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Deciding to study an MBA degree (Master of Business Administration) is a big step for aspiring managers. Is pursuing an MBA program at a business school abroad a good choice? Are the financial investment and the entry requirements justified? All in all, is an MBA degree worth it?If you're preparing to enter the competitive business world of today, we believe it is.So, what can you do with an MBA? An MBA will offer you a wealth of advantages, especially when it's from a well-regarded business school. Getting a high MBA salary after graduation, landing a management position, developing a strong professional network, or even becoming your own boss are just a few of the advantages of studying an MBA degree abroad.Find MBAs worldwideNeed to know more? Here are the top reasons to start studying a Business Administration degree:1. Develop advanced and flexible management skillsMBA applicants are usually young businesspeople with a minimum of two years of professional experience. Even senior employees who feel up to the challenge may sometimes apply.MBA classes will help you develop the skills necessary to keep a company successful. The curriculum of each Master of Business Administration degree can be different, but these are some of the most common competences you’ll develop depending on the study programme you choose:Improve leadership and people management skillsDevelop, advertise and sell your products and servicesNetwork and create connections or partnershipsManage difficult situations (e.g. financial crisis, public scandals)Keep the company's finances healthyPromote and maintain the company’s positive imageGather, interpret, and create reports based on industry dataHire top talent and improve employee retentionCreate hierarchies that help the company thriveMake tough calls at the right timeStudying an MBA degree forces you to get out of the comfort zone. You'll explore the latest International Business trends, apply the newest management tools and techniques, and challenge yourself to improve your business, teams, and collaboration.An MBA is also a great way to prepare for a changing business environment. The abilities you develop are also the best tools you have to adapt to the unavoidable change of industries, the marketplace, and the ways people do business.If you plan to change careers, but the industry evolves in a way that messes with your plans, the skills you’ve developed will help you quickly adapt and find a new direction. You’ll also be able to make use of changes in economy and find new business opportunities where others simply try to survive a harsh business environment. A lot of MBA specializations to fit your exact goalsBecause of their international popularity, many universities and business schools have developed a diverse range of MBA programs, specialising on different aspects of the business world. So, what MBA specialisations can you choose from? What’s the difference between them? And which MBA subjects are in highest demand?General Management – Probably the most popular MBA specialisation. Great for developing an all-round effective business arsenal – great for a very versatile business environment.International Business – great if you want to work abroad, or work in a global company with offices in different locations. Great for aligning business goals across borders. As global businesses are growing, this too is an all-round popular specialisation.Strategic Management – Prepares you for long-term business planning and back-up planning.Finance – Great for bankers, financial controllers, chief financial officers, and finance managers. Courses will focus on Statistics, Data Analysis, Accounting, and more.Marketing – Focuses on businesses that rely on promoting products and services.Entrepreneurship – Best if you have an original business idea and think about launching a start-up.Operations Management – Ideal for managers in charge of optimising production processes. You’ll learn how to run production as efficiently as possible.IT Management – Prepares you to do business in the technology sector or do business that heavily relies on technology. This side of business relies heavily on the analysis of collected data and product development based on it.Human Resources – Great to learn for managers in charge of HR teams or working with large groups of employees. Focuses on conflict resolution, team development, motivation, defining job responsibilities and more. You can’t go wrong with this one if you’re a people person, as companies will always need good and happy employees.Consulting – prepares experts ready to offer an outside opinion for challenges faced by companies. This specialisation also develops your expertise in a variety of sectors and is very well paid.Keep in mind that there are also a lot of MBAs providing dual specialisations, further upgrading your management capabilities and job-market versatility.Here are a few universities and business schools that offer diverse types of MBAs:James Madison University, the USGeneva Business School, SwitzerlandUniversity of Wolverhampton, the UKKoc University, TurkeyLoughborough University, the UK3. Access to an extensive business networkAs an MBA student, you have great networking opportunities. You’ll interact with fellow students, professors and teaching staff (businesspeople with great management experience). And this context will expand your business management capabilities.Finally, you gain access to the extensive alumni network of that particular MBA programme. Your connections will give you a great overview of the business world. Be ready for a deep understanding of the slightest changes in the business environment and discover new ways to adapt fast. You can reflect on some big