Experiment 17 Chemical Bonding And Molecular Polarity: Fill & Download for Free

JEE Main Syllabus 2020 - Paper 1 (B. Tech/B.E.)PHYSICS - Section A:●Physics and MeasurementPhysics, technology and society, SI units, Fundamental and derived units. Least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, Errors in measurement, Dimensions of Physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications,●KinematicsFrame of reference. Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, and relations for uniformly accelerated motion. Scalars and Vectors, Vector addition and Subtraction, Zero Vector, Scalar and Vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane. Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.●Laws of MotionForce and Inertia, Newton's First Law of motion; Momentum, Newton's Second Law of motion; Impulse; Newton's Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications, Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction. Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force and its applications,●Work, Energy and PowerWork done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work-energy theorem, power. Potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and non-conservative forces; Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.●Rotational MotionCentre of mass of a two-particle system, Centre of mass of a rigid body; Basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications; moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications. Rigid body rotation, equations of rotational motion.●GravitationThe universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth, Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity. Orbital velocity of a satellite. Geo-stationary satellites.●Properties of Solids and LiquidsElastic behavior, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications. Viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, Reynolds number. Bernoulli's principle and its applications. Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation, Newton's law of cooling.●ThermodynamicsThermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature. Heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics. Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes. Carnot engine and its efficiency.●Kinetic Theory of GasesEquation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas. Kinetic theory of gases-assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature: rms speed of gas molecules; Degrees of freedom, Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path, Avogadro's number.●Oscillations and WavesPeriodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M. - kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period; Free, forced and damped oscillations, resonance.Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats, Doppler effect in sound●ElectrostaticsElectric charges: Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law-forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines, Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole, Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.Electric flux, Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges; Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in an electrostatic field.Conductors and insulators, Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, Energy stored in a capacitor.●Current ElectricityElectric current, Drift velocity, Ohm's law, Electrical resistance, Resistances of different materials, V-I characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors, Electrical energy and power, Electrical resistivity, Colour code for resistors; Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature dependence of resistance.Electric Cell and its internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel. Kirchhoffs laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge, Metre Bridge. Potentiometer - principle and its applications.●Magnetic Effects of Current and MagnetismBiot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere, Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; Moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferro- magnetic substances.Magnetic susceptibility and permeability, Hysteresis, Electromagnets and permanent magnets.●Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating CurrentsElectromagnetic induction; Faraday's law, induced emf and current; Lenz's Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/ voltage; reactance and impedance; LCR series circuit, resonance; Quality factor, power in AC circuits, wattless current. AC generator and transformer.●Electromagnetic WavesElectromagnetic waves and their characteristics. Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays). Applications of e.m. waves.●OpticsReflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula, Total internal reflection and its applications, Deviation and Dispersion of light by a prism, Lens Formula, Magnification, Power of a Lens, Combination of thin lenses in contact, Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.Wave optics: wave front and Huygens' principle, Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's principle. Interference, Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes, Polarization, plane polarized light; Brewster's law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids.●Dual Nature of Matter and RadiationDual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation; particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation. Davis son-Germer experiment.●Atoms and NucleiAlpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones. Radioactivity-alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.●Electronic DevicesSemiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; 1-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch.●Communication SystemsPropagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere; Sky and space wave propagation, Need for modulation, Amplitude and Frequency Modulation, Bandwidth of signals, Bandwidth of Transmission medium, Basic Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram only).PHYSICS - Section B:Experimental SkillsFamiliarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:●Vernier callipers-its use to measure internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.●Screw gauge-its use to determine thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire.●Simple Pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between square of amplitude and time.●Metre Scale-mass of a given object by principle of moments.●Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.●Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents.●Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body.●Plotting a cooling curve for the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time.●Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube.●Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.●Resistivity of the material of a given wire using Metre Bridge.●Resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law.●Potentiometer-a)Comparison of emf of two primary cells.b)Determination of internal resistance of a cell.●Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method,●Focal length of the following using parallax method:a)Convex mirrorb)Concave mirror, andc)Convex lens●Plot of angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.●Refractive index of a glass slab using a traveling microscope.●Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.●Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse break down voltage.●Characteristic curves of a transistor and finding current gain and voltage gain.●Identification of Diode, LED, Transistor, IC, Resistor, and Capacitor from mixed collection of such items.●Using multimeter to:a.Identify base of a transistorb.Distinguish between npn and pnp type Transistorc.See the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED.d.Check the correctness or otherwise of a given electronic component (diode,Transistor or IC).CHEMISTRY:Physical chemistry·Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry: Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory; Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. Units, dimensional analysis; Laws of chemical combination: Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae; Chemical equations and stoichiometry.·States of Matter: Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseous states.Gaseous State: Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws - Boyle's law, Charle's law, Graham's law of diffusion, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas equation; Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; Real gases, deviation from Ideal behavior, compressibility factor and van der Waals equation.Liquid State: Properties of liquids - vapor pressure, viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only).Solid State: Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg's Law and its applications; Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fee, bec and hep lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids; Electrical and magnetic properties.·Atomic Structure: Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; Dual nature of matter, de-Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features. Concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions; Variation of t|/ and \|/2 with r for Is and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number; Rules for filling electrons in orbitals - aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.·Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure: Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and covalent bonds.Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy. Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan's rule, dipole moment; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules.Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - Its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals; Resonance.Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy.Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications.