Health Care In America Key Concepts Terminology Unit 1: Fill & Download for Free

It cannot get much worse before we take more drastic steps to slow it down. Eventually, it will get better, but that could be in the lifetimes of our children and grandchildren. Naloxone (Narcan) just delays the problem by reviving addicts to overdose another day.In 2012, cumulative American drug overdose deaths exceeded our deaths in the Second World War.[1] In 2017, there were 70,237 drug overdose deaths in the U.S.[2] By 2021, our total drug overdose deaths will exceed all U.S. war deaths.[3] Our current incarcerated population in American prisons and jails, many of whom are addicts or drug traffickers, is over three times all U.S. war deaths. American addiction is more deadly than war. Addict deaths represent fully wasted lives. “For every drug overdose that results in death, there are many more nonfatal overdoses, each one with its own emotional and economic toll.”[4] “In 2015, an estimated 547,543 emergency department visits occurred for all drug-related poisonings in the U.S.” and “rates were highest among persons aged 15–19.”[5]“The overall mortality rate for unintentional drug poisonings in the United States grew exponentially from 1979 through 2016. This exponentially increasing mortality rate tracked along a remarkably smooth trajectory for at least 38 years. By contrast, the trajectories of mortality rates from individual drugs have not tracked along exponential trajectories.”[6] We focus much attention on the current Opioid Crisis, but it is a sub-epidemic. In the larger picture we see skyrocketing overdose mortality rates that transcend specific drugs, ages, races, time course and geographic distribution. Skyrocketing overdose mortality represents reckless overconsumption of illegal narcotics. The years from 1979 through 2016 saw the growth of massive incarceration.We are losing or have already lost the old War on Drugs. American life expectancy has declined for three years in a row on account of increases in drug overdoses, chronic liver disease and suicide,[7] all three linked to drugs and alcohol. To avoid reversal of the American Dream, we must change strategy and tactics.Overdose survivors sometimes have permanent brain injury due to oxygen deficiency during overdoses. “Approximately one quarter of those entering brain injury rehabilitation are there as a result of drugs or alcohol, while nearly 50 percent of people receiving treatment for substance misuse have a history of at least one brain injury.”[8] Skyrocketing drug overdoses over time produce even less intelligent and capable addicts. “The opioid epidemic has led to the creation of a new term: Toxic Brain Injury.”[9]We subsidize drug addicts with Medicare, Medicaid, family support, insurance proceeds, medical treatment, drug treatment, overdose rescues, funds from taxpayers and sometimes expensive incarceration. Addiction recovery specialists believe addicts should work productively. In this way, as in so many others, addicts are just like criminal offenders and prisoners. Hard core drug addicts increasingly merged with the huge correctional population, forming one huge and growing body of American offenders and addicted antisocial parasites (if you will excuse the terminology).I had long ago learned something about addiction and addicts the hard way. My father was an alcoholic, who fortunately through the grace of God sobered up for some 37 years before he died. He told me about the brain disease paradigm of addiction when I was a teenager, but I never completely bought the concept. Other people I was close to also became addicted. I learned much more about drug addiction in the wake of the Opioid Crisis.On November 24, 2016, Pope Francis in an apt analogy identified addiction as a new form of slavery. In 2018, Robert L. DuPont, M.D. wrote Chemical Slavery: Understanding Addiction and Stopping the Drug Epidemic. The main limitation with the slavery analogy is that modern addicts in the U.S. are not as moral, sober, reliable, industrious and fit as the average antebellum slave. We have not just gone backward to slavery, we have degenerated physically, mentally and morally, and are in big trouble as a society. Conventional professional wisdom and government policy today discourage calling addicts any pejorative names, stigmatizing them or invoking morality. We urged drug addicts to enter treatment. Few recognized the need for treatment until something bad happened. The U.S. Supreme Court said decades ago that we could impose mandatory drug treatment, with penalties for noncompliance, but our laws have not strongly or wisely required it. Meanwhile, we try to combat addiction and drug trafficking with incarceration. We wait on drug addicts to change their minds…even though they have a disease or disorder that tells them they do not have a disease or disorder.From 2003 to 2013, the number of American drug addicts doubled.[10] My home State of Alabama became the #1 overprescribing state for opioid pain pills. The Opioid Crisis hit. There are now about two million opioid abusers or dependent users in the U.S.,[11] plus those addicted to alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, marijuana, benzodiazepines and other narcotics. A policeman told us the story of an addict rescued from overdoses five times in a row, and each time he found the addict passed out on the toilet with the syringe still in his arm. Drug law violators overcrowd our prisons. In Alabama, prisons held 200% of their designed prisoner capacities, so Alabama plans to build three new huge prisons, one with 3,960 beds and two with 3,072 beds each.[12] Drug Court[13] judges prefer non-violent defendants with clean records who have a GED and a job. Modern drug treatments, therapies and rehabilitation usually result in relapses, even when using the most effective medicines, matching the pitifully high recidivism rates for all crimes. Like prisons, residential drug treatments provide good temporary incapacitation, but little long-term rehabilitation. Parents spend retirement savings on ineffective treatments to rescue drug-addicted kids who subsequently relapse. Overdose deaths in the U.S. skyrocketed after imported fentanyl and its analogs made it to the streets from legal and illegal laboratories. Fentanyl is such a powerful opioid that 0.25 milligrams can kill you. [14] Addicts have difficulty taking a safe amount.For years, attacking the supply of drugs almost exclusively did not slow supply-driven worldwide expansion of drug markets[15] or lower the number of drug addicts. Worldwide, production of opium and the manufacturing of cocaine are at the highest levels ever recorded.[16]The main illicit narcotics, heroin, cocaine and methamphetamine, increased in purity and decreased in price over the course of decades…and then fentanyl got loose. On the street, heroin is now up to 10 times less expensive than opioid pain medication.[17] Traffickers sell illegal narcotics on the Dark Net using Bitcoin and the latest computer technology to avoid detection.Exponentially increasing mortality rates for drug overdoses prove our weaknesses and failures. Compared to the rest of the world, the U.S. has by far the most people with drug use disorders, the greatest disease burden from alcohol & drug use disorders, the greatest share of its people with drug use disorders and the highest death rates from drug use disorders.