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In USA, there are specific regulations for gasoline storage tanks. Here’s the brief version:Summary of Federal RequirementsAboveground storage tanks (ASTs) used for the store of petroleum products is regulated primarily under 40 CFR 112. The regulation does not actually use the terms "aboveground storage tank." Instead the term "bulk storage container" is used and is defined as "any container used to store oil. These containers are used for purposes including, but not limited to, the storage of oil prior to use, while being used, or prior to further distribution in commerce. Oil-filled electrical, operating, or manufacturing equipment is not a bulk storage container."A bulk storage container is 55 gal. or greater and may be aboveground, partially buried, bunkered, or completely buried. "Bunkered tanks" are defined as "a container constructed or placed in the ground by cutting the earth and re-covering the container in a manner that breaks the surrounding natural grade, or that lies above grade, and is covered with earth, sand, gravel, asphalt, or other material. A bunkered tank is considered an aboveground storage container for purposes of 40 CFR 112"DesignA container (i.e. storage tank) cannot be used for the storage of oil unless its material and construction are compatible with the material stored and conditions of storage such as pressure and temperature.All bulk storage container installations must be constructed so a secondary means of containment is provided for the entire capacity of the largest single container and sufficient freeboard to contain precipitation. Diked areas must be sufficiently impervious to contain discharged oil. While dikes, containment curbs, and pits are commonly employed for this purpose, an alternative system consisting of a drainage trench enclosure that must be arranged so that any discharge will terminate and be safely confined in a facility catchment basin or holding pond may also be used.Each bulk storage container installation must be engineered or updated in accordance with good engineering practice to avoid discharges, including at least one of the following devices:high liquid level alarms with an audible or visual signal at a constantly attended operation or surveillance station (NOTE: In smaller facilities an audible air vent may suffice.)high liquid level pump cutoff devices set to stop flow at a predetermined container content leveldirect audible or code signal communication between the container gauge and the pumping stationa fast response system for determining the liquid level of each bulk storage container such as digital computers, telepulse, or direct vision gauges (NOTE: If you use this alternative, a person must be present to monitor gauges and the overall filling of bulk storage containers.)ManagementControl leakage through defective internal heating coils is by monitoring the steam return and exhaust lines for contamination from internal heating coils that discharge into an open watercourse, or pass the steam return or exhaust lines through a settling tank, skimmer, or other separation or retention system.The drainage of uncontaminated rainwater is not allowed from the diked area into a storm drain or discharge of an effluent into an open watercourse, lake, or pond, bypassing the facility treatment system unless the facility:normally keeps the bypass valve sealed closedinspects the retained rainwater to ensure that its presence will not cause a dischargeopens the bypass valve and reseals it following drainage under responsible supervisionkeeps adequate records of such events, for example, any records required under permits (i.e., NPDES).Testing/MonitoringEach aboveground container must be tested for integrity on a regular schedule, and whenever material repairs are made. The frequency of and type of testing must take into account container size and design (such as floating roof, skid-mounted, elevated, or partially buried). In July 2012 EPA released a helpful fact sheet on bulk storage container inspections.The facility must combine visual inspection with another testing technique such as hydrostatic testing, radiographic testing, ultrasonic testing, acoustic emissions testing, or another system of non-destructive shell testing. Comparison records must be kept and the container's supports and foundations also inspected. Personnel must frequently inspect the outside of the container for signs of deterioration, discharges, or accumulation of oil inside diked areas.Liquid level sensing devices must be regularly tested to ensure proper operation.Effluent treatment facilities should observed frequently enough to detect possible system upsets that could cause a discharge.If field-constructed aboveground containers undergo a repair, alteration, reconstruction, or a change in service that might affect the risk of a discharge or failure due to brittle fracture or other catastrophe, or has discharged oil or failed due to brittle fracture failure or other catastrophe, the container is evaluated for risk of discharge or failure due to brittle fracture or other catastrophe and appropriate actions taken.Mobile/Portable ASTMobile or portable oil bulk storage containers must be positioned or located to prevent a discharge and furnished with a secondary means of containment, such as a dike or catchment basin, sufficient to contain the capacity of the