimes against humanity carried out by the current ruler of Syria, Bashar al-Assad. The photographs he took were of bodies of people within hospitals who had clearly been subjected to torture. Most frightening, it appeared that the victims were medical aids and humanitarian staff, who responded to treat the injured on the battle field. Those that stopped to help the enemy were subjected to extreme torture.Every night the soldiers would get up on the beds and start walking on the patients. It was a ritual.” Another ritual, he said, was wrapping men’s genitals so tightly with a rubber glove that the pressure would cut off circulation. According to Abu Odeh, intelligence agents would walk up to patients recovering from surgery to repair bone fractures and would literally rip external fixations—used to hold bones in place—from their broken limbs. “So many times we had to do operations twice,” he said. “They weren’t doing this torture to get patients to talk—it was just torture. Sometimes the Mukhabarat guys would pee on the wounds. Other times they would dip a prisoner’s bandages in toilet water and put them back on.”Some of those brought into the hospital with bone fractures, it turned out, had been medical aides wounded in Syrian air strikes and shellings. According to ward staffers, the security forces doing the torture seemed to be singling out their victims because their presence on the battlefield—as evidenced by their wounds—suggested that they had been pitching in to help treat the enemy: injured anti-government troops. Indeed, the Assad administration, according to recent reports by both the U.N. and Physicians for Human Rights, has appeared to deliberately target medical transport, clinics, and their staff.Documenting Evil: Inside Assad’s Hospitals of HorrorBashar al-Assad implicated in Syria war crimes, says UNIn spring 2011, nation wide protests, known as the Arab Spring protests began happening in Syria against Bashar al-Assad. People wanted a more democratic government, but Assad responded with violent force and protests gradually escalated into armed rebellion.Multiple groups arose from this conflict including the Free Syrian Army, a group of defected Syrian soldiers who were the first to take up arms against the government. In 2013, the U.S. promised 123 million to aid the rebels, funneled by the leader of the FSA at the time. It is believed that the FSA may have originally formed when the army was sent to Daraa to quell protesters. When some soldiers refused to fire on the protesters, they defected from the army and some were even shot for refusing to obey, and given aid by the protesters. Soldiers continued to defect throughout the spring as violence was repeatedly ordered to quell protests.The Islamic Front is another group that arose during the civil war in 2013. They reject democracy and secularism and instead wish to implement an Islamic rule and sharia law.Hezbollah, which translates to "party of Allah" is a Shi'a militant group based out of Lebanon. They were created by Muslim clerics in response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and was primarily formed as a resistance to Israeli invasion. They were also funded by Iran. The U.S. has classified them as a terrorist organization.And in the East, there was the birth of ISIL-The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. We know them as ISIS or the Islamic State. They made major military gains in the both Iraq and Syria, establishing themselves as a major opposition party.As of January 2015, the death toll had risen above 220,000,[86] with estimates in April 2015 as high as 310,000.[87] International organizations have accused the Syrian government, ISIL and other opposition forces of severe human rights violations, with many massacres occurring.[88][89][90][91][92]Chemical weapons have been used many times during the conflict as well.[93][94][95] The Syrian government is reportedly responsible for the majority of civilian casualties and war crimes, often through bombings.[88][90][96][97] In addition, tens of thousands of protesters and activists have been imprisoned and there are reports of torture in state prisons.[98][99][100][101]The severity of the humanitarian disaster in Syria has been outlined by the UN and many international organizations. More than 7.6 million Syrians have been displaced, more than 5 million have fled the country to nearby countries such as Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, and Kuwait, and a few hundred thousand have fled to more distant countries like Germany and Greece and have becomerefugees. Millions more have been left in poor living conditions with shortages of food and drinking water.Syria: The story of the conflict - BBC Newshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_WarMany have called the actions of the Syrian government genocide. The Commission of Inquiry concluded:Government forces and affiliated militia have committed murder, torture, rape, forcible displacement, enforced disappearance and other inhumane acts. Many of these crimes were perpetrated as part of widespread or systematic attacks against civilian populations and constitute crimes against humanity. War crimes and gross violations of international human rights law – including summary execution, arbitrary arrest and detention, unlawful attack, attacking protected objects, and pillaging and destruction of property – have also been committed...The violations and abuses committed by anti-government armed groups did not, however, reach the intensity and scale of those committed by government forces and affiliated militia... Government forces consistently transgressed the fundamental principle of the laws of war that they must, at all times, distinguish between civilian and military objectives.While the definition of genocide can be debated technically, politically and legally, the Genocide Convention makes clear that the crimes committed in Syria are in fact considered genocide.The Syrian government has been implicated in numerous war crimes, attacking insurgents and civilians alike.In February 2014, a UN Security Council resolution demanded all parties end the "indiscriminate employment of weapons in populated areas". Since then, activists say more than 6,000 civilians have been killed by barrel bombs dropped by government aircraft on rebel-held areas. The UN says in some instances, civilian gatherings have been deliberately targeted, constituting massacres.Although the U.S. supports the end of Assad's reign, rebels had been pressing Washington for