[18] Compared to 17 other wealthy countries, the U.S. has 3.5 times their average drug overdose death rate, and Americans on average now have a life expectancy 2.6 years shorter than those peers.[19] Drug-related debt drives most addicts down financially.[20] Over 20 million Americans have a substance use disorder of some description.Suicide has become a more common cause of death. The U.S. suicide rate went from 10.5 per 100,000 in 1999 to 14.0 per 100,000 in 2017, an increase of 33%.[21] “According to studies, over fifty percent of all suicides are associated with alcohol and drug dependence. Over 70% of adolescent suicides may be complicated by drug and alcohol use and dependence.”[22] “More than 90% of people who fall victim to suicide suffer from depression, have a substance abuse disorder, or both.”[23]“Suicide was the leading cause of death in local jails and accounted for more than a third (35 percent) of all jail inmate deaths. From 2013 to 2014, the number of suicides [in local jails] increased 13 percent.”[24] “From 2013 to 2014, the number of suicides in state prisons increased by 30 percent.”[25]Opioid use significantly depresses labor-force participation, harming the American economy.[26] “Labor force participation has fallen more in U.S. counties where relatively more opioid pain medication is prescribed.”[27] Almost half of prime age American men not in the labor force take daily pain medication.[28] Putting addicts and offenders to work is a major objective of this book.Here is a most urgent problem, at the decisive front in the war on drug addiction: In 2017, every day, about 220 Americans used heroin for the first time; every day 2,800 Americans used cocaine for the first time; and every day 530 initiated methamphetamine use.[29] In 2018, every day 320 initiated heroin use, 2,400 per day used cocaine for the first time, and 560 per day initiated methamphetamine use.[30] “Just say No!”, ALERT, D.A.R.E., a billion-dollar youth prevention campaign and health education classes in schools did not prevent these scary numbers or skyrocketing overdose mortality. We need a cultural shift in how we think about recreational drugs, to overcome the music lyrics and video affecting young people.[31] The attraction of psychoactive substances to young people is “the underlying risk factor in the epidemic.”[32] Most importantly, we must “de-normalize recreational pharmacology,”[33] making it far less glamorous.For a host of reasons, drug abuse treatments lasting a month or two, under the care of a physician or otherwise, and incarceration are ineffectual for purposes of desistance most of the time. Relapses and recidivism are the rule, not the exceptions. Studies show that legal pressure and sanctions significantly improve drug treatment results, but the main threat in our current legal system is incarceration, a very obtuse, slow, expensive and usually useless punishment to effect rehabilitation.In terms of behavioral psychology, reinforcement increases a behavior, and punishment decreases a behavior. Instead of exploring the many facets of behavior modification and the powerful and well-proven psychological law of effect (i.e. the results from rewards and punishments), we pour billions into pharmaceutical and medical research, drug treatments and prisons that produce negligible practical results. In truth, drug abuse treatments today are merely indirect efforts to achieve abstinence through behavior modification, not medical or other treatment of brain disease or brain tissue. Actual behavior modification techniques within modern drug treatments have been very weak, generally superficial, temporary and without long-term effects to prevent relapses.By labeling drug addiction a brain disease, we crossed a moral barrier. We normalized addiction and rationalized payment for what used to be immoral, illegal and excluded from insurance policies. For the years I was an insurance defense attorney, compensation was excluded for those who violate the law, intentionally incur damages and injuries or cause their own injuries from voluntary consumption of intoxicants. This is just one of over a dozen “dirty little secrets” obscuring the enormity of our failures.On Oct. 26, 2017, a nationwide public health emergency was declared on account of the Opioid Crisis. We simply cannot continue to follow all the failed drug policies. We must change. Each State, the U.S., cities, counties, private interests, sober people and addicts can fight the war on drug addiction from many different angles, on separate fronts. In time, optimum laws and procedures will arise within our federal system as we compare methods and tactics within each of these disciplines across the 50 States.We are in a unique national tragedy of unprecedented dimensions. We cannot now stop the manufacturing, supply and use of illegal drugs. Interdiction, prosecution and youth prevention campaigns have not slowed the growth of drug addictions. We lost the old War on Drugs, but we cannot stop fighting with every weapon available. Attacking demand through current treatments and incarceration changes little. We must step up the struggle through additional tougher methods to discourage drug use.[1] The Running Total of Drug Overdose Deaths – Compared with Major U.S. War Casualties, chart by Find Answers to all Your Questions.[2] Drug Overdose Deaths, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”).[3] Id.[4] CDC, Nonfatal Drug Overdoses (8-2-2018).[5] CDC, 2018 Annual Surveillance Report of Drug-Related Risks and Outcomes 18 (8-31-2018).[6] H Jalal, J Buchanich, M Roberts, L Balmert, K Zhang, D Burke, Changing dynamics of the drug overdose epidemic in the United States from 1979 through 2016, Science 21 Sep 2018, DOI: 10.1126/science.aau1184.[7] M Solly, U.S. Life Expectancy Drops for Third Year in a Row, Reflecting Rising Drug Overdoses, Suicides, Smithsonian.com | Smithsonian Magazine | Smithsonian (Dec. 3, 2018). “From 2000 to 2015, death rates for chronic liver disease and cirrhosis in the United States increased 31%.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, CDC (1-29-2017).[8] W Dane, D Fahel, T Epley, “The Solution to Opioids is Treatment,” Brain Injury Association of America (2019).[9] Id.[10] Grant BF, Saha TD, Ruan WJ, et al. Epidemiology of DSM-5 Drug Use Disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(1):39–47. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2132.[11] Peterson C, Xu L, Mikosz CA, Florence C, Mack KA. US hospital discharges documenting patient opioid use disorder without opioid overdose or treatment services, 2011-2015. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2018;92:35-39.[12] Mike Cason, Alabama plans to break ground on 1st new prison in mid-2020, AL.com (6-28-2019).[13] Drug Courts are special dockets within trial-level criminal courts that seek to rehabilitate addicts instead of punish them with incarceration. They are establishing Drug Courts in more and more venues over time.[14] Nadia Kounang, What you need to know about fentanyl. CNN (11-5-18).[15] U.N. World Drug Report 2018, Vol. 3, Analysis of Drug Markets, Preface 1.