Cornell Notes Unit 3 Astronomy Of 5 Questions In This: Fill & Download for Free

There are studies which study the association between political affiliation and IQ. However, I was unable to find one that studied the IQ’s of Marxists. Therefore, we must rely on other things. It has been proposed and does bear out that highly intelligent people are more likely to embrace behaviors and political orientations that are novel. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.923.8599&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Liberalism and atheism are associated with higher intelligence. Marxism is even more far to the left given the current default of Western style neoliberal capitalism. It takes significant intellectual firepower to even notice that something has gone awry, and it takes even more not to be duped by right wing demagogues like Trump. From there one might assume that the NPR crowd has it figured out. But this still hangs on to the problem of capitalism. A person who takes it a step further will start reading Chomsky, Cornell West, and Marx. Then the pieces start to fit together. But none of this is easy. You don’t stumble your way there. It is a conscious choice. And you must be brave enough to accept rejection and hate from your loved ones. You must really care about the well being of those outside your “tribe,” to hang on. This is not the doings of a “normal” person. If your religion has prepared you to do academic study, and to reason with language, you would have a big advantage in learning Marxism.Jews as a group have a higher IQ than others. Some studies have shown that the average IQ of Jews range between 107–115.[1] 115 is one standard deviation above the average Caucasian score. The bell curve for Jewish intelligence is also shifted more to the right, meaning there are a disproportionate number of Jews with IQs above 170. Jews are over-represented in Nobel Prize winners.[2]Interestingly, other studies have shown:One study found that Ashkenazi Jews had only mediocre visual-spatial intelligence, about IQ 98, while a 1958 study of yeshiva students found that their verbal IQ (which includes verbal reasoning, comprehension, working memory, and mathematical computation) had a high median of 125.6.[6]Why? A mix of nature and nurture. In many Jewish communities part of becoming an adult member of the community is to be able to read, recite, and understand the Torah. You are expected to make arguments about how the law is interpreted, and how it should work given a variety of circumstances. This same ability could be applied to the profession of law (there are many Jewish lawyers), academia (many Jewish professors), and other verbally heavy IQ professions.If you fail to do this you are going to no longer be able to be a full member of the religious community. This also means that you are less likely to marry a woman who is Jewish. There is significant intermarriage within the Jewish community. Jewish mothers expect their Jewish daughters and sons to marry within the faith. And many do. But verbal intelligence acts as a sorting mechanism and mating is effected. This is a nature and nurture one two.The Bolsheviks were Marxist Leninist revolutionaries. 80% of them were Jews. In fact Hitler’s anti-Semitism was directed against what he called “Judeo-Bolshevism,” which was Jewish communists.[3]Marxism relies heavily on theory. Marx’s Capital is not easy reading. It is the most dense material you can find. Marxism relies on people who are intelligent to read, understand, and support it.Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky, and others wrote extensively. Stalin himself wrote volumes, as did Lenin. These were romantics, but also very intelligent men. When they rose to power they were also practical in implementing their ideas. They acted in a reactive manner to solve problems as they arose.To understand Marxism you must have at least a 115+ IQ. The average IQ of a college professor is 125–135.[4] They teach Marx in college not as ideologues, but the theory because it is part of history. But they have to be able to understand it.Further, the greatest mind in the 20th century was a socialist. Albert Einstein.Einstein’s views on socialismIn 1949, Einstein wrote an article for the magazine Monthly Review explaining his thoughts on socialism. In it, he explains his political positions and why he feels the need to weigh in on a subject that is outside his area of expertise.In the first section of the essay, he acknowledges that he is a man of science and not an expert on economics. He still feels that he is able to offer a few comments on the subject as “socialism is directed towards a social-ethical end. Science, however, cannot create ends and, even less, instill them in human beings; science, at most, can supply the means by which to attain certain ends.” As he doesn’t wish to speak scientifically or be overly technical, he argues that a non-expert can make a few points on the subject and begins to do so.Three fundamental objections to capitalismEinstein had three bones to pick with capitalism. The first is that “Man is, at one and the same time, a solitary being and a social being.” He explains his stance that a person is at once an individual and at the same time rather dependent on society for a great many things. However, despite the necessity of a high functioning society for our wellbeing, he sees capitalism as encouraging a mad drive for personal success at the expense of society and leading us to educate our children in a way that reinforces this behavior.This damages the individual, he argues. It drives us to educate ourselves only to find a job and not to fully develop beyond that. Furthermore, it can leave the individual in a constant state of fear over the risk of losing their livelihood, which leads to Einstein's second objection.“The economic anarchy of capitalist society"His second objection is one of waste and inefficiency. While capitalism strives for efficiency, it cannot always make good use of the total body of labor society has to offer. Einstein sees this as a poor way to organize an economy. He posits that:“There is no provision that all those able and willing to work will always be in a position to find employment; an “army of unemployed” almost always exists. The worker is constantly in fear of losing his job. Since unemployed and poorly paid workers do not provide a profitable market, the production of consumers’ goods is restricted, and great hardship is the consequence. Technological progress frequently results in more unemployment rather than in an easing of the burden of work for all.”While it would be most profitable for society at large if total employment was assured, Einstein suggests that capitalism cannot do this on the grounds that it is more profitable for the owners of the means of production, who are often few in number, to not do so.The unemployed during the Great Depression. For many writers in the middle of the 20th century, memories of the Great Depression lead to an increased interest in alternatives to capitalism. George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress)Lastly, he sees the profit motive as a cause of great suffering. Going so far as to say that, “The economic anarchy of capitalist society as it exists today is, in my opinion, the real source of the evil.” He explains further that:“The profit motive, in conjunction with competition among capitalists, is responsible for an instability in the accumulation and utilization of capital which leads to increasingly severe depressions. Unlimited competition leads to a huge waste of labor, and to that crippling of the social consciousness of individuals which I mentioned before.”What does Einstein propose as a solution?His support of socialism comes from the belief that it will solve the problems he finds in capitalism on the grounds that a socialist economy would not be based on the profit motive and would be more oriented towards filling social needs rather than a capitalist economy.