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China’s Success in Reducing PovertyChina was the first developing country in the world to achieve the poverty reduction target set by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ahead of schedule, the target being to halve the proportion of people whose income is less than USD 1.25/day. Between 1990 and 2011, the poverty-stricken population in China decreased by 439 million people, from 689 million to 250 million1. Extreme poverty rates in Eastern Asia, aided by China’s progress, dropped 57% from 1990 to 20152.Despite these achievements, China still had approximately 55 million people living in poverty in 2015, according to the national poverty line (RMB 2300/USD 370 per year) (see ANNEX II). This was due primarily to the communities where these people resided being located in remote, often inaccessible and climate-sensitive areas, ones in dearth of basic infrastructure and social services.Confronted with the challenge of assisting these communities, the Chinese government committed themselves to eradicating extreme poverty by 2020, a commitment made explicit in their 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020). These efforts would coincide with the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations Member States in 2015, one of the goals being the elimination of extreme poverty in all forms everywhere by 2030. China’s role in realizing this goal is essential.Adequate financing is crucial for sustainable development. Given China’s ambitions above, it is necessary to examine the mobilization and use of financing in China for purposes of poverty reduction. Various types of financing need to be leveraged and investments have to be managed effectively and efficiently to ensure they impact their intended targets. Properly implemented, this will allow China to generate and direct financing to more productive and strategic uses and obtain optimal results, hence steering financing for development in a more sustainable direction.Report on the Sustainable Financing for Poverty Alleviation in China has been jointly released by UNDP China and the Chinese Academy of Fiscal Sciences of the Ministry of Finance. This report represents the first systematic attempt at reviewing and mapping the current financial landscape for poverty alleviation in China, as well as assessing how effective such financing is. It also aims to provide useful insights and lessons on China’s poverty reduction initiatives from a financing perspective, with the hope of enlightening the international community on how financial resources can be mobilized to achieve development outcomes. Finally, the report intends to propose recommendations to help reinforce China’s financing efforts for poverty reduction in a sustainable way.China has made significant poverty reduction progress during the past three decades, and is currently working to eradicate extreme poverty by 2020 – as outlined in the government’s 13th Five-Year Plan (FYP). With this new target set, understanding the role of financial resources and mechanisms in achieving it has become increasingly important. While at the macroeconomic level the literature on China’s poverty reduction has shed light on how social-economic policies and institutions have contributed to positive development outcomes, research on how financing matters for poverty reduction remains scarce in China. This report attempts to address this knowledge gap by providing a preliminary analysis of the role, contribution and effectiveness of financing for poverty alleviation in China.Drawing from desk reviews and case studies, this report attempts to showcase China’s experience in demonstrating how poverty alleviation progress can be effectively financed by answering the following questions: 1. Who pays to reduce poverty in China and how has the financial architecture changed over time? 2. Through what mechanisms are financial resources channeled and are they effective? 3. What can be done to improve the financing outlook for China’s new phase of poverty reduction?Question 1: Financial resources and their role over time Domestic financial resources have played an increasingly important role in poverty reduction in China over the past three decades. Domestic financing is aimed at overall capacity building for the poor through sectorial investments in production (e.g. infrastructure, financial products) and public services (e.g. education), while international financing serves as a source of innovative financing mechanisms.Domestic financial resources are provided by a variety of stakeholders, including the government, businesses, financial institutions and civil society (e.g. individuals, NGOs). While the state plays a leading role in financing, non-state financiers have begun to share a considerable amount of the burden by supplementing state spending.Based on the individual functions that support poverty reduction, four types of financing have been identified in China: fiscal funds, industry funds, credit funds and social funds.Question 2: Financial mechanisms and their effectiveness  Broadly speaking, financing has transitioned from an assistance-oriented to a development-oriented approach in China, featuring a shift from a planned and free distribution of funds for relief to a paid and market-oriented fund allocation that focuses on capacity building for the poor.Financing is highly institutionalized to support the implementation of poverty reduction strategies. This enables resources to be secured from multiple sources, with fiscal fundsplaying a prominent role in leveraging the other types. As financing targets become narrower and more precise, innovative financing mechanisms are required to help deliver outcomes.Across the case studies used for this report, a variety of financing mechanisms were found that highlighted effective practices, such as incentive measures (e.g. bonuses for towns that fulfill poverty reduction tasks ahead of schedule), platforms (e.g. diverse assistance mechanisms) and risk prevention structures (e.g. guarantee models for credit finance). These kinds of practices have effectively engaged stakeholders, particularly private enterprises, in providing financing for key projects and industries that help with poverty reduction.Most of the case studies found that financing had contributed positively to poverty reduction outputs, including increases in household income, job creation and improvements in basic infrastructure. However, challenges still exist, particularly in the area of managing fiscal funds.Question 3: Financing prospects and policy recommendations  The prospects of financing in China concern the following: 1. The “Targeted Poverty Alleviation Strategy” proposed in the 13th FYP, which requires precision in targeting and directing financing to address the interlinked causes of poverty; 2. The on-going process of consolidated existing financial resources and organizing them to be more impactful; 3. Emerging trends, such as digitization, that encourage innovative financing mechanisms and ensure poverty reduction is inclusive and justly distributed.Given China’s experience in financing, the report recommends the following: 1. Adopting a participatory approach that enables the poor to be targeted using multiple criteria (e.g. perceived self-capacity to develop); 2. Using varied and innovative tools (e.g. Big Data) to research and produce reliable evidence for decision making (e.g. impact assessment); 3. Further decentralizing the management of financial resources to support tailor-made and context-specific solutions; 4. Developing strategies for further consolidating existing resources; 5. Improving coordination and communication between departments through the use of “Project IDs”.Sharing successful Chinese experiences and disseminating good practice worldwide can inspire and guide other developing nations on their way towards poverty eradicationThe International Day for the Eradication of Poverty, on 17 October, is a reminder to all of us that according to the latest estimates there are still more than 700 million people on this planet living in dire conditions on less than $1.90 a day.Although the world has made significant progress in reducing poverty, it is still with us and its eradication should be the first task of the international community. That is No. 1 goal of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, which calls on all nations, regardless of their level of development, to take action to end poverty in all its forms and everywhere. The objective is set and action is now required.The creation of decent jobs and access to social protection are