largest single compartment or container with sufficient freeboard to contain precipitation.Regulatory Applicability40 CFR 112 applies to petroleum oils and non-petroleum oils, animal fats and oils and greases, and fish and marine mammal oils; and vegetable oils (including oils from seeds, nuts, fruits, and kernels).40 CFR 112 also applies to any owner or operator of a non-transportation-related onshore or offshore facility engaged in drilling, producing, gathering, storing, processing, refining, transferring, distributing, using, or consuming oil and oil products, which due to its location, could reasonably be expected to discharge oil in quantities that may be harmful, into or upon the navigable waters of the United States or adjoining shorelines, or into or upon the waters of the contiguous zone, or in connection with activities under the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act or the Deepwater Port Act of 1974, or that may affect natural resources belonging to, appertaining to, or under the exclusive management authority of the United States (including resources under the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act) that has oil in:any aboveground containerany completely buried tank (see definitions)any container that is used for standby storage, for seasonal storage, or for temporary storage, or not otherwise "permanently closed" (see definitions)any "bunkered tank" or "partially buried tank" (see definitions), or any container in a vault, each of which is considered an aboveground storage container for purposes of 40 CFR 112.)For a PDF version of the EPA's SPCC Field Inspection and Plan Review Checklist for Onshore Facilities, click here.Hazardous Materials Storage in ASTsDepending on the type and amount of hazardous materials (i.e., gasoline, diesel fuel, other liquids) stored and/or used at the facility, EPA reporting requirements may apply. The regulatory impacts of hazardous materials being stored and/or used at facilities are outlined in the Laboratories -> Hazardous Materials Storage section of the Facility Regulatory Tour.Summary of State RequirementsASTs are primarily regulated by states. The requirements can usually found in environmental regulations and/or the fire code. There may be a requirement to paint the tank, or a fill pipe, a certain color to identify its contents, provide alarms in addition to those Federally required, and registration of the tank.

The L&T ECC conducts its campus hiring process in 4 to 5 stages which i will be discussing here in detail.L&T ECC had visited NIT Sikkim on 17th & 18th of September 2018 where the participating institutes were NIT Nagaland, NIT Manipur, NIT Arunachal Pradesh and NIT Sikkim itself. Let me deal with the different stages of its selection process in detail here-Shortlisting based on its eligibility criteria-Here L&T asks its interested candidates to share their data including their B.Tech percentage and the other details like their emails, their names and college details etc., in an excel sheet.L&T ECC also asks the interested candidates to have the minimum marks in their coressponding B.Tech branches as 65% to be eligible to apply for the GET post. Based on the eligibility criteria after shortlisting the candidates, the L&T sent us an email with a link to register on its website with the relevant details like our family background, about ourselves i.e., our weight, height, educational background, project details, extra curricular activities’ details, about our hobbies etc., The employability form that we had filled in was needed to be printed and duly signed in & attested by our TPO so that it can be presented before the HR members for the further verification of the grades as it also contained the grades of each year.2. Aptitude testThe Aptitude round was of 90 minutes consisting of 30 questions from each one of the three sections including Quantitative Aptitude, Verbal Ability & Analytical Reasoning . The questions were too simple and you just need to complete the GATE syllabus of Quantitative Aptitude & Verbal Ability however, you can skip completing the verbal Ability portion but make sure that you complete some important topics of the logical reasoning such as syllogism, blood relation, sitting arrangement problems, direction problems, coding & decoding, calander problems, data sufficiency, data interpretation etc., In my case they were all simple and anyone of us could have easily solved those questions. Also, there are some other topics in Quantitative Aptitude that are generally not covered in GATE syllabus. The topics like calander, clocks, stocks & shares, pipes & cisterns, surds & indices, true discount, banker's discount etc., generally do not come in GATE so you please see the lectures of these topics which you can find easily on the You Tube! But don't worry L&T didn't ask the questions from these topics i.e., from the topics those which are not in the GATE Syllabus.To practice the questions of the Aptitude, refer http://Tespot.com and also Aptitude Questions and Answers.These websites will really help you a lot in practising the questions. The level of the L&T's test is not more than these tests and you may find that many of the questions would be of the same format as of these tests that you would give on the above mentioned websites.3. Technical + HR RoundBoth the stages were conducted at the same place and under the supervision of the