“I am convinced there is only one way to eliminate these grave evils, namely through the establishment of a socialist economy, accompanied by an educational system which would be oriented toward social goals. In such an economy, the means of production are owned by society itself and are utilized in a planned fashion. A planned economy, which adjusts production to the needs of the community, would distribute the work to be done among all those able to work and would guarantee a livelihood to every man, woman, and child.”After his experience fleeing the Nazis, it is perhaps self-evident that he understood the vital need to assure freedom. He was also opposed to McCarthyism and offered to serve as a character witness when W.E.B Du Bois was accused of being a communist spy. He also worked for civil rights in the United States, was associated with the Princeton chapter of the NAACP, and housed the singer Marian Anderson in his home when she was denied a hotel room in Princeton.Source: Why Albert Einstein was a socialistEvolutionary psychologists have found some interesting findings:Political, religious and sexual behaviors may be reflections of intelligence, a new study finds.Evolutionary psychologist Satoshi Kanazawa at the the London School of Economics and Political Science correlated data on these behaviors with IQ from a large national U.S. sample and found that, on average, people who identified as liberal and atheist had higher IQs. This applied also to sexual exclusivity in men, but not in women. The findings will be published in the March 2010 issue of Social Psychology Quarterly.The IQ differences, while statistically significant, are not stunning -- on the order of 6 to 11 points -- and the data should not be used to stereotype or make assumptions about people, experts say. But they show how certain patterns of identifying with particular ideologies develop, and how some people's behaviors come to be.The reasoning is that sexual exclusivity in men, liberalism and atheism all go against what would be expected given humans' evolutionary past. In other words, none of these traits would have benefited our early human ancestors, but higher intelligence may be associated with them."The adoption of some evolutionarily novel ideas makes some sense in terms of moving the species forward," said George Washington University leadership professor James Bailey, who was not involved in the study. "It also makes perfect sense that more intelligent people -- people with, sort of, more intellectual firepower -- are likely to be the ones to do that."Bailey also said that these preferences may stem from a desire to show superiority or elitism, which also has to do with IQ. In fact, aligning oneself with "unconventional" philosophies such as liberalism or atheism may be "ways to communicate to everyone that you're pretty smart," he said.The study looked at a large sample from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), which began with adolescents in grades 7-12 in the United States during the 1994-95 school year. The participants were interviewed as 18- to 28-year-olds from 2001 to 2002. The study also looked at the General Social Survey, another cross-national data collection source.Kanazawa did not find that higher or lower intelligence predicted sexual exclusivity in women. This makes sense, because having one partner has always been advantageous to women, even thousands of years ago, meaning exclusivity is not a "new" preference.For men, on the other hand, sexual exclusivity goes against the grain evolutionarily. With a goal of spreading genes, early men had multiple mates. Since women had to spend nine months being pregnant, and additional years caring for very young children, it made sense for them to want a steady mate to provide them resources.Religion, the current theory goes, did not help people survive or reproduce necessarily, but goes along the lines of helping people to be paranoid, Kanazawa said. Assuming that, for example, a noise in the distance is a signal of a threat helped early humans to prepare in case of danger."It helps life to be paranoid, and because humans are paranoid, they become more religious, and they see the hands of God everywhere," Kanazawa said.Participants who said they were atheists had an average IQ of 103 in adolescence, while adults who said they were religious averaged 97, the study found. Atheism "allows someone to move forward and speculate on life without any concern for the dogmatic structure of a religion," Bailey said."Historically, anything that's new and different can be seen as a threat in terms of the religious beliefs; almost all religious systems are about permanence," he noted.The study takes the American view of liberal vs. conservative. It defines "liberal" in terms of concern for genetically nonrelated people and support for private resources that help those people. It does not look at other factors that play into American political beliefs, such as abortion, gun control and gay rights."Liberals are more likely to be concerned about total strangers; conservatives are likely to be concerned with people they associate with," he said.Given that human ancestors had a keen interest in the survival of their offspring and nearest kin, the conservative approach -- looking out for the people around you first -- fits with the evolutionary picture more than liberalism, Kanazawa said. "It's unnatural for humans to be concerned about total strangers." he said.The study found that young adults who said they were "very conservative" had an average adolescent IQ of 95, whereas those who said they were "very liberal" averaged 106.It also makes sense that "conservatism" as a worldview of keeping things stable would be a safer approach than venturing toward the unfamiliar, Bailey said.Neither Bailey nor Kanazawa identify themselves as liberal; Bailey is conservative and Kanazawa is "a strong libertarian."Vegetarianism, while not strongly associated with IQ in this study, has been shown to be related to intelligence in previous research, Kanazawa said. This also fits into Bailey's idea that unconventional preferences appeal to people with higher intelligence, and can also be a means of showing superiority.None of this means that the human species is evolving toward a future where these traits are the default, Kanazawa said."More intelligent people don't have more children, so moving away from the trajectory is not going to happen," he said. [5]Why Socialism?by Albert Einstein(May 01, 2009)Topics: Marxism , SocialismPlaces: GlobalAlbert Einstein (1959), charcoal and watercolor drawing by Alexander Dobkin. Dobkin (1908–1975) was an important painter of the mid-twentieth century American realist tradition along with other left-wing artists such as Jack Levine, Robert Gwathmey, Philip Evergood, and Raphael and Moses Soyer. A student and collaborator of the Mexican muralist Jose Clemente Orozco, his work is in the permanent collections of the Butler Art Institute, the Museum of Modern Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Library of Congress, and the Smithsonian Institution. (The preceding caption was written by John J. Simon, "Albert Einstein, Radical: A Political Profile," Monthly Review vol. 57, no. 1 [2005].)Albert Einstein is the world-famous physicist. This article was originally published in the first issue of Monthly Review (May 1949). It was subsequently published in May 1998 to commemorate the first issue of MR‘s fiftieth year.