16th Annual Fruit Ripening & Ethylene: Fill & Download for Free

All about cucumbers: calories, nutrition facts, botany, origin and moreIngredients of the cucumber: High water contentCucumbers consist of around 97 percent water, which is why they are popular as a low-calorie vegetable, but also as a face mask for fresh skin. With an energy density of only 12 kilocalories per 100 grams, they are ideal as raw food for people who want to lose weight.Origin: Around the MediterraneanIt is difficult to trace back when the cucumber was known as a vegetable, as the sources do not always clearly distinguish it from melons and pumpkins.Probably originally from India or Africa, the Mediterranean region is home to the plant as we know it today.The Greeks valued them, the Romans are said to have grown them under glass. It came to Europe in the Middle Ages.The German name for cucumber, “gurke”, was first found in the 16th century. It stems from Middle Greek, where "aguros" means "green" as well as "immature".Botany: Climbing plant with fleshy fruitsThe cucumber (Cucumis sativa) is also called house or snake cucumber. It belongs to the pumpkin family. The annual plant, which grows lying down or climbing, is sometimes grown in greenhouses or foil houses. The fleshy fruits are mostly elongated and have various shades of green.Season of the cucumber: In summerThe cucumber is sold all year round. The season for free-range cucumbers is around mid-June to September. The Netherlands, Spain and Greece are also contributing a lot of the green vegetables to meet demand.Pickling cucumbers are available fresh, especially between mid-August and September. They are the starting product for pickled, salted, dill, delicatessen and pickled cucumbers.Storage of the cucumber: Not too coolCucumbers do not tolerate cold. They can only be kept for a few days in the refrigerator. They should not be near apples, bananas or other fruits or vegetables that give off ethylene - the colorless gas that accelerates ripening.Tips for preparation: nutrients sit in the peelCucumbers should be washed thoroughly with warm water, but not peeled: The few nutritionally relevant ingredients are mostly in the skin. Since salt removes the liquid from the vegetables, salt should be used last when preparing a cucumber salad.Nutritional table: cucumber (per 100 grams)Energykcal: 12Fattotal (g): tracesCarbohydratestotal (g): 2Minerals (mg)Sodium (Na): 3Potassium (K): 165Calcium (Ca): 15Magnesium (Mg): 8Phosphate (P): 15Iron (Fe): 0.2Zinc (Zn): 0.2VitaminsBeta-carotene (µg): 370Vitamin E (mg): 0.1Vitamin B1 (mg): 0.02Vitamin B2 (mg): 0.03Vitamin B6 (mg): 0.04Folic acid (µg): 15Vitamin C (mg): 8I hope this helps to answer your question…🙏🏼💖💫

The prickly pear cactus tries to protect itself from this by being covered in spines and glochids (glochids are hair-like spines or short prickles, generally barbed and found on the areoles of the cactus). ... It lives its life on the cactus pads.Species: Opuntia littoralisGenus: OpuntiaFamily: CactaceaePrickly Pear fruit comes from Prickly Pear Cacti. Most commonly found in deserts of the southwest. They range from less than a foot tall and can be over 7 feet. The cactus has flat, round paddles that continue to grow up and out, multiplying every year. Among the paddles are groups of fuzzy bumps with spikes, these are called glochids. From early spring to summer, atop the highest paddles on the cactus, grow little red bulbs. These bulbs blossom into beautiful flowers in the Spring and close again in the Summer. When the blossoms close up, the round buds ripen and then turn into fruit. The fruits are most commonly used in jelly, candies, wine, and Tanque Verde Ranch’s famous Prickly Pear Margarita.When a Prickly Pear Cactus blossoms, you cannot miss it! The large flowers vary from yellow, orange, pink, red, or magenta. When an abundance of these cacti is seen together during peak blooming season– the sites are indescribable. The vibrant colors illuminate the desert. Hummingbirds and bees dance around these flowers for the nectar. The Prickly Pear cactus can also be home to desert wildlife protecting themselves from predators. Quail, rodents, reptiles, and birds can all be found among these cacti, so it is most important to be cautious when around them. The fruit, when not eaten by humans, are eaten by jackrabbits, peccaries, deer, squirrels, birds, iguanas, tortoises, and beetles. Humans and animals also eat the paddles of the cactus, but when spines are appropriately removed, of course. The fruit is also known for its natural cochineal dye in carmine red. This dye is used in products we use today such as textiles, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and even waterproof paint for your homes. As you can see, aside from the gorgeous blossoms, The Prickly Pear Cacti play an essential role in the desert and human ecosystems.There are many significant advantages to consuming and using Prickly Pear cacti and fruit. The fruit is high in amino acids, fiber, vitamin B, magnesium, and iron. Some additional ingredients found in the fruit are