business issues and make connections between various global events and world affairs.4. MBA salaries are some of the highest on the job marketAmong the benefits of an MBA degree, job security and high salary are some of the most important. The average income for an MBA graduate is much higher than an employee's with a regular Master's. You can expect to earn twice as much as what you would get from a regular university degree.If you’re wondering what you can do with an MBA degree or what MBA jobs are available, here are some popular career choices: business operations manager, management analyst, market research analyst, top executive, HR manager, etc.Average salaries for MBA graduatesAccording to the QS Jobs & Salary Report, these are some of the average MBA annual salaries in the world:In the US – 102,100 USD/yearIn Canada – 99,800 USD/yearIn Australia – 98,400 USD/yearIn Singapore – 82,700 USD/yearIn the UK – 92,400 USD/yearIn Switzerland – 123,500 USD/yearIn Germany – 77,200 USD/yearIn France – 98,500 USD/yearIn Italy – 86,400 USD/yearIn two or three years, you cover the investment made with your MBA education.Average MBA tuition feesAn MBA programme represents a considerable financial investment. To give you an idea about how much you might have to pay, we’ve listed the average tuition costs in popular study destinations offering MBAs.Keep in mind that you can find more affordable MBA degrees (under 10,000 EUR/academic year) in these countries. At the same time, top business schools can demand higher tuition than these average amounts. Some offer MBA programmes for 60,000 EUR/year with the most expensive going over 100,000 EUR/year.The US – 35,000 EURThe UK – 20,000 EURAustralia – 17,000 EURCanada – 25,000 EURSpain – 20,000 EURSingapore – 35,000 EURWhich countries have the most affordable MBAs?By default, MBA programmes don’t come cheap. Still, you don’t have to break the bank if you want to advance your business career. You can find very affordable or even free Masters of Business Administration in the countries listed below.Finland – 0 EUR only for EU&EEA studentsSweden – 0 EUR only for EU&EEA studentsFrance – 0 – 9,000 EUR/year for all international studentsAustria – 0 – 10,000 EUR/year for all international studentsGermany – 0 – 9,000 EUR/year for all international studentsOur list is not exhaustive. You can find affordable MBA degrees in top study destinations, like the US or UK. To do this, use the filters on our website, Mastersportal.com, and select the tuition fee you’re willing to pay.Which MBAs lead to the highest salaries?All MBAs lead to high salaries, but some industries pay better than others. According to the U.S. News, these are the top 5 industries where MBA graduates earn the most:ConsultingFinancial ServicesTechnologyHealthcareConsumer Packaged GoodsIf you’re interested in earning more, choose an MBA that will enable you to develop the necessary skills to work in one of these industries. However, don’t allow high salaries to trick you into believing an MBA diploma is the only thing you need. Salaries are determined by many other factors, such as work experience, bonuses, and how well you negotiate your contract.5. Start your own company from scratchMany students choose an MBA because they want to become entrepreneurs and learn how to start and grow a business. They have a big dream and want to know how to turn it into reality. Here’s why an MBA can help you become a successful entrepreneur:MBA professors with real-life experience in starting a business can tell you the major traps you need to avoid and what you should do to make sure your company grows and remains stable over time.You can find MBA colleagues who have similar interests. Share your ideas with them and see if you can form a common vision. It’s easier to succeed with your start-up if you have a reliable partner who has your back and vice versa.You’ll learn how to communicate effectively and why it is essential for the success of any organisation. Whether you’re negotiating a contract with the suppliers or explaining your vision to prospective investors, knowing how to express your ideas clearly can make the difference between winning or losing the support and attention of your audience.Don’t believe you’re the only one who wants to become an entrepreneur. Many MBA graduates end up starting their own business. According to the GMAC research team, “B-school alumni entrepreneurs most often found their own companies (85 percent), and combined, over half establish businesses within the consulting (36 percent) or products/services industry (26 percent).”6. MBAs are great for a career change and thriving business opportunitiesMany students take MBAs to either change the industry they’re working in or advance to a managerial or administrative position. You shouldn’t do both at once, as it’s possible to spread too thin – not having the work experience in the new position to back it up. Approximately 1 in 3 prospective MBA students use their management education to pursue opportunities in new industries or job functions they have not worked in.It’s a good idea to decide on the industry and job you plan to follow before applying to the MBA. This way, it will be easier to pick the best MBA for your needs and have clear future goals that weigh heavily during your application interview. Also, you’ll have 2 years to develop the exact skills you need for the new job.The versatility and diversity of MBA programme specialisations are great support for those preparing for a career switch.Graduates of part-time or full-time MBA programs have higher chances of holding a high-level management position and enjoying successful MBA careers. Over 50% of MBA graduates worldwide are senior managers or board directors. This type of positions brings a higher