key tools to win the battle against poverty. Both are at the heart of the International Labour Organisation’s mandate. The ILO was founded almost a century ago, in 1919, in the wake of the First World War, to pursue a vision based on the premise that universal and lasting peace can only be established if it is based on social justice and decent work. On the eve of the ILO’s 100th anniversary, it is striking to note how relevant its mandate has remained over time.As a founding member, China was among the first countries to commit to the ILO’s mandate. Looking at the four most recent decades of China’s development, job creation and access to social protection have indeed been central to the reform and opening-up process, and in both areas the results have been impressive. The Chinese economy’s remarkable growth over that period has fuelled the creation of millions of jobs and the expansion of social protection.Although this development has brought with it many challenges, not least environmental sustainability and fast-growing inequalities, the impact on poverty reduction in China has been impressive.According to World Bank estimates, the absolute poverty ratio (defined at $1.90 a day in purchasing power parity) decreased from 66.6 per cent of the population in 1990 to less than 1 per cent in 2015. In total, more than 700 million Chinese people have been lifted out of poverty since the launch of reform and opening-up in 1978.But poverty has not been completely eradicated. In 2017, national statistics estimated that poverty still affects 30 million people living in rural areas. However, the government is well on track to achieve its objective of eradicating it by 2020, 10 years ahead of the deadline set by the Sustainable Development Agenda. No other country in the world has managed to improve the living conditions of so many over such a relatively short period.ILO-China co-operation on social protectionWhile many lessons can be learnt from the Chinese experience in poverty reduction, there is one that deserves particular attention: the development of China’s social security system. Forty years ago, social security and welfare benefits were provided by work units, covering only these formally employed by them, in a fragmented way.Today, China has a comprehensive social security system in line with its market-oriented economic reforms covering its 1.3 billion population. The ILO has been supporting and assisting this development since it established an office in the country in 1985.Starting in the early 1980s, China took measures to ensure that its social security system would be responsive to the transformation of the economy. In the 1990s, five social insurance schemes covering unemployment, pension, medical care, employment injury and maternity for urban employees were established and the minimum living guarantee programme (Dibao), a means-testing social assistance programme to support the poorest urban and rural residents, was put in place.During this time, the ILO worked closely with the Ministry of Labour and Social Security and together they created a national social security school in Beijing to build the capacity of social security officials across the country.Pensions have been an area of extensive co-operation between the Chinese government and the ILO. In the 1990s, when individual accounts were promoted worldwide, China resisted that trend and followed a different model in line with ILO recommendations.A collective funding of basic pension benefits was put in place through a pay-as-you-go system with individual accounts topping up basic benefits for employees. This dual model is still in place today. A decade later, at the request of the ministry, the ILO provided technical assistance on the design of the actuarial model for pension system for urban employees.Health insurance has been another area of co-operation. In the 1990s, the ILO’s assistance focused on the development of the first medical insurance regulation for urban employees.After 2000, China entered a new phase of social security development, in which healthcare benefits were made available to rural and non-working urban residents. Universal coverage was achieved within a few years. ILO expertise and standards were referenced in the drafting of the Social Insurance Law of 2010. Today, the ILO continues to provide assistance to the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security on the reform of the health insurance payment system.China has progressively established a comprehensive social security system with quasi-universal coverage of health insurance and old-age benefits in record time. The ILO is pleased to have played a role in establishing China’s social security system, which reflects some of the key principles of its international conventions.Social security is an area in which constant reforms and adjustments are needed. Despite the enormous progress China has achieved, there are still many challenges to be tackled. Among them are the very low rate of effective coverage for rural migrant workers by earnings-related social security schemes and the very modest level of benefits under the pension system for rural and non-working urban residents, which does not guarantee adequate old-age income security.As the country’s population is getting old before getting affluent, the long-term financial sustainability of pension schemes is another priority that will have to be addressed. In the meantime, new challenges are emerging such as closing social security gaps for a growing number of workers in non-standard forms of work, including these generated by electronic labour platforms and apps.New areas of collaboration in a bid to end global povertyNo doubt in the years ahead, the ILO will continue to co-operate with the Chinese government and social partners to ensure that no one is left behind. But there is a new dimension to the ILO-China partnership. Sharing successful Chinese experiences and disseminating good practice worldwide can inspire and guide other developing nations on their way towards poverty eradication.South-South co-operation has become an important element of multilateralism in which the ILO’s experience and expertise has proved useful in building bridges between countries. Social protection, skills development, green jobs, youth entrepreneurship, and health and safety at work are some of the areas in which the ILO promotes cross-border exchanges and lessons learnt.But next year will be special. The ILO’s centenary should be more than a celebration of the past. It is a strategic opportunity to focus on people’s pressing priorities today－the need for jobs, social protection, income security, rights at work－and to forge solutions through dialogue.In today’s world, characterised by political uncertainty, growing inequalities, environmental challenges and rapid technological evolution, next year is a unique opportunity to find innovative ways to steer towards social justice and work based on human values: to make poverty history.

The 2019 Indian general election was held in seven phases from 11 April to 19 May 2019 to constitute the 17th Lok Sabha. The votes were counted and result was declared on 23 May.[1][2][3][4]About 900 million people were eligible to vote and turnout was over 67 per cent – the highest ever as well as the highest participation by women voters.[5][6][note 2]The Bharatiya Janata Party won 303 seats, further increasing its substantial majority[8]and the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance won 353 seats.[9]The Indian National Congress party won 52 seats, and the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance won 91. Other parties and their alliances won 98 seats.[10]Indian National Congress again failed to secure the requisite 10% of the seats (54 seats) in the Lok Sabha and hence India remains without an official opposition party.[11][12]Legislative assembly elections in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha and Sikkim were held simultaneously with the general election,[13][14]as well as by-elections to twenty two seats of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.