water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals, vitamin C, calcium, copper, and beta-carotene. Commonly used to treat diabetes, stomach problems, cuts and bruises, sunburn, windburn, constipation, and cold symptoms. It is an old historic remedy to use a spineless Prickly Pear cactus pad, heat it up and lay it on your chest to relieve congestion. The juice from the paddles, when cutting open, are also useful for repelling mosquitos.Some other universal health benefits they are said to help include:lower cholesterol levelsimprove digestiondecrease the risk of diabetesstrengthen blood vesselshelp weight lossreduce inflammationstrengthens bones and teethprotect heart healthhelps prevent certain cancersdecreases the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s diseaseAlthough these organic plants are a great resource, obtaining them can be difficult and dangerous. It is of most importance that you take up Prickly Pear Harvesting with caution by following these steps:1. Wear and use proper equipment!Work gloves (that spikey needles can't poke through)long pants (prevent needles from scraping legstennis shoes (because it’s just a good idea)long tongs (for reaching and picking off ripe fruit)bucket (for storing your prickly fruits safely)sunscreen (protect yourself from the summer sun)sunglasses (when working close to cacti, you don’t want to poke your eye out!)2. Keep an eye out around the Prickly Pear Cacti; you never know what is hiding within, especially by your feet.3. Bring and drink lots of water! It would be terrible to dehydrate yourself and fall into a prickly cactus!4. Go with a group of people. Use the buddy system and know where you are going!5. When ready to process the fruit be sure to take caution as the fruits are still prickly and dangerous.With Tanque Verde Ranch’s Prickly Pear Harvest Package, it’s more than just a bucket of fruit; it’s buckets of fun! Partake in the annual experience with friends and family and learn everything from picking to processing, recipes, tricks, and more. Pick one of two weekends in August, Thursday the 16th through Sunday the 19th, or Thursday the 23rd through Sunday the 26th. Hike through the beautiful Saguaro desert with your guide while wearing your FREE harvesting T-shirt! Join in culinary classes with our cooks and bartenders, and try specialty Prickly Pear desserts, cocktails, and more. Tanque Verde Ranch is famous for their Prickly Pear Margarita, so make your way to The Dog House Saloon for a traditional treat! While on the all-inclusive package take advantage of our full all-inclusive activities schedule, which includes:Horseback Riding – Breakfast Ride, Sunset Ride, Sunrise Ride, and moreMountain BikingDesert HikingLive Nature Center presentationsYogaKids ProgramsCowboy Cookout

That would be Edward 1st Longshanks, (Because he was tall) AKA, The Hammer of the Scots. King from 1272 to 1307. He is one of a very few commanders most of who’s life was engaged in warfare and never lost a battle.(The Hammer of the Scots. Edward 1st. He never lost a battle. Artist unknown)Given a bad reputation in the movie Braveheart with Mel Gibson in my view he was treated unfairly by the movie. Edward lived in a brutal age, a time when kings had to be seen to be strong, weak kings did not stay on the throne for very long, most of them did not live very long either. To be a good king was to know when to be merciful and when to be utterly ruthless, be too ruthless and you are branded a tyrant, be too merciful and then you are seen as weak and ineffective. Edwards could indeed be ruthless and on occasion he was just that but he was also merciful on occasion, like giving huge donations of money to charitable institutions for the poor and destitute. I think one of his most famous displays of ruthlessness was the incident concerning a massive siege engine he had built for the siege of Stirling Castle in 1304. The machine dubbed the War-Wolf is believed to have been the largest trebuchet ever built. Edward had this huge engine made for the siege but never got to use in it anger before the garrison of the castle tried surrendered. The king though was having none of it, he had had this trebuchet built at considerable cost and he was going to use it. So he refused to accept the surrender until the War-Wolf had shot several missiles into the castle, destroying part of the wall and the gatehouse.( (Above}A scale replica of the War-Wolf in front of Caerlaverock Castle. The war-Wolf is believed to have been the largest trebuchet ever built.{Below A meal realistic model of the War-Wolf} )Yet once he accepted the surrender of the castle the king showed his other side and spared all the Scots found in the castle and executed only one person. The Englishman who had at first given over the castle to the Scots.Edward though would not only prove his skill and courage in battle against the Scots. He always fought in one of England’s several civil wars that were to plague the country in the Middle Ages, that being the 2nd Baron’s War and he was often pitted against the French.Second Baron’s war broke out in 1264 over the misgovernment of King Henry III (1st October 1207 – 16th November 1272) whom was being accused of not keeping his promise to pay off his debts. The instigator for the rebellion against the king was the was the formidable Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester. (1208 -1265) In 1258, the main barons, with Simon de Montfort at their head forced Henry to accept a plan called. ‘ The Provisions of Oxford.’ This agreement restricted Royal power by putting the administration in the hands of twenty-four barons and called for a thrice yearly meeting to discuss the matters of governing the country that was led by Simon de Montford. Not having learned the lessons of his father Henry repudiated the agreement (with the backing of the Papacy) and sought to regain his authority, this action resulted in the barons taking up arms against him.In the Second Baron’s War the northern counties and those along the Welsh border declared for the king but the Clinque ports, the Midlands, this action resulted in the barons taking up arms against him.He had a mix of fortunes during the 2nd Barons, when the Barons had risen up in revolt against his father King Henry III, being on the losing side at the Battle of Lewes (He was not in command at Lewes, though he was on the losing side it was not him who lost the battle.) in 1264 and was captured. The prince was hold hostage by the rebel barons but escaped after a few months and joined the fight against the rebel leader Simon de Montford who was defeated and killed at the battle of Eversham.(King Henry III and Prince Edward surrender to the Barons after the battle of Lewes. Later Edward escaped.. Artist unknown)As medieval battles go the Battle of Lewes was not particularly bloody, with the prisoners outnumbering the dead but among these captives was King Henry and his son Edward and his brother, King Richard of the Romans. (5th January 1209 – 2nd April 1272) Montfort’s unexpected victory must have shocked the royal families of Europe, how was it that a largely untrained army was able to defeat a royalist force of experienced, well-armoured knights? With his victory at Lewes Simon de Montfort became head of the state (a sort of military dictator.) He soon released the king but kept young Edward as a hostage and brought about substantial changes in the Great Council of Parliament. Before the battle the council had consisted only of the nobility and clergy, these men held land direct from the king whom would call on them to give advice and money.In 1265 Simon hold a meeting where he summoned not only the barons and bishops whom had attended but also two knights each from every shire and two towns from every community that could be expected to support his reforms.Sadly for the barons they could not come to an agreement on how to run things and they began to argue among themselves. Gilbert de Glare t(2nd September 1243 – 7th December 1295) the Earl of Gloucester defeated to the Royalists, which enabled the prince to escape. Edward joined up with the Earl of Gloucester and with the help of some other barons they raised an army to fight against de Montfort.Map of the Battle of Lewes.)In 1265 while Simon was away fighting in Wales, the Earl’s oldest son, also called Simon was besieging a castle in Sussex. De Montfort decided that he should join his son but having learned a valuable lesson at Lewes tried to prevent this by taking control of the Fords of the Seven and destroying all the boats and bridges on the river. Edward’s tactics were successful and Simon the Elder found himself trapped in Wales.Simon the Younger however marched to join his father, taking a circulation route and Edward found himself in the middle of the two armies.Edward knew that if he was to prevent himself being surrounded and prevent the two baronial forces that he would have to act fast. He decided to strike at Simon the Younger, his troops left the Seven and made a forced marched through the night, launching a surprise attack during the following morning on the rebels encampment near Kenilworth in Warwickshire. The rebels were virtually wiped out but Simon managed to escape to the Baronial stronghold of Kenilworth Castle.Edward next marched to Worchester to try to prevent de Montfort crossing the Seven only to arrive too later, the Earl had already crossed and was making his way to Kenilworth by way of Eversham.Edward, determined to prevent the earl reaching Kenilworth immediately marched to Eversham, once more forced marched his men through the night and arriving at his destination on the 4th August having trapped de Montfort’s smaller army in a loop of the River Avon. Edward skilfully deployed his forces, two of his diversions, closing the open side of the pocket whilst a third was placed behind the rebels on the far bank, cutting off any retreat across the Avon.On seeing how Edward had deployed his forces the earl had commented. “They come on wisely, but it is from me they learned it.”The earl had at his disposal 7,000 mostly untrained Welsh levies whom for the most part were armed only with billhooks and scythes and were surrounded by 20,000 well trained and equipped troops, well might de Montfort have lamented.