salary, but also greater responsibilities.Here are some of the largest companies in the world that hire MBA graduates:AmazonAppleBain & CompanyThe Boston Consulting Group (BCG)CitigroupFacebookGoldman SachsJP MorganMcKinsey & CompanyMicrosoftWalt Disney7. Study excellent MBAs all over the worldBy earning an MBA degree abroad, you will gain a new perspective on how businesses are handled and get to live in a foreign country during your studies. This will broaden your cultural horizon and your international business career prospects. You can find companies that you want to work for and arrange meetings with potential employers. Who knows, you might end up staying and working in that country after graduation.When considering which countries are best for studying an MBA, you should search for the nations offering the best MBAs and the best specialisations according to your needs. It’s also important to keep in mind the initial investment like tuition fees, living costs and which employers are more likely to hire you after graduation.Here are the best countries for studying an MBA and the top business schools in each country:The United States is the clear winner in terms of top-ranked MBA degrees. The U.S. wrote the book on business and offers MBA specialisations for anything you can think of. It has one of the biggest economies in the world, offers diverse career options and salaries to match them.In terms of prestige on the job market, an American MBA diploma weighs heavily and may provide the extra edge you need on a competitive job market. The challenge with the U.S. would be the substantial investment and living costs, plus the unpredictable immigration laws.Stanford UniversityHarvard UniversityUniversity of PennsylvaniaThe United Kingdom has an old tradition in business education and matchless academic quality. There are many one-year MBAs you can choose from. The UK is great if you plan to work in the banking sector, as top MBA graduates are very much in demand by banks in Britain. One drawback would be the unpredictable economic climate with the Brexit situation as well as the status of European students coming to the UK.London Business SchoolUniversity of OxfordUniversity of CambridgeFrance was the first European country to introduce the one-year MBA. Employment following a French MBA is high: 80-90% of graduates from the country's top schools find employment in business sectors. Paris has the largest business district in Europe, also known as the Wall Street of France. The challenge is that you may have to learn French to work in the business industry.HEC ParisESSEC Business SchoolEDHEC Business SchoolCanada is more affordable than the US, the UK and Australia, while also being present in top international rankings and giving you a better return on investment for your MBA. Because of the relaxed immigration laws, most of the international students who graduate an MBA in Canada stay and work in the county. Canada is also known to have a stable economy, which helps with business ventures that rely on predictability.University of British Columbia (UBC)University of TorontoUniversity of AlbertaAustralia has a strong international focus, attracting MBA students from North America, Europe, Africa and Asia. This offers great opportunities for networking and has great potential for students who want to specialise on international business. Australian universities also offer many scholarship opportunities. The down-side to Australia is the high living cost.Melbourne Business SchoolUniversity of New South Wales (UNSW)Monash Business SchoolChina has cities like Shanghai, Beijing and Hong Kong that are massive global financial, trade and industrial centres. Chinese MBA degrees are more affordable than similar studies in other countries worldwide.The percentage of MBA graduates employed after three months is well over 90% at most Chinese schools, with some schools even achieving 100% post-graduate employment rates. Studying here is also a great opportunity to break into the immense Chinese market that many global companies are trying to get a piece of.China Europe International Business School (CEIBS)Peking UniversityTsinghua UniversitySingapore is a great place to do business in the technology sector, as the country has integrated technology into infrastructure and the lives of its citizens. This is also a very international country with the biggest part of business school faculty and students coming from a foreign nation. An MBA in Singapore is great for specialising in innovation and entrepreneurship. Discover more reasons to study an MBA in Singapore.National University of SingaporeNanyang Business SchoolINSEAD8. MBAs are challenging but not difficult to graduateMany potential students ask if an MBA is too difficult for an average student. The easy answer is “most likely not”. But, as you’ll probably learn during your MBA, your attitude makes up over 50% of your professional success, anyway. So, it’s also possible you’re not asking the right question. Rather than asking if an MBA is too complicated, you can try to develop new ways of looking at the things you consider difficult and take them as challenges or problems to overcome. That’s how a professional business person would look at it.In short, an MBA is as difficult as you make it, and is as rewarding as you invest in it. In the business world, there is rarely any hand-holding. You either develop into a competent business expert or are surpassed by the competition.Here are a few class examples that are usually included as part of the curriculum of an MBA degree. These may offer you an insight into how difficult you might find the learning experience for an MBA:Accounts for ManagersManaging Business EnvironmentOrganisational BehaviorManagerial EconomicsFinancial