[15]Contents1 Election system2 Election schedule 2.1 Rescheduled voting, cancellations3 Campaigning 3.1 Issues 3.1.1 Allegations of undermining institutions 3.1.2 Economic performance 3.1.3 National security and terrorism 3.1.4 Unemployment 3.1.5 Agrarian and rural distress 3.1.6 Dynasty politics 3.2 Campaign controversies 3.2.1 Income tax raids 3.2.2 Social media abuses and fake news 3.2.3 NaMo TV and Modi biopic 3.2.4 EC actions under Article 324 3.3 Party campaigns 3.4 Party Manifestos 3.4.1 Highlights of the Congress manifesto 3.4.2 Highlights of the BJP manifesto 3.4.3 Other parties 3.5 Campaign finance 3.6 Candidates with criminal charges4 Parties and alliances5 Voter statistics 5.1 Electronic voting machines and security 5.2 Turnout6 Opinion polls, exit polls and seat projections7 Results8 Reactions 8.1 National 8.2 International9 Timeline10 See also11 Notes12 References13 Further reading14 External linksElection systemAll 543 elected MPs are elected from single-member constituencies using first-past-the-post voting. The President of India appoints an additional two members from the Anglo-Indian community if he believes that community is under-represented.[16]Eligible voters must be Indian citizens, 18 or older, an ordinary resident of the polling area of the constituency and registered to vote, possess a valid voter identification card issued by the Election Commission of India or an equivalent.[17]some people convicted of electoral or other offences are barred from voting.[18]The elections are being held on schedule and as per the Constitution of India that mandates parliamentary elections once every five years.[19]Election scheduleOfficial logoElection scheduleThe election schedule was announced by Election Commission of India (ECI) on 10 March 2019, and with it the Model Code of Conduct came into effect.[20][21]The election was scheduled to be held in seven phases. In Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, the election was held in all seven phases. The polling for the Anantnag constituency in the state of Jammu and Kashmir was held in three phases due to violence in the region.[22]Phase-wise polling constituencies in each stateState/Union territoryTotalconstituenciesElection dates and number of constituenciesPhase 1Phase 2Phase 3Phase 4Phase 5Phase 6Phase 711 April18 April23 April29 April6 May12 May19 MayAndhra Pradesh2525Arunachal Pradesh22Assam14554Bihar404555588Chhattisgarh11137Goa22Gujarat2626Haryana1010Himachal Pradesh44Jammu and Kashmir622​1⁄3[n 1]​1⁄3[n 1]1​1⁄3[n 1]Jharkhand143443Karnataka281414Kerala2020Madhya Pradesh296788Maharashtra487101417Manipur211Meghalaya22Mizoram11Nagaland11Odisha214566Punjab1313Rajasthan251312Sikkim11Tamil Nadu3938[n 2]Telangana1717Tripura211[n 3]Uttar Pradesh80881013141413Uttarakhand55West Bengal422358789Andaman and Nicobar Islands11Chandigarh11Dadra and Nagar Haveli11Daman and Diu11Delhi77Lakshadweep11Puducherry11Constituencies5439195116​1⁄371​1⁄350​1⁄35959Total constituencies by end of phase91186302​1⁄3373​2⁄3424483542[n 2]per cent complete by end of phase17%34%56%69%78%89%100%Polling in Anantnag was scheduled over three days.Polling in Vellore was cancelled. (see below)Polling in Tripura East was rescheduled from 18 to 23 April.Rescheduled voting, cancellationsVellore, Tamil Nadu: Over ₹11 crore (US$1.6 million) in cash was seized in Vellore from DMK leaders – a regional party in Tamil Nadu. According to The News Minute, this cash is alleged to have been for bribing the voters.[23] Based on the evidence collected during the raids, the Election Commission of India cancelled the 18 April election date in the Vellore constituency. The DMK leaders have denied wrongdoing and alleged a conspiracy.[24]Tripura East, Tripura: The Election Commission of India deferred polling from 18 to 23 April due to the law and order situation.[25] The poll panel took the decision following reports from the Special Police Observers that the circumstances were not conducive for holding free and fair elections in the constituency.[26]CampaigningMain article: Campaigning in the 2019 Indian general electionIssuesAllegations of undermining institutionsThe opposition parties have accused the NDA government is destroying democratic institutions and processes.[27]Modi denied and blamed Congress and the communists for undermining institutions including the police, CBI and the CAG, and cited the murder of BJP activists in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.[28]The Congress party, other opposition parties and a group of retired civil servants have accused the ECI as being compromised and as endorsing the model code of conduct violations by Narendra Modi and other BJP political leaders during their campaign.[29][30]Another group of 81 retired civil servants, judges and academics disputed these allegations, made counter-allegations, and stated that the ECI acted fairly and similarly in alleged violations by either side. The group states that such political attacks on the ECI are a "deliberate attempt to denigrate and delegitimise the democratic institutions".[30][31]Economic performanceAccording to The Times of India, the major economic achievements of the incumbent NDA government include an inflation rate less than 4 per cent, the GST reform, the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code. Its programs, in recent years, that have positively touched many among the Indian masses, include the Jan Dhan Yojana, rural cooking gas and electricity for homes.[32]According to the IMF, the Indian economy has been growing in recent years, its GDP growth rate is among the highest in the world for major economies, and India is expected to be the fastest growing major economy in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021, with real GDP projected to grow at 7.3 per cent.[33][34][35]The GDP growth data has been disputed[32]by a group of Indian social scientists, economists and the political opposition's election campaign, while a group of Indian chartered accountants has defended the data, the GDP calculation methodology, and questioned the motivations of those disputing the recent Indian GDP statistics.[36]The opposition's election campaign has claimed that both the demonetisation and GST law have "seriously hit small business, farmers and casual labour", states The Times of India.[32][37]The incumbent has claimed that they inherited a country from the previous Congress-led government that was "a legacy of policy paralysis, corruption and economic fragility", and that the BJP-led government policies have placed India on better economic fundamentals and a fast gear.[38]Modi claims that his government pursued demonetisation in the national interest, his government has identified and de-registered 338,000 shell companies, identified and recovered ₹130,000 crore (US$19 billion) in black money since 2014, and almost doubled India's tax base.[39][40]The Congress party disputes the incumbents' claims, and has alleged that BJP offices have "become hubs of creating black money", and seeks a judicial inquiry into the Rafale deal with France and BJP's role in corruption.[41]National security and terrorismFurther information: India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2019) and 2019 Balakot airstrikeIn response to the 2019 Pulwama attack, the Indian Air Force conducted airstrikes inside Pakistan — for the first time since the 1971 Indo-Pak war. The ongoing conflict with Pakistan became a significant factor in the election. The opposition parties accused of politicising the army, whilst the BJP countered their accusations by stating that such allegations raised by them were adversely affecting the morale of armed forces.[42]According to the Pew Research Center, both before and after the outbreak of recent India-Pakistan tensions, their 2018 and 2019 surveys suggest that the significant majority of the voters consider Pakistan as a "very serious threat" to their country, and terrorism to be a "very big problem".[43][44]UnemploymentMain article: Unemployment in IndiaAccording to the Pew Research Center, a majority of Indian voters consider the lack of employment opportunities as a "very big problem" in their country. "About 18.6 million Indians were jobless and another 393.7 million work in poor-quality jobs vulnerable to displacement", states the Pew report.[44]A report on unemployment prepared by the National Sample Survey Office's (NSSO's) periodic labour force survey, has not been officially released by the government. According to Business Today, this report is the "first comprehensive survey on employment conducted by a government agency after Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced demonetisation move in November 2016". According to this report, the 2017–2018 "usual status"[note 3]unemployment rate in India is 6.1 per cent, which is a four-decade high.[45][note 3]The government has claimed that the report was not final.[50]According to the International Labour Organization (ILO) – a United Nations agency, unemployment is rising in India and the "unemployment rate in the country [India] will stand at 3.5 percent in 2018 and 2019 – the same level of unemployment seen in 2017 and 2016", instead of dropping to 3.4 percent as it had previously projected.