[16] U.N. World Drug Report 2018, Vol. 2, Global Overview of Drug Demand and Supply – Preface 1; Vol. 3, Analysis of Drug Markets, Preface 1.[17] Schiller EY, Mechanic OJ. Opioid Overdose. [Updated 2019 Mar 2]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. Available from: Opioid Overdose - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf[18] H Ritchie & M Roser, Substance Use, Our World in Data (April 2018).[19] Jessica Y. Ho. The Contemporary American Drug Overdose Epidemic in International Perspective. Population and Development Review, 2019; DOI: 10.1111/padr.12228.[20] Erica Sandberg, The high cost of descending into drug-related debt, Compare Credit Cards at CreditCards.com (July 5, 2012).[21] CDC, Suicide Mortality in the United States, 1999-2017 (NCHS Data Brief No. 330, November 2018).[22] Miller NS, Mahler JC, Gold MS. Suicide risk associated with drug and alcohol dependence. J Addict Dis. 1991;10(3):49-61.[23] Suicide and Substance Abuse and Addiction, AddictionCenter @ Addiction and Suicide - Addiction Center.[24] Bureau of Justice Statistics @ Bureau of Justice Statistics.[25] Bureau of Justice Statistics @ Bureau of Justice Statistics.[26] Krueger, Alan B. “Where Have All the Workers Gone? An Inquiry into the Decline of the U.S. Labor Force Participation Rate.” Brookings papers on economic activity vol. 2017,2 (2017): 1-87. doi:10.1353/eca.2017.0012[27] Krueger, Alan B. “Where Have All the Workers Gone? An Inquiry into the Decline of the U.S. Labor Force Participation Rate.” Brookings papers on economic activity vol. 2017,2 (2017): 1-87. doi:10.1353/eca.2017.0012[28] Krueger, Alan B. “Where Have All the Workers Gone? An Inquiry into the Decline of the U.S. Labor Force Participation Rate.” Brookings papers on economic activity vol. 2017,2 (2017): 1-87. doi:10.1353/eca.2017.0012[29] Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health 25, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.[30] Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health 26-27, SAMSHA.[31] “It is better to heed the rebuke of a wise person than to listen to the song of fools.” Ecclesiastes 7:5 (NIV).[32]Robert DuPont, Chemical Slavery: Understanding Addiction and Stopping the Drug Epidemic 3 (2018).[33]Robert DuPont, Chemical Slavery: Understanding Addiction and Stopping the Drug Epidemic 3 (2018).Selections from Get Tough & Smart: How to Start Winning the War on Drug Addiction - Kindle edition. (used with permission).

Phew.. this is the longest answer I have written..Constitution of IndiaThis article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (July 2018)This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2018)Constitution of IndiaConstitution of India.jpgOriginal text of the preambleOriginal title भारतीय संविधान (IAST: Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna)[a]Jurisdiction IndiaRatified 26 November 1949; 69 years agoDate effective 26 January 1950; 69 years agoSystem Constitutional parliamentary socialist secular republicBranches Three (executive, legislature and judiciary)Chambers Two (Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha)Executive Prime minister-led cabinet responsible to the lower house of the parliamentJudiciary Supreme court, high courts and district courtsFederalism Unitary (Quasi-federal)Electoral college Yes, for presidential and vice-presidential electionsEntrenchments 2Amendments 103Last amended 12 January 2019 (103rd)Location Parliament House, New Delhi, IndiaAuthor(s) B. R. Ambedkar and the drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly of IndiaSignatories 284 members of the Constituent AssemblySupersedes Government of India Act 1935Indian Independence Act 1947Part of a series onConstitution of IndiaEmblem of India.svgPreambleParts[show]Schedules[show]Appendices[show]Amendments[show]Related topics[show]vteThe Constitution of India (IAST: Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna) is the supreme law of India.[1][2] The document lays down the framework demarcating fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. It is the longest written constitution of any country on earth.[b][3][4][5] B. R. Ambedkar, chairman of the drafting committee, is widely considered to be its chief architect.[6]It imparts constitutional supremacy (not parliamentary supremacy, since it was created by a constituent assembly rather than Parliament) and was adopted by its people with a declaration in its preamble.[7][full citation needed] Parliament cannot override the constitution.B. R. Ambedkar and Constitution of India on a 2015 postage stamp of IndiaIt was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 and became effective on 26 January 1950.[8] The constitution replaced the Government of India Act, 1935 as the country's fundamental governing document, and the Dominion of India became the Republic of India. To ensure constitutional autochthony, its framers repealed prior acts of the British parliament in Article 395.[9] India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as Republic Day.[10]The constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular,[11] democratic republic, assuring its citizens justice, equality and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity.[12] The original 1950 constitution is preserved in a helium-filled case at the Parliament House in New Delhi. The words "secular" and "socialist" were added to the preamble in 1976 during the emergency.[13]Contents1 Background1.1 Previous legislation2 Constituent Assembly2.1 Timeline of formation of the Constitution of India2.2 Membership2.3 Drafting3 Influence of other constitutions4 Structure4.1 Parts4.2 Schedules4.3 Appendices5 Constitution and government6 Constitution and legislature6.1 Amendments6.2 Limitations7 Constitution and judiciary7.1 Judicial review8 Flexibility9 See also10 Notes10.1 Notes on Article 2111 References12 Bibliography13 External linksBackgroundA smiling Babasaheb Ambedkar and Rajendra PrasadBabasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the drafting committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian constitution to Constituent Assembly president Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949Most of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947. From 1947 to 1950, the same legislation continued to be implemented as India was a dominion of Britain for these three years, as each princely state was convinced by Sardar Patel and V.P.Menon to sign the articles of integration with India, and the British government continued to be responsible for the external security of the country.[14] Thus, the constitution of India repealed the Indian Independence Act 1947 and Government of India Act, 1935 when it became effective on 26 January 1950. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic with the constitution. Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393, and 394 of the constitution came into force on 26 November 1949, and the remaining articles became effective on 26 January 1950.[15]Previous legislationThe constitution was drawn from a number of sources. Mindful of India's needs and conditions, its framers borrowed features of previous legislation such as the Government of India Act 1858, the Indian Councils Acts of 1861, 1892 and 1909, the Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935, and the Indian Independence Act 1947. The latter, which led to the creation of India and Pakistan, divided the former Constituent Assembly in two. Each new assembly had sovereign power to draft and enact a new constitution for the separate states.