ManagementMarketing ManagementOperation ManagementBusiness LawHuman Resource ManagementOperational ResearchStrategic Management9. You can study an MBA part-time or onlineThe main benefit of studying an online MBA degree is obviously convenience. You might be busy with your work, or you are simply involved in other activities which are important to you. This doesn’t mean you cannot expand your knowledge about business and management. Online MBA programmes are very flexible. You can study at your own pace and access lectures and course materials whenever you want.Online MBA courses are also accredited. We’re living in a world where studying online receives the same recognition as on-campus education. Just check the accreditation of your MBA degree or university before enrolling, to make sure you don’t run into a scam. Spotting the difference between a genuine Business degree and a fake one shouldn’t be too hard once you do your research.Online MBA tuition fees are lower. Another advantage of studying online is that you’ll only have to pay the tuition costs. Moving abroad would involve other expenses like accommodation, transport, and visa expenses (might not be the case; it depends on your nationality).Here are a few universities where you can study an online MBA:Nottingham Trent University OnlineUniversity of Birmingham OnlineBarcelona Executive Business SchoolIUBH University of Applied SciencesArden UniversityIf you want to develop your business knowledge but don’t have a lot of time, you can choose a part-time MBA programmme, next to your job. Studying a part-time MBA will increase your study duration from 2 to 3 years, sometimes even 4 years, depending on the type of MBA you choose. But a part-time MBA gives you the space to keep earning while studying and not having to put your personal life on hold while taking an MBA. Part-time MBAs may offer weekend classes or may have flexible hours, so you can fine-tune your studies to fit your schedule.View MBAs worldwide10. MBA degrees accept older studentsIs age 30 too old for taking an MBA? What about age 40? As a reference, you should know that the average age of incoming students at Harvard is 27, but more than 10% had 7 or more years of experience. Columbia and UCLA Anderson both welcomed students in their 40s. In Europe, schools such as LBS, INSEAD, HEC Paris and Cambridge Judge have an average age of 29.The good news is that business schools do not consider age as an essential factor in the admission process. An important criterion is the full-time job experience, and older students have plenty of that because they’ve been on the job market for longer. Usually, the main reason why there aren’t more MBA students in their 30s and 40s is not the age restriction from universities, but that not many of them are applying.It should be clear to you what your goals are for taking an MBA degree, as you should convince the admission committee that you are motivated to study the MBA and you have a long-term plan in which you believe. Also, if you have good GMAT scores, there should be no problem with the fact that you’re older than the average MBA student.You may consider taking an Executive MBA that also has a higher average student age. EMBAs are more oriented towards career progression than on a career switch and also have fewer networking opportunities dues to less time spent with colleagues.Information about Coronavirus and university studiesWe know you might be worried about your study abroad plans, especially during these uncertain times. That's why we've created an informational Coronavirus page, which is updated weekly. Here, you can check out:How universities are respondingWhat online courses are availableAnswers to frequently asked questions (FAQ) by other students like you

Britain and Japan: Two roads to higher educationBritain and Japan are the two great pioneers of industrialism and therefore of the modern world. Britain was the pioneer industrial nation of the Western, European-dominated world, Japan of the Eastern, non-European and, to many eyes, the hope of the Third World. The countries have always had much in common. Both groups of islands off an initially more civilized and powerful continent, they had to defend themselves from military and cultural conquest and to that end developed a powerful navy and an independence of mind which made them increasingly different from their continental neighbours. Behind their sea defences they were able to pursue their own ideals and ambitions which enabled them in the end to originate changes in industry and society which, because they brought wealth and power, others tried to imitate. The British at the height of their imperial power and economic domination recognized in the emerging Japanese a fellow pioneer and an ally. They called her 'the Britain of the East' and in the 1902 Treaty were the first to recognize Japan as a world power.Yet the two countries took utterly different roads to industrialism, power and wealth. Britain, the first industrial nation, evolved slowly without knowing - because nobody then knew what an Industrial Revolution was - where she was going or what the end of modernization would be. Japan, coming late to economic growth in a world which saw and felt only too clearly what the gains and dangers of industrialism were, adopted it self-consciously and with explosive and revolutionary speed. And they still bear the marks of these differences of origin, timing and approach. Britain had the first Industrial Revolution because she had the right kind of society to generate it; but for that very reason she was riot forced to change her society as much as later developing countries, and she now has the wrong kind of society for sustaining a high and continuing rate of economic growth. That does