weapons in order to match that of the Syrian government. President Obama firmly maintained that he would not be providing any direct military support. But guess who were making headway? Foreign Islamic radicals, which resulted in some of the rebels pledging their alliance with Al Qaeda.Tamer Mouhieddine, spokesman for the Free Syrian Army released a statement claiming: ""The rebels in Syria have one common enemy — Bashar Assad — and they will collaborate with any faction allowing them to topple his regime,"Syrian rebels pledge loyalty to al-QaedaISIS was initially aligned with al-Qaeda but after power struggles between the groups, al-Qaeda ended its alliance with ISIS. The group went on to claim great territory, clashing with both Assad's government and other rebels alike. They have been implicated in crimes against humanity.Syria Iraq: The Islamic State militant group - BBC NewsMany in the West hoped that ISIS's oppressive rule would lead to revolts and uprisings among the people, but they were sorely disappointed. Although ISIS has carried out brutal punishments and laws, they have also worked to improve the living conditions of those in the area.asked to compare the situation in Ramadi before and after the Isis take over, Salem says that under government rule Ramadi had no electricity, no fuel, no internet and no clean water for drinking and cooking. The local hospital and medical centre were not working despite vain pleas to the government from local people.“Under the rule of Isis,” says Salem, who has no reason to like the group which beat him savagely and closed his business, “many big generators have been brought to Ramadi from Fallujah and Raqqa. In addition, they are repairing the power station at Khesab. As for the hospital, Isis brought in doctors, surgeons and nurses from Syria, so it is working again.Nine rules that show the harsh reality of life under IsisOthers in Syria have told similar tales. That while ISIS was a brutal group, they helped bring God's law to their area, that they were kind to those who followed the rules and that they brought safety and security to the areas they were living in. It wasn't until the FSA began attacking in order to take back Tal Abyad that many began to flee."Yeah, they whipped and hit people, but if you walk the straight and narrow, you're okay," he said.Many Muslims around the world have decried ISIS for its violent interpretation of Islam. Al-Mously insisted he was never forced into conscription, but instead urged to study the Quran.He was not religious before the war, a fact some of the boys around him joke about now that he has declared himself a religious man."There is no fun after work," he said, shielding his eyes from the afternoon sun. "I don't play football or cards anymore. Now, I study Sharia. It's God's law.""People were getting killed and Islam came to bring us together."There have been divisive opinions about the groupHer mother, who called herself Umm Khalil and wore an orange and yellow dress, seethed with anger at the topic of ISIS-mandated clothing."I'm an older woman who can barely walk and they want me to wear a burqa?" she said. "There's no oxygen!"Then, throwing up her hands in the air, she declared: "I like Assad and I don't care!"But many people are choosing between poor conditions and relatively less poor conditions.Hindsight is always 20/20 of course. It's easier to look back on the effects of the U.S.'s actions and declare them poor. But we must take into account that the people making decisions at those times, had no way of comprehending the consequences. Yes, it's easy to say that the U.S. should have stopped Saddam Hussein from gaining power, however, the U.S. had no way of knowing what Saddam was going to do. But we can still hold the U.S. culpable for some of the poor decisions they made in regards to handling the middle east.-While the Syrian government carried out horrific atrocities against their own civilians for demanding democratic rights, something that the U.S, is supposed to support, we largely sat around and reprimanded them from the U.N., rather than getting involved. In fact, we were more outraged when a democratic, pro-western government in Iran wanted to nationalize it's oil, than we were when an extremely violent and oppressive government carried out gas attacks on civilians. We have a long history of de-stabilizing governments in the middle east, yet this was the one we decided to leave in tact.-When rebels in Syria begged Washington for military support, the U.S. refused to get involved, resulting in rebels turning to Islamic terrorist organizations for support against the Syrian government. Their military strength has made them effective allies against Assad.-By de-stabilizing Iran's government we paved the way for the Iranian revolution and the Iran-Iraq war that had severe economic implications for both countries, implications that are only recently starting to remedy themselves-The economic sufferings, poor governments and anti-Western attitudes that came as a result of our actions, means ISIS and other Islamic militants have managed to gain firm ground in Syria and Iraq.So, can America take the full responsibility? No. The militants are still responsible for their actions. But by repeatedly destabilizing governments in the area, refusing help to those in need and fueling anti-American attitudes in the region we effectively paved the way for ISIS. If we had bothered to stabilize the regions and make life livable for people in those areas, they wouldn't be so quick to rely on ISIS for comfort and security. If we had supported more peaceful rebels when they asked us too, others would not have radicalized and joined with terrorist organizations. At this point we've decided our best course of action is to simply missile strike them from time to time, often killing innocent civilians and creating a life of fear for people living in those areas. This only helps make their lives more difficult and more miserable, as well as fuels anti-American attitudes. We've made a series of poor decisions in the Middle East and have decided the best way to rectify the situation is to just keep shooting at them until something happens.The problem really seems to lie less in Islam and even terrorism and more with the instability in the region. If we could take away the oppressive government and vastly improve the quality of life for civilians in the area, providing them with roads, electricity and an affordable living wage, as well as provide them with food and clean drinking water, I can all but ensure you that the overall population would be less likely to support Islamic terrorist organizations. But desperate times call for desperate measures, and though it is hard to believe, some people find life under ISIS better than life under Assad. Whether or not the U.S. is responsible for ISIS depends upon how much we believe that the U.S. needs to police the world against violent governments, support those who are suffering and instill better foreign relations. However, we can firmly conclude that the U.S.'s habit of destabilizing governments has contributed to the problem we see today.