[16]Constituent AssemblyMany men in a room1950 Constituent Assembly meetingMain article: Constituent Assembly of IndiaThe constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies.[17] The 389-member assembly (reduced to 299 after the partition of India) took almost three years to draft the constitution holding eleven sessions over a 165-day period.[3][16]B. R. Ambedkar was a wise constitutional expert, he had studied the constitutions of about 60 countries. Ambedkar is recognised as the "Father of the Constitution of India".[18][19] In the constitution assembly, a member of the drafting committee, T. T. Krishnamachari said:"Mr. President, Sir, I am one of those in the House who have listened to Dr. Ambedkar very carefully. I am aware of the amount of work and enthusiasm that he has brought to bear on the work of drafting this Constitution. At the same time, I do realise that that amount of attention that was necessary for the purpose of drafting a constitution so important to us at this moment has not been given to it by the Drafting Committee. The House is perhaps aware that of the seven members nominated by you, one had resigned from the House and was replaced. One died and was not replaced. One was away in America and his place was not filled up and another person was engaged in State affairs, and there was a void to that extent. One or two people were far away from Delhi and perhaps reasons of health did not permit them to attend. So it happened ultimately that the burden of drafting this constitution fell on Dr. Ambedkar and I have no doubt that we are grateful to him for having achieved this task in a manner which is undoubtedly commendable."[20][21]Timeline of formation of the Constitution of India6 December 1946: Formation of the Constitution Assembly (in accordance with French practice).9 December 1946: The first meeting was held in the constitution hall (now the Central Hall of Parliament House). The 1st person to address was J. B. Kripalani, Sachchidananda Sinha became temporary president. (Demanding a separate state, the Muslim League boycotted the meeting.)11 December 1946: The Assembly appointed Rajendra Prasad as its president, H. C. Mukherjee as its vice-chairman and B. N. Rau as constitutional legal adviser. (There were initially 389 members in total, which declined to 299 after partition. Out of the 389 members, 292 were from government provinces, 4 from chief commissioner provinces and 93 from princely states.)13 December 1946: An 'Objective Resolution' was presented by Jawaharlal Nehru, laying down the underlying principles of the constitution. This later became the Preamble of the Constitution.22 January 1947: Objective resolution unanimously adopted.22 July 1947: National flag adopted.15 August 1947: Achieved independence. India split into the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan.29 August 1947: Drafting Committee appointed with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as its Chairman. The other 6 members of committee were Munshi, Muhammed Sadulla, Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, Khaitan and Mitter.16 July 1948: Along with Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, V. T. Krishnamachari was also elected as second vice-president of Constituent Assembly.26 November 1949: The Constitution of India was passed and adopted by the assembly.24 January 1950: Last meeting of Constituent Assembly. The Constitution was signed and accepted. (with 395 Articles, 8 Schedules, 22 Parts)26 January 1950: The Constitution came into force. (The process took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days - at a total expenditure of ₹6.4 million to finish.)G. V. Mavlankar was the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament) after India turned into a republic.MembershipB. R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, and Balwantrai Mehta were key figures in the assembly,[3][16] which had over 30 representatives of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community,[3] and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi.[3] Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian assembly vice-president, chaired the minorities committee and represented non-Anglo-Indian Christians.[3] Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community.[3] Judges, such as Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau, K. M. Munshi and Ganesh Mavlankar were members of the assembly.[3] Female members included Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Amrit Kaur and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit.[3]The first, two-day president of the assembly was Sachchidananda Sinha; Rajendra Prasad was later elected president.[16][17] It met for the first time on 9 December 1946.[3][17][13]DraftingBenegal Narsing Rau, a civil servant who became the first Indian judge in the International Court of Justice and was president of the United Nations Security Council, was appointed as the assembly's constitutional adviser in 1946.[22] Responsible for the constitution's general structure, Rau prepared its initial draft in February 1948.[22][23][24]At 14 August 1947 meeting of the assembly, committees were proposed.[17] Rau's draft was considered, debated and amended by the eight-person drafting committee, which was appointed on 29 August 1947 with B. R. Ambedkar as chair.[3][13] A revised draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the assembly on 4 November 1947.[13]While deliberating the revised draft constitution, the assembly moved, discussed and disposed off 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635.[16][25] Before adopting the constitution, the assembly held eleven sessions in 165 days.[3][16] On 26 November 1949 it adopted the constitution,[3][16][13][24][26] which was signed by 284 members.[3][16][13][24][26] The day is celebrated as National Law Day,[3][27] or Constitution Day.[3][28] The day was chosen to spread the importance of the constitution and to spread thoughts and ideas of Ambedkar.[29]A bespectacled Jawaharlal Nehru bending over a large bookJawaharlal Nehru signing the constitutionThe assembly's final session convened on 24 January 1950. Each member signed two copies of the constitution, one in Hindi and the other in English.[3][16][24] The original constitution is hand-written, with each page decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose.[13][24] Its calligrapher was Prem Behari Narain Raizada.[13] The constitution was published in Dehradun and photolithographed by the Survey of India. Production of the original constitution took nearly five years. Two days later, on 26 January 1950, it became the law of India.[13][30] The estimated cost of the Constituent Assembly was ₹6.3 crore (₹63 million).[16] The constitution has had more than 100 amendments since it was enacted.