not mean that she has the wrong kind of society to provide a highly civilized and comfortable life for her people. On the contrary, just as the British were pioneers of the industrial society dominated by a gospel of work so they may now be the pioneers of the post-industrial society dedicated to the gospels of leisure and welfare.Japan on the other hand has astonished the world by the degree to which she was prepared to change her society in order to industrialize, and the speed at which, in less than a hundred years, she transformed herself from a feudal society of samurai, artisans and peasants into one of the most efficient industrial and egalitarian meritocracies in the world. However, it must be said that Tokugawa Japan was no ordinary feudal society, and had hidden advantages for industrial development which most feudal societies lack: one of the most urbanized populations in the world, with a highly educated ruling class of efficient bureaucrats, large numbers of skilled craftsmen and sophisticated merchants, and a more literate populace than most other countries, even in the West. But the fact remains that the leaders of the Meiji Restoration were prepared to abolish feudalism, establish equality before the law, and make everyone, rich or poor, samurai, worker or peasant, contribute to the survival and development of the country.If the British and Japanese roads to industrialism were different, their two roads to higher education were even more different. The British educational road was far slower, more indirect and evolutionary even than their road to industrial development and, indeed, in the early stages had little connection with economic growth. The ancient universities, particularly in England as distinct from Scotland, had become little more than finishing schools for young gentlemen, chiefly landowners' sons and young clergymen. They did not conduct research and not one of the major inventions of the early Industrial Revolution originated in a university. Oxford and Cambridge were even less important to English society when the Industrial Revolution began than they were over a century earlier - many of the ruling elite came to find little to interest them in the repetition of classical Greek and Latin texts.When Japan was beginning its great transformation under the Meiji, the main contribution of the British universities to economic growth was still in the future. It may seem surprising that, in relation to industrial development and modernization, British higher education in the late 19th century was no more advanced than the new Japanese system. By 1900 university students in both Britain and Japan were less than one per cent of the student age group. In both countries higher education was exclusively for the elite, but whereas in Britain the elite graduates went predominantly into the home civil service, colonial government and the traditional professions, in Japan they went not only into these but still more into industry and commerce and the newer technological professions.This was because Japanese higher education, like the whole modern education system, was created by the Meiji reformers for the express purpose of modernizing Japan. Japan, contrary to popular belief in the West, did not start from scratch. Under the Tokugawa there were higher schools and colleges based on Confucian learning, no more out of touch with the needs of a traditional ruling elite than were Oxford and Cambridge. But the difference was that the Meiji elite knew that higher education had to be changed, and changed radically if Japan was to be transformed into a modern nation able to expel the barbarians and become a strong and wealthy country. Under the Fundamental Code of Education of 1872 they set out to establish a modern system of education with an elementary school within reach of every child, a secondary school in every school district, and a university in each of eight academic regions. In the next forty years, Japanese higher education expanded explosively. By 1922 there were 6 imperial and 20 non-imperial universities and 235 other higher institutions. Moreover, the whole system was geared to industrialization and economic growth, to the production of bureaucrats, managers, technologists and technicians. Whereas in Britain the sons of the elite at this stage avoided industry, which was left to the largely self-educated, trained in industry itself, in Japan the sons of the Shizoku, the ex-samurai who formed the majority of students in the universities, went indiscriminately into the service of the state and of private industry.Britain too began a remarkable expansion of higher education in the late 19th century. New universities, more responsive to the scientific and industrial needs of their regions, came into existence in nearly all the great cities which did not already have them: Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Birmingham, Bristol, Newcastle, Nottingham, Sheffield, and so on. These new civic universities were much more dedicated to scientific and technological research and had a provocative and stimulating effect on the older universities too, and Oxford and Cambridge came to develop science and engineering and other modern subjects. Thus at the time Japan was using higher education as an instrument of industrialization, Britain began to do the same.The road remained substantially different, however. Unlike the Japanese, the great majority of British managers never went to university. Some went to a variety of technical colleges which grew up to meet the demand which the universities had so long neglected, but the great majority were trained on the job with the help of evening schools where they learned to pass the examinations of the new professional bodies like the Institution