(Simon de Monfort makes a final stand at Eversham. Painting by Mark Stacy)“May god have mercy on our souls, for our bodies are Prince Edward’s.”But De Montfort was a fighting man and so he readied to fight to the last in what he surely knew would be his last stand. De Montfort preyed and took sacrament as he was known to do before a fight, then he formed his men up and placed himself at their head.King Henry whom had been reduced to the statues of a figurehead had been placed under house-arrest where he could be watched. At Eversham the king was with de Montfort’s arms and was clad in mail and sat on a horse.During the confused fighting he was thrown from his mount and narrowly escaped death by calling out “Stay your hand, I am Harry of Winchester, (So called because of the place of his birth.)The Baronial troops defending a hill gallantly beat off several Royalist attacks inflicting heavy losses on them. De Montfort was unhorsed but he continued fighting whilst his son Henry was killed fighting by his side. But the end was invertible, the earl, after surviving most of the champions of his cause and fighting on alone was cut down. The Royalists gave no quarter, no prisoners were taken for ransom and the hands, feet, testicles and the heads were cut off De Montfort and his son, the earl’s head was placed on a lance and paraded before the victorious army.With the defeat of the barons and the death of de Montfort, King Henry III was restored to power but he was little more than a Cipher. Prince Edward became the real ruler of England. The Second Baron’s War though was not over. Simon de Montfort, the Younger, with a small force still hold out on the islands of Axholme and Ely. Other rebel barons continued to hold the castle of Kenilworth against repeated Royalist assaults and the Clinque Ports conducted a stubborn defence.(Another view of Simon De Montfort’s final moments. This one by local Eversham artist Elvin Bovor.)The siege of Kenilworth promised to be a difficult one. The castle had been built in the 1120s by Geoffrey de Clinton and enlarged by King John. It rest on a low hill at the junction of two streams, its defence centered around the massive 12th Century Norman keep with a reinforced plinth and corner towers In some places the walls were 17th feet thick (5 metres). Two curtain walls surrounded the keep that were in turn surrounded by water. A fortified dam hold back the waters of Lake Mere to the south and west of the castle with a second smaller pool tp the east. The siege that would insure would probably turn out to be the longest siege in English history.The approach road to the castle ran along the dam, which was defended by gate towers at each and by a large outwork that it was now known as the Brays. In June 1266, when the siege got under way the castle was defended by as many as 1200 men led by Henry de Hastings (1235 -1269). Prince Edward had arrived at the castle with the main body of his father’s army on the 21st June and immediately began operations, setting up trebuchets and catapults but with Kenilworth’s extensive water defensives the only realistic way to besiege the castle was from the north. But because of the distance the siege weapons were shooting from they could barely reach the walls and those that did reach them were severely reduced in power so the king sent for large weapons from London.The defenders replied to the attackers stones with catapults of their own. The intensity of this artillery duel is evident as a number of stones can still be seen in the castle grounds today and that the archaeologists found a number of stone balls that had been flung an incredible 300 yards across the Mere and demolished an outbuilding. The besiegers also employed large wooden siege towers used as artillery platforms, one of these nicknamed the bear was brought down by the defenders catapults.By July the Royalists had resorted to psychological warfare, they summoned the archbishop of Canterbury and two other Bishops whom commonly excommunicated the entire garrison. The purpose of this was to lower the moral of the defenders whom it was believed would be less likely to put their own lives on the line of they felt they risked eternal damnation. The besiegers were sadly mislead for Hastings and his men made a mockery of the affair by dressing up their surgeon in whites who was then paraded on the battlements where he in turn excommunicated the king, the bishops and the whole besieging army.Barges were sent from Chester and a night attack across the lake attempted, 500 men boarded the barges, they carried ladders with then and crossed in silence showing no lights but they were defeated and the attempt to scale the walls counciled.Henry and Prince Edward however knew that it was only a matter of time until they won but faced with raising costs and a determined garrison they choose to give the garrison moderate terms if they surrendered. In October 1266 they issued the dictum of Kenilworth, which allowed the disinherited rebels their estates on payment of fines of up to five times the value of their annual incomes. Yet these terms proved to be too harsh and the garrison in Kenilworth and the rebels in Ely rejected them. Henry decided to make an all-out attack on the walls but by this time the defenders were starting to run out of food to surrender under the terms of the Dictum and they were allowed to leave the castle with their arms, horses and equipment.Hastings however joined up with the Ely rebels whom continued to resist.