[31]Influence of other constitutionsUnited KingdomParliamentary government[3]Concept of single citizenship[3]Rule of lawThe legislative speaker and their roleLegislative procedureUnited States[32]Bill of Rights[3][13]Federal structure of government[3]Electoral CollegeIndependent judiciary and separation of powersJudicial reviewPresident as commander-in-chief of the armed forcesEqual protection under lawIrelandDirective principles of state policy[13]AustraliaFreedom of trade between states[16]National legislative power to implement treaties, even on matters outside normal federal jurisdictionConcurrent List[33]Preamble terminologyFranceIdeals of liberté, égalité, fraternité[3][13]CanadaQuasi-federal government — a federal system with a strong central government[16]Distribution of powers between the central and state governments[3][16]Residual powers, retained by the central government[citation needed]Soviet UnionFundamental Duties under article 51-A[3]Mandated planning commission to oversee economic development[3]Other constitutionsThe emergency provision under article 356 (from the Weimar Constitution)[13]Amending the constitution (from South Africa)Due process (from Japan)StructureThe Indian constitution is the world's longest for a sovereign nation.[b][3][4][5] At its enactment, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules.[16] At about 145,000 words, it is the second-longest active constitution – after the Constitution of Alabama – in the world.[34]The constitution has a preamble and 448 articles,[c][13] which are grouped into 25 parts.[d][13] With 12 schedules[e][13] and five appendices,[13][35] it has been amended 103 times; the latest amendment became effective on 14 January 2019.[36]PartsThe constitution's articles are grouped into the following parts:Preamble,[37] with the words "socialist", "secular" and 'integrity' added in 1976 by the 42nd amendment[38][39]Part I[40] – States and union territoriesPart II[41] – CitizenshipPart III – Fundamental RightsPart IV[42] – Directive Principles of State PolicyPart IVA – Fundamental DutiesPart V[43] – The unionPart VI[44] – The statesPart VII[45] – States in the B part of the first schedule (repealed)Part VIII[46] – Union territoriesPart IX[47] – PanchayatsPart IXA[48] – MunicipalitiesPart IXB – Co-operative societies[49]Part X – Scheduled and tribal areasPart XI – Relations between the union and the statesPart XII – Finance, property, contracts and suitsPart XIII – Trade and commerce within IndiaPart XIV – Services under the union and statesPart XIVA – TribunalsPart XV – ElectionsPart XVI – Special provisions relating to certain classesPart XVII – LanguagesPart XVIII – Emergency provisionsPart XIX – MiscellaneousPart XX – Amending the constitutionPart XXI – Temporary, transitional and special provisionsPart XXII – Short title, date of commencement, authoritative text in Hindi and repealsSchedulesSchedules are lists in the constitution which categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and government policy.First Schedule (Articles 1 and 4) – Lists India's states and territories, changes in their borders and the laws used to make that change.Second Schedule (Articles 59(3), 65(3), 75(6), 97, 125, 148(3), 158(3), 164(5), 186 and 221) – Lists the salaries of public officials, judges, and the Comptroller and Auditor General.Third Schedule (Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219) – Forms of oaths – Lists the oaths of office for elected officials and judges.Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2)) – Details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (upper house of Parliament) by state or union territory.Fifth Schedule (Article 244(1)) – Provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas[f] and Scheduled Tribes[g] (areas and tribes requiring special protection).Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1)) – Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.Seventh Schedule (Article 246) — Central government, state, and concurrent lists of responsibilitiesEighth Schedule (Articles 344(1) and 351) – Official languagesNinth Schedule (Article 31-B) – Validation of certain acts and regulations[h]Tenth Schedule (Articles 102(2) and 191(2)) – Anti-defection provisions for members of Parliament and state legislatures.Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-G) —Panchayat Raj (rural local government)Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W) — Municipalities (urban local government)AppendicesAppendix I – The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954Appendix II – Re-statement, referring to the constitution's present text, of exceptions and modifications applicable to the state of Jammu and KashmirAppendix III – Extracts from the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978Appendix IV – The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002Appendix V – The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003Constitution and governmentThe executive, legislative and judicial branches of government receive their power from the constitution and are bound by it.[50] With the aid of its constitution, India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature. The President of India is head of the executive branch, under Articles 52 and 53, with the duty of preserving, protecting and defending the constitution and the law under Article 60. Article 74 provides for a Prime Minister as head of the Council of Ministers, which aids and advises the president in the performance of their constitutional duties. The council is answerable to the lower house under Article 75(3).The constitution is considered federal in nature, and unitary in spirit. It has features of a federation (a codified, supreme constitution, a three-tier governmental structure [central, state and local], division of powers, bicameralism and an independent judiciary) and unitary features such as a single constitution, single citizenship, an integrated judiciary, a flexible constitution, a strong central government, appointment of state governors by the central government, All India Services (the IAS, IFS and IPS) and emergency provisions. This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form.[51]Each state and union territory has its own government. Analogous to the president and prime minister, each has a governor or (in union territories) a lieutenant governor and a chief minister. Article 356 permits the president to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority if a situation arises in which state government cannot be conducted in accordance with constitution. This power, known as president's rule, was abused as state governments came to be dismissed on flimsy grounds for political reasons. After the S. R. Bommai v. Union of India decision,[52][53] such a course of action is more difficult since the courts have asserted their right of review.[54]The 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts introduced the system of panchayati raj in rural areas and Nagar Palikas in urban areas.[13] Article 370 gives special status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.Constitution and legislatureMain article: Amendment of the Constitution of IndiaSee also: List of amendments of the Constitution of IndiaAmendmentsAmendments are additions, variations or repeal of any part of the constitution by Parliament.