—The EditorsIs it advisable for one who is not an expert on economic and social issues to express views on the subject of socialism? I believe for a number of reasons that it is.Let us first consider the question from the point of view of scientific knowledge. It might appear that there are no essential methodological differences between astronomy and economics: scientists in both fields attempt to discover laws of general acceptability for a circumscribed group of phenomena in order to make the interconnection of these phenomena as clearly understandable as possible. But in reality such methodological differences do exist. The discovery of general laws in the field of economics is made difficult by the circumstance that observed economic phenomena are often affected by many factors which are very hard to evaluate separately. In addition, the experience which has accumulated since the beginning of the so-called civilized period of human history has—as is well known—been largely influenced and limited by causes which are by no means exclusively economic in nature. For example, most of the major states of history owed their existence to conquest. The conquering peoples established themselves, legally and economically, as the privileged class of the conquered country. They seized for themselves a monopoly of the land ownership and appointed a priesthood from among their own ranks. The priests, in control of education, made the class division of society into a permanent institution and created a system of values by which the people were thenceforth, to a large extent unconsciously, guided in their social behavior.But historic tradition is, so to speak, of yesterday; nowhere have we really overcome what Thorstein Veblen called “the predatory phase” of human development. The observable economic facts belong to that phase and even such laws as we can derive from them are not applicable to other phases. Since the real purpose of socialism is precisely to overcome and advance beyond the predatory phase of human development, economic science in its present state can throw little light on the socialist society of the future.Second, socialism is directed towards a social-ethical end. Science, however, cannot create ends and, even less, instill them in human beings; science, at most, can supply the means by which to attain certain ends. But the ends themselves are conceived by personalities with lofty ethical ideals and—if these ends are not stillborn, but vital and vigorous—are adopted and carried forward by those many human beings who, half unconsciously, determine the slow evolution of society.For these reasons, we should be on our guard not to overestimate science and scientific methods when it is a question of human problems; and we should not assume that experts are the only ones who have a right to express themselves on questions affecting the organization of society.Innumerable voices have been asserting for some time now that human society is passing through a crisis, that its stability has been gravely shattered. It is characteristic of such a situation that individuals feel indifferent or even hostile toward the group, small or large, to which they belong. In order to illustrate my meaning, let me record here a personal experience. I recently discussed with an intelligent and well-disposed man the threat of another war, which in my opinion would seriously endanger the existence of mankind, and I remarked that only a supra-national organization would offer protection from that danger. Thereupon my visitor, very calmly and coolly, said to me: “Why are you so deeply opposed to the disappearance of the human race?”I am sure that as little as a century ago no one would have so lightly made a statement of this kind. It is the statement of a man who has striven in vain to attain an equilibrium within himself and has more or less lost hope of succeeding. It is the expression of a painful solitude and isolation from which so many people are suffering in these days. What is the cause? Is there a way out?It is easy to raise such questions, but difficult to answer them with any degree of assurance. I must try, however, as best I can, although I am very conscious of the fact that our feelings and strivings are often contradictory and obscure and that they cannot be expressed in easy and simple formulas.Man is, at one and the same time, a solitary being and a social being. As a solitary being, he attempts to protect his own existence and that of those who are closest to him, to satisfy his personal desires, and to develop his innate abilities. As a social being, he seeks to gain the recognition and affection of his fellow human beings, to share in their pleasures, to comfort them in their sorrows, and to improve their conditions of life. Only the existence of these varied, frequently conflicting, strivings accounts for the special character of a man, and their specific combination determines the extent to which an individual can achieve an inner equilibrium and can contribute to the well-being of society. It is quite possible that the relative strength of these two drives is, in the main, fixed by inheritance. But the personality that finally emerges is largely formed by the environment in which a man happens to find himself during his development, by the structure of the society in which he grows up, by the tradition of that society, and by its appraisal of particular types of behavior. The abstract concept “society” means to the individual human being the sum total of his direct and indirect relations to his contemporaries and to all the people of earlier generations. The individual is able to think, feel, strive, and work by himself; but he depends so much upon society—in his physical, intellectual, and emotional existence—that it is impossible to think of him, or to understand him, outside the framework of society. It is “society” which provides man with food, clothing, a home, the tools of work, language, the forms of thought, and most of the content of thought; his life is made possible through the labor and the accomplishments of the many millions past and present who are all hidden behind the small word “society.”It is evident, therefore, that the dependence of the individual upon society is a fact of nature which cannot be abolished—just as in the case of ants and bees. However, while the whole life process of ants and bees is fixed down to the smallest detail by rigid, hereditary instincts, the social pattern and interrelationships of human beings are very variable and susceptible to change. Memory, the capacity to make new combinations, the gift of oral communication have made possible developments among human being which are not dictated by biological necessities. Such developments manifest themselves in traditions, institutions, and organizations; in literature; in scientific and engineering accomplishments; in works of art. This explains how it happens that, in a certain sense, man can influence his life through his own conduct, and that in this process conscious thinking and wanting can play a part.Man acquires at birth, through heredity, a biological constitution which we must consider fixed and unalterable, including the natural urges which are characteristic of the human species. In addition, during his lifetime, he acquires a cultural constitution which he adopts from society through communication and through many other types of influences. It is this cultural constitution which, with the passage of time, is subject to change and which determines to a very large extent the relationship between the individual and society. Modern anthropology has taught us, through comparative investigation of so-called primitive cultures, that the social behavior of human beings may differ greatly, depending upon prevailing cultural patterns and the types of organization which predominate in society. It is on this that those who are striving to improve the lot of man may ground their hopes: human beings are not condemned, because of their biological constitution, to annihilate each other or to be at the mercy of a cruel, self-inflicted fate.If we ask ourselves how the structure of society and the cultural attitude of man should be changed in order to make human life as satisfying as possible, we should constantly be conscious of the fact that there are certain conditions which we are unable to modify. As mentioned before, the biological nature of man is, for all practical purposes, not subject to change. Furthermore, technological and demographic developments of the last few centuries have created conditions which are here to stay. In relatively densely settled populations with the goods which are indispensable to their continued existence, an extreme division of labor and a highly-centralized productive apparatus are absolutely necessary. The time—which, looking back, seems so idyllic—is gone forever when individuals or relatively small groups could be completely self-sufficient. It is only a slight exaggeration to say that mankind constitutes even now a planetary community of production and consumption.I have now reached the point where I may indicate briefly what to me constitutes the essence of the crisis of our time. It concerns the relationship of the individual to society. The