[51]According to the ILO's World Employment Social Outlook Report, the unemployment rate in India has been in the 3.4 to 3.6 percent range over the UPA-government led 2009–2014 and the NDA-government led 2014–2019 periods.[51]Opposition parties have claimed in their election campaign that the unemployment in India has reached crisis levels. The NDA government has denied the existence of any job crisis.[52]Prime minister Narendra Modi claimed that jobs are not lacking but the accurate data on jobs has been lacking.[53][54]The opposition has attacked the NDA government's performance with the NSSO reported 6.1 percent unemployment data. Modi and his government have questioned this job statistics report, stating that "most surveys that try to capture unemployment rate are skewed since these did not cover the unorganised sector, which accounts for 85–90 per cent of jobs [in India]".[55]Agrarian and rural distressThe Congress party campaign has highlighted "agrarian distress" as an election issue.[56]The BJP campaign has highlighted that the Congress party had been in power for five generations of the Nehru dynasty and its past promises and campaign issues have been empty. It claims that the recent farmer loan waivers by Congress have not reached "even 10% of the farmers" nor has it helped the financial situation of the farmers. BJP highlights that its "Kisan Samman Nidhi" helps the small farmers at the time of seed planting through a direct deposit of ₹6000 to their accounts.[57]The opposition has accused this as being an attempt to lure voters.[58]According to The Times of India, a group of farmer associations have demanded that the 2019 election manifesto of competing political parties should promise to "keep agriculture out of the World Trade Organization (WTO)" and that the interests of Indian farmers must not be compromised in global trade treaties.[59]They have also demanded loan waivers and income support for the agriculture sector.[59]According to the Business Standard and the United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization, India has witnessed record crop harvests in recent years including 2017 when its farmers grew more foodgrains than ever before.[60][61]However, the farmers consider the "low remunerative prices" they receive in the free market to be too low and a need for the Indian government to establish higher minimum support prices for agricultural products. These farmers consider this an issue for the 2019 general elections.[60]Dynasty politicsThe BJP has highlighted that the Congress party has relied on Nehru's dynasty for leadership since India's independence, its lack of internal party institutions and claimed that whenever Congress has been in power, the freedom of press and Indian government institutions have "taken a severe beating".[62][63]During the election campaign, its leaders have mentioned the Emergency of 1975, the nepotism, corruption and widespread abuses of human rights under the Congress rule in the past.[62][64][65]Congress-led alliance leader H. D. Kumaraswamy – the son of a former prime minister of India and the current chief minister of Karnataka, has countered that "India developed because of dynasty politics", stating that "dynasty politics are not the main issue, rather country's problems are".[66]The Congress has alleged hypocrisy by the BJP, claiming that the BJP itself forms alliances with dynasty-based parties such as the Akali Dal in Punjab, and that family relatives of senior BJP leaders such as Rajnath Singh and Arun Jaitley have been in politics too.[67]According to an IndiaSpend report published by the BloombergQuint, the smaller and regional parties such as the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference, Lok Jan Sakti Party, Shiromani Akali Dal, Biju Janata Dal and Samajwadi Party have higher densities of dynasty-derived candidates and elected representatives in recent years.[68][69]While both the Congress and the BJP have also nominated candidates from political dynasties, states the report, the difference between them is that in Congress "top party leadership has been handed down from generation to generation within the same [Nehru Gandhi dynasty] family", while there has been a historic non-dynastic diversity in the top leadership within the BJP. According to the report, while BJP has also nominated candidates from political dynasties, its better public relations operation "can leap to its defence when attacked on the same grounds".[68]In contrast to the IndiaSpend report, analysis of Kanchan Chandra, a prominent professor of Politics, of the 2004, 2009 and 2014 general elections included a finding that the Congress party has had about twice or more dynastic parliamentarians than the BJP at those elections, and higher than all major political parties in India except the Samajwadi Party.[70][note 4]Many of these dynastic politicians in India who inherit the leadership positions have never held any jobs and lack state or local experience, states Anjali Bohlken – a professor and political science scholar, and this raises concerns of rampant nepotism and appointments of their own friends, relatives and cronies if elected.[71]The BJP has targeted the Congress party in the 2019 elections for alleged nepotism and a family dynasty for leadership.[68][62]Campaign controversiesIncome tax raidsIn April 2019, raids conducted by the Income Tax Department found bundles of unaccounted for cash amounting to ₹281 crore (US$41 million), along with liquor and documentary evidence in premises of people with close connections to Madhya Pradesh chief minister Kamal Nath of the Congress. Modi has highlighted this evidence to attack the Congress in its election campaign, alleging corruption is part of Congress party's culture.[72][73]Social media abuses and fake newsAccording to The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, the election had attracted a systematic attempt to spread misinformation through social media.[74][75]Facebook said that over a hundred of these advocacy accounts spreading disinformation were traced to "employees of the Pakistani military public relations wing".[74][75]Some others have been linked to the INC and BJP.[75][74][75]Political parties spent over ₹53 crore (US$7.7 million) with the largest spending by BJP on digital platforms for online ads. The BJP placed 2,500 ads on Facebook while the Congress placed 3,686 ads.[76]According to a study by Vidya Narayanan and colleagues at the Oxford Internet Institute, social media was used by all the major parties and alliances, and all of them linked or posted divisive and conspiratorial content and images. According to Narayanan, "a third of the BJP's images, a quarter of the INC's images, and a tenth the SP-BSP's images were catalogued as divisive and conspiratorial".[77][78]The Narayanan et al. study added that "we observed very limited amounts of hate speech, gore or pornography in either platform samples" by BJP, Congress or SP-BSP, but the election did include proportionally more polarising information on social media than other countries except for the US presidential election in 2016.[78]NaMo TV and Modi biopicSee also: PM Narendra Modi (2019 film)According to The Financial Times and other news sources, on 31 March 2019, the cable and satellite operators – such as Tata Sky, DishTV, and Videocon – added a new "NaMo TV" channel to the dozens of news and entertainment channels they already offer.[79][80][81]Further, independently, a Bollywood biopic named "PM Narendra Modi" starring Vivek Oberoi was due for release in early April. The NaMo TV channel exclusively focuses on replaying Narendra Modi's speeches, the live coverage of rallies by Modi and key leaders of the Bharatiya Janata Party, and presenting the incumbent government's initiatives and achievements in the last five years to the audience that chooses to tune to the channel.[79]The election time Bollywood biopic, states The Financial Times, is "adulatory, which depicts his [Modi's] rise from humble origins as the son of a railway station tea-seller to a strongman who vows to avenge Pakistani terror attacks".[79]The Indian opposition led by the Congress Party and activists opposed to the incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party have expressed outrage and alleged that it violates India's election laws and the regulations on "broadcast channels" under the Programme Codes of the Cable TV Act of 1994.[79][80]The Bharatiya Janata Party and its supporters claim that this is an exercise of the "Right to Free Speech" protected by the Article 19 of the Indian Constitution, a means to address the bias against them and to communicate directly to the voters.