same HR. There was only one member in the panel and he asked the questions from both the the sections in a mixed manner. He started with the very basic question, ‘Tell me about yourself’ and he was always interrupting me by asking a new question everytime while i was giving the answer to this question. He asked the questions such as ‘What does your father do?’, ‘What does your brother do?’, ‘Tell me about your ‘Goals’ & ‘Hobbies' etc. This way of him interrupting me in the mid when i was trying to introduce myself really helped me a lot as i was then getting more time everytime to think for the questions because you already knew that you'd to insert these things in your introduction for which you were then getting an extra time.On my goals, I told him that my short term goal is to get into a reputed company and my long term goal is just to do better in whichever area i'd be working into.He started cross questioning me on my goals saying, ‘did that goal sound a perfect one to me?’, ‘How could the someone's goal be like this?’, as he said. And then he mentioned some of the goals like, ‘becoming the MD of the company, ‘becoming the HOD of the department' are some of the better examples of having a perfect goal. He asked me to change myself on my goals, make themselves bigger and it should not be just limited to get a mere job. He also gave more stress on the hobbies of mine and asked many questions from my hobbies, so be prepared for what you say as your hobbies because they might ask you the questions accordingly.Then he started with the technical questions. Before he proceeded further, he asked me to mention my favourite subjects before him and i mentioned four subjects as my all time favourites including Fluid Mechanics, Thermal, Som & Design. Then he gave me one A4 paper and started drawing the figure for the first question from fluid mechanics. I was like (in my mind), ‘what the hell he is going to draw’ and i was becoming little nervous also. My First question was like this-There was one varying cross section pipe with the diameter(D1) at the section 1–1 inside which a liquid was flowing whose density was ‘d’ and at the same section 1-1 (larger cross section), he mentioned the pressure(P1) and velocity(V1) for the liquid and then he asked me to find the pressure at the other(Smaller Cross section)section where the diameter was D2. The figure was something like this-I said him that it can be found by using both the Continuity equation & Bernoulli's equation simultaneously. I explained the solution verbally to him but he asked me to solve it on the paper and then present it before him and i did it. Doesn't it sound simple, Right? Now i gained some confidence after answering the very first question.Then he asked me the questions on gears, its types, draw all types, usage of bevel gears, draw herringbone gear, use of the double inclined tooth in the herringbone gear, draw gear tooth profile, define pitch circle, addendum circle, root circle, dedendum circle etc. He also asked me to draw the otto cycle indicator diagram, then draw stress-strain curve for the mild steel, about the hooke's law etc., I answered all sort of those questions as you can see that the questions are all from the basics.4. ExtemporeThis is the round where you've to select a topic from the topics kept on the table written in the small pieces of papers and you've to speak on the selected topic for about two minutes. I had selected a very simple topic for myself which was like this ‘Conservation is Survival’. He asked me if i was happy with the topic and i said a big ‘Yes' as the topic was simple for me. He'd given me a minute to think upon and then i started and i had completed it in about 10 to 20 seconds before the set time limit i.e., 2 Minutes.Till then an another question came in his mind and that was obviously a technical question and the question was like this-He took a A4 paper where he again started drawing a diagram where he drawn a tank which was partially filled with the water and a plate was kept horizontally in the middle of the water level in the tank and the distance of the plate from the free liquid surface was given to be as ‘h' and he asked me to evaluate the magnitude of the force acting on the plate. And i said that the force would be the hydrostatic force as the liquid was stationary whose magnitude would be equal to γX̄A or ρghA. Here ‘X̄’ is the distance of the centroid of the plate from the free liquid surafce which is equal to ‘h’ in this case for a horizontal plate and i also mentioned that ‘γ’ is the specific weight of the liquid water. He also asked me if i was using the density of the water or of the plate and obviously i mentioned it for the water only.He then allowed me to ask him a last question and i asked him that if somebody wishes to get posted in the field section, what would be the possibilities for him? He answered it very beautifully and till then i was able to leave an impression on him.Then i said ‘thank you’ to him for having such a nice interview experience with him.Let me tell you very frankly as they'd also admitted it that they do consider the marks of the 10th, 12th and the B.tech apart from the interview marks and those who are supposed to have the better academic records, the chances are going to be higher for them.And when the result was declared on 19th of September 2018….., i was selected! :-p)Thank You For Reading!Peace!!