individual has become more conscious than ever of his dependence upon society. But he does not experience this dependence as a positive asset, as an organic tie, as a protective force, but rather as a threat to his natural rights, or even to his economic existence. Moreover, his position in society is such that the egotistical drives of his make-up are constantly being accentuated, while his social drives, which are by nature weaker, progressively deteriorate. All human beings, whatever their position in society, are suffering from this process of deterioration. Unknowingly prisoners of their own egotism, they feel insecure, lonely, and deprived of the naive, simple, and unsophisticated enjoyment of life. Man can find meaning in life, short and perilous as it is, only through devoting himself to society.The economic anarchy of capitalist society as it exists today is, in my opinion, the real source of the evil. We see before us a huge community of producers the members of which are unceasingly striving to deprive each other of the fruits of their collective labor—not by force, but on the whole in faithful compliance with legally established rules. In this respect, it is important to realize that the means of production—that is to say, the entire productive capacity that is needed for producing consumer goods as well as additional capital goods—may legally be, and for the most part are, the private property of individuals.For the sake of simplicity, in the discussion that follows I shall call “workers” all those who do not share in the ownership of the means of production—although this does not quite correspond to the customary use of the term. The owner of the means of production is in a position to purchase the labor power of the worker. By using the means of production, the worker produces new goods which become the property of the capitalist. The essential point about this process is the relation between what the worker produces and what he is paid, both measured in terms of real value. Insofar as the labor contract is “free,” what the worker receives is determined not by the real value of the goods he produces, but by his minimum needs and by the capitalists’ requirements for labor power in relation to the number of workers competing for jobs. It is important to understand that even in theory the payment of the worker is not determined by the value of his product.Private capital tends to become concentrated in few hands, partly because of competition among the capitalists, and partly because technological development and the increasing division of labor encourage the formation of larger units of production at the expense of smaller ones. The result of these developments is an oligarchy of private capital the enormous power of which cannot be effectively checked even by a democratically organized political society. This is true since the members of legislative bodies are selected by political parties, largely financed or otherwise influenced by private capitalists who, for all practical purposes, separate the electorate from the legislature. The consequence is that the representatives of the people do not in fact sufficiently protect the interests of the underprivileged sections of the population. Moreover, under existing conditions, private capitalists inevitably control, directly or indirectly, the main sources of information (press, radio, education). It is thus extremely difficult, and indeed in most cases quite impossible, for the individual citizen to come to objective conclusions and to make intelligent use of his political rights.The situation prevailing in an economy based on the private ownership of capital is thus characterized by two main principles: first, means of production (capital) are privately owned and the owners dispose of them as they see fit; second, the labor contract is free. Of course, there is no such thing as a pure capitalist society in this sense. In particular, it should be noted that the workers, through long and bitter political struggles, have succeeded in securing a somewhat improved form of the “free labor contract” for certain categories of workers. But taken as a whole, the present day economy does not differ much from “pure” capitalism.Production is carried on for profit, not for use. There is no provision that all those able and willing to work will always be in a position to find employment; an “army of unemployed” almost always exists. The worker is constantly in fear of losing his job. Since unemployed and poorly paid workers do not provide a profitable market, the production of consumers’ goods is restricted, and great hardship is the consequence. Technological progress frequently results in more unemployment rather than in an easing of the burden of work for all. The profit motive, in conjunction with competition among capitalists, is responsible for an instability in the accumulation and utilization of capital which leads to increasingly severe depressions. Unlimited competition leads to a huge waste of labor, and to that crippling of the social consciousness of individuals which I mentioned before.This crippling of individuals I consider the worst evil of capitalism. Our whole educational system suffers from this evil. An exaggerated competitive attitude is inculcated into the student, who is trained to worship acquisitive success as a preparation for his future career.I am convinced there is only one way to eliminate these grave evils, namely through the establishment of a socialist economy, accompanied by an educational system which would be oriented toward social goals. In such an economy, the means of production are owned by society itself and are utilized in a planned fashion. A planned economy, which adjusts production to the needs of the community, would distribute the work to be done among all those able to work and would guarantee a livelihood to every man, woman, and child. The education of the individual, in addition to promoting his own innate abilities, would attempt to develop in him a sense of responsibility for his fellow men in place of the glorification of power and success in our present society.Nevertheless, it is necessary to remember that a planned economy is not yet socialism. A planned economy as such may be accompanied by the complete enslavement of the individual. The achievement of socialism requires the solution of some extremely difficult socio-political problems: how is it possible, in view of the far-reaching centralization of political and economic power, to prevent bureaucracy from becoming all-powerful and overweening? How can the rights of the individual be protected and therewith a democratic counterweight to the power of bureaucracy be assured?Clarity about the aims and problems of socialism is of greatest significance in our age of transition. Since, under present circumstances, free and unhindered discussion of these problems has come under a powerful taboo, I consider the foundation of this magazine to be an important public service.[6]Footnotes[1] http://Entine, Jon (2007). Abraham's Children: Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People. Grand Central Publishing (published October 24, 2007). ISBN 978-0446580632.[2] http://Entine, Jon (2007). Abraham's Children: Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People. Grand Central Publishing (published October 24, 2007). ISBN 978-0446580632.[3] H-Net Reviews[4] http://www.religjournal.com/pdf/ijrr10001.pdf[5] Liberalism, atheism, male sexual exclusivity linked to IQ[6] Monthly Review | Why Socialism?