[79]They also claim that the NaMo TV does not violate any regulations or laws, as similar "Direct-to-Home (DTH) operator channels" have already been distributed by cable and satellite operators in the past since 2006.[80]Others state that the audience has a choice to ignore or tune into the channel, and "only Modi's most devoted loyalists were likely to tune in". However, they state that if the BJP pressures public facilities and commercial establishments to show it exclusively during the elections then that would lead to abuse.[79]The Congress Party and activists have filed a complaint to the Indian Election Commission, demanding that the NaMo TV channel be stopped.[79]The Election Commission announced on 12 April that any content broadcast on the NaMo TV must be pre-approved by its committee, and only pre-certified content can be broadcast.[81]On 13 April 2019, the BJP submitted the contents of NaMo TV to the Election Commission designated "certification and monitoring committee" for its review and pre-certification.[82]The Election Commission ruled on 19 April 2019, that live speeches of Narendra Modi and other BJP leaders can be broadcast on NaMo TV as well as Twitter platform tweets can be broadcast by Rahul Gandhi and Congress leaders during the silence period. However, neither should mention the constituency or candidates covered by the silence period immediately prior to the polling date.[83]The ECI blocked the release of the Modi biopic while the election is in progress.[84]The producers appealed this "stay" to the Supreme Court.[85]The film was released on 24 May 2019 finally.EC actions under Article 324Election Commission curtailed West Bengal campaigning by one day, after a bust of 19th century Bengali icon Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was vandalised during 7th phase poll violence.[86]Party campaignsMain articles: Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2019 Indian general election and Indian National Congress campaign for the 2019 Indian general election12 January 2019 – Prime Minister Modi launched the BJP's election campaign.[87]14 February 2019 – The INC president Rahul Gandhi launched his campaign from Lal Dungri village in Gujarat's Dharampur.[88]24 March 2019 – The Aam Aadmi Party began its campaign in Delhi.[89][90]2 April 2019 – The Trinamool Congress party launched its campaign from Dinhata, Coochbehar.[91]7 April 2019 – Bahujan Samaj Party and Samajwadi Party began campaigning together as an alliance (Mahagathbandhan) along with regional parties such as the Rashtriya Lok Dal.[92] Their first joint campaign started in Deoband in Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh.[93][94]Party ManifestosHighlights of the Congress manifestoThe Congress released its manifesto, titled Congress Will Deliver on 3 April.[95][96]Some of its highlights:[95][97][98]Introduce a Nyuntam Aay Yojana welfare program wherein ₹72,000 (US$1,000) per year will be transferred directly to the bank account of a woman-member in each family in the poorest 20 percent households.Create 1 million "Seva Mitra" jobs in rural and urban local government bodies. Fill all 400,000 central government vacancies before March 2020, and encourage state governments to fill their 2,000,000 vacancies. Enact a law that requires all non-government controlled employers with over 100 employees to implement an apprentice program.Enact a permanent National Commission on Agricultural Development and Planning and introduce a "Kisan Budget" (Farmer Budget) in the parliament every year. Waive all farmer loans in all states with any amounts outstanding.Enact a Right to Homestead Act that will provide free land to every household that does not own a home.Enact a Right to Healthcare Act and guarantee every citizen free diagnostics, free medicines, free hospitalisation, and free out-patient care. Double spending on healthcare to 3 percent of its GDP by 2024.Double spending on education to 6 percent of its GDP by 2024.Revise the national GST law from three tax tiers to a single moderate rate of tax. Reduce taxes on exported products to zero. Exempt from the GST essential goods and services that are currently not exempt. Enact a new Direct Taxes Code.Augment and rapid construction of national highways. Modernise Indian railway infrastructure. Promote green energy. Manufacturing promotion.Increase defence spending.Enact a National Election Fund, wherein public funds will be distributed to recognised political parties to run their campaignPreserve special status and special rights to natives of Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 and 35A.[98]Amend the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958. End the Sedition law (Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code).Highlights of the BJP manifestoThe BJP released its manifesto sub-titled Sankalpit Bharat, Sashakt Bharat (lit. "Resolute India, Empowered India") on 8 April.[99][100]Some of its highlights:[101][100][98]Double farmer incomes by 2022 by completing all major and micro-irrigation infrastructure projects, opening adequate markets and modern farm produce storage centres, implement minimum price supports for farmer produce, farmer loans and all-weather rural roads. Introduce a pension bill for small and marginal farmers to provide social security after 60 years of age.Bring all secondary schools under the national board quality purview. Invest ₹100,000 crore (US$14 billion) in higher education, open new and increase seats at existing engineering, management and law schools. Establish skills and innovations centre at block-level in every town. Enhance higher education opportunities for women by introducing financial support and subsidies programs. Source 10 percent of government procurement from companies with more than 50 percent female employees.Ensure a pucca (lit. brick-solid, modern) house, safe potable water, toilet, LPG gas cylinder, electricity, and banking account for every family. Reduce the percentage of families living under the poverty line to a single digit by 2024.Double the length of national highways. Improve fuel quality by mandating 10 percent ethanol in petrol. Scale renewable energy capacity to 175 GW.Electrify and convert to broad gauge all railway tracks.Establish 150,000 health and wellness centres. Start 75 new medical colleges. Raise doctor-to-population ratio to 1:1400. Triple childcare facilities. Achieve 100 percent immunisation of all babies.Raise India's ranking further in "ease of doing business". Double exports, introduce single-window compliance procedures for all businesses.Reduce air pollution by eliminating all crop residue burning.Digitise paperwork and proceedings, modernise the courts.Launch and promote a National Digital Library with e-books and leading journals to provide free knowledge accessible to all students. Launch a "Study in India" program to bring foreign students to institutes of higher education.Zero tolerance for terrorism, fund resources to strengthen national security, guarantee veterans, and soldier welfare, modernise police forces.End special status and special rights to natives of Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 and 35A.[98]Other partiesOther national and regional parties have released their manifestos too:The Tamil Nadu-based regional parties AIADMK and DMK released their manifesto on 18 March 2019, with each promising to release the seven Tamils jailed after being found guilty for their role in the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, a former Congress party leader and prime minister of India. The AIADMK promised to press for the political rights of the Tamil people in the Eelam region of Sri Lanka, while the DMK has promised Indian citizenship to all Sri Lankan expats. According to the Deccan Herald, the AIADMK has promised a cash transfer of ₹18,000 (US$260) per year to "all families below the poverty level, destitute women, widows without income, differently-abled, landless agricultural labourers, rural and urban manual labourers and destitute senior citizens". The AIADMK also promised to raise the tax exemption limit and revisions to the GST law. The DMK promised a probe into Rafale fighter jet deal, and a plan to distribute free sanitary napkins to working women along with starting martial arts schools for girls.[102]Biju Janata Dal (BJD) released its manifesto on 9 April 2019. It promised a ₹100,000 (US$1,400) zero-interest crop loan to farmers every year, a ₹500,000 (US$7,200) zero-interest loan to women-run self-help groups, 75 percent jobs reservation in Odisha-based companies to Odisha youth, free education to all girls and a marriage assistance grant of ₹25,000 (US$360) to daughters of poor families. It also promised to complete two expressways.