Stealth aspects of a submarine are very crucial to ensure the secrecy of operations. The most important component is the under-water radiated noise. Sound travels faster in water than in air. So reducing the under-water radiated noise is critical. Main sources of submarine noise include:Hydrodynamic flow noisePropeller noiseMachinery noiseThe hydrodynamic flow noise depends on hull shape and flows velocity. Propeller noise is governed by its shape and speed. Both these noise are broadband in nature. The machinery noise however can produce discrete frequency peaks. Using a narrow band filter these peaks and their harmonics can be detected. These spikes make it SONAR platforms easy to detect and classify the submarine based on its characteristic noise spectrum. Usually, SONAR platforms employ large arrays to improve antenna gain and Low-Frequency Analysis and Ranging (LOFAR) for narrow band analysis which makes use of processing gain.World history of acoustic stealthThe first record of developing acoustic stealth features can be found during the cold war era. In 1956 at Nobska, the US Navy brainstormed to develop the first external hull sound-absorbing coatings. This technology was incorporated in the Thresher class SSN commissioned in 1961. However, in the late 1970s, the Soviet Navy realized the acoustic advantages on US submarines that were developed 1960s onwards. The Soviet through sustained efforts significantly reduced the machinery noise levels and the high-frequency narrow-band tonals. The three broad means of reducing machinery generated noise are:Quieter equipmentResilient isolation mountsAnechoic Tiles to attenuate radiated noiseThe first two methods are employed over multiple engineering branches. These will be covered in the next article. Here we will focus on hull coatings and its subsequent development.Use of elastomeric/anechoic tilesThe relatively latest advancement in reducing submarine noise is the use of elastomeric tiles on the submarine hull. These tiles absorb the energy from acoustic signals and therefore attenuate them. The UK’s astute class SSN has about 39000 tiles fixed on the outer hull.Anechoic Tiles in Indian submarines for acoustic stealthIn India, NMRL developed acoustic rubber tiles for the Indian Navy submarines. They are manufactured by Andhra Polymers based in Hyderabad. The tiles are of 20 mm and 51 mm thickness. These rubber tiles are multi-layered and have cavities/void each targeting a specific sound frequency range at different sea depths. They have an outer protective layer and an inner sound-absorbing layer.Anechoic tiles with voidsThe following variables govern the acoustic performance of these tiles:ThicknessSizeDistribution of resonance cavitiesDynamic properties of the rubber matrixOne key feature is that they have tapered cavities of varying dimensions. These tiles are also designed to withstand variable hydrostatic pressure up to 4 MPa.Vibro-acoustic tilesThese tiles are used in the SONAR dome of submarines to isolate the SONAR transducers from structural vibrations and acoustic noise. These tiles are multi-layered with perforated layers in the core. They are attached to each other by a special adhesive. NMRL developed a Vibration Damping Elastomeric Coating (VDC) and is being used in the Indian Navy submarines. Using high-performance adhesives, putty and sealants, the acoustic tiles are secured on the hull surface.Details of Vibroacoustic TileThe gaps between the metal to metal joints are filled with epoxy-based putty and NMR88C adhesive, thereby levelling it off. This putty has excellent metal to rubber adhesion due to the high-performance adhesive NMR51K with a service life exceeding 20 years. Its primary usage is adhering the acoustic rubber tiles onto the underwater surface of marine vessels. Following this, the gaps are then sealed using polyurethane sealant to prevent sea water seepage from the underwater surface of vessels.The speciality of these sealants is their ability to respond to reversibly dynamic conditions at various depths and vessel speeds. This material is used as an encapsulant for transducer assemblies of SONAR. Apart from that, it is also used for acoustic transparent and water barrier coating for composite SONAR domes.Low Frequency Sound isolationAcoustic rubber title Mk3 is one such product from NMRL, whose prototype has been fabricated, tested and approved by the Indian Navy for induction. In addition to this NMRL developed damping mastic which is based on nanofiller reinforced epoxy resin. This is used by the Indian Navy for attenuation of structural vibrations. It is applied as a single layer of the coating through a free layer damping treatment. They provide excellent damping in the low and medium range frequency when applied to machinery and engine room foundations.Damping mastic and Radar absorbant PaintHigh frequency range stealthNMRL has developed a ferrite base RAM to reduce RCS in the X-band range (8-12 GHz) i.e the high-frequency range. It has been incorporated in an epoxy resin and rubbers. This enables it to be made in the form of paints, sheets and structures. They offer more than 10dB attenuation in the X-band. The Indian Navy has used this for snort mast and periscope of their submarines.Usage of these tiles on Indian Navy submarinesThe anechoic tiles on INS ArihantThe Kilo class submarines of the Indian Navy were the first ones with fully covered anechoic tiles and it has the reputation of being silent in combat. These tiles are also seen on the Arihant class of submarines. Given the advancements made by NMRL in this field, future Indian Navy submarines might have these tiles given their tremendous benefits.