Very simply put, when half the UN resources are devoted to delegitimize Israel, don’t expect Israel to comply. I am sorry for the long answer, I just copied all the resolutions related to Israel made by the UN. There are a few hundrads of those. When the UN starts being more balanced and dealing with the real issues in the world (Syria, Sudan, Iran, etc) go back to Israel and ask it to also comply.Source: List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel - Wikipedia1947:November 29, 1947Resolution 181: Recommending partition of the British Mandate for Palestine into Arab and Jewish states, and international status for the City of Jerusalem.1948:December 11: Resolution 194: establishes Conciliation Commission; protection of and free access to Jerusalem and other Holy Places; Resolves that the refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbours should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and for loss of or damage to property which, under principles of international law or in equity, should be made good by the Governments or authorities responsible1949:May 11: Resolution 273: admission of Israel to membership in the UNDecember 9: Resolution 303(IV): International Regime for JerusalemDecember 10: Resolution 356: Jerusalem1950:December 14: Resolution 468: Reduces financing for an international regime in Jerusalem.1952:January 26: Resolution 512: Report of the United Nations Concilation Commission for Palestine.December 21: Resolution 619: "Takes note" of Israel's complaint against Arab ceasefire violations.1956:November 2: Resolution 997: Called for an immediate ceasefire in the Suez Crisis, an arms embargo on the area, and condemned Israel's participation in the conflict as a violation of the 1949 Israel-Egypt General Armistice Agreement.November 4: Resolution 998: Called for the Secretary-General to submit a plan for a United Nations peacekeeping force to secure and supervise a ceasefire in the Suez Crisis.November 4: Resolution 999: Reaffirmed UN General Assembly Resolution 997.November 5: Resolution 1000: UN Force for Sinai.November 7: Resolution 1001: UN Force for Sinai.November 7: Resolution 1002: Calls for an unconditional Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai.November 10: Resolution 1003: The Suez Crisis.November 24: Resolution 1120: The Suez Crisis.November 24: Resolution 1121: The Suez Crisis.November 26: Resolution 1122: The Suez Crisis.November 26: Resolution 1089: Regarding the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF).1957:January 19: Resolution 1123: The Suez Crisis.February 2: Resolution 1124: The Suez Crisis.February 2: Resolution 1125: The Suez Crisis.February 22: Resolution 1126: The Suez Crisis.February 27: Resolution 1090: Administrative and financial arrangements for the UNEF.November 22: Resolution 1151: UNEF.1958:August 21: Resolution 1237: The Situation in the Middle East.November 14: Resolution 1263: UNEFDecember 13: Resolution 1337: Cost estimates for the UNEF.1959:December 5: Resolution 1441: UNEF.December 5: Resolution 1442: Approvement of Major-General Gyani as commander of the UNEF.1960:December 20: Resolution 1575: Cost estimates for the UNEF.1961:December 20: Resolution 1733: Cost estimates for the UNEF.1962:December 20: Resolution 1864: UNEF.1963June 27: UN Special Assembly Resolution 1874.June 27: UN Special Assembly Resolution 1875.December 17: Resolution 1983 UNEF.1965:December 21: Resolution 2115: UNEF.1966:December 16: Resolution 2194: UNEF.1967:July 4: Resolution 2252: Humanitarian assistance in the 1967 war.July 4: Resolution 2253 (ES-V): Condemns Israel's measures to change the status of Jerusalem as invalidJuly 14: Resolution 2254: "Deplores" Israel's failure to abide by UN General Assembly Resolution 2253 (ES-V)July 21: Resolution 2256: The Situation in the Middle EastSeptember 18: Resolution 2257: The Situation in the Middle East.December 13: Resolution 2304: UNEF.1968:December 19: Resolution 2443: Establishes the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People.1969:December 11: Resolution 2546: Condemns Israeli "violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms" in the occupied territories1970:November 4: Resolution 2628: Urges the speedy implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 242 and recognizes that "respect for the rights of the Palestinians is an indisputable element in the establishment of a just and lasting peace in the Middle East"December 5: Resolution 2727: Calls on Israel implement the recommendations of the UN special committee investigating Israeli practices in the occupied territoriesDecember 15: Resolution 2728: Report of the Special Committee to investigate Israeli practices affecting the Human Rights of the population of the Occupied Territories.1971:December 6: Resolution 2792: UNRWA Report. Calls for the implementation of UN General Assembly Resolution 194, stresses the "inalienable rights of the people of Palestine", and calls on Israel to stop resettling the inhabitants of Palestinian refugee camps.December 13: Resolution 2799: The Situation in the Middle East.December 20: Resolution 2851: Report of the Special Committee to investigate Israeli practices affecting the Human Rights of the population of the Occupied Territories. Condemns Israeli practices in the occupied territories.1972:December 8: Resolution 2949: The Situation in the Middle East.December 15: Resolution 3005: Report of the Special Committee to investigate Israeli practices affecting the Human Rights of the population of the Occupied Territories.1973:December 7: Resolution 3092: Report of the Special Committee to investigate Israeli practices affecting the Human Rights of the population of the Occupied Territories.December 11: Resolution 3101: Financing of the UNEF.December 17: Resolution 3175: Permanent sovereignty over natural resources in the occupied Arab territories.1974:October 31 and November 29: Resolution 3211: Financing of the UNEF and