US News ranks it as #23.It ranks around 130th according to Kevin O’ Connors StartClass rankings for Engineering programs.College Confidential has a nice little thread answering this question.It ranks #5 on this site I tripped over for the first time. Seems like basically just an SEO’d site that will garner some credibility by showing up in the SERPs.With these handful of 3rd party sites rating the program, it would seem the top ranked ivy league school has the respect of the publications who perform reviews.However, the program tries to explain “why” you should attend here.CWTS Leiden Rankings, 2017The Leiden Ranking, compiled annually by the Centre for Science and Technology Studies at Leiden University in the Netherlands, ranks the top 750 universities worldwide with the largest publication output in the Web of Science database.Impact is determined by several indicators, including the average number of citations of the publications of a university, and the proportion of publications that belong in the top 10 percent most frequently cited. The ranking does not use data from reputational surveys, or data provided by the universities themselves,Based on 2012 to 2015 numbers in the Web of Science database and when normalized for size, Harvard ranked first overall.U.S. News and World Report Graduate Schools, 2018Best Engineering Schools (ranked in 2018, based upon 2016 data)Harvard's graduate engineering programs ranked 23rd in the 2018 U.S. News and World Report Graduate School Rankings.The schools ranked immediately above Harvard included Northwestern University, University of Pennsylvania, University of California - Santa Barbara, and Johns Hopkins University; University of Maryland, College Park ranked immediately below.The top 10 engineering schools have remained relatively consistent over the past several years.Of particular note are SEAS' research expenditures per faculty member ($635,138, 2 year average), especially high given our relatively small size; high percentage of faculty members in the National Academy of Engineering (13.6%); low acceptance rate (11.2%); and the low Ph.D. student/faculty ratio of 4.9 to 1.The complete data (representing stats from 2016) from U.S. News are below:Score54Peer assessment score (5.0 highest)3.7Recruiter assessment score (5.0 highest)4.1Average quantitative GRE score (new test) of entrants in master's and doctoral programs166Overall acceptance rate11.2%Ph.D. student/faculty ratio4.9 to 1Faculty membership in National Academy of Engineering13.6%Engineering school research expenditures (in millions), 2 year average$48.9Research expenditures per faculty member (in thousands), 2 year average$635.12012-13 Ph.D.s granted48Total graduate engineering enrollment478Other rankings of related specialty programs in engineering and applied sciences include...#33 in Environmental / Ecology#18 in Computer Science#14 in Materials Engineering#15 in Mechanical Engineering#22 in Biomedical Engineering / Bioengineering#17 in Computer Engineering#31 in Electrical / Electronic / Communications EngineeringRankings of related Harvard programs include...#1 in Biological Sciences (tied with MIT and Stanford)#2 in Physics (tied with CalTech, Princeton, Stanford, and UC Berkeley)#3 in Mathematics (tied with UC Berkeley)#3 in Biostatistics (tied with the University of Washington)#4 in Chemistry (tied with Stanford University)#3 in Statistics (tied with the University of Washington)#8 in Earth Sciences (tied with the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and the University of Texas, Austin)U.S. News and World Report Undergraduate Programs, 2018Best Colleges / National University Rankings (ranked in 2018 based on 2016 data)Harvard College, ranked #2 for 2018, has consistently ranked among the top 1 or 2 programs in the country. Undergraduates pursuing degrees in engineering and applied sciences are admitted, enrolled in, and receive degrees from Harvard College. The College was also ranked #1 for "Best Value" among national universities.For undergraduate engineering programs, Harvard was ranked #28 overall Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs (tied with Ohio Stat University, Columbus, the University of California, Davis, and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles). Note, the rankings are "based solely on the peer judgments of deans and senior faculty who rated each program they are familiar with on a scale from 1 (marginal) to 5 (distinguished)."Times Higher Education SupplementWorld University Rankings (ranked in 2016-2017)Harvard University ranked # 6 in Overall World University RankingHarvard University ranked # 4 in Overall United States University RankingQS World University Rankings (2017)Harvard University ranked...#3 Overall Worldwide#1 in Biological Sciences#5 in Chemistry#6 in Computer Science#2 in Earth & Marine Sciences#2 in Economics & Econometrics#8 in Electrical & Electronic Engineering#13 in Engineering & Technology#4 in Environmental Studies (tied with University of Oxford)#5 in Materials Science#2 in Mathematics#4 in Mechanical Engineering (tied with University of California, Berkeley)#1 in Medicine#2 in Physics & Astronomy#1 in StatisticsPLACEMENTGraduating seniors concentrating in engineering and applied sciences have recently been accepted to graduate programs at MIT, Stanford, Caltech, Georgia Tech, University of Cambridge, and Harvard.Our Ph.D. graduates have gone on to take positions at research institutions including: Ben Gurion University (Israel), Carnegie Mellon University, Columbia University, Cornell University, MIT, National University of Singapore, Princeton University, University of California–Berkeley, University of Chicago, University of Sydney (Australia), University of Virginia, and Harvard.Those pursuing careers in industry and government have been hired by technology companies such as Pixar, Google, and IBM; defense contractors such as Northrop Grumman; policy and research organizations such as the National Institutes of Health; banking and investment firms like Citigroup; non-profits like the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; and environmental consulting groups like Boston-based CDM.Others have become entrepreneurs. Our graduates started Microsoft, Online Shoes, Clothing, Free Shipping and Returns, Tacit Knowledge Systems, and SupplyWorks. In fact, some of the most well-known companies in the world were started by Harvard graduates—for example, Electronic Arts, 3Com, and Sun Microsystems.AFTER HARVARD *Primary Occupation Post Harvard%Computer Software, Hardware, Systems23Banking, Finance, Communications11Engineering & Science11Education8Full-time student7Law6Consulting6Medicine, Healthcare, Public Health5Arts, Government, Politics5Other18

Dear Valeria Ponce,Your question: When was the Earthborn?The simple straightforward calculation is impossible. There are two positions:Billion of years.Thousands of years.The answer is not straightforward or simple. The answer depends upon one perspective to the Creation Event. In the universe from the event horizon time would past slower (thousands of years) and away from the event horizon in the expanse measured in Planck distance time would quicker (billions of years). Planck distance does not translate into absolute TIME and this is my point. The fact is TIME is relative to the observational perspective and the event horizon as in the Creations Event. TIME is not absolute as if an absolute answer can be derived without all the known available of distance to speed ratios.STRAIGHT FORWARD CALCULATION UNKNOWNS DISTANCE, SPEEDIt may seem a simple straightforward calculation as stated,“However, thanks to studies on the rate the Universe is expanding, and applying this knowledge in reverse, we know its age. Roughly 13.8 billion years ago, all we can observe on Earth, in our solar system, other galaxies and everything in between expanded out rapidly from an initial point much smaller than an atom, (Francis, May 3, 2013, future/story/ future/story/20130502-what-came-before-the-big-bang) which we call the Initial spark.” (further reading/study: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130502-what-came-before-the-big-bang)HOLD UP NOT SO SIMPLEThe problems are these revolve around constants, distances, and speeds:1. Distance2. Distance traveled by galaxies3. Speeds of lights, sounds, and signals4. Faster than the speed of light observable facts particles, galaxies, instantaneous communication of quantum entanglement, initial spark expansion, constants, complexity, center, and the universe’ the universe’s space-time and matter interactions to distance and speed. (‘I AM’ Created by Dr. John and Dr. Jane Pendleton page 417)It depends on your views and perspectives. How so? you might ask.What we know.All of existence is Information driven producing the Cosmic reactor, quantum fields, up/down quarks (matter) and the time-space continuum from which we calculate TIME. (Resources: Without Excuse Jan 1, 2011by