[103]Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPIM) manifesto promised to raise the minimum wage to ₹216,000 (US$3,100) per year, an old age pension of ₹72,000 (US$1,000) per year and universal public distribution of 35 kilograms of foodgrains per family. It also stated the restoration of inheritance tax and an increase in the taxes on individuals and corporations.[104] It also promised spending 6 per cent of GDP on education, enacting a Right to Free Health Care with 3.5 per cent of GDP on health in the short term and 5 per cent in the long term, introduction of price controls on essential drugs, breaking monopoly of drug multinationals, as well as enact a Right to Guaranteed Employment in urban areas.[105]Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) promised to open talks with Pakistan on terrorism. It also promised to expand trade and political relationship with Russia, and seek to weaken Russia's ties with China and Pakistan.[106]Samajwadi Party promised an annual pension of ₹36,000 (US$520) to poor families in a form of a cash transfer to women. It has also proposed a new property tax of 2 percent on homes valued above ₹25,000,000 (US$360,000) as well as raising income taxes on the affluent. It also promised to create 100,000 new jobs every year.[107]Telugu Desam Party released its manifesto on 5 April 2019. It promised zero-interest loans to farmer without any caps, a grant of ₹15,000 (US$220) per year to each farmer as investment support, a grant of ₹100,000 (US$1,400) to each family with a daughter in the year of her marriage, an unemployment allowance of ₹3,000 (US$43) for any youth who has completed intermediate education, and free laptops to all students at the intermediate level.[108]AITMC's manifesto was released on 27 March 2019. It promised a judicial probe into demonetisation, a review of GST law, and sought to bring back the Planning Commission. It also promised free medical care, expanding the "100-day work scheme" currently operating in India to "200-day work scheme" along with a pay increase.[109]Aam Aadmi Party released its manifesto on 25 April 2019 promising full statehood for Delhi to give the Delhi government control over police and other institutions.[110] The manifesto promised 85 per cent reservations in the Delhi-based colleges and jobs for the voters of Delhi and their families.[111][112]Campaign financeSeveral organisations have offered varying estimates for the cost of election campaign. The Centre for Media Studies in New Delhi estimates the election campaign could exceed $7 billion.[113]According to the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), an election watchdog, in the financial year 2017–18 BJP received ₹4,370,000,000 (US$63 million), about 12 times more donations than Congress and five other national parties combined.[113]The electoral bonds in denominations ranging from 1,000 rupees to 10 million rupees ($14 to $140,000) can be purchased and donated to a political party. The bonds don't carry the name of the donor and are exempt from tax.[114][114][note 5]Factly – an India data journalism portal, traced the electoral bond donations for 2018 under India's Right to Information Act. According to Factly, electoral bonds worth about ₹10,600,000,000 (US$150 million) were purchased and donated in 2018. According to Bloomberg, this accounted for 31.2 percent of political donations in 2018, while 51.4 percent of the total donated amount were each below ₹20,000 (US$290) and these too were from unknown donors. About 47 percent of the donations to political parties were from known sources.[114]Between 1 January and 31 March 2019, donors bought ₹17,100,000,000 (US$250 million) worth of electoral bonds and donated.[118]The spending in elections boosts national GDP, and the 2009 election spending contributed about 0.5 percent to GDP.[119]According to Centre for Media Studies, the BJP spent over Rs 28,000 crore (or 45 per cent) of the Rs 60,000 crore spent by all political parties during the polls.[120]Congress questions BJP over its poll expenditure[121]Candidates with criminal chargesThis section needs expansion.You can help by adding to it.(May 2019)According to the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) – an Indian advocacy group, 464 of the total 2,856 contestants in the first two phases of the election have disclosed criminal cases against themselves in their nomination papers, as required by Indian election disclosure laws.[122]In the first two phases of elections, the Congress Party topped the list, having nominated 23 candidates with pending criminal cases to compete in the parliamentary elections. The BJP and BSP ranked next, each with 16 candidates.[122]Parties and alliancesMain articles: List of National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election, List of United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election, and List of Left Front candidates in the 2019 Indian general electionMore than 50 parties contested in these elections. Most of them were small with regional appeal. The main parties are the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Indian National Congress (INC). With the exception of 2014, no single party has won the majority of seats in the Lok Sabha since 1984, and therefore,forming alliances is the norm in Indian elections.[123][124]There were four main national pre-poll alliances. They are the NDA headed by the BJP, the UPA headed by the INC, the grand alliance of regional parties, and the left front of Communist-leaning parties. Given the volatile nature of coalition politics in India, alliances may change during and after the election. It was the first time when BJP (437) contested more seats than Congress (421) in the Lok Sabha elections.[123][124]The INC has not formed an alliance in states where it is in direct contest with the BJP. These states include Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. It has formed alliances with regional parties in Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Jharkhand, and Kerala.[125]In January 2019, Bahujan Samaj Party and Samajwadi Party announced a grand alliance (Mahagathbandhan) to contest 76 out of the 80 seats in Uttar Pradesh leaving two seats, namely Amethi and Rae Bareli, for INC and another two for other political parties.[126]Parties and alliances contesting for the 2019 electionsVoter statisticsAccording to the ECI, 900 million people were eligible to vote, with an increase of 84.3 million voters since the last election in 2014,[154][155]making it the largest-ever election in the world.[156]15 million voters aged 18–19 years became eligible to vote for the first time.[157][158]468 million eligible voters were males, 432 million were females and 38325 identified themselves belonging to third gender. Total 71,735 overseas voters also enrolled.[citation needed]The residents of the former enclaves exchanged under the 2015 India-Bangladesh boundary agreement voted for the first time.[159]Electronic voting machines and securityThe ECI deployed a total of 1.74 million voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) units and 3.96 million electronic voting machines (EVM) in 1,035,918 polling stations.[160][161][162][163]Approximately 270,000 paramilitary and 2 million state police personnel provided organisational support and security at various polling booths.[164]On 9 April 2019, the Supreme Court ordered the ECI to increase VVPAT slips vote count to five randomly selected EVMs per assembly constituency, which means ECI has to count VVPAT slips of 20,625 EVMs before it certifies the final election results.[165][166][167]TurnoutIn the first phase, 69.58 per cent of the 142 million eligible voters cast their vote to elect their representatives for 91 Lok Sabha seats.[168]The voter turnout was 68.77 per cent in the same constituencies in the 2014 general elections.[168]In the second phase, 156 million voters were eligible to vote for 95 Lok Sabha seats and the turnout was 69.45 per cent, compared to 69.62 per cent in 2014.[168]For the third phase, 189 million voters were eligible to elect 116 Lok Sabha representatives.[168]According to ECI, the turnout for this phase was 68.40 per cent, compared to 67.15 per cent in 2014.[168]In the fourth of seven phases, 65.50 per cent of the 128 million eligible voters cast their vote to elect 72 representatives to the Indian parliament while the turnout for the same seats in the 2014 election was 63.05 per cent.[168]The fifth phase was open to 87.5 million eligible voters, who could cast their vote in over 96,000 polling booths.