(Kenilworth Castle as it stands today; In 1266 it endured what was probably the longest siege in English history, lasting from the 21st June to 13th December.)(Computer model of Kenilworth Castle at the time of the 1266 Siege.)While the siege of Kenilworth had been going on in Hampshire Sir Dam Gourdon (Died 1305) was still defying Royal authority. Gourdon (Sometimes spelt as Gurdon) was known for his gallantry, he conducted lightning raids against the Royalist troops, disappearing to his forest hideouts after each sortie. Prince Edward took the field against him but after two years he still failed to bring the rebel knight to submission.At one stage in a battle against Gourdon’s rebels, the prince engaged the knight in single combat and managed to unhorse him, finally obtaining a full pardon for the vanquished knight. With the last of the rebel baron’s excepting the Dictum of Kenilworth the Second Baron’s War had finally come to an end.England was restored to peace and Edward took the cross and went on a crusade to the holy lands where he would win more battles and glory. He returned to reclaim the throne in 1272 on the death of Henry III and later conquered Wales and Scotland and crushed the rebellion of William Wallace, he died in 1307.(Operations during the Crusade of Edward 1st)However Edward was to find the Holy in a desperate situation, Jersusalem had fallen to the Mulsims in 1244 and Acre was now the most important city in the Christian state. The Mamluk Baibers was leading the Musims on an offensive aimed at driving the Christians from the Holy Land once and for allThe November after Edward arrived in Acre he led a raid on Qaqun which could have served as a launching pad for another attack on Jerusalem. Things were going from worse to worse however and Hugh III of Cyprus, who was also king of Jerusalem signed a ten year peace treaty with BaibersEdward though was not pleased, he wanted to carry on fighting but he was attacked by an assassin and wounded in the arm. Though he killed the assassin he feared his assailant’s knife was poisoned and he durly became ill for several months.Then on hearing of his father’s death Edward returned home to pick up the grown.More wars were to follow, campaigns, battles and sieges in Wales against the Welsh hero Llywelyn ap Gruffodd. The fighting here was brought to a successful conclusion when Llywelyn was lured into a trap and defeated at the Battle of Orewin Bridge.(Map of Wales shortly before Edward’s conquest.)Though Edward never again went on crusade wars in France yielded more victories. Then came news of an English defeat at Stirling bridge by the Scottish rebel William Wallace. Hurrying home from France Edward raised an army and marched north to deal with the Scots. Though this was not the English Kings first foray into Scotland it was his most famous, he had campaigned in Scotland in 1296 and captured the Stone of Destiny, the Scottish coronation stone.By the Summer of 1298 the English king had collected 2,000 mounted men and 12,000 foot soldiers and he felt that he was ready to march on Scotland, he was lucky in January Philip of France concluded a peace with Edward, freeing up more men should they be needed. The Scots retreated before this onslaught but the further the English marched the more was the strain on their supplies. Things went from bad to worst; the ships brought no food and fighting broke out between the English and Welsh in which up to 80 Welshmen were killed. Some Welsh chieftains openly threatened to join Wallace outraged prompting Edward to say –“Let them do so, let them go over to my enemies. I hope soon to see the day that I will chastise them both” -. With the invasion on the brink of disaster, Edward’s men suddenly sighted Wallace’s army and the English army was too busy preparing for the coming battle to involve themselves in internal politics and infighting.Wallace, with good reason feared the greater numbers of the Englishmen; to deal with them, he stationed his spear carrying foot soldiers behind some boggy ground with woods and rough terrain guarding the flanks. Using tactics not unlike those of the ancient Greek hoplites, the Scots formed phalanxes (Called schiltrons by the Scots.) bristling with 12 foot pikes that presented the English with an edge of iron tipped points.. The Scots ranks were well trained to get into these formations, which were so tightly packed as to make them impenetrable but the tightness of the schiltrons made them easy targets for archers. Falkirk, not Stirling Bridge would be the first time that Wallace’s invention would be used it would not be the last. In front of these schiltrons huge stakes were embedded into the ground with ropes linking them to each other. Stationed between the Schiltrons were groups of archers whilst the few horsemen available to Wallace waited in the rear, ready to exploit any break in the English formations.