Werner Gitt Amazon.com: without excuse: Books and Starlight & Time Paperback – October 31, 1996, by Dr. Russell Humphreys Ph.D. (Author) Starlight & Time: Dr. Russell Humphreys Ph.D.: 9780890512029: Amazon.com: Books)Information underpins all of existence. We have observed and discovered that information which requires a Sender (God) to Reciever (Existence) underpins all of the existence. (Without Excuse)The simple straightforward calculation is impossible. (Starlight & Time: Dr. Russell Humphreys Ph.D.: 9780890512029: Amazon.com: Books)Cosmological facts are historic reflections of past lights, sounds, and signals in our present. This is not a complete list of cosmological facts that are based upon history just as current materialist so call fact views of origins of the Cosmos. The first cosmological fact that we list is based upon the science of empirical mathematics of the Agent of creation. The others that follow this are based upon the same faith-based evidence faith of lights, sounds and signals observations in our present the past, history. The list covered here is Infinite Being of Mind, Ex-Nihilo creation, Beginning, Pre-atomic state of matter, Cosmic Reactor, Expansion, Heavenly Bodies Hang Over Nothing, Global Earth and End.Calculations, we cannot calculate an absolute time due to issues of the ratios of distance to speed, time-lapsed, time-dilation, placement speeds, and constants.The 14 billion years estimates are based upon unknowables (speeds [initial space-speeds, placement speeds, and constants]. The promoted current absolute solution as false based upon false statement like this: “Unless fatal flaws are discovered in either or both methods, it seems now that an upper limit of 14 billion years will stand as the actual age of our Universe. (Short, Paragraph Cosmic Ages)”Fatal flaws: The fatal flaws of any calculation of the age of the universe are the unknowables speed and time dilations. This leads to the question: ‘Which time is correct?’ The 14 Billion-year estimate is a belief based upon unknowable assumption. This leads to the question: ‘Which time is correct?’ And as stated: ("Time Dilation,"), constants rates (speeds, distances, cooling or other rates) and distance of the singularity to grapefruit to present distances of galaxies, stars, white dwarf, globular cluster images and/or structure of white dwarf stars.Planck distance: Be that as it may, time does not equal distance in Planck or other measurement calculations of time. The formula for the time in its simplest form remains: Time equals Distance divided by Speed relative to one’s observational perspective.“VISIBLE UNIVERSE 93 BILLION LIGHT-YEARSThis perspective also gives some insight into the limits of the calculation of the age of the universe based upon our current understanding in the Big Bang theory with 14 billion years versus the things that appear in the visible universe to be older that this 14-15 billion- year limits of the Big Bang.If when the universe is 93 billion light-years this draws into question calculations of the universe younger age and 93 billion light-years. The observational universe mapped by NASA is 7-layers separated at present observationally by 250 million-light years. In this regard, the instantaneous placement of the energies gives some clarifications and insights to time-space and matter issues of cosmology and placements of energies after the initial spark.We are not saying the stuff of the universe is in the same position. And realize there must be some estimate of the instantaneous placement, inflation after the initial placement and present observation data reconciliation. We propose that instantaneous placement after the initial spark can begin to answer vast distance with vast Planck distance and Planck time. “ (‘I AM’ Created by Dr. John and Dr. Jane Pendleton page 254–255)9. “INSTANTANEOUS PLACEMENT OBSERVABLE FACTSWe know this view will not be accepted universally due to in part by assumptions of vast age of the universe, constants based upon bits of historical data from the past enforced upon the past, present and future, anti-science against the Agent of creation, young age views of the universe, proposed mathematic complications, pseudo-religious implications, ideas of what lies beyond the finite universe and overall Darwinian Atheistic Materialistic worldview. However, this all begs the issues of OBSERVABLE FACTS OF SCIENCE: Infinity, Infinite Being of Mind, thoughts of mind expressed in our discovered algebraic formulas and expressed in technologies, the instantaneous, cause and effect, and the finite universe.Oppositional worldviews goals are to inflicted science and make the unobservable the unquestionable scientific reality thereby leading to the exclusion of any serious investigations other than their own. This is as serious as any Catholic or Religious inquisitions that refused to consider Galileo’s telescope, a Christian by the way. Galileo was being required by the Catholic Church to accept Aristotle’s views of the eternal universe over the Bible’s clear presentation of the beginning which would have saved us a considerable amount of time scientifically in the promotion of the delusional Agentless creation, Steady State and Eternal Universe. ( (‘I AM’ Created by Dr. John and Dr. Jane Pendleton page 255–256)10. EVENT HORIZON: We also know that at the event horizon of the earth-centered universe time would have past more slowly at this point while time in the expanse would have past the billions of years in question due to time-dilation observational perspectives.Even with the instantaneous placement of things initially after the first initial spark our time calculation based upon uniformitarian assumptions of Hubble constants, present Planck distances and speeds would be in the 14 billion range. Still, time at the event horizon of the initial spark would have past more slowly in reference to the first three cosmic days and days four through seven the calendar days as recorded in Genesis. (Humphreys, 2017) (‘I AM’ Created by Dr. John and Dr. Jane Pendleton page 555)11. PHOTONS CAME FROM THE CENTER OF THE SINGULARITY AND REFLECTED BACKWhere after the first three cosmic days and retroactively the lights that began as energy in the initial spark reflected back upon the earth as in the 4th through the 7th days of creation where earth operated upon the then calendar day with the sun, moon, and stars reflective lights. This instantaneous faster than the speed of light is an observable possibility. While on the one hand, we might be wrong because of our unique position as Paul described:“For now, we see only a reflection as in a mirror; then we shall see face to face. Now I know in part; then I shall know fully, even as I am fully known.” (I CORINTHIANS 13:12)But on the other hand, why should we fear the insults of the Darwinian Atheistic Materialist? We should not. We accept input, criticism, and evaluation. But not saying anything is a real problem. Why? Because the opposing parties to Genesis and the Agent of Creation think they are safe in their views of science-fiction and will promote their lies.Furthermore, we have the hope that one day we shall know even as we are known, that is, the Creator will share with us all the marvelous secrets of His created universe, the realms/dimensions, and infinity. What then is this eternity, but the new heavens and new earth were in righteousness dwells. (‘I AM’ Created by Dr. John and Dr. Jane Pendleton page 277)AGE OF THE UNIVERSE CALCULATIONS("Hubble’s Law," Paragraph Hubble's Law)PROBLEM UNIVERSE LOOKS SO YOUNG“How can it be, that our universe at its old age, t t Planck, T T Planck still looks so young, 1?” (Durrer & Laukenmann, 2 2 Reminder to the oscillatory universe)They get around a young universe by proposing hypothetical previous cycles that they imagined fixes the problem of the young universe.THE UNKNOWN EXPANSION SPEEDPlanck Length is only a part of the equation of calculating time as the distance (Planck Length) Time=Distance/Speed. We do not know the speed of the placement of the distant objects in the universe and our guesses based on assumptions affect all calculations of time.There is evidence for instantaneous placement, faster than the speed of light movements of particles and