[55] The procedure is detailed in Article 368. An amendment bill must be passed by each house of Parliament by a two-thirds majority of its total membership when at least two-thirds are present and vote. Certain amendments pertaining to the constitution's federal nature must also be ratified by a majority of state legislatures. Unlike ordinary bills in accordance with Article 245 (except for money bills), there is no provision for a joint session of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to pass a constitutional amendment. During a parliamentary recess, the president cannot promulgate ordinances under his legislative powers under Article 123, Chapter III. Deemed amendments to the constitution which can be passed under the legislative powers of parliament were invalidated by Article 368(1) in the Twenty-fourth Amendment.[55]By July 2018, 124 amendment bills had been presented in Parliament; of these, 103 became Amendment Acts.[56] Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass, the Indian constitution is the world's most frequently-amended national governing document.[57] The constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many amendments address issues dealt with by statute in other democracies.In 2000, the Justice Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah Commission was formed to examine a constitutional update. The government of India establishes term-based law commissions to recommend legal reforms, facilitating the rule of law.LimitationsMain article: Basic structure doctrineIn Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, the Supreme Court ruled that an amendment cannot destroy what it seeks to modify; it cannot tinker with the constitution's basic structure or framework, which are immutable. Such an amendment will be declared invalid, although no part of the constitution is protected from amendment; the basic structure doctrine does not protect any one provision of the constitution. According to the doctrine, the constitution's basic features (when "read as a whole") cannot be abridged or abolished. These "basic features" have not been fully defined,[50] and whether a particular provision of the constitution is a "basic feature" is decided by the courts.[58]The Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala decision laid down the constitution's basic structure:[59]Supremacy of the constitutionRepublican, democratic form of governmentIts secular natureSeparation of powersIts federal character[59]This implies that Parliament can only amend the constitution to the limit of its basic structure. The Supreme Court or a high court may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated, after a judicial review. This is typical of parliamentary governments, where the judiciary checks parliamentary power.In its 1967 Golak Nath v. State of Punjab decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Punjab could not restrict any fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine.[60] The extent of land ownership and practice of a profession, in this case, were considered fundamental rights.[61] The ruling was overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971.[61]Constitution and judiciaryThe judiciary is the final arbiter of the constitution.[62] Its duty (mandated by the constitution) is to act as a watchdog, preventing any legislative or executive act from overstepping constitutional bounds.[63] The judiciary protects the fundamental rights of the people (enshrined in the constitution) from infringement by any state body, and balances the conflicting exercise of power between the central government and a state (or states).The courts are expected to remain unaffected by pressure exerted by other branches of the state, citizens or interest groups. An independent judiciary has been held as a basic feature of the constitution,[64][65] which cannot be changed by the legislature or the executive.[66]Judicial reviewJudicial review was adopted by the constitution of India from judicial review in the United States.[67] In the Indian constitution, judicial review is dealt with in Article 13. The constitution is the supreme power of the nation, and governs all laws. According to Article 13,All pre-constitutional laws, if they conflict wholly or in part with the constitution, shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the constitution ends the conflict; the law will again come into force if it is compatible with the constitution as amended (the Doctrine of Eclipse).[68]Laws made after the adoption of the constitution must be compatible with it, or they will be deemed void ab initio.In such situations, the Supreme Court (or a high court) determines if a law is in conformity with the constitution. If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency (and where separation is possible), the provision which is inconsistent with the constitution is considered void. In addition to Article 13, Articles 32, 226 and 227 provide the constitutional basis for judicial review.[69]Due to the adoption of the Thirty-eighth Amendment, the Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency which infringe fundamental rights under article 32 (the right to constitutional remedies).[70] The Forty-second Amendment widened Article 31C and added Articles 368(4) and 368(5), stating that any law passed by Parliament could not be challenged in court. The Supreme Court ruled in Minerva Mills v. Union of India that judicial review is a basic characteristic of the constitution, overturning Articles 368(4), 368(5) and 31C.[71]FlexibilityAccording to Granville Austin, "The Indian constitution is first and foremost a social document, and is aided by its Parts III & IV (Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy, respectively) acting together, as its chief instruments and its conscience, in realising the goals set by it for all the people."[i][72] The constitution has deliberately been worded in generalities (not in vague terms) to ensure its flexibility.[73] John Marshall, the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, said that a constitution's "great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves."[74] A document "intended to endure for ages to come",[75] it must be interpreted not only based on the intention and understanding of its framers, but in the existing social and political context.The "right to life" guaranteed under Article 21[A] has been expanded to include a number of human rights, including the right to a speedy trial,;[3][76] the right to water;[3][77] the right to earn a livelihood,[3] the right to health,[3] and the right to education.[78]At the conclusion of his book, Making of India's Constitution, retired Supreme Court of India justice Hans Raj Khanna wrote:If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people."