·Chemical Thermodynamics: Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes.First law of thermodynamics: Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess's law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution.Second law of thermodynamics: Spontaneity of processes; AS of the universe and AG of the system as criteria for spontaneity, AG" (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.·Solutions: Different methods for expressing concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapor pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law - Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapor pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions - relative lowering of vapor pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, Van't Hoff factor and its significance.·Equilibrium: Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium.Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid -liquid, liquid - gas and solid - gas equilibria, Henry's law, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of AG and AG" in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier's principle.Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid - base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.·Redox Reactions and Electro-chemistry: Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch's law and its applications.Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half - cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement; Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs' energy change; Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells.·Chemical Kinetics: Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half -lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions -Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).·Surface Chemistry: Adsorption- Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids - Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions.Catalysis - Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism.Colloidal state- distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids -lyophilic, lyophobic; multi-molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids - Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation; Emulsions and their characteristics.Inorganic Chemistry:·Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties: Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity.·General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Metals: Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; Steps involved in the extraction of metals -concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe; Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals.·Hydrogen: Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of hydrogen peroxide; Classification of hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial; Hydrogen as a fuel.·S - Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals): Group -1 and 2 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships.Preparation and properties of some important compounds - sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate; Industrial uses of lime, limestone, Plaster of Paris and cement; Biological significance of Na, K, Mg and C·P- Block Elements: Group -13 to Group 18 ElementsGeneral Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behavior of the first element in each group.Group wise study of the p - block elementsGroup -13: Preparation, properties and uses of boron and aluminium; Structure, properties and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride and alums.Group -14: Tendency for catenation; Structure, properties and uses of Allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites and silicones.Group -15: Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; Allotrophic forms of phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides, (PC13, PCI,); Structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus.Group -16: Preparation, properties, structures and uses of ozone; Allotropic forms of sulphur; Preparation, properties, structures and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); Structures of oxoacids of sulphur.Group -17: Preparation, properties and uses of hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens.Group-18: Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon.·d - and f - Block Elements:Transition Elements-General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first row transition elements -physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties and uses of K2 Cr, 07 and Kmn04.Inner Transition Elements-Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction.Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.·Co-Ordination Compounds: Introduction to co-ordination compounds, Werner's theory; ligands, co-ordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co­ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).·Environmental Chemistry: Environmental pollution - Atmospheric, water and soil.Atmospheric pollution - Tropospheric and StratosphericTropospheric pollutants - Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and Sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; Greenhouse effect and Global warming; Acid rain.Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and prevention.Stratospheric pollution- Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer - its mechanism and effects.Water Pollution - Major pollutants such as, pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention.Soil pollution - Major pollutants such as: Pesticides (insecticides,, herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention.Strategies to control environmental pollution.Organic Chemistry:·Purification and Characterization of Organic Compounds:Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography - principles and their applications.Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, Sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, Sulphur, phosphorus.Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis.·Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry: Tetravalency of carbon; Shapes of simple molecules -hybridization (s and p); Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; Homologous series; Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC): Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.Electronic displacement in a covalent bond- Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper-conjugation.Common types of organic reactions- Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement.·Hydrocarbons: Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism; Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff s and peroxide effect); Ozonolysis and polymerization.Alkynes - Acidic character; Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides; Polymerization.Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene -structure and aromaticity; Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, Friedel - Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene.·Organic Compounds Containing Halogens: General methods of preparation, properties and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions. Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons and DDT.·Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen: General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERSAlcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration.Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reitner - Tiemann reaction.Ethers: Structure.Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=0 group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH, and its derivatives), Griguard reagent; oxidation; reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of a-hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction; Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.Carboxylic Acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it.·Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen: General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character.Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.·Polymers: General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization-addition and condensation, copolymerization;Natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization; some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses - polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite.·Biomolecules: General introduction and importance of biomolecules.Carbohydrates - Classification: aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosacctiorides (sucrose, lactose and maltose).Proteins - Elementary Idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.Vitamins - Classification and functions.Nucleic Acids - Chemical constitution of DN A and RNA.Biological functions of nucleic acids.·Chemistry in Everyday Life:Chemicals in medicines - Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines - their meaning and common examples.Chemicals in food - Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents - common examples.Cleansing agents - Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.·Principles Related to Practical Chemistry: Detection of extra elements (N, S, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds.Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following- Inorganic compounds: Mohr's salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, pnitroacetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.Chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises -Acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO₄, Mohr's salt vs KMnO₄.Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:Cations - Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH⁺ ₄Anions- CO²⁻₃, S2-, SO²⁻₄, NO3-, NO2−, Cl-, Br-, I-. (Insoluble salts excluded).Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:1.Enthalpy of solution of CuSO42.Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.3.Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.4.Kinetic study of reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.MATHEMATICS:·Sets, Relations and Functions: Sets and their representation; Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties; Power set; Relation, Types of relations, equivalence relations, functions;, one-one, into and onto functions, composition of functions,·Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations: Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra of complex numbers, modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number, triangle inequality, Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions. Relation between roots and co-efficient, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots.·Matrices and Determinants: Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices, determinants and matrices of order two and three. Properties of determinants, evaluation of determinants, area of triangles using determinants. Adjoint and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations, Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using determinants and matrices.·Permutations and Combinations: Fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and combination as selection, Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications.·Mathematical Induction: Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications.·Binomial Theorem and its Simple Applications: Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, properties of Binomial coefficients and simple applications.·Sequences and Series: Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers. Relation between A.M. and G.M. Sum up to n terms of special series: S n, S n2, Sn3. Arithmetico-Geometric progression.·Limit, Continuity and Differentiability:Real - valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions, inverse functions. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, continuity and differentiability. Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions. Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions; derivatives of order upto two. Rolle's and Lagrange's Mean Value Theorems. Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic - increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normals.·Integral Calculus: Integral as an anti - derivative. Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions. Integration using trigonometric identities.Integral as limit of a sum. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form.·Differential Equations: Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree. Formation of differential equations. Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables, solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations.·Co-ordinate Geometry: Cartesian system of rectangular co-ordinates 10 in a plane, distance formula, section formula, locus and its equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes.Straight lines: Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, distance of a point from a line, equations of internal and external bisectors of angles between two lines, coordinates of centroid, orthocentre and circumcenter of a triangle, equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines.Circles, conic sections: Standard form of equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to a circle, equation of the tangent. Sections of cones, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for y = mx + c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency.·Three Dimensional Geometry: Coordinates of a point in space, distance between two points, section formula, direction ratios and direction cosines, angle between two intersecting lines. Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation. Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines.·Vector Algebra: Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product.·Statistics and Probability:Measures of Dispersion: Calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data.Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and Binomial distribution.·Trigonometry: Trigonometrical identities and equations. Trigonometrical functions. Inverse trigonometrical functions and their properties. Heights and Distances.·Mathematical Reasoning: Statements, logical operations and, or, implies, implied by, if and only if. Understanding of tautology, contradiction, converse and contrapositive.JEE Main Syllabus 2020 - Paper 2 (Aptitude Test B. Arch/ B. Plan)Part I:Awareness of persons, places, Buildings, Materials. Objects, Texture related to Architecture and build—environment. Visualizing three-dimensional objects from two-dimensional drawings. Visualizing different sides of three-dimensional objects. Analytical Reasoning Mental Ability (Visual, Numerical and Verbal).Part II:Three dimensional - perception: Understanding and appreciation of scale and proportion of objects, building forms and elements, color texture, harmony and contrast. Design and drawing of geometrical or abstract shapes and patterns in pencil. Transformation of forms both 2 D and 3 D union, subtraction, rotation, development of surfaces and volumes, Generation of Plan, elevations and 3 D views of objects. Creating two dimensional and three dimensional compositions using given shapes and forms.Sketching of scenes and activities from memory of urbanscape (public space, market, festivals, street scenes, monuments, recreational spaces, etc.), landscape (river fronts, jungles, trees, plants, etc.) and rural life.

JEE Main Syllabus 2020 - Paper 1 (B. Tech/B.E.)PHYSICS - Section A:●Physics and MeasurementPhysics, technology and society, SI units, Fundamental and derived units. Least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, Errors in measurement, Dimensions of Physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications,●KinematicsFrame of reference. Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, and relations for uniformly accelerated motion. Scalars and Vectors, Vector addition and Subtraction, Zero Vector, Scalar and Vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane. Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.●Laws of MotionForce and Inertia, Newton's First Law of motion; Momentum, Newton's Second Law of motion; Impulse; Newton's Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications, Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction. Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force and its applications,●Work, Energy and PowerWork done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work-energy theorem, power. Potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and non-conservative forces; Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.●Rotational MotionCentre of mass of a two-particle system, Centre of mass of a rigid body; Basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications; moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications. Rigid body rotation, equations of rotational motion.●GravitationThe universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth, Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity. Orbital velocity of a satellite. Geo-stationary satellites.●Properties of Solids and LiquidsElastic behavior, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications. Viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, Reynolds number. Bernoulli's principle and its applications. Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation, Newton's law of cooling.●ThermodynamicsThermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature. Heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics. Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes. Carnot engine and its efficiency.●Kinetic Theory of GasesEquation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas. Kinetic theory of gases-assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature: rms speed of gas molecules; Degrees of freedom, Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path, Avogadro's number.●Oscillations and WavesPeriodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M. - kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period; Free, forced and damped oscillations, resonance.Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats, Doppler effect in sound●ElectrostaticsElectric charges: Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law-forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines, Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole, Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.Electric flux, Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges; Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in an electrostatic field.Conductors and insulators, Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, Energy stored in a capacitor.●Current ElectricityElectric current, Drift velocity, Ohm's law, Electrical resistance, Resistances of different materials, V-I characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors, Electrical energy and power, Electrical resistivity, Colour code for resistors; Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature dependence of resistance.Electric Cell and its internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel. Kirchhoffs laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge, Metre Bridge. Potentiometer - principle and its applications.●Magnetic Effects of Current and MagnetismBiot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere, Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; Moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferro- magnetic substances.Magnetic susceptibility and permeability, Hysteresis, Electromagnets and permanent magnets.●Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating CurrentsElectromagnetic induction; Faraday's law, induced emf and current; Lenz's Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/ voltage; reactance and impedance; LCR series circuit, resonance; Quality factor, power in AC circuits, wattless current. AC generator and transformer.●Electromagnetic WavesElectromagnetic waves and their characteristics. Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays). Applications of e.m. waves.●OpticsReflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula, Total internal reflection and its applications, Deviation and Dispersion of light by a prism, Lens Formula, Magnification, Power of a Lens, Combination of thin lenses in contact, Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.Wave optics: wave front and Huygens' principle, Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's principle. Interference, Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes, Polarization, plane polarized light; Brewster's law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids.●Dual Nature of Matter and RadiationDual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation; particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation. Davis son-Germer experiment.●Atoms and NucleiAlpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones. Radioactivity-alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.●Electronic DevicesSemiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; 1-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch.●Communication SystemsPropagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere; Sky and space wave propagation, Need for modulation, Amplitude and Frequency Modulation, Bandwidth of signals, Bandwidth of Transmission medium, Basic Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram only).PHYSICS - Section B:Experimental SkillsFamiliarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:●Vernier callipers-its use to measure internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.●Screw gauge-its use to determine thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire.●Simple Pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between square of amplitude and time.●Metre Scale-mass of a given object by principle of moments.●Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.●Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents.●Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body.●Plotting a cooling curve for the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time.●Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube.●Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.●Resistivity of the material of a given wire using Metre Bridge.●Resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law.●Potentiometer-a)Comparison of emf of two primary cells.b)Determination of internal resistance of a cell.●Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method,●Focal length of the following using parallax method:a)Convex mirrorb)Concave mirror, andc)Convex lens●Plot of angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.●Refractive index of a glass slab using a traveling microscope.●Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.●Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse break down voltage.●Characteristic curves of a transistor and finding current gain and voltage gain.●Identification of Diode, LED, Transistor, IC, Resistor, and Capacitor from mixed collection of such items.●Using multimeter to:a.Identify base of a transistorb.Distinguish between npn and pnp type Transistorc.See the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED.d.Check the correctness or otherwise of a given electronic component (diode,Transistor or IC).CHEMISTRY:Physical chemistry·Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry: Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory; Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. Units, dimensional analysis; Laws of chemical combination: Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae; Chemical equations and stoichiometry.·States of Matter: Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseous states.Gaseous State: Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws - Boyle's law, Charle's law, Graham's law of diffusion, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas equation; Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; Real gases, deviation from Ideal behavior, compressibility factor and van der Waals equation.Liquid State: Properties of liquids - vapor pressure, viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only).Solid State: Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg's Law and its applications; Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fee, bec and hep lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids; Electrical and magnetic properties.·Atomic Structure: Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; Dual nature of matter, de-Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features. Concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions; Variation of t|/ and \|/2 with r for Is and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number; Rules for filling electrons in orbitals - aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.·Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure: Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and covalent bonds.Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy. Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan's rule, dipole moment; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules.Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - Its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals; Resonance.Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy.Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications.·Chemical Thermodynamics: Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes.First law of thermodynamics: Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess's law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution.Second law of thermodynamics: Spontaneity of processes; AS of the universe and AG of the system as criteria for spontaneity, AG" (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.·Solutions: Different methods for expressing concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapor pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law - Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapor pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions - relative lowering of vapor pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, Van't Hoff factor and its significance.·Equilibrium: Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium.Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid -liquid, liquid - gas and solid - gas equilibria, Henry's law, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of AG and AG" in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier's principle.Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid - base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.·Redox Reactions and Electro-chemistry: Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch's law and its applications.Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half - cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement; Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs' energy change; Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells.·Chemical Kinetics: Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half -lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions -Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).·Surface Chemistry: Adsorption- Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids - Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions.Catalysis - Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism.Colloidal state- distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids -lyophilic, lyophobic; multi-molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids - Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation; Emulsions and their characteristics.Inorganic Chemistry:·Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties: Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity.·General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Metals: Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; Steps involved in the extraction of metals -concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe; Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals.·Hydrogen: Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of hydrogen peroxide; Classification of hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial; Hydrogen as a fuel.·S - Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals): Group -1 and 2 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships.Preparation and properties of some important compounds - sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate; Industrial uses of lime, limestone, Plaster of Paris and cement; Biological significance of Na, K, Mg and C·P- Block Elements: Group -13 to Group 18 ElementsGeneral Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behavior of the first element in each group.Group wise study of the p - block elementsGroup -13: Preparation, properties and uses of boron and aluminium; Structure, properties and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride and alums.Group -14: Tendency for catenation; Structure, properties and uses of Allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites and silicones.Group -15: Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; Allotrophic forms of phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides, (PC13, PCI,); Structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus.Group -16: Preparation, properties, structures and uses of ozone; Allotropic forms of sulphur; Preparation, properties, structures and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); Structures of oxoacids of sulphur.Group -17: Preparation, properties and uses of hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens.Group-18: Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon.·d - and f - Block Elements:Transition Elements-General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first row transition elements -physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties and uses of K2 Cr, 07 and Kmn04.Inner Transition Elements-Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction.Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.·Co-Ordination Compounds: Introduction to co-ordination compounds, Werner's theory; ligands, co-ordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co­ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).·Environmental Chemistry: Environmental pollution - Atmospheric, water and soil.Atmospheric pollution - Tropospheric and StratosphericTropospheric pollutants - Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and Sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; Greenhouse effect and Global warming; Acid rain.Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and prevention.Stratospheric pollution- Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer - its mechanism and effects.Water Pollution - Major pollutants such as, pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention.Soil pollution - Major pollutants such as: Pesticides (insecticides,, herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention.Strategies to control environmental pollution.Organic Chemistry:·Purification and Characterization of Organic Compounds:Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography - principles and their applications.Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, Sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, Sulphur, phosphorus.Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis.·Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry: Tetravalency of carbon; Shapes of simple molecules -hybridization (s and p); Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; Homologous series; Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC): Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.Electronic displacement in a covalent bond- Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper-conjugation.Common types of organic reactions- Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement.·Hydrocarbons: Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism; Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff s and peroxide effect); Ozonolysis and polymerization.Alkynes - Acidic character; Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides; Polymerization.Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene -structure and aromaticity; Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, Friedel - Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene.·Organic Compounds Containing Halogens: General methods of preparation, properties and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions. Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons and DDT.·Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen: General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERSAlcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration.Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reitner - Tiemann reaction.Ethers: Structure.Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=0 group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH, and its derivatives), Griguard reagent; oxidation; reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of a-hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction; Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.Carboxylic Acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it.·Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen: General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character.Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.·Polymers: General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization-addition and condensation, copolymerization;Natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization; some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses - polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite.·Biomolecules: General introduction and importance of biomolecules.Carbohydrates - Classification: aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosacctiorides (sucrose, lactose and maltose).Proteins - Elementary Idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.Vitamins - Classification and functions.Nucleic Acids - Chemical constitution of DN A and RNA.Biological functions of nucleic acids.·Chemistry in Everyday Life:Chemicals in medicines - Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines - their meaning and common examples.Chemicals in food - Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents - common examples.Cleansing agents - Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.·Principles Related to Practical Chemistry: Detection of extra elements (N, S, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds.Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following- Inorganic compounds: Mohr's salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, pnitroacetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.Chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises -Acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO₄, Mohr's salt vs KMnO₄.Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:Cations - Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH⁺ ₄Anions- CO²⁻₃, S2-, SO²⁻₄, NO3-, NO2−, Cl-, Br-, I-. (Insoluble salts excluded).Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:1.Enthalpy of solution of CuSO42.Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.3.Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.4.Kinetic study of reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.MATHEMATICS:·Sets, Relations and Functions: Sets and their representation; Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties; Power set; Relation, Types of relations, equivalence relations, functions;, one-one, into and onto functions, composition of functions,·Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations: Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra of complex numbers, modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number, triangle inequality, Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions. Relation between roots and co-efficient, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots.·Matrices and Determinants: Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices, determinants and matrices of order two and three. Properties of determinants, evaluation of determinants, area of triangles using determinants. Adjoint and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations, Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using determinants and matrices.·Permutations and Combinations: Fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and combination as selection, Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications.·Mathematical Induction: Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications.·Binomial Theorem and its Simple Applications: Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, properties of Binomial coefficients and simple applications.·Sequences and Series: Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers. Relation between A.M. and G.M. Sum up to n terms of special series: S n, S n2, Sn3. Arithmetico-Geometric progression.·Limit, Continuity and Differentiability:Real - valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions, inverse functions. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, continuity and differentiability. Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions. Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions; derivatives of order upto two. Rolle's and Lagrange's Mean Value Theorems. Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic - increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normals.·Integral Calculus: Integral as an anti - derivative. Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions. Integration using trigonometric identities.Integral as limit of a sum. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form.·Differential Equations: Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree. Formation of differential equations. Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables, solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations.·Co-ordinate Geometry: Cartesian system of rectangular co-ordinates 10 in a plane, distance formula, section formula, locus and its equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes.Straight lines: Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, distance of a point from a line, equations of internal and external bisectors of angles between two lines, coordinates of centroid, orthocentre and circumcenter of a triangle, equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines.Circles, conic sections: Standard form of equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to a circle, equation of the tangent. Sections of cones, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for y = mx + c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency.·Three Dimensional Geometry: Coordinates of a point in space, distance between two points, section formula, direction ratios and direction cosines, angle between two intersecting lines. Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation. Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines.·Vector Algebra: Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product.·Statistics and Probability:Measures of Dispersion: Calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data.Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and Binomial distribution.·Trigonometry: Trigonometrical identities and equations. Trigonometrical functions. Inverse trigonometrical functions and their properties. Heights and Distances.·Mathematical Reasoning: Statements, logical operations and, or, implies, implied by, if and only if. Understanding of tautology, contradiction, converse and contrapositive.JEE Main Syllabus 2020 - Paper 2 (Aptitude Test B. Arch/ B. Plan)Part I:Awareness of persons, places, Buildings, Materials. Objects, Texture related to Architecture and build—environment. Visualizing three-dimensional objects from two-dimensional drawings. Visualizing different sides of three-dimensional objects. Analytical Reasoning Mental Ability (Visual, Numerical and Verbal).Part II:Three dimensional - perception: Understanding and appreciation of scale and proportion of objects, building forms and elements, color texture, harmony and contrast. Design and drawing of geometrical or abstract shapes and patterns in pencil. Transformation of forms both 2 D and 3 D union, subtraction, rotation, development of surfaces and volumes, Generation of Plan, elevations and 3 D views of objects. Creating two dimensional and three dimensional compositions using given shapes and forms.Sketching of scenes and activities from memory of urbanscape (public space, market, festivals, street scenes, monuments, recreational spaces, etc.), landscape (river fronts, jungles, trees, plants, etc.) and rural life.