the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force(UNDOF).November 29: Resolution 3240: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories.November 29: Resolution 3246: Affirms the legitimacy of armed resistance by oppressed peoples in pursuit of the right to self-determination, and condemns governments which do not support that rightDecember 9: Resolution 3263: Calling for an establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.December 17: Resolution 3336: Permanent sovereignty over national resources in the occupied Arab territories.1975:October 30, November 28 and December 2: Resolution 3374: Financing of the UNEF and the UNDOF.November 10: United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379: equating Zionism with racism.December 5: Resolution 3414: Calls for economic sanctions and an arms embargo on Israel until it withdraws from all territories occupied in 1967 and grants the Palestinians their "inalienable national rights".December 11: Resolution 3474: Calling for an establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.December 15: Resolution 3516: Permanent sovereignty over national resources in the occupied Arab territories.December 15: Resolution 3525: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories.1976:November 9: Resolution 31/6-E: Condemnation of the collaboration of Israel and South Africa.November 24: Resolution 31/20: Expresses deep concern that no "just solution" to the "problem of Palestine" has been achieved, refers to the problem as the core of the Middle East conflict, and reaffirms the "inalienable rights" of the Palestinians, including the right of return and the right to national independence.December 1: Resolution 31/5: Financing of the UNEF and the UNDOF.December 9: Resolution 31/61: Reaffirms previous condemnations of Israel, and calls for the Security Council to take "effective measures" against Israel, and requests sanctions on Israel.December 9: Resolution 31/62: Calls for an international Middle East peace conference under the auspices of the UN and co-chaired by the United States and Soviet Union.December 10: Resolution 31/71: Calling for an establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.December 16: Resolution 31/106: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Occupied Territories.December 21: Resolution 31/186: Permanent sovereignty over national resources in the occupied Arab territories.1977:October 25 and December 2: Resolution 32/4: Financing of the UNEF and the UNDOF.October 28: Resolution 32/5: Reaffirms previous condemnations of Israel, and stresses the "urgent need" to achieve a "just and lasting peace in the Middle East".November 25: Resolution 32/20: Reaffirms previous calls for a full Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories and an international peace conference with PLO participation.December 2: Resolution 32/40: Reaffirms the "inalienable rights of the Palestinian people", including the right to national sovereignty and the right of return.December 12: Resolution 32/82: Calling for an establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.December 13: Resolution 32/91: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories. Calls on Israel to respect the Geneva ConventionsDecember 19: Resolution 32/161: Permanent sovereignty over national resources in the occupied Arab territories.1978:November 3: Resolution 33/13: Financing of the UNEF and the UNDOF.December 7: Resolution 33/29: Reaffirms previous calls for a full Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories and an international peace conference with PLO participation.December 14: Resolution 33/64: Calling for an establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.December 14: Resolution 33/71-A: Expressing concern over military build-up and attempts of acquiring nuclear weapons of Israel. Calling for arms embargo against Israel.December 18: Resolution 33/113: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories.1979:January 24: Resolution 33/183-D: Demanding that Israel terminate all form of collaboration with South Africa.October 25, December 3 and December 17: Resolution 34/7: Financing of the UNEF and the UNDOF.November 16: Resolution 34/29: Expressing concern over the deportation of the Bassam Shakaa, Mayor of Nablus, by Israel.December 6: Resolution 34/70: Reaffirms previous calls for a full Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories and an international peace conference with PLO participation.December 11: Resolution 34/77: Calling for an establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.December 11: Resolution 34/89: Israeli nuclear armament.December 12: Resolution 34/90: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories.December 12: Resolution 34/93-P: Demanding that Israel terminate all form of collaboration with South Africa.December 14: Resolution 34/136: Permanent sovereignty over national resources in the occupied Arab territories.1980:December 1: Resolution 35/45: Financing of UNDOF.December 5: Resolution 35/110: Permanent sovereignty over national resources in the occupied Arab territories.December 11: Resolution 35/122: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories.December 12: Resolution 35/147: Calling for an establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.December 12: Resolution 35/157: Israeli nuclear armament.December 16: Resolution 35/206-H: Demanding that Israel terminate all form of collaboration with South Africa.December 16: Resolution 35/207: Reaffirms previous calls for a full Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories and the establishment of a Palestinian state.1981:October 28: Resolution 36/15: Demanding that Israel desist any archaeological excavations in the Temple Mount.November 13: Resolution 36/27: Condemns Israeli attack on Iraqi nuclear facilities and demands Israel to compensate Iraq.November 30: Resolution 36/66: Financing of UNDOF.December 9: Resolution 36/87: Calling for an establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.December 9: Resolution 36/98: Israeli nuclear armament. Demands that Israel renounce possession of nuclear weapons and submit its facilities to inspection.December 16: Resolution 36/147: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories.December 16: Resolution 36/150: Demands Israel to cease planning of a canal between the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean.December 17: Resolution 36/172-M: Demanding that Israel terminate all form of collaboration with South Africa.December 17: Resolution 36/173: Permanent sovereignty over national resources in the occupied Arab territories.December 17: UN General Assembly Resolutions 36/226 A & B: Reaffirms previous calls for a full Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories and the establishment of a Palestinian state.1982:February 5: Ninth Emergency Special Session ES/9-1: The situation in the occupied Arab territories.November 16: Resolution 37/18: Condemns Israel refusal to implement Security Council resolution 487, and demands Israel to withdraw its threat to attack nuclear facilities of neighbouring nations.November 30: Resolution 37/38: Financing of UNDOF.December 9: Resolution 37/75: Calling for an establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.December 9: Resolution 37/82: Israeli nuclear armament.December 10: Resolution 37/88: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories.December 16: Resolution 37/122: Demands Israel not to build a canal between the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean.December 16: Resolution 37/123: Condemnation of Israel's alleged responsibility for the Sabra and Shatila massacre by Kataeb Party in Beirut, Lebanon; resolves that the massacre was an act of genocide; condemns acts of plundering Palestinian cultural heritage; condemns the occupation of the West Bank, Gaza and the Golan Heights; and condemns the annexation of Jerusalem.December 17: Resolution 37/135: Permanent sovereignty over national resources in the occupied Palestinian and other Arab territories.December 20: Resolution 37/222: Living conditions of the Palestinian people in the occupied Palestinian territories.1983:November 10: Resolution 38/9: Reiterates the demand that Israel withdraw its threat to attack nuclear facilities of neighbouring nations.December 1: Resolution 38/35: Financing of UNDOF.December 5: Resolution 38/39-F: Demanding that Israel terminate all form of collaboration with South Africa.December 13: Resolution 38/64: Calling for an establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.December 15: Resolution 38/69: Israeli nuclear armament.December 15: Resolutions 38/79: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories.December 15: Resolution 38/85: Demands Israel not to build a canal between the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean.December 19: Resolution 38/144: Permanent sovereignty over national resources in the occupied Palestinian and other Arab territories.December 19: Resolution 38/166: Living conditions of the Palestinian people in the occupied Palestinian territories.December 19: Resolutions 38/180: Calls all nation to suspend or sever all diplomatic, economic and technological ties with Israel. Condemnation of Israel on various topics including occupation of the West Bank, Gaza and the Golan Heights, war in Lebanon and the annexation of Jerusalem.1984:November 23: Resolution 39/14: Reiterates the demand that Israel withdraw its threat to attack nuclear facilities of neighbouring nations.November 30: Resolution 39/28: Financing of UNDOF.December 12: Resolution 39/54: Calling for an establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.December 13: Resolution 39/72-C: Demanding that Israel terminate all form of collaboration with South Africa.December 14: Resolutions 39/95: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories.December 14: Resolution 39/101: Demands Israel not to build a canal between the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean.December 14: Resolution 39/146: Reaffirmation of resolution 38/180 condemning Israel and calling all nations to cut ties with it.December 17: Resolution 39/147: Israeli nuclear armament.December 17: Resolution 39/169: Living conditions of the Palestinian people in the occupied Palestinian territories.December 18: Resolution 39/223: Economic development projects in the occupied Palestinian territories.1985:November 1: Resolution 40/6: Reaffirmation of the condemnation of Israel on its attack on Iraqi nuclear facility.December 2: Resolution 40/59: Financing of UNDOF.December 10: Resolution 40/64-E: Demanding that Israel terminate all form of collaboration with South Africa.December 12: Resolution 40/82: Calling for an establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.December 12: Resolution 40/93: Israeli nuclear armament.December 16: Resolutions 40/161: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories.December 16: Resolution 40/167: Decides to monitor Israel decision to construct a canal between the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean.December 16: Resolution 40/168: Reaffirmation of resolution 38/180 condemning Israel and calling all nations to cut ties with it.December 17: Resolution 40/169: Economic development projects in the occupied Palestinian territories.December 17: Resolution 40/201: Living conditions of the Palestinian people in the occupied Palestinian territories.1986:October 29: Resolution 41/12: Calling Israel to place its nuclear facilities under supervision of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).November 10: Resolution 41/35-C: Demanding that Israel terminate all form of collaboration with South Africa.December 3: Resolution 41/44: Financing of UNDOF.December 3: Resolution 41/48: Calling for an establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.December 3: Resolutions 41/63: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories.December 4: Resolution 41/93: Israeli nuclear armament.December 4: Resolution 41/162: Reaffirmation of resolution 38/180 condemning Israel and calling all nations to cut ties with it.1987:November 20: Resolution 42/23-D: Demanding that Israel terminate all form of collaboration with South Africa.November 30: Resolution 42/28: Calling for an establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.November 30: Resolution 42/44: Israeli nuclear armament.December 3: Resolution 42/70: Financing of UNDOF.December 8: Resolutions 42/160: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories.December 11: Resolution 42/166: Assistance to the Palestinian people.December 11: Resolution 42/190: Living conditions of the Palestinian people in the occupied Palestinian territories.December 11: Resolution 42/209: Reaffirmation of resolution 38/180 condemning Israel and calling all nations to cut ties with it.1988:April 20: Resolution 43/233: Expressing shock over killing of Palestinian civilians in Nahalin.November 3: Resolution 43/21: The First Palestinian Intifada.December 5: Resolution 43/50-E: Demanding that Israel terminate all