[79]— Khanna, Hans Raj (2008). Making of India's constitution (2nd ed.). Lucknow: Eastern Book Co (published 1 January 2008). ISBN 978-81-7012-108-4. OCLC 294942170.See alsoflagIndia portal iconPolitics portalConstitution Day (India)Constitutional economicsConstitutionalismHistory of democracyList of national constitutionsMagna CartaRule according to higher lawUniform civil codeNotesThe Constitution of India was originally written in Hindi and English, so, both Hindi and English are its 'original' languages.The Constitution of Yugoslavia briefly held this position from 1974 until it split up in 1990.Although the last article of the constitution is Article 395, the total number in March 2013 was 465. New articles added through amendments have been inserted in the relevant location of the original constitution. To not disturb the original numbering, new articles are inserted alphanumerically; Article 21A, pertaining to the right to education, was inserted by the 86th Amendment Act.The Constitution was in 22 Parts originally. Part VII & IX (older) was repealed in 1956, whereas newly added Part IVA, IXA, IXB & XIVA by Amendments to the Constitution in different times (lastly added IXB by the 97th Amendment).By 73rd & 74th Amendment, the lists of administrative subjects of Panchayat raj & Municipality included in the Constitution as Schedule 11 & 12 respectively in the year 1993.Scheduled Areas are autonomous areas within a state, administered federally and usually mainly populated by a Scheduled Tribe.Scheduled Tribes are groups of indigenous people, identified in the Constitution, who are struggling socioeconomicallyOriginally Articles mentioned here were immune from judicial review on the ground that they violated fundamental rights. but in a landmark judgement in 2007, the Supreme Court of India held in I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and others that laws included in the 9th schedule can be subject to judicial review if they violated the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 14, 15, 19, 21 or the basic structure of the Constitution {(ambiguous)} – I.R. Coelho (dead) by http://L.Rs. v. State of Tamil Nadu and others(2007) 2 S.C.C. 1These lines by Granville Austin from his book The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation at p. 50, have been authoritatively quoted many timesNotes on Article 21Art. 21 – "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law"ReferencesOriginal edition with original artwork - The Constitution of India. New Delhi: Government of India. 26 November 1949. Retrieved 22 March 2019."Preface, The constitution of India" (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved 5 February 2015.Krithika, R. (21 January 2016). "Celebrate the supreme law". The Hindu. N. Ram. ISSN 0971-751X. OCLC 13119119. 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Union of India & Ors" (PDF). Supreme Court of India. p. 18/30. Retrieved 11 November 2015."Preamble of the Constitution of India" (PDF). Ministry of Law & Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2012.Dhavan, Rajeev (26 November 2015). "Document for all ages: Why Constitution is our greatest achievement". Hindustan Times. OCLC 231696742. Retrieved 24 July 2018.Menon, V.P. (15 September 1955). The story of the integration of the India states. Bangalore: Longman Greens and Co."Commencement".Yellosa, Jetling (26 November 2015). "Making of Indian Constitution". The Hans India. Retrieved 24 July 2018."The Constituent Assembly Debates (Proceedings):(9th December,1946 to 24 January 1950)". The Parliament of India Archive. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2008.Laxmikanth, M. INDIAN POLITY. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9789352604883. 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Retrieved 14 October 2008.Part IPart IIPart IVPart VPart VIPart VIIPart VIIIPart IXPart IXAhttp://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdfMenon, N.R. Madhava (26 September 2004). "Parliament and the Judiciary". The Hindu. Retrieved 21 November 2015.M Laxmikanth (2013). "3". Indian Polity (4th ed.). McGraw Hill Education. p. 3.2. ISBN 978-1-25-906412-8.Krishnakumar, R. "'Article 356 should be abolished'". Frontline (Vol. 15 :: No. 14 :: 4–17 July 1998). Retrieved 9 November 2015.Rajendra Prasad, R.J. "'Bommai verdict has checked misuse of Article 356'". Frontline (Vol. 15 :: No. 14 :: 4–17 July 1998). Retrieved 9 November 2015.Swami, Praveen. "Protecting secularism and federal fair play". Frontline (Vol. 14 :: No. 22 :: 1–14 Nov. 1997). Retrieved 9 November 2015."Pages 311 & 312 of original judgement: A. K. Roy, Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December, 1981". Retrieved 23 August 2014.name="amendments"Krishnamurthi, Vivek (2009). "Colonial Cousins: Explaining India and Canada's Unwritten Constitutional Principles" (PDF). Yale Journal of International Law. 34 (1): 219. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.Dhamija, Dr. Ashok (2007). Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features. Wadhwa and Company. p. 568. ISBN 9788180382536. Retrieved 17 June 2014.aDvantage. "Doctrine of Basic Structure – Constitutional Law". Law, Lawyers and Legal Resources. Retrieved 26 January 2016.Jacobsohn, Gary J. (2010). Constitutional Identity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 52. ISBN 9780674047662.Dalal, Milan (2008). "India's New Constitutionalism: Two Cases That Have Reshaped Indian Law". Boston College International Comparative Law Review. 31 (2): 258–260. Retrieved 5 March 2015.Mehta, Pratap Bhanu (2002). Hasan, Zoya; Sridharan, E.; Sudarshan, R. (eds.). Article – The Inner Conflict of Constitutionalism: Judicial Review and the 'Basic Structure' (Book – India's Kiving Constitution: Ideas, Practices, Controversies) ((2006)Second Impression (2002)First ed.). Delhi: Permanent Black. p. 187. ISBN 81-7824-087-4. Retrieved 9 November 2015.Bhattacharyya, Bishwajit. "Supreme Court Shows Govt Its LoC". the day after (1–15 Nov 2015). Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2015.National Comionmission to Review the Working of the Constitution. "A Consultation Paper on the Financial Autonomy of the Indian Judiciary". Chapter 1. New Delhi (26 September 2001). Retrieved 5 November 2015.Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2008). Indian Politics and Society Since Independence: Events, Processes and Ideology (First ed.). Oxon(UK), New York (USA): Routledge. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-415-40867-7. Retrieved 5 November 2015.Sorabjee, Soli J. (1 November 2015). "A step in the Wrong Direction". The Week. Retrieved 12 November 2015.Venkatesan, V. (10–23 March 2012). "Three doctrines". Frontline. Vol. 29 no. 05. ISSN 0970-1710. Retrieved 26 July 2018.Jain, Mahabir Prashad (2010). Indian Constitutional Law (6th ed.). Gurgaon: LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. p. 921. ISBN 978-81-8038-621-3. OCLC 650215045.Lectures By Professor Parmanad Singh, Jindal Global Law School.Jacobsohn, Gary (2010). Constitutional Identity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0674047662. OCLC 939085793.Chandrachud, Chintan (6 June 2015). "India's deceptive Constitution". The Hindu. N. Ram. ISSN 0971-751X. OCLC 13119119. Retrieved 26 July 2018.Raghavan, Vikram (2010). "The biographer of the Indian constitution". Seminar. Retrieved 13 November 2015.Dharmadhikari, Justice D. M. "Principle of Constitutional Interpretation: Some Reflections". (2004) 4 SCC (Jour) 1. Retrieved 6 November 2015.McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheaton) 316, 407 (U.S. Supreme Court 1819). TextMcCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheaton) 316, 415 (U.S. Supreme Court 1819). TextGaur, K. D. (2002). Article – Law and the Poor: Some Recent Developments in India (Book – Criminal Law and Criminology). New Delhi: Deep & Deep. p. 564. ISBN 81-7629-410-1. Retrieved 9 November 2015.Narain, Vrinda. "Water as a Fundamental Right: A Perspective from India" (PDF). Vermont Law Review. 