Lets start with JEE MAINS.What you need to know about JEE Main 2020 before you startJEE Main 2020 will be held twice - January and April.National Testing Agency is the conducting body for the computer based testAdmissions to NITs, IIITs, GFTIs and other universities are through JEE Main.The application process is online and the test is held in multiple sessions across the country.About 12 lakh students appear for MAINS every year.How to prepare for JEE Main 2020 - stages of preparationKnow your JEE Main 2020 syllabusUnderstand the exam pattern of JEE MainMake the JEE Main 2020 preparation planBooks to referPractice till you are perfect using mock tests and previous year papersExam Day StrategyStart with the Syllabus - Know which topics to studyTo crack JEE Main, one needs to be well versed in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics of class 11 and 12. NTA elaborates the syllabus to study from. This allows students to know what to prepare before how to prepare for JEE Main 2020.Segregate the JEE Main SyllabusOne step is to segregate the topics in each subject into class 11 and class 12 to allow for common preparation for both board and entrance exams. Second, the topics from the JEE MAINS Syllabus must be divided into easy, tough and very tough so that the how to prepare for JEE Main plan is made accordingly.JEE Main Syllabus - Important Topics with weightageWhile studying the complete syllabus is important, it is also a wise strategy to give importance to those topics that carry weightage in JEE Main. An analysis of the past 20 years of the papers of JEE Main and AIEEE show the following topics are important. The respective weightage of the same is given below. Make sure to incorporate this in your how to prepare for JEE Main plan.JEE Main 2020 Physics Topics with WeightagePhysics and Measurement carries 4% weightageWork Energy and Power has 3% weightageRotational Motion carries 3% weightageProperties of Solids and Liquids have 5% weightageKinetic theory of Gases carries 3% weightageElectromagnetic Induction and Alternating currents have 3% weightageExperimental skills carry 3% weightageKinematics has 3% weightageLaws of motion carries 3% weightageGravitation has 2% weightageThermodynamics carries 9% weightageOscillations and Waves have 3% weightageElectrostatics carries 9% weightageCurrent Electricity has 8% weightageMagnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism carries 5% weightageElectromagnetic Waves has 5% weightageOptics carries 10% weightageDual Nature of Matter and Radiation has 6% weightageAtoms and Nuclei carries 3% weightageElectronic devices have 14% weightageCommunication Systems carry 5% weightageJEE Main 2020 Maths Topics with WeightageSets, Relations and Functions has 5% weightageComplex numbers and quadratic equations carries 7% weightageMatrices and Determinants has 7% weightagePermutations and combinations carries 4% weightageBinomial theorem and its simple applications has 2% weightageSequence and series carries 5% weightageIntegral Calculus has 9% weightageLimit, continuity and differentiability carries 10% weightageCo-ordinate geometry has 15% weightageThree Dimensional Geometry carries 6% weightageVector Algebra has 5% weightageStatistics and Probability carries 8% weightageTrigonometry has 4% weightageMathematical reasoning carries 3% weightageDifferential equations have 3% weightageMathematical Induction carries 3% weightageJEE Main 2020 Chemistry Topics with WeightageSome basic concepts in chemistry carries 5% weightageStates of matter has 3% weightageAtomic Structure carries 3% weightageSolutions have 5% weightageChemical Thermodynamics carries 4% weightageEquilibrium has 6% weightageRedox Reaction and Electrochemistry carries 4% weightageChemical kinetics has 3% weightageSurface Chemistry carries 1% weightageGeneral Principle and process of Isolation of metals has 2% weightageClassification of Elements and Periodic table carries 3% weightageHydrogen has 3% weightagep- Block Elements carries 5% weightageS - Block Elements Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals has 1% weightageChemical Bonding and Molecular Structure carries 5%d - and f - BLOCK ELEMENTS has 4% weightageCo-ordination Compounds carries 4% weightageEnvironmental Chemistry has 3% weightagePurification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds carries 3% weightageSome Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry has 3% weightageHydrocarbons carries 3% weightageOrganic Compounds containing Halogens has 2% weightageOrganic Compounds containing Oxygen carries 6% weightageOrganic Compounds Containing Nitrogen has 1% weightagePolymers carries 3% weightageBiomolecules has 3% weightageChemistry in Everyday Life carries 4% weightagePrinciples Related to Practical has Chemistry 3% weightageSome guidelines while making the JEE Main 2020 Preparation PlanGive equal weightage to all topicsDistribute the time needed to study it. Give more time to difficult topics and less to the ones you just need to revise.Ensure you have scheduled revision time in the planAction Plan for How to Prepare for JEE Main 2020Study a chapter and understand the concepts. NCERT books are good for this.While studying, make sure to note important points and formulas. This short notes will be useful during revision.After studying a chapter or topic, check how much you can recollect and to what extent you have understood the topic.Then practice questions based on the topic studied. While practising do not go for the solution directly. Try to solve yourself, make mistakes and then correct it. This step will help you to crack JEE Main.Make sure to give a mock test after completing the subject. Similarly ensure that you appear for as many mock tests as you can so that you can analyse your preparation levels, understand where you are making the mistakesUse the analysis to know your weak areas and concentrate on improving while revising.Be wise and Revise - Without revision, it is difficult to crack any exam especially one like JEE Main. You can only improve if you revise.Clear all your concepts, doubts. Never leave a question unanswered in your mind.Put the brake and take a break - While studying is good, it's not wise to do it continuously. So take some time off to refresh your mind before you start again. You can listen to music, play games or do what eases your brain. Physical exercise for half an hour or an hour helps in boosting the memory. Eat right.Best books for JEE Main 2020While NCERT books are good to cement your base, its advisable to move to specialized books on JEE Main. Over the years some of the reference books have become popular on account of the tips given in them, practice exercises that are given at the end of the chapter and the indepth knowledge that is necessary to crack JEE Main 2020. Your preparation would be complete by referring to the table given below.These are the books that are perfect to refer for IIT JEE also which includes both JEE Main and JEE Advanced. SOme of the books that can be used for JEE Main preparation areFor JEE ADVANCEDIn order to chalk-out a plan for JEE-Advanced preparation, it is crucial to have information about what all topics are covered in this examination. So, we start off with the syllabus...PHYSICSGeneral: Units and dimensions, dimensional analysis; least-count, significant figures; Methods of measurement and error analysis for physical quantities pertaining to the following experiments: Experiments based on using Vernier calipers and screw gauge (micrometer), Determination of g using simple pendulum, Young’s modulus by Searle’s method, Specific heat of a liquid using calorimeter, focal length of a concave mirror and a convex lens using u-v method, Speed of sound using resonance column, Verification of Ohm’s law using voltmeter and ammeter, and specific resistance of the material of a wire using meter bridge and post office box.Mechanics: Kinematics in one and two dimensions (Cartesian coordinates only), projectiles; Uniform circular motion; Relative velocity. Newton’s laws of motion; Inertial and uniformly accelerated frames of reference; Static and dynamic friction; Kinetic and potential energy; Work and power; Conservation of linear momentum and mechanical energy. Systems of particles; Centre of mass and its motion; Impulse; Elastic and inelastic collisions. Law of gravitation; Gravitational potential and field; Acceleration due to gravity; Motion of planets and satellites in circular orbits; Escape velocity. Rigid body, moment of inertia, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, moment of inertia of uniform bodies with simple geometrical shapes; Angular momentum; Torque; Conservation of angular momentum; Dynamics of rigid bodies with fixed axis of rotation; Rolling without slipping of rings, cylinders and spheres; Equilibrium of rigid bodies; Collision of point masses with rigid bodies. Linear and angular simple harmonic motions. Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus. Pressure in a fluid; Pascal’s law; Buoyancy; Surface energy and surface tension, capillary rise; Viscosity (Poiseuille’s equation excluded), Stoke’s law; Terminal velocity, Streamline flow, equation of continuity, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications. Wave motion (plane waves only), longitudinal and transverse waves, superposition of waves; Progressive and stationary waves; Vibration of strings and air columns; Resonance; Beats; Speed of sound in gases; Doppler effect (in sound).Thermal physics: Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases; Calorimetry, latent heat; Heat conduction in one dimension; Elementary concepts of convection and radiation; Newton’s law of cooling; Ideal gas laws; Specific heats (Cv and Cp for monoatomic and diatomic gases); Isothermal and adiabatic processes, bulk modulus of gases; Equivalence of heat and work; First law of thermodynamics and its applications (only for ideal gases); Blackbody radiation: absorptive and emissive powers; Kirchhoff’s law; Wien’s displacement law, Stefan’s law.Electricity and magnetism: Coulomb’s law; Electric field and potential; Electrical potential energy of a system of point charges and of electrical dipoles in a uniform electrostatic field; Electric field lines; Flux of electric field; Gauss’s law and its application in simple cases, such as, to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Capacitance; Parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectrics; Capacitors in series and parallel; Energy stored in a capacitor. Electric current; Ohm’s law; Series and parallel arrangements of resistances and cells; Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications; Heating effect of current. Biot–Savart’s law and Ampere’s law; Magnetic field near a current-carrying straight wire, along the axis of a circular coil and inside a long straight solenoid; Force on a moving charge and on a current-carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field. Magnetic moment of a current loop; Effect of a uniform magnetic field on a current loop; Moving coil galvanometer, voltmeter, ammeter and their conversions. Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law, Lenz’s law; Self and mutual inductance; RC, LR and LC circuits with d.c. and a.c. sources.Optics: Rectilinear propagation of light; Reflection and refraction at plane and spherical surfaces; Total internal reflection; Deviation and dispersion of light by a prism; Thin lenses; Combinations of mirrors and thin lenses; Magnification. Wave nature of light: Huygen’s principle, interference limited to Young’s double-slit experiment.Modern physics: Atomic nucleus; α, β and _ radiations; Law of radioactive decay; Decay constant; Half-life and mean life; Binding energy and its calculation; Fission and fusion processes; Energy calculation in these processes. Photoelectric effect; Bohr’s theory of hydrogen-like atoms; Characteristic and continuous Xrays, Moseley’s law; de Broglie wavelength of matter waves.CHEMISTRYPhysical Chemistry: General topics- Concept of atoms and molecules; Dalton’s atomic theory; Mole concept; Chemical formulae; Balanced chemical equations; Calculations (based on mole concept) involving common oxidation-reduction, neutralisation, and displacement reactions; Concentration in terms of mole fraction, molarity, molality and normality. Gaseous and liquid states: Absolute scale of temperature, ideal gas equation; Deviation from ideality, van der Waals equation; Kinetic theory of gases, average, root mean square and most probable velocities and their relation with temperature; Law of partial pressures; Vapour pressure; Diffusion of gases. Atomic structure and chemical bonding: Bohr model, spectrum of hydrogen atom, quantum numbers; Wave-particle duality, de Broglie hypothesis; Uncertainty principle; Qualitative quantum mechanical picture of hydrogen atom, shapes of s, p and d orbitals; Electronic configurations of elements (up to atomic number 36); Aufbau principle; Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule; Orbital overlap and covalent bond; Hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals only; Orbital energy diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species; Hydrogen bond; Polarity in molecules, dipole moment (qualitative aspects only); VSEPR model and shapes of molecules (linear, angular, triangular, square planar, pyramidal, square pyramidal, trigonal bipyramidal, tetrahedral and octahedral). Energetics: First law of thermodynamics; Internal energy, work and heat, pressure-volume work; Enthalpy, Hess’s law; Heat of reaction, fusion and vapourization; Second law of thermodynamics; Entropy; Free energy; Criterion of spontaneity. Chemical equilibrium: Law of mass action; Equilibrium constant, Le Chatelier’s principle (effect of concentration, temperature and pressure); Significance of ΔG and ΔG° in chemical equilibrium; Solubility product, common ion effect, pH and buffer solutions; Acids and bases (Bronsted and Lewis concepts); Hydrolysis of salts. Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells and cell reactions; Standard electrode potentials; Nernst equation and its relation to ΔG; Electrochemical series, emf of galvanic cells; Faraday’s laws of electrolysis; Electrolytic conductance, specific, equivalent and molar conductivity, Kohlrausch’s law; Concentration cells. Chemical kinetics: Rates of chemical reactions; Order of reactions; Rate constant; First order reactions; Temperature dependence of rate constant (Arrhenius equation). Solid state: Classification of solids, crystalline state, seven crystal systems (cell parameters a, b, c, α, β, γ), close packed structure of solids (cubic), packing in fcc, bcc and hcp lattices; Nearest neighbours, ionic radii, simple ionic compounds, point defects. Solutions: Raoult’s law; Molecular weight determination from lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing point. Surface chemistry: Elementary concepts of adsorption (excluding adsorption isotherms); Colloids: types, methods of preparation and general properties; Elementary ideas of emulsions, surfactants and micelles (only definitions and examples). Nuclear chemistry: Radioactivity: isotopes and isobars; Properties of α, β and γ rays; Kinetics of radioactive decay (decay series excluded), carbon dating; Stability of nuclei with respect to proton-neutron ratio; Brief discussion on fission and fusion reactions.Inorganic Chemistry: Isolation/preparation and properties of the following non-metals: Boron, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulphur and halogens; Properties of allotropes of carbon (only diamond and graphite), phosphorus and sulphur. Preparation and properties of the following compounds: Oxides, peroxides, hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium; Boron: diborane, boric acid and borax; Aluminium: alumina, aluminium chloride and alums; Carbon: oxides and oxyacid (carbonic acid); Silicon: silicones, silicates and silicon carbide; Nitrogen: oxides, oxyacids and ammonia; Phosphorus: oxides, oxyacids (phosphorus acid, phosphoric acid) and phosphine; Oxygen: ozone and hydrogen peroxide; Sulphur: hydrogen sulphide, oxides, sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid and sodium thiosulphate; Halogens: hydrohalic acids, oxides and oxyacids of chlorine, bleaching powder; Xenon fluorides. Transition elements (3d series): Definition, general characteristics, oxidation states and their stabilities, colour (excluding the details of electronic transitions) and calculation of spin-only magnetic moment; Coordination compounds: nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, cis-trans and ionisation isomerisms, hybridization and geometries of mononuclear coordination compounds (linear, tetrahedral, square planar and octahedral). Preparation and properties of the following compounds: Oxides and chlorides of tin and lead; Oxides, chlorides and sulphates ; Potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, silver oxide, silver nitrate, silver thiosulphate. Ores and minerals: Commonly occurring ores and minerals of iron, copper, tin, lead, magnesium, aluminium, zinc and silver. Extractive metallurgy: Chemical principles and reactions only (industrial details excluded); Carbon reduction method (iron and tin); Self reduction method (copper and lead); Electrolytic reduction method (magnesium and aluminium); Cyanide process (silver and gold). Principles of qualitative analysis: Groups I to V ; Nitrate, halides (excluding fluoride), sulphate and sulphide.Organic Chemistry: Concepts- Hybridisation of carbon; Sigma and pi-bonds; Shapes of simple organic molecules; Structural and geometrical isomerism; Optical isomerism of compounds containing up to two asymmetric centres, (R,S and E,Z nomenclature excluded); IUPAC nomenclature of simple organic compounds (only hydrocarbons, mono-functional and bi-functional compounds); Conformations of ethane and butane (Newman projections); Resonance and hyperconjugation; Keto-enol tautomerism; Determination of empirical and molecular formulae of simple compounds (only combustion method); Hydrogen bonds: definition and their effects on physical properties of alcohols and carboxylic acids; Inductive and resonance effects on acidity and basicity of organic acids and bases; Polarity and inductive effects in alkyl halides; Reactive intermediates produced during homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavage; Formation, structure and stability of carbocations, carbanions and free radicals. Preparation, properties and reactions of alkanes: Homologous series, physical properties of alkanes (melting points, boiling points and density); Combustion and halogenation of alkanes; Preparation of alkanes by Wurtz reaction and decarboxylation reactions. Preparation, properties and reactions of alkenes and alkynes: Physical properties of alkenes and alkynes (boiling points, density and dipole moments); Acidity of alkynes; Acid catalysed hydration of alkenes and alkynes (excluding the stereochemistry of addition and elimination); Reactions of alkenes with KMnO4 and ozone; Reduction of alkenes and alkynes; Preparation of alkenes and alkynes by elimination reactions; Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes with X2, HX, HOX (X=halogen) and H2O; Addition reactions of alkynes; Metal acetylides. Reactions of benzene: Structure and aromaticity; Electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation; Effect of o-, m- and p-directing groups in monosubstituted benzenes. Phenols: Acidity, electrophilic substitution reactions (halogenation, nitration and sulphonation); Reimer-Tieman reaction, Kolbe reaction. Characteristic reactions of the following (including those mentioned above): Alkyl halides: rearrangement reactions of alkyl carbocation, Grignard reactions, nucleophilic substitution reactions; Alcohols: esterification, dehydration and oxidation, reaction with sodium, phosphorus halides, ZnCl2/concentrated HCl, conversion of alcohols into aldehydes and ketones; Ethers:Preparation by Williamson’s Synthesis; Aldehydes and Ketones: oxidation, reduction, oxime and hydrazone formation; aldol condensation, Perkin reaction; Cannizzaro reaction; haloform reaction and nucleophilic addition reactions (Grignard addition); Carboxylic acids: formation of esters, acid chlorides and amides, ester hydrolysis; Amines: basicity of substituted anilines and aliphatic amines, preparation from nitro compounds, reaction with nitrous acid, azo coupling reaction of diazonium salts of aromatic amines, Sandmeyer and related reactions of diazonium salts; carbylamine reaction; Haloarenes: nucleophilic aromatic substitution in haloarenes and substituted haloarenes (excluding Benzyne mechanism and Cine substitution). Carbohydrates: Classification; mono- and di-saccharides (glucose and sucrose); Oxidation, reduction, glycoside formation and hydrolysis of sucrose. Amino acids and peptides: General structure (only primary structure for peptides) and physical properties. Properties and uses of some important polymers: Natural rubber, cellulose, nylon, teflon and PVC. Practical organic chemistry: Detection of elements (N, S, halogens); Detection and identification of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl, amino and nitro; Chemical methods of separation of mono-functional organic compounds from binary mixtures.MATHEMATICSAlgebra-Algebra of complex numbers, addition, multiplication, conjugation, polar representation, properties of modulus and principal argument, triangle inequality, cube roots of unity, geometric interpretations. Quadratic equations with real coefficients, relations between roots and coefficients, formation of quadratic equations with given roots, symmetric functions of roots. Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions, arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, sums of finite arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite geometric series, sums of squares and cubes of the first n natural numbers. Logarithms and their properties. Permutations and combinations, Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, properties of binomial coefficients. Matrices as a rectangular array of real numbers, equality of matrices, addition, multiplication by a scalar and product of matrices, transpose of a matrix, determinant of a square matrix of order up to three, inverse of a square matrix of order up to three, properties of these matrix operations, diagonal, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices and their properties, solutions of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables. Addition and multiplication rules of probability, conditional probability, Bayes Theorem, independence of events, computation of probability of events using permutations and combinations.Trigonometry-Trigonometric functions, their periodicity and graphs, addition and subtraction formulae, formulae involving multiple and sub-multiple angles, general solution of trigonometric equations. Relations between sides and angles of a triangle, sine rule, cosine rule, half-angle formula and the area of a triangle, inverse trigonometric functions (principal value only).Analytical geometry- Two dimensions: Cartesian coordinates, distance between two points, section formulae, shift of origin. Equation of a straight line in various forms, angle between two lines, distance of a point from a line; Lines through the point of intersection of two given lines, equation of the bisector of the angle between two lines, concurrency of lines; Centroid, orthocentre, incentre and circumcentre of a triangle. Equation of a circle in various forms, equations of tangent, normal and chord. Parametric equations of a circle, intersection of a circle with a straight line or a circle, equation of a circle through the points of intersection of two circles and those of a circle and a straight line. Equations of a parabola, ellipse and hyperbola in standard form, their foci, directrices and eccentricity, parametric equations, equations of tangent and normal.Locus Problems- Three dimensions: Direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a straight line in space, equation of a plane, distance of a point from a plane.Differential calculus- Real valued functions of a real variable, into, onto and one-to-one functions, sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, composite functions, absolute value, polynomial, rational, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Limit and continuity of a function, limit and continuity of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, L’Hospital rule of evaluation of limits of functions. Even and odd functions, inverse of a function, continuity of composite functions, intermediate value property of continuous functions. Derivative of a function, derivative of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, chain rule, derivatives of polynomial, rational, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Derivatives of implicit functions, derivatives up to order two, geometrical interpretation of the derivative, tangents and normals, increasing and decreasing functions, maximum and minimum values of a function, Rolle’s Theorem and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem.Integral calculus- Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard functions, definite integrals and their properties, Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus. Integration by parts, integration by the methods of substitution and partial fractions, application of definite integrals to the determination of areas involving simple curves. Formation of ordinary differential equations, solution of homogeneous differential equations, separation of variables method, linear first order differential equations.Vectors- Addition of vectors, scalar multiplication, dot and cross products, scalar triple products and their geometrical interpretations.Phew! That was a quite a detailed syllabus...On the basis of this syllabus division, below given is a list of books to help you out. Most students generally use them for their JEE-Advanced preparations. It is not necessary for you to purchase all of them; rather you must go with the syllabus and select the books that suit you the most.Physics· H.C. Verma – Concepts of Physics, Volume I and II· D.C. Pandey – Complete set of books· I.E. Irodov – Problems in General PhysicsChemistry· O.P. Tandon – Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry· R.C. Mukherjee – Physical Chemistry· R.K. Gupta – Organic Chemistry· NCERT Textbooks – Inorganic Chemistry· P. Bahadur – Physical ChemistryMathematics· Arihant Publications – Amit Agarwal – All Sets· S.L. Loney – Plane Coordinate Geometry· Tata McGraw Hill’s Publication – A Course in Mathematics for JEE Advanced· Cengage Publications – Complete set of books for JEE Advanced Mathematics(https://www.toppr.com/bytes/jee-...)You must also solve the previous years’ papers as it would help you in getting an idea about the type of questions asked in exams. You should look for good online websites (https://www.toppr.com/exams/jee-...) that provide accurate information about the subject-specific study materials and practice papers. Bear in mind that NCERT textbooks are a must since they form the baseline of questions asked in most of the entrance exams including JEE Advanced.Now, coming to the most crucial part... HOW TO PREPARE FOR THIS EXAMINATION??You have the syllabus and the books; all you need is a proper routine:In my opinion, there cannot be a universal daily routine that leads to success in JEE-Advanced as it all depends from person to person. For some people studying only 4-5 hours per day is sufficient but for others 12-14 hours of study does the trick. There have been some students who mentioned that they were not much into recreation during their preparation period and there have been others who think that recreation is important as it replenishes their energy. Also, the daily routines can range from 4 months (https://www.toppr.com/bytes/jee-...) to 1-2 years (https://www.toppr.com/bytes/jee-... and https://www.toppr.com/bytes/prep...).Many students who prepare for their Boards and JEE at the same time have to attend 6-7 hours of school every-day. Apart from this, there are coaching classes every-day or on alternate days. However, there are others who prepare for JEE after their Borads. You should make your study-plan based on the category you belong to. There is an emphasis on about 6-8 hours of self-study daily. Ideally, one should for a 15-20 minute break between every 2 hours of study. This helps in tackling the monotonous nature of studies. A small break in between maximizes the brain’s absorptive capacity which would drastically reduce in case of continuous studies. This break differs from person to person and ranges from talking to a friend to going for a short-walk or listening to songs, etc. Further, the study hours should be divided between revising the previous topics and learning the new ones. Some people revise in the late hours of night while the others do it in wee hours of the morning. Same is applicable to learning new concepts. Also, time should be divided between different subjects for each day, week and month. This subject division continues till the last week of exam with certain subjects being preferred over the others at specific times. Solving the practice papers regularly (daily or monthly, subject-wise or topic-wise, etc.) is crucial but differs between individuals according to their schedule. 7-8 hours of sleep daily is an absolute must. Talking to teachers and friends for proper guidance is good as it always helps to have discussions. The most important part is being optimistic, focused, consistent, sincere and smart throughout your routine.Always remember, if you approach a task with a mind-set that it will be very difficult, you will have a lot of hardships in completing it. Approach it with a mind-set that it can definitely be done with proper planning- Voila! It will become a lot easier to handle. I have tried it... give it a go and you yourself will feel the difference.*BITSAT*For BITSAT, I would go with Amit Kumar and advice you to practice from ‘A complete success package for online BITSAT- by arihant publications’.Hope it helps!How do I prepare for JEE Advanced starting now?For solutions, you can check out DOUBTNUTDoubtnut App is World’s Biggest Platform for Free Video solution of Math Doubts with over 1 Lakh+ Video Solution of Math Questions. Doubtnut is on-demand Q&A app for Math for Students (up to JEE Advanced level), Where you can ask unlimited Math Question Just by clicking a Picture of Doubt on Doubtnut App and get an awesome video solution Instantly. Doubtnut is founded by IITians. Doubtnut Highlights – 1. World’s Biggest Platform for Video Solution of Maths 2. Solution of 1 lakh+ Math Questions from Various Books like R D Sharma, R S Aggarwal, Cengage and Arihant Publication Books and Previous year Papers Solution of Boards, JEE Mains & Advanced. 4. Only App where you can get Video solution just by clicking a Picture of Math Doubt. 5. Over 1.5 Lakh+ Students ask their Math Doubts Daily on Doubtnut app. 6. 6 Million+ Views on Doubtnut Youtube Channel 7. CBSE, ICSE, State Boards, NTSE and IIT JEE Mains & Advanced Preparation Covered 8. Best Math Experts Are EngagedThey soon will be releasing the solutions and matterials for Physics and Chemistry as well. Only #3 DAYS TO GO FOR THIS TO HAPPEN