form of collaboration with South Africa.December 6: Resolution 43/54: Reaffirmation of resolution 38/180 condemning Israel and calling all nations to cut ties with it.December 6: Resolutions 43/58: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories.December 7: Resolution 43/65: Calling for an establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.December 7: Resolution 43/80: Israeli nuclear armament.December 15: UN General Assembly Resolution 43/176: International Peace Conference; principles for peaceDecember 21: Resolution 43/228: Financing of UNDOF.1991:December 16: Resolution 4686: annulled Res. 33792012United Nations General Assembly Resolution 66/225 (2012)United Nations Security Council resolutionsSee also: United Nations Security Council ResolutionResolution 42: The Palestine Question (5 March 1948) Requests recommendations for the Palestine CommissionResolution 43: The Palestine Question (1 Apr 1948) Recognizes "increasing violence and disorder in Palestine" and requests that representatives of "the Jewish Agency for Palestine and the Arab Higher Committee" arrange, with the Security Council, "a truce between the Arab and Jewish Communities of Palestine ... Calls upon Arab and Jewish armed groups in Palestine to cease acts of violence immediately."Resolution 44: The Palestine Question (1 Apr 1948) Requests convocation of special session of the General AssemblyResolution 46: The Palestine Question (17 Apr 1948) As the United Kingdom is the Mandatory Power, "it is responsible for the maintenance of peace and order in Palestine." The Resolutions also "Calls upon all persons and organizations in Palestine" to stop importing "armed bands and fighting personnel ... whatever their origin; ... weapons and war materials; ... Refrain, pending the future government of Palestine...from any political activity which might prejudice the rights, claims, or position of either community; ... refrain from any action which will endanger the safety of the Holy Places in Palestine."Resolution 48: April 23, 1948, calls on all concerned parties to comply with UNSC Resolution 46 and establishes a Truce Commission for Palestine to assist the SC in implementing the truce. Approved 8–0, abstentions from Colombia, Ukrainian SSR and USSR.Resolution 49: May 22, 1948 issues a cease-fire order to come into effect at noon, May 24, 1948, New York City local time. Orders the Truce Commission for Palestine previously set up to report on compliance. Adopted by 8–0, abstentions from Ukrainian SSR, USSR and Syria.Resolution 50: May 29, 1948, calls for a four-week ceasefire covering Palestine, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan and Yemen. Urges all to protect the Holy Places and Jerusalem. Offers the UN Mediator as many military observers as necessary. Further violations and the Council would consider action under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. Adopted in parts; no voting on the resolution as a whole.Resolution 53: The Palestine Question (7 Jul 1948)Resolution 54: The Palestine Question (15 Jul 1948)Resolution 56: The Palestine Question (19 Aug 1948)Resolution 57: The Palestine Question (18 Sep 1948)Resolution 59: The Palestine Question (19 Oct 1948)Resolution 60: The Palestine Question (29 Oct 1948)Resolution 61: The Palestine Question (4 Nov 1948)Resolution 62: The Palestine Question (16 Nov 1948)Resolution 66: The Palestine Question (29 Dec 1948)Resolution 69: Israel's admission to the UN (04 Mar 1949)Resolution 72: The Palestine Question (11 Aug 1949)Resolution 73: The Palestine Question (11 Aug 1949)Resolution 89 (17 November 1950): regarding Armistice in 1948 Arab–Israeli War and "transfer of persons".Resolution 92: The Palestine Question (8 May 1951)Resolution 93: The Palestine Question (18 May 1951)Resolution 95: The Palestine Question (1 Sep 1951)Resolution 100: The Palestine Question (27 Oct 1953)Resolution 101: The Palestine Question (24 Nov 1953)Resolution 106: The Palestine Question (29 Mar 1955) 'condemns' Israel for Gaza raid.Resolution 107: The Palestine Question (30 March)Resolution 108: The Palestine Question (8 September)Resolution 111: The Palestine Question (January 19, 1956) " ... 'condemns' Israel for raid on Syria that killed fifty-six people".Resolution 113: The Palestine Question (4 April)Resolution 114: The Palestine Question (4 June)Resolution 127: The Palestine Question (January 22, 1958) " ... 'recommends' Israel suspends its 'no-man's zone' in Jerusalem".Resolution 138: (June 23, 1960) Question relating to the case of Israel's capture of Adolf Eichmann, concerning Argentina's complaint that Israel breached its sovereignty.Resolution 162: The Palestine Question (April 11, 1961) " ... 'urges' Israel to comply with UN decisions".Resolution 171: The Palestine Question (April 9, 1962) " ... determines flagrant violations' by Israel in its attack on Syria".Resolution 228: The Palestine Question (November 25, 1966) " ... 'censures' Israel for its attack on Samu in the West Bank, then under Jordanian control".Resolution 233 Six Day War (June 6, 1967)Resolution 234 Six Day War (June 7, 1967)Resolution 235 Six Day War (June 9, 1967)Resolution 236 Six Day War (June 11, 1967)Resolution 237: Six Day War June 14, 1967) " ... 'urges' Israel to allow return of new 1967 Palestinian refugees". and called on Israel to ensure the safety and welfare of inhabitants of areas where fighting had taken place.Resolution 240 (October 25, 1967): concerning violations of the cease-fireResolution 242 (November 22, 1967): Termination of all claims or states of belligerency and respect for and acknowledgment of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every State in the area. Calls on Israel's neighbors to end the state of belligerency and calls upon Israel to reciprocate by withdraw its forces from land claimed by other parties in 1967 war. Interpreted commonly today as calling for the land for peace principle as a way to resolve Arab–Israeli conflict.Resolution 248: (March 24, 1968) " ... 'condemns' Israel for its massive attack on Karameh in Jordan".Resolution 250: (April 27) " ... 'calls' on Israel to refrain from holding military parade in Jerusalem".Resolution 251: (May 2) " ... 'deeply deplores' Israeli military parade in Jerusalem in defiance of Resolution 250".Resolution 252: (May 21) " ... 'declares invalid' Israel's acts to unify Jerusalem as Jewish capital".Resolution 256: (August 16) " ... 