34:917: 920. Retrieved 9 November 2015.[permanent dead link]Khosla, Madhav (2011). "Making social rights conditional: Lessons from India" (PDF). International Journal of Constitutional Law. 8 (4): 761. doi:10.1093/icon/mor005. Retrieved 10 November 2015.[permanent dead link]Khanna, Hans Raj (2008). Making of India's constitution (2nd ed.). Lucknow: Eastern Book Co (published 1 January 2008). ISBN 978-81-7012-108-4. OCLC 294942170.BibliographyKhanna, Justice H.R (2015). Making of India's Constitution (2nd Edition 2008, (Reprinted 2015) ed.). Eastern Book Company. ISBN 978-81-7012-188-6.Austin, Granville (1999). The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-01-9564-959-8.Austin, Granville (2003). Working a Democratic Constitution: A History of the Indian Experience (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-01-9565-610-7.Baruah, Aparajita (2007). Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight & Comparison. Eastern Book Co. ISBN 978-81-7629-996-1.Basu, Durga Das (1965). Commentary on the constitution of India : (being a comparative treatise on the universal principles of justice and constitutional government with special reference to the organic instrument of India). 1–2. S. C. Sarkar & Sons (Private) Ltd.Basu, Durga Das (1984). Introduction to the Constitution of India (10th ed.). South Asia Books. ISBN 0-8364-1097-1.Basu, Durga Das (1981). Shorter Constitution of India. Prentice-Hall of India. ISBN 978-0-87692-200-2.Das, Hari Hara (2002). Political System of India. Anmol Publications. ISBN 81-7488-690-7.Dash, Shreeram Chandra (1968). The Constitution of India; a Comparative Study. Chaitanya Pub. House.Dhamija, Dr. Ashok (2007). Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features. Wadhwa and Company. ISBN 9788180382536.Ghosh, Pratap Kumar (1966). The Constitution of India: How it Has Been Framed. World Press.Jayapalan, N. (1998). Constitutional History of India. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 81-7156-761-4.Khanna, Hans Raj (1981). Making of India's Constitution. Eastern Book Co. ISBN 978-81-7012-108-4.Rahulrai, Durga Das (1984). Introduction to the Constitution of India (10th ed.). South Asia Books. ISBN 0-8364-1097-1.Pylee, M.V. (1997). India's Constitution. S. Chand & Co. ISBN 81-219-0403-X.Pylee, M.V. (2004). Constitutional Government in India. S. Chand & Co. ISBN 81-219-2203-8.Sen, Sarbani (2007). The Constitution of India: Popular Sovereignty and Democratic Transformations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-568649-4.Sharma, Dinesh; Singh, Jaya; Maganathan, R.; et al. (2002). Indian Constitution at Work. Political Science, Class XI. NCERT."The Constituent Assembly Debates (Proceedings):(9th December,1946 to 24 January 1950)". The Parliament of India Archive. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2008.External linksConstitution of Indiaat Wikipedia's sister projectsDefinitions from WiktionaryMedia from Wikimedia CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from WikiversityOriginal as published in the Gazette of IndiaOriginal Unamended version of the Constitution of IndiaMinistry of Law and Justice of India – The Constitution of India PageConstitution of India as of 29 July 2008Constitutional predilections"Constitution of India". 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2013 Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 Street Vendors Act, 2014State LawsAnti-Superstition and Black Magic Act The Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949 Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) 2009 Chhattisgarh Food Security Act, 2012 Karnataka Control of Organised Crimes Act Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act Punjab Control of Organised Crime Act The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2009 Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities ActState ReorganisationAndhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 States Reorganisation Act, 1956 Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000TerrorismAnti-Hijacking Act, 2016 Unlawful Activities (Prevention) ActTransportAircraft Act Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 National Waterways Act, 2016 Inland Vessels Act Metro Railways Act, 1978 Metro Railway Act, 2002Organisation / BodyChartered Accountants Act, 1949 Companies Act 2013 Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008 Indian Trusts Act, 1882 Micro, Small and Medim Enterprises Development Act, 2006 Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 The Indian Partnership Act, 1932 Societies Registration Act, 1860 The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008RepealRepealing and Amending Act, 2015 Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2015 Repealing and Amending Act, 2016 Repealing and Amending Act, 2017 Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017OtherAll India Services Act, 1951 Delimitation Act Enemy Property Act, 1968 Information Technology Act, 2000 Nuclear Liability Act Official Secrets Act (India) Representation of the People Act, 1951 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 Right to Information Act, 2005 State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005 The Foreigners Act, 1946RepealedPre-IndependenceAge of Consent Act, 1891 Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850 Criminal Tribes Act Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856 English Education Act 1835 Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act, 1907Post-IndependenceAnti-Copying Act, 1992 Foreign Exchange Regulation Act Gift Tax Act, 1958 Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983 Interest Tax Act, 1974 Maintenance of Internal Security Act Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act The Gold (Control) Act, 1968 The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986 Wealth Tax Act, 1957BillsProposedForeign Education Providers Bill, 2013 Geospatial Information Regulation Bill Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act Marriage Laws Amendment Bill Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill Uniform civil code The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Bill, 2019 Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019LapsedJudges Assets Bill Women's Reservation Bill Citizenship Amendment Bill 2016Categories:Constitution of India1949 in lawConstitutions by countryHistory of the Republic of IndiaIndian documentsB. R. AmbedkarNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadView sourceView historySearchMain pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleDonate to WikipediaWikipedia storeInteractionHelpAbout WikipediaCommunity portalRecent changesContact pageToolsWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationWikidata itemCite this pageIn other projectsWikimedia CommonsWikibooksWikinewsWikiquoteWikisourcePrint/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFPrintable versionLanguagesবাংলাગુજરાતીहिन्दीಕನ್ನಡമലയാളംमराठीதமிழ்తెలుగుاردوEdit linksThis page was last edited on 6 August 2019, at 08:49 (UTC).Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.