other curiosities of speed. We may know the Planck distance but do not know the actual expansion speed. And hypothetical ideas of cycles which we stake up to fix all materialist evolution issues of time-space and the matter stuff of the universe does not fix their issues.THE PLANCK LENGTH“The radius of the observable universe is approximately 46.5 billion light-years or 7.04×1061 Planck Lengths. This gives a volume of the observable universe of 4.65×10185 Cubic Planck Lengths. This number is in the same order as 2617 and so we need 617 bits to specify a point in the observable universe.” (Pratten, February 11, 2008, Google Search What is Planck length in the universe?)HYPOTHETICAL OSCILLATION CYCLEhypothetical previous cycle… (Durrer & Laukenmann, 3.1.1 Radiation Density Fluctuations in a Radiation Universe)STRAIGHT FORWARD CALCULATION UNKNOWNS DISTANCE, SPEEDIt may seem a simple straightforward calculation as stated,“However, thanks to studies on the rate the Universe is expanding, and applying this knowledge in reverse, we know its age. Roughly 13.8 billion years ago, all we can observe on Earth, in our solar system, other galaxies and everything in between expanded out rapidly from an initial point much smaller than an atom, (Francis, May 3, 2013, future/story/ future/story/20130502-what-came-before-the-big-bang) which we call the Initial spark.” (further reading/study: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130502-what-came-before-the-big-bang)HOLD UP NOT SO SIMPLEThe problems are these revolve around constants, distances, and speeds:1. Distance2. Distance traveled by galaxies3. Speeds of lights, sounds, and signals4. Faster than the speed of light observable facts particles, galaxies, instantaneous communication of quantum entanglement, initial spark expansion, constants, complexity, center, and the universe’ the universe’s space-time and matter interactions to distance and speedEGS8p7 FARTHEST KNOWN OBJECT FROM EARTHWhat is the Farthest Known Object from Earth?Update 02/03/16: Here are the newest candidates (as of September and May 2015 respectively) for farthest galaxy yet detected. EGS8p7 at more than 13.2 billion light years away, and EGS-zs8-1 at 13.1 billion light-years awayGalaxy EGS8p7, as seen from the Hubble Space Telescope (wide and top right) and Spitzer Space Telescope (inset, bottom right), taken in infrared.Credit: I. Labbé (Leiden University), NASA/ESA/JPL-Caltech("Galaxy EGS8p7," September 3, 2015, Credits: I Labbé (Leiden University), NASA/ESA/JPL-Caltech) (http://images.spaceref.com, 2015, news 2015/oo98727_web.jpg)(further reading/study: https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/cosmic/farthest_info.html)ASSUMPTIONSCalculating the age of the universe is not a simple as it may appear. To do the calculation for the age of the universe we must assume that past and present expansion rate as the same. While observation does not support this assumption. What we observe if faster than the speed of light, Hubble constant not a constant and instantaneous rapid place of the initial placement.ILLUSION OR FACT· FRASER CAIN ANSWER· MEASURABLE FACT GALAXIES MOVING FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHTISSUES OF SPEED· OBSERVABLE SCIENCE FACT· BIG BANG IN HISTORIC VIEWS LIGHTS, SOUNDS, SIGNALS· 1929 EXPANSION HUBBLE· 1934 CHERENKOV RADIATION PARTICLES FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHT· GAXALIES FASTER THAN SPEED OF LIGHT· 1935 OBSERVABLE QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT· 1988 OBSERVABLE EXOTIC MATTER, NATIVE MATTER· HUBBLE CONSTANT MEASURING STANDARDS· COMPLEXITY· CENTER· UNIVERSE ILLUSION OR FACT· FRASER CAIN ANSWERFraser Cain in his article, “How Are Galaxies Moving Faster Than Light in Universe Today”, speaks to galaxies that are traveling faster than the speed of light,“So, how can galaxies be traveling faster than the speed of light when nothing can travel faster than light?”HIS FINAL ANSWER IS IT IS AN ILLUSION“I stand with Einstein when I say that nothing can move faster than light through space, but objects embedded in space can appear to expand faster than the speed of light depending on your perspective.(Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2015-10-galaxies-faster.html#jCp) (Cain, 2015, Continuation of Article)·MEASURABLE FACT GALAXIES MOVING FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHTBEFORE THIS HE STATES“This is our freaky friend, the Hubble Constant, the idea that for every megaparsec of distance between us and a distant galaxy, the speed separating them increases by about 71 kilometers per second.Galaxies separated by 2 parsecs will increase their speed by 142 kilometers every second. If you run the marathon, once you get out to 4,200 megaparsecs away, two galaxies will see each other traveling away faster than the speed of light. How big Is that, is it larger than the universe? The first light ever, the cosmic microwave background radiation, is 46 billion light-years away from us in all directions. I did the math and 4,200 megaparsecs is a little over 13.7 billion light-years. There's mountains of room for objects to be more than 4,200 megaparsecs away from each other. Thanks, universe?!?WMAP data of the Cosmic Microwave Background. Credit: NASA“Most of the universe we can see is already racing away at faster than the speed of light. So how it's possible to see the light from any galaxies moving faster than the speed of light. How can we even see the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation? Thanks, universe.” (Cain, 2015, Paragraph 1)There are issues of speed as the observable science facts are related to the Big Bang, expansion of space, Cherenkov radiation particles, galaxies, quantum entanglements, exotic matter, Hubble constant, complexity, center, and the universe.ISSUES OF SPEEDSeveral things to note here:OBSERVABLE SCIENCE FACT:·BIG BANG IN HISTORIC VIEWS LIGHTS, SOUNDS, SIGNALS·1929 EXPANSION HUBBLE1929 REDSHIFT EXPANSION“Hubble's brilliant observation was that the redshift of galaxies was directly proportional to the distance of the galaxy from earth. That meant that things farther away from Earth were moving away faster. In other words, the universe must be expanding. He announced his finding in 1929.” ("Hubble finds proof that the universe is expanding1929," 1998, p. 1) (further reading/study: Hubble finds proof that the universe is expanding)ISAIAH THE EXPANSION OF SPACE 2,610 to 2,630 YEARS BEFORE HUBBLEIt is important to note here that the redshift expansion of space was first presented in the Bible in various scriptures. “The Book of Isaiah was written between 701 and 681 B.C.” ("ISAIAH," 2002-2017, Table Date of Writing). This would have been 2,610 to 2,630 years before Hubble’s discovery. The expansion of space, the creation, and the link to the historical Jesus as a light for the Gentiles“This is what God the Lord says—the Creator of the heavens, who stretches them out, who spreads out the earth with all that springs from it, who gives breath to its people, and life to those who walk on it: “I, the Lord, have called you in righteousness; I will take hold of your hand. I will keep you and will make you to be a covenant for the people and a light for the Gentiles, to open eyes that are blind, to free captives from prison and to release from the dungeon those who sit in darkness.” (ISAIAH 42:5-7)HISTORY OF THE SCIENCES OF ORIGINS DE-EVOLUTIONARY CATASTROPHISMHere it must be stated again that all the sciences of cosmology and origins are historic reflections of artifacts of matter (astrological formations, geologic formations, fossils, etc.), lights, sounds and signals of the past observed in our present reality.All the developmental changes scientifically observationally noted are de-evolutionary in overall processes and losses of information from the infinite to the finite realities we observe, test, measure and repeatably verify.They are overall, also, catastrophic events as the initial cosmic spark, the cosmic reactor, the expansion of space, the fusion of the elements by stellar cycles and the development of life upon the earth which is our observational center.This is history connected to the sciences as Isaiah testifies of the expansion of space “the Creator of the heavens, who