'condemns' Israeli raids on Jordan as 'flagrant violation".Resolution 258: (September 18) ... expressed 'concern' with the welfare of the inhabitants of the Israeli-occupied territories, and requested a special representative to be sent to report on the implementation of Resolution 237, and that Israel cooperate.Resolution 259: (September 27) " ... 'deplores' Israel's refusal to accept UN mission to probe occupation".Resolution 262: (December 31) " ... 'condemns' Israel for attack on Beirut airport".Resolution 265: (April 1, 1969) " ... 'condemns' Israel for air attacks on Salt".Resolution 267: (July 3) " ... 'censures' Israel for administrative acts to change the status of Jerusalem".Resolution 270: (August 26) " ... 'condemns' Israel for air attacks on villages in southern Lebanon".Resolution 271: (September 15) " ... 'condemns' Israel's failure to obey UN resolutions on Jerusalem".Resolution 279: (May 12, 1970) "Demands the immediate withdrawal of all Israeli armed forces from Lebanese territory."(full text)Resolution 280: (May 19) " ... 'condemns' Israeli's attacks against Lebanon".Resolution 285: (September 5) " ... 'demands' immediate Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon".Resolution 298: (September 25, 1971) " ... 'deplores' Israel's changing of the status of Jerusalem".Resolution 313: (February 28, 1972) " ... 'demands' that Israel stop attacks against Lebanon".Resolution 316: (June 26) " ... 'condemns' Israel for repeated attacks on Lebanon".Resolution 317: (July 21) " ... 'deplores' Israel's refusal to release Arabs abducted in Lebanon".Resolution 331: (April 20, 1973)Resolution 332: (April 21) " ... 'condemns' Israel's repeated attacks against Lebanon".Resolution 337: (August 15) " ... 'condemns' Israel for violating Lebanon's sovereignty and territorial integrity and for the forcible diversion and seizure of a Lebanese airliner from Lebanon's air space".Resolution 338 (22 October 1973): " ...'calls' for a cease fire" in Yom Kippur War and "the implementation of Security Council Resolution 242 (1967) in all of its parts", and "Decides that, immediately and concurrently with the cease-fire, negotiations shall start between the parties concerned under appropriate auspices aimed at establishing a just and durable peace in the Middle East."Resolution 339 (23 October 1973): Confirms Res. 338, dispatch UN observers.Resolution 340 (25 October): "Demands that immediate and complete cease-fire be observed, per 338 and 339, and requests to increase the number of United Nations military observersResolution 341 (27 October): "Approves the report on the implementation resolution 340Resolution 344 (15 December)Resolution 346 (April 8, 1974)Resolution 347: (April 24)" ... 'condemns' Israeli attacks on Lebanon".Resolution 350 (31 May 1974) established the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force, to monitor the ceasefire between Israel and Syria in the wake of the Yom Kippur War.Resolution 362 (October 23) decides to extend the mandate of the United Nations Emergency Force for another six monthsResolution 363 (November 29)Resolution 368 (April 17, 1975), called on the parties involved in the prevailing state of tension in the Middle East to immediately implement Resolution 338.Resolution 369 (May 28, 1975), expressed concern over the prevailing state of tension in the Middle East, reaffirmed that the two previous agreements were only a step towards the implementation of Resolution 338 and called on the parties to implement it, and extended the mandate of the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force.Resolution 371, expressed concern at a lack of progress towards a lasting peace in the Middle East.Resolution 378, called for the implementation of Resolution 338 and extended the mandate of the United Nations Emergency Force.Resolution 381, expressed concern over continued tensions, extended the mandate of the United Nations Emergency Force, and scheduled a later meeting to continue the debate on the Middle East.Resolution 390, considered a report regarding the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force and extended its mandate, noted the efforts to establish peace in the Middle East, but expressed concern over the prevailing state of tensions, and called for the implementation of Resolution 338.Resolution 396Resolution 408Resolution 416Resolution 420, regarding the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force.Resolution 425 (1978): " ... 'calls' on Israel to withdraw its forces from Lebanon". Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon was completed by 16 June 2000.Resolution 426, established the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL).Resolution 427: " ... 'calls' on Israel to complete its withdrawal from Lebanon".Resolution 429Resolution 434, renewed the mandate of UNIFIL and called upon Israel and Lebanon to implement prior resolutions.Resolution 438Resolution 441Resolution 444: " ... 'deplores' Israel's lack of cooperation with UN peacekeeping forces".Resolution 446 (1979): 'determines' that Israeli settlements are a 'serious obstruction' to peace and calls on Israel to abide by the Fourth Geneva Convention".Resolution 449, regarding the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force.Resolution 450: " ... 'calls' on Israel to stop attacking Lebanon".Resolution 452: " ... 'calls' on Israel to cease building settlements in occupied territories".Resolution 456, regarding the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force.Resolution 459, regarding UNIFIL.Resolution 465: " ... 'deplores' Israel's settlements and asks all member states not to assist Israel's settlements program".Resolution 467: " ... 'strongly deplores' Israel's military intervention in Lebanon".Resolution 468: " ... 'calls' on Israel to rescind illegal expulsions of two Palestinian mayors and a judge and to facilitate their return".Resolution 469: " ... 'strongly deplores' Israel's failure to observe the council's order not to deport Palestinians".Resolution 470, regarding the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force.Resolution 471: " ... 'expresses deep concern' at Israel's failure to abide by the Fourth Geneva Convention".Resolution 474, regarding the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force.Resolution 476: " ... 'reiterates' that Israel's claim to Jerusalem are 'null and void'". The altering of the status of Jerusalem constitutes as a flagrant violation of the 4th Geneva Convention.Resolution 478 (20 August 1980): 'censures (Israel) in the strongest terms' for its claim to Jerusalem in its 'Basic Law'.Resolution 481, regarding the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force.Resolution 483, noted the continuing need for UNIFIL given the situation between Israel and Lebanon, and extended its mandate.Resolution 484: " ... 