[169]In the sixth phase, 64.40 per cent of the 101 million eligible voters cast their vote in about 113,000 polling stations.[170]The final turnout stood at 67.11 per cent, the highest ever turnout recorded in any of the general elections till date. The percentage is 1.16 per cent higher than the 2014 elections whose turnout stood at 65.95 per cent.[171]Over 600 million voters polled their votes in 2019 Indian General elections.State/UTTotalVoter turnout by phase[168][a]Phase 111 AprilPhase 218 AprilPhase 323 AprilPhase 429 AprilPhase 56 MayPhase 612 MayPhase 719 MaySeatsTurnout (%)SeatsTurnout (%)SeatsTurnout (%)SeatsTurnout (%)SeatsTurnout (%)SeatsTurnout (%)SeatsTurnout (%)SeatsTurnout (%)Andhra Pradesh2579.702579.70––––––––––––Arunachal Pradesh278.47278.47––––––––––––Assam1481.52578.27581.19485.11––––––––Bihar40TBA453.44562.92561.21559.18557.08858.48851.38Chhattisgarh1171.48166.04374.95770.73––––––––Goa274.94––––274.94––––––––Gujarat2664.11––––2664.11––––––––Haryana1070.34––––––––––1070.34––Himachal Pradesh470.22––––––––––––470.22Jammu and Kashmir[b]6TBA257.38245.66​1⁄313.68​1⁄310.321​1⁄319.92––––Jharkhand14TBA––––––364.97465.99465.42355.59Karnataka2868.63––1468.801468.47––––––––Kerala2077.67––––2077.67––––––––Madhya Pradesh2971.10––––––674.90769.14865.24875.64Maharashtra4860.79763.041062.851462.361757.33––––––Manipur282.75184.20181.24––––––––––Meghalaya271.43271.43––––––––––––Mizoram163.12163.12––––––––––––Nagaland183.09183.09––––––––––––Odisha2173.06473.82572.56671.62674.38––––––Punjab1365.96––––––––––––1365.96Rajasthan25TBA––––––1368.171263.71––––Sikkim178.81178.81––––––––––––Tamil Nadu[c]3872.02––3872.02––––––––––Telangana1762.711762.71––––––––––––Tripura283.20183.21––183.19––––––––Uttar Pradesh80TBA863.92862.461061.421359.111458.001454.441347.82Uttarakhand561.48561.48––––––––––––West Bengal42TBA283.80381.72581.97882.84780.09884.50978.73Andaman and Nicobar Islands165.08165.08––––––––––––Chandigarh170.62––––––––––––170.62Dadra and Nagar Haveli179.59––––179.59––––––––Daman and Diu171.83––––171.83––––––––Delhi760.51––––––––––760.51––Lakshadweep184.96184.96––––––––––––Puducherry181.21––181.21––––––––––Total54267.119169.589569.45116​1⁄368.4071​1⁄365.5050​1⁄364.165964.405961.71/ indicate change from the 2014 elections.Polling in Anantnag was scheduled over three days.Tamil Nadu has 39 constituencies. Polling in Vellore was cancelled.Opinion polls, exit polls and seat projectionsMain article: Opinion polling for the 2019 Indian general electionPart of this section is transcluded from Opinion polling for the 2019 Indian general election. (edit | history)Number of seats projected in opinion polls per alliance over time.Indian General Election Trends - 2019Various organisations have carried out opinion polling to gauge voting intentions in India. Results of such polls are displayed in this list. The date range for these opinion polls is from the previous general election, held in April and May 2014, to the present day. The ECI banned the release of exit polls from 11 April to 19 May, the last phase of the elections.[172]The commission also banned the publication or broadcast in the media of predictions made by astrologers and tarot card readers.[173]Poll typeDate publishedPolling agencyOthersMajorityRefNDAUPAExit pollsIndia Today-Axis352 ± 1393 ± 1582 ± 1370 ± 13[174]News24-Today's Chanakya350 ± 1495 ± 997 ± 1168 ± 14[175]News18-IPSOSCNN-IBN-IPSOS3368212464[176][177]VDP Associates3331159461[178]Sudarshan News31312110941[179]Times Now-VMR306 ± 3132 ± 3104 ± 334 ± 3[180]Republic-Jan Ki Baat30512411333[181]Suvarna News30512410233[179]India TV-CNX300 ± 10120 ± 5122 ± 628 ± 10[182]India News-Polstrat28712812715[183]Republic-CVoter28712812715[177]News Nation28612213414[184]ABP-CSDS2771301355[174]NewsX-Neta242164137Hung[177]Opinion polls8 April 2019Times Now-VMR2791491157[185]6 April 2019India TV-CNX2751261423[186]1 Feb – 4 April 2019Jan Ki Baat31012211138[187]Mar 2019Times Now-VMR28313512511[188]Mar 2019News Nation270134139Hung[189]Mar 2019Republic-CVoter264141138Hung[190]Mar 2019India TV-CNX28512613213[191]Mar 2019Zee 24 Taas264165114Hung[192]Feb 2019VDP Associates242148153Hung[193]Jan 2019Times Now-VMR252147144Hung[194]Jan 2019ABP News-CVoter233167143Hung[195]Jan 2019India Today-Karvy237166140Hung[196]Jan 2019VDP Associates225167150Hung[197]Dec 2018India Today257146140Hung[198]Dec 2018ABP News-CVoter247171125Hung[199]Dec 2018India TV-CNX2811241389[200]Nov 2018ABP News-CVoter261119163Hung[201]Oct 2018ABP News2761121554[202]Aug 2018India Today-Karvy2811221409[203]May 2018ABP News-CSDS2741641052[204]Jan 2018Republic-CVoter3358911963[205]Jan 2018India Today30910213237[206]ResultsFor a more comprehensive list, see Results of the 2019 Indian general election, List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha, and 17th Lok Sabha.Part of this section is transcluded from Results of the 2019 Indian general election. (edit | history)3539198NDAUPAOthersResults map for the election, including minor partiesResults of the election by political partyResults of the election by allianceSeat share of parties in the electionBJP (55.80%)INC (9.57%)DMK (4.24%)AITC (4.05%)YSRCP (4.05%)SS (3.31%)JD(U) (2.95%)BJD (2.21%)BSP (1.84%)TRS (1.66%)Other (10.32%)Vote share of parties in the electionBJP (37.36%)INC (19.49%)AITC (4.07%)BSP (3.63%)SP (2.55%)YSRCP (2.53%)DMK (2.26%)SS (2.10%)TDP (2.04%)CPI(M) (1.75%)Other (22.22%)The Bharatiya Janata Party-led NDA won the elections with the BJP itself winning a clear majority. The BJP become the single largest party in the House and surpassed expectations to win 303 seats, with its alliance partners bringing the NDA to a total of 353 seats.[207]Reasons attributed to the victory included the personal popularity of Narendra Modi, effective voter turnout drives by the NDA, a surge in public nationalism following the Pulwama attack, the consolidation of Hindu voters in a multi-caste coalition and the successful implementation of social welfare programmes during the First Modi ministry's term.[208]The counting of votes was held on 23 May 2019, and was completed early the following day.[209]Initial returns showed the BJP leading in all 303 constituencies it eventually won, and opposition leader Rahul Gandhi conceded defeat prior to the official certification of most results.[210]With the results, the BJP was able to gain 21 seats in the House, having won 282 in the 2014 Indian general election.[211][10]It was the second time in India's independent history that voters re-elected the same party to power with a bigger majority to the Lok Sabha – India's lower house of parliament. The BJP's total vote share stood at 37.4 per cent, an increase of over 6 percentage points from 31.34 per cent in 2014. The National Democratic Alliance secured a vote share of 45 per cent, compared to 38 per cent in 2014. In contrast, the vote share of Indian National Congress remained the same at 19.5 per cent.[212][213]About 1.04 percent of the voters in India chose to vote for None Of The Above (NOTA) in the 2019 elections, with Bihar leading with 2.08 percent NOTA voters.[214]Modi became the only Indian prime minister in history whose government was re-elected with both an increase in the total percentage of votes along with a full majority.[212]His opponent, Rahul Gandhi, ran in two constituencies, winning from Wayanad, but losing from the Amethi constituency – the seat he, his mother (Sonia Gandhi), his father (Rajiv Gandhi), and his uncle (Sanjay Gandhi) had collectively held for decades. In addition, many candidates who were members of popular political dynasties were defeated across India in favour of the BJP or other parties' candidates.[215][216][217]The election had been called a referendum on Modi and the BJP's Hindu nationalistic policies and advocacy.[218][219]According to The Wall Street Journal, Modi's victory "sets (sic) the stage for further economic change in one of Asia’s fastest-growing economies."[211]Alasdair Pal and Mayank Bhardwaj, in an article published by Reuters, claimed that the result was a mandate for business-friendly policies and tougher national security positions, reinforcing "a global trend of right-wing populists sweeping to victory, from the United States to Brazil and Italy, often after adopting harsh positions on protectionism, immigration and defence."[220]According to a data analysis by the Mint, "Overall, the BJP’s appeal seems to transcend the divides of caste, education, and affluence, but there are some differences — with the BJP less successful in more educated constituencies" in a study of about 140 seats where Congress and Others were more successful. The BJP was favored in all income groups, states the Mint. The newspaper added, "In constituencies with high presence of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (SCs/STs), the BJP is more popular than other parties, but in constituencies with high presence of Muslims, it is less popular."