stretches them out”, earth and all of its cycles of webbed biospheres “who spreads out the earth with all that springs from it”, biogenesis “gives breath to its people”, and the Messiah promise fulfilled in Jesus of Nazareth;“I will keep you and will make you to be a covenant for the people and a light for the Gentiles, to open eyes that are blind, to free captives from prison and to release from the dungeon those who sit in darkness.” (ISAIAH 42:5-7)1964 CMBR (COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION)Einstein and others even today disregard the Genesis record that there was an actual beginning of the universe. They out of hand dismiss the fact of the creation’s beginning and end. They held the view of a steady state eternal universe of Aristotle’s view. Aristotle’s Eternal Universe view is promoted by Hawking’s and others today. Also, the accidental discovery, by Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias, the cosmic microwave background radiation clearly points to the initial spark of Genesis. (Wall, May 20, 2014 07:08am ET)·1934 CHERENKOV RADIATION PARTICLES FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHTThe speed of Light not a constant as particles with "luminal boom" Cherenkov radiation,“Particles, like these electrons, that surpass the speed of light in water, or some other medium such as glass, create a shock wave similar to the shock wave from a sonic boom.” (ORWIG, 2016)“Keep in mind that Einstein's special theory of relativity states that nothing with mass can go faster than the speed of light, and as far as physicists can tell, the Universe abides by that rule. But what about something without mass?Photons, by their very nature, cannot exceed the speed of light, but particles of light are not the only massless entity in the universe. Empty space contains no material substance and therefore, by definition, has no mass. "Since nothing is just empty space or vacuum, it can expand faster than light speed since no material object is breaking the light barrier," said theoretical astrophysicist Michio Kaku on Big Think. "Therefore, empty space can certainly expand faster than light." (ORWIG, 2016, Topic Heading When the rules don't apply)·OBSERVABLE GALAXIES FASTER THAN SPEED OF LIGHTWe are observing one or more of the followings:PHOTONS/LIGHT IMAGES: We are observing, and measuring is photon light images of galaxies in the past in our present.SPACE EXPANSION: We are observing and measuring the expansion of space faster than the speed of light.CALCULATIONS CONSTANT: There is a problem with the calculation based upon Hubble constant. The present rate, Hubble constant, might not apply as rates in the past differ. GALAXIES FASTER SPEED OF LIGHT: The galaxies are moving faster than the speed of light.OBSERVATIONAL MEASURABLE REALITY FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHTThe Curious team at the Astronomy Department at Cornell University. Says this,“However, for the simplest interpretation of your question, the answer is that the universe does expand faster than the speed of light, and, perhaps more surprisingly, some of the galaxies we can see right now are currently moving away from us faster than the speed of light! As a consequence of their great speeds, these galaxies will likely not be visible to us forever; some of them are right now emitting their last bit of light that will ever be able to make it all the way across space and reach us (billions of years from now). After that, we will observe them to freeze and fade, never to be seen again.” ("I had a recent discussion with a professor about the early universe and rapid expansion. He affirmed that the expansion was not greater than the speed of light. Why is there such a misunderstanding about this?" 2017)·1935 OBSERVABLE QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT“In fact, in 1935, Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen attempted to disprove the quantum theory with a thought experiment on what Einstein referred to as "spooky action at a distance".“Ironically, their paper laid the foundation for what today is called the EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) paradox, a paradox that describes this instantaneous communication of quantum entanglement - an integral part of some of the world's most cutting-edge technologies, like quantum cryptography.” (ORWIG, 2016, Topic Heading Quantum entanglement makes the cut)·1988 OBSERVABLE EXOTIC MATTER, NEGATIVE MATTER·WARP SPEED POSSIBLETHINGS WITH NO MASS1934 CHERENKOV RADIATION PARTICLES IN MEDIUM OF WATER, GLASS1988 EXOTIC MATTER (Negative Matter)POSSIBLE WORM HOLES?“And this exotic matter has even been made in laboratories here on Earth, but in very tiny amounts. When Thorne proposed his theory of stable wormholes in 1988 he called upon the physics community to help him determine if enough exotic matter could exist in the Universe to support the possibility of a wormhole.” (ORWIG, 2016, Topic Heading Dreaming of wormholes)Warp Speed is possible. Well, when we speak of faster than the speed of light we are speaking about the expansion of space-time. As the people at the University of Texas note:“Faster Than the Speed of Light • Galaxies at 14 billion light-years away recede at the speed of light. – Even more distant galaxies recede faster than the speed of light. • Is this in accord with relativity? – The answer is yes. – If galaxies were moving faster than the speed of light, it would be in conflict with relativity; however, galaxies are not moving! It is space that is expanding. – Besides, we don’t see galaxies receding faster than the speed of light because light does not reach us: Horizon.” ("Expansion of the Universe," lecture 13.pdf)Professor MICHIO KAKU says there are 4 things that travel faster than the speed of light:“The Big Bang Light Images Quantum entanglement 1935 Negative Matter 1988COMPLEXITY“In summary, the only viable way of breaking the light barrier may be through General Relativity and the warping of space-time. However, it is not known if negative matter exists and whether the wormhole will be stable. To solve the question of stability, you need a fully quantum theory of gravity, and the only such theory which can unite gravity with the quantum theory is string theory (which, is what, I do for a living). Sadly, the theory is so complex that no one has been able to fully solve it and give a definitive answer to all these questions. Maybe someone reading this blog will be inspired to solve string theory and answer the question of whether we can truly break the light barrier.” (Kaku, 2017)CENTERINFINITE BEING OF MIND THOUGHTSThe ideas of the infinitely dense singularity and the eternal universe go hand in hand. On the one hand, makes the singularity infinitely dense which is the attempt to dismiss the Agent of creation, the Infinite Being of Mind.We acknowledge and think that the finite singularity had all the information, time-space, matter that was, is or ever shall exist. This singularity, however, must be finite because itself had a beginning which negates any idea of infinite density.On the other hand, the replacement of the Infinite Being of Mind with the idea of the Eternal Universe the agent of itself.The problem with this is that the Universe is not eternal by every observable, measurable, testable and repeatable science.The empirical mathematics non-evolved preexistent reality is ‘INFINITY’ and INFINITY presents Itself as Infinite thoughts of mind. The producer of these infinite thoughts, we think is the Agent of creation, God.The confusion comes in categories as Professor John Lennox points out. The Infinite Being of Mind is evidenced by thoughts that shows a correspondence with the Infinite Being of Mind that transmuted His thoughts into the finite realities of the universe that began with a finite singularity. (‘I AM’ Created by Dr. John and Dr. Jane Pendleton page LESSON 34‘I AM’ TIME DIRECTOR! pages 415–426)I think the Bible can be trusted. Many of the known facts are there as:HEAVENLY BODIES HANGS OVER NOTHING“…hangs the earth on nothing…” (JOB 26:7)Regardless, Calculations, we cannot calculate an absolute time due to issues of the ratios of distance to speed, time-lapsed, time-dilation, placement speeds, and constants.