(Stirling Bridge, it was the victory of William Wallsace here that forced Edward to abandon his campaign in France and return to England to raise an army to deal with the Scots.)Edward sent his knights under Earl Marshal in on the first attack but as they thundered into the marshland the horses slowed down; the majority of the riders rode to the left and bright of the schiltron or impaled on the stakes before it. The Scottish bows had little effect on the heavily armoured English but the stakes and ripped tripped scours up who were despatched by the pikes of the Scottish foot in the schiltron hold firm. Brave to a fault the Master of Templers rushed into the forest of spears, hacking and slashing crazily about him with his sword but such recklessness was in vain, he was impaled along with five of his retainers. The horsemen circled the schiltrons and fired by impatient young blood hit the Scots from the rear, again and again thery came on, until after many had died or been wounded they were recalled, though they did manage to scatter some Scottish horse and archers. Now the English foot caught up with Edward and with no archers or horse to oppose them the English king ordered his Welsh long-bowmen up. They shot volley after volley at the Schiltrons. Closely packed as they were, with little armour the Scots suffered dreadfully under the arrow storms; going down in scours, dead and wounded as large gaps appeared in their ranks. . As the Welsh rained arrows down on the Scots William Wallace saw ‘Red,’ John Comyn (died 10th Feburary 1306) draw off his men, mostly light horse and infantry and withdraw from the field. They had no love for Wallace and they thought that by leaving him to the mercy of the English would rid them of that particular problem. It has often been said that Edward had a part in the departure of ‘Red,’ John Comyn’s retirement and that Comyn may have taken English gold, but there is no proof of this and since Comyn was murdered by Robert the Bruce in 1306 we will probably never know the truth as he left no written accounts of his actions. (Robert the Bruce is shown in Braveheart to be fighting on the English side but there is considerable evidence showing that the Bruce was not at Falkirk at all.) The departure of the last of the Scottish horse left the Schiltrons terribly exposed, they now had no means to chase of Welsh archers who were now free to loose off arrow after arrow. It was then that Edward ordered his surviving knights to attack. They came on like an unstoppable tied of flesh and steel with war-hammer, axe, mace and sword. Again and again the English charged; with an arrow storm falling down on the Scots between each onslaught, finally after fighting with the savageness of despair the schiltrons fell apart and scours of Wallace’s men died under the hooves of the English horses while the Guardian after fighting bravely in the front ranks for a time with a two handed sword fled the field.“They fell like blossoms in an orchard when the fruit has ripened.”(Anomymous English Chronicler)More horses than men were killed on the English side and Edward sent compensation to many of their owners.“Berwick, Dunbar and Falkirk tooShow all that traitor Scots can doEngland exhult! Thy prince is peerless.Where three he leadeth, fellow fearless.”(The Lanercost Chronicler.)Once more Edward 1st had won, though his victory was not complete; the countryside remained hostile and needed to be pacified. The ‘Hammer of the Scots,’ as Edward would become known was desperately short of supplies so he was forced to retried to Carlisle but he was not finished with Scotland. Sending out orders for more warriors for further campaigns he marched into the lowlands, bringing fire and sword with him and devastated the area once more showing just how brutal he could be.(English archers at Falkirk. picture by Pat Nicolle)William Wallace was not done either, he returned to raiding but there would be no more key role for him to play. The end was in sight for Wallace, in 1305 he was betrayed near Robroyston north of Glasgow by Scottish knight Sir John Menteith (1275 -1323) and handed over to the English. He was taken to London where after a show trail, without any legal representation he was taken to Smithfield and on the 23rd August 1305 he suffered the ‘Traitor’s Death,’ Hung, Drawn and Quartered. He was dragged to the place of his execution on a hurdle and then hanged and brought down whilst still alive, then he was castrated, disembowelled, his still beating heart was next cut from his body and thrown into a fire then he was beheaded. His body was then cut into four quarters with each quarter being displayed in an iron gibbet at Berwick, Newcastle, Stirling and Perth and his head was dip in tar and impaled on a pike and placed on London Bridge where it was later joined by the heads of the brothers Simon (Born 1246) and John Fraser.