[221]Results[222][209]AlliancePartyLeaderVotesSeatsShareTotalSwingWonSwingNational Democratic Alliance[10]Bharatiya Janata PartyAmit ShahNarendra Modi37.36%229,075,1706.025.423033532117Shiv SenaUddhav Thackeray2.1%12,858,90418Janata Dal (United)Nitish Kumar1.46%8,926,6791614Lok Jan Shakti PartyRam Vilas Paswan0.52%3,206,9796Apna Dal (Sonelal)Ashish Singh PatelAnupriya Patel0.17%1,039,4782Shiromani Akali DalSukhbir Singh Badal0.62%3,778,57422All India Anna Dravida Munnetra KazhagamO. PanneerselvamE. K. Palaniswami1.28%7,830,520136All Jharkhand Students UnionSudesh Mahto0.11%648,27711Mizo National FrontPu Zoramthanga0.04%224,28611National People's PartyConrad Sangma0.07%425,9861Nationalist Democratic Progressive PartyChingwang Konyak0.08%500,51011Rashtriya Loktantrik PartyHanuman Beniwal0.11%660,05111United Progressive Alliance[10]Indian National CongressRahul Gandhi19.49%119,494,8850.031.595291831Dravida Munnetra KazhagamM. K. Stalin2.26%13,877,6222323Nationalist Congress Party[note 6]Sharad Pawar1.39%8,500,33151Indian Union Muslim LeagueK. M. Kader Mohideen0.26%1,592,46731Jammu & Kashmir National ConferenceFarooq Abdullah0.05%280,35633Janata Dal (Secular)H. D. Deve Gowda0.56%3,457,10711Jharkhand Mukti MorchaShibu Soren0.31%11Kerala Congress (M)K. M. Mani0.07%1Revolutionary Socialist PartyT. J. Chandrachoodan0.12%709,6851Viduthalai Chiruthaigal KatchiThol. Thirumavalavan0.08%11MahagathbandhanBahujan Samaj PartyMayawati3.63%22,246,45510981048Samajwadi PartyAkhilesh Yadav2.55%15,647,1825Left FrontCommunist Party of India (Marxist)Sitaram Yechury1.75%10,744,77936Communist Party of IndiaS. Sudhakar Reddy0.58%3,576,18421Non-aligned parties and IndependentsAll India Trinamool CongressMamata Banerjee4.07%24,929,3252214Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress PartyY. S. Jaganmohan Reddy2.53%15,534,5582213Biju Janata DalNaveen Patnaik1.66%10,172,041128Telangana Rashtra SamithiK. Chandrashekar Rao1.26%7,696,84892Telugu Desam PartyN. Chandrababu Naidu2.04%12,513,061313All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul MuslimeenAsaduddin Owaisi0.2%1,201,54221Aam Aadmi PartyArvind Kejriwal0.44%2,716,62913All India United Democratic FrontBadruddin Ajmal0.23%1,402,08812Naga People's FrontT. R. Zeliang0.06%1Sikkim Krantikari MorchaPrem Singh Tamang0.03%11Rest minor parties00Sumalatha (Independent candidate supported by BJP in Mandya)2.69%703,66041Navaneet Kaur (Independent candidate supported by INC in Amravati)510,947Naba Kumar Sarania (Independent candidate in Kokrajhar)484,560Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar (Independent candidate in Dadra and Nagar Haveli)90,421Rest Independents14,677,6310NOTA1.06%6,513,3150.04%InvalidReactionsNationalThe benchmark BSE Sensex and Nifty50 indices hit intraday record highs and the Indian rupee strengthened after the exit polls and on the day the election results were announced.[223]Indian National Congress party leaders such as Rahul Gandhi and others conceded defeat and congratulated Modi and his party.[210]Other opposition parties and political leaders such as Sharad Pawar,[224]Mamata Banerjee and Omar Abdullah,[225]congratulated PM Modi and BJP for their victory.InternationalThe leaders of Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Canada, China, Comoros, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kuwait, Latvia, Lesotho, Lichtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia , Maldives, Malta, Mexico, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, North Korea, Nigeria, New Zealand, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Portugal, Qatar, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, and Zimbabwe congratulated Narendra Modi and the BJP on their vic

History•Individual companies have engaged in initiatives that furthered the interests of workers, the general community and the environment, from as far back as the 18th century. For example, in the 1790s, following a boycott from English consumers concerning sugar produced using Caribbean slave labour, the East India Company changed its practices and purchased its sugar from “slaveless” producers in Bengal.•The Better Business Bureau, which is devoted to ethical consumer-oriented marketplace practices, had its origins in merchant “vigilance committees” first created in the late 1800s.•The Peace Treaty of Versailles, with amendments, remains to this day the charter under which the ILO operates.•In 1946, the Commission on Human Rights was established by the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).•In the 1940s, Stanford Business School Professor Theodore Kreps used the term “social audit” for the first time in relation to companies reporting on their social responsibilities.•Howard Bowen’s 1953 book Social Responsibilities of the Businessman•1960s, George Goyder’s book The Responsible Corporation•Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring book concerning use of DDT in 1962•Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species in 1963;•Clean Air in 1963,•U.S. Wilderness Act in 1964;•the National Environmental Policy Act and creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1969.•Amnesty International in 1961,•U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 1964,•In 1961 World Wildlife Federation (WWF)•1971, Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace•1990s environmental reporting came up strongly around the world, Environmental Management Systems was born in the form of the British standard BS 7750 later to become the ISO 14001 standard in 1996.GRI was founded in the USA in 1997 by CERES and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)In the 90s countries started to consider introducing legislation to establish mandatory reporting (e.g. Japan and South Korea).In 1998 the World Bank published their pollution prevention and abatement handbook that was widely adopted as a code of good practice. The handbook roundly criticized the ISO 14001 standard stating organizations were using the standard as purely a Public Relations (PR) exercise without any real action on the ground.Inclusive Business first formalised in a 2008 United Nations Development Programme report (PDF) called Creating Value for All.•In 2009 South Africa’s King III Code of Governance Principles was released and recommended that companies prepare and publish integrated reports.•The Integrated Reporting Committee of South Africa formed in May 2010, with the aim to develop guidelines on good practice in integrated reporting.•In August 2010 the Prince’s Accounting for Sustainability Project (A4S) and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) announced the formation of the International Integrated Reporting Committee (IIRC) with the aim to create an International Integrated Reporting Framework.•In 2002 the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Committee on Consumer Policy (COPOLCO) called on ISO to consider developing a CSR standard as a complement to the ISO management standards 9000 and 14000;•ISO Technical Management Board set up a strategic advisory group, that reported their findings in 2004.•The SR guidance standard (not suitable for certification – i.e. throughout the standard the verb “should” to be used)•ISO 26000 was only launched in 2010. Therein lies the problem the international guidance standard was only developed way, way after its need… so there are a plethora of private standards and protocols providing ample scope for manipulation (greenwashing and bluewashing). The credibility of reporting is highly suspect and Interoperability is lacking - all stakeholders (e.g. the supplier and the customer) must refer to a common information exchange reference model (the ab initio) so what is reported is the same as what is understood.The theory continues so hopefully the theory and its importance to the welfare of society will be more clearly understood in future e.g. CSV is a business concept first introduced in Harvard Business Review article Strategy & Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility. The concept was further expanded in the January 2011 follow-up piece entitled "Creating Shared Value: Redefining Capitalism and the Role of the Corporation in Society". Written by Michael E. Porter.The central premise behind creating shared value is that the competitiveness of a company and the health of the communities around it are mutually dependent