'declares it imperative' that Israel re-admit two deported Palestinian mayors".Resolution 485, regarding the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force.Resolution 487: " ... 'strongly condemns' Israel for its attack on Iraq's nuclear facility".Resolution 488, regarding UNIFIL.Resolution 493, regarding the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force.Resolution 497 (17 December 1981), decides that Israel's annexation of Syria's Golan Heights is 'null and void' and demands that Israel rescinds its decision forthwith.Resolution 498: " ... 'calls' on Israel to withdraw from Lebanon".Resolution 501: " ... 'calls' on Israel to stop attacks against Lebanon and withdraw its troops".Resolution 506, regarding the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force.Resolution 508: demanded an end to hostilities between Israel and the PLO taking place in Lebanon, and called for a cease-fire.Resolution 509: " ... 'demands' that Israel withdraw its forces forthwith and unconditionally from Lebanon".Resolution 511, extended the mandate of UNIFIL.Resolution 515: " ... 'demands' that Israel lift its siege of Beirut and allow food supplies to be brought in".Resolution 516, demanded an immediate cessation of military activities in Lebanon, noting violations of the cease-fire in Beirut.Resolution 517: " ... 'censures' Israel for failing to obey UN resolutions and demands that Israel withdraw its forces from Lebanon".Resolution 518: " ... 'demands' that Israel cooperate fully with UN forces in Lebanon".Resolution 519, extended the mandate of UNIFIL, and authorized it to carry out humanitarian tasks.Resolution 520: " ... 'condemns' Israel's attack into West Beirut".Resolution 523, regards UNIFILResolution 524Resolution 529Resolution 531Resolution 536Resolution 538Resolution 543Resolution 549Resolution 551Resolution 555Resolution 557Resolution 561Resolution 563Resolution 573: " ... 'condemns' Israel 'vigorously' for bombing Tunisia in attack on PLO headquarters.Resolution 575Resolution 576Resolution 583Resolution 584Resolution 586Resolution 587 " ... 'takes note' of previous calls on Israel to withdraw its forces from Lebanon and urges all parties to withdraw".Resolution 590: UNDOFResolution 592: " ... 'strongly deplores' the killing of Palestinian students at Birzeit University by Israeli troops".Resolution 594Resolution 596Resolution 599Resolution 603Resolution 605: " ... 'strongly deplores' Israel's policies and practices denying the human rights of Palestinians.Resolution 607: " ... 'calls' on Israel not to deport Palestinians and strongly requests it to abide by the Fourth Geneva Convention.Resolution 608: " ... 'deeply regrets' that Israel has defied the United Nations and deported Palestinian civilians".Resolution 609Resolution 611: "... condemned Israel's assassination of Khalil al-Wazir as a 'flagrant violation of the Charter'Resolution 613Resolution 617Resolution 624Resolution 630Resolution 633Resolution 636: " ... 'deeply regrets' Israeli deportation of Palestinian civilians.Resolution 639 (31 Jul 1989)Resolution 641 (30 Aug 1989): " ... 'deplores' Israel's continuing deportation of Palestinians.Resolution 645 (29 Nov 1989)Resolution 648 (31 Jan 1990)[1] The Security Council extends the mandate of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon until July 31, 1990.Resolution 655 (31 May 1990)Resolution 659 (31 Jul 1990): Regards UNIFIL, extends the mandate for UNIFILResolution 672 (12 Oct 1990): " ... 'condemns' Israel for "violence against Palestinians" at the Haram al-Sharif/Temple Mount.Resolution 673 (24 Oct 1990): " ... 'deplores' Israel's refusal to cooperate with the United Nations.Resolution 679 (30 Nov 1990)Resolution 681 (20 Dec 1990): " ... 'deplores' Israel's resumption of the deportation of Palestinians.Resolution 684 (30 Jan 1991)Resolution 694 (24 May 1991): " ... 'deplores' Israel's deportation of Palestinians and calls on it to ensure their safe and immediate return.Resolution 695 (30 May 1991)Resolution 701 (31 Jul 1991)Resolution 722 (29 Nov 1991)Resolution 726 (06 Jan 1992): " ... 'strongly condemns' Israel's deportation of Palestinians.Resolution 734 (29 Jan 1992)Resolution 756 (29 May 1992)Resolution 768 (30 Jul 1992)Resolution 790 (25 Nov 1992)Resolution 799 (18 Dec 1992): ". . . 'strongly condemns' Israel's deportation of 413 Palestinians and calls for their immediate return.Resolution 803 (28 Jan 1993)Resolution 830 (26 May 1993)Resolution 852 (28 Jul 1993)Resolution 887 (29 Nov 1993)Resolution 895 (28 Jan 1994)Resolution 904 (18 Mar 1994): Cave of the Patriarchs massacre.Resolution 938 (28 Jul 1994): extends mandate of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon until January 31, 1995.Resolution 1039 (29 Jan 1996): Extends mandate of the UNIFIL until 31 July 1996.Resolution 1052 (18 Apr 1996)Resolution 1057 (30 May 1996)Resolution 1068 (30 Jul 1996)Resolution 1073 (28 Sep 1996) on the status of JerusalemResolution 1081 (27 Nov 1996)Resolution 1095 (28 Jan 1997)Resolution 1109 (28 May 1997)Resolution 1122 (29 Jul 1997)Resolution 1139 (21 Nov 1997)Resolution 1151 (30 Jan 1998)Resolution 1169 (27 May 1998)Resolution 1188 (30 Jul 1998)Resolution 1211 (25 Nov 1998)Resolution 1223 (28 Jan 1999)Resolution 1243 (27 May 1999)Resolution 1254 (30 Jul 1999)Resolution 1276 (24 Nov 1999)Resolution 1288 (31 Jan 2000)Resolution 1300 (31 May 2000)Resolution 1310 (27 Jul 2000)Resolution 1322 (7 Oct 2000) deplored Ariel Sharon's visit to the Temple Mount and the violence that followedResolution 1328 (27 Nov 2000)Resolution 1337 (30 Jan 2001)Resolution 1351 (30 May 2001)Resolution 1397 (12 Mar 2002) the first resolution to explicitly call for a two-state solution.Resolution 1435 (24 Sep 2002) demanded an end to Israeli measures in and around Ramallah, and an Israeli withdrawal to positions held before September 2000.Resolution 1583 (28 January 2005) calls on Lebanon to assert full control over its border with Israel. It also states that "the Council has recognized the Blue Line as valid for the purpose of confirming Israel's withdrawal pursuant to resolution 425.Resolution 1648 (21 December 2005)Resolution 1701 (11 August 2006) called for the full cessation of hostilities between Israel and Hezbollah.Resolution 1860 (9 January 2009) called for the full cessation of war between Israel and Hamas.Resolution 2334 (23 December 2016) called for an end to Israeli settlement building