of Mechanical Engineers or the Institute of Chemistry.Thus the British road to industrial higher education was largely a part-time road, Most modern universities began as technical or other colleges, mostly for part-time students. This helps to explain why Britain, with one of the smallest university systems amongst the advanced countries, could sustain a competitive industrial economy, and even remain the world's largest exporter of manufactured goods down to the First World War.During the 1960s the number of British universities nearly doubled, from 25 to 45 and in addition 30 polytechnics were formed from existing technical colleges. But British industry still depends to a larger extent than any other advanced country on part-time education and training on the job.Japan by contrast believes in full-time higher education, and has far larger numbers in universities and colleges. Since the Second World War, initially under the stimulus of the American Occupation, the system has grown from 64 universities and 352 other colleges with about 250,000 students in l948 to 43l universities and 580 other colleges with nearly 2 million students in 1977, equal to 38 per cent of the age group. In terms of full-time students Britain is still only on the threshold of mass higher education; Japan is already moving towards universal higher education.Most educationists still believe that if only the British would spend as much on education as the Japanese they could achieve the same rate of economic growth. But perhaps too much influence is claimed for it by educationists. Could it not be said that education is an effect rather than a cause - or rather, that it is an effect before it can become a cause. It is an effect of the social values and social structure of the society which creates and provides it.In other words, the British and the Japanese took two different roads to higher education and to modern industrialism because they were two different kinds of society; with different aims and ambitions, different moral and social values, different principles of social connexion and of social structure.In one sense the aims and objectives of the two societies were very similar. They both harnessed personal ambition to the drive to wealth and power. The key to the British Industrial Revolution was social ambition, 'keeping up with the 'Joneses,' the desire to rise in society by making money and to confirm that rise by spending money on conspicuous consumer goods. In a similar way, the Japanese of the Meiji Restoration strove to become rich and powerful in order to expel the barbarians and restore the country's independence. The two kinds of ambition were fundamentally different. The British landlords, farmers, industrialists and workers were self-seeking and individualistic in their ambition, and national economic growth was a by-product of their individual success. The Japanese samurai, merchants, artisans, and peasants strove to succeed, but success was not measured as much by personal wealth, status and power, as by the admiration and applause of one's family, one's colleagues and one's fellow citizens. Individual prosperity was a by-product of the group's. The British (and Western) kind of ambition may be called 'acquisitive individualism' and the Japanese kind 'participative self-fulfilment'.Acquisitive individualism in Britain has deep roots in English society. Even now the British are more concerned with their individual share of the national cake than with increasing its size.The Japanese by contrast have never been individualists in this sense. They have always put the group - the family, the village, the feudal han, the nation - before the individual and his material gain. The individual has found his reward in and through the group and in loyalty to its leader, who represents the group to the outside world.This ideal of participative self-fulfilment has deep roots in Japanese society and goes back to the nature of the Japanese family, the ie. In Western terms, ie is best translated as 'household' rather than 'family', since it was more open to newcomers such as sons-in-law than the Western family, and outgoing members who married into another ie ceased to belong. Its major feature was that every member, however new, strove for respect in the eyes or the household and received protection and loyalty in return. This was the origin of that participative self-fulfilment, that striving for success in and through whichever group one came to belong to, which is the secret of Japanese unselfish ambition and co-operative loyalty.Yet there are limits to the group responsibility produced by the ie tradition. Because it was rooted in a system of group rivalries which drew a sharp distinction between one's own group and all the others - which is why it is difficult, for example, to unite workers from different companies in the same trade union - there is less sense of responsibility in Japan for the welfare of those who do not belong to the same group. That is why welfare, social security, pensions, medical services and leisure facilities are mainly organized by the large corporations for their own workers, and the state welfare system is still undeveloped compared with Britain and Europe.Britain, despite its acquisitive individualism, always had another tradition, an aristocratic tradition of paternalism or 'noblesse oblige' which, oddly enough, remained enshrined in the older, aristocratic universities of Oxford and Cambridge while acquisitive individualism was creating or capturing the newer universities of the industrial society. This tradition found its way into the university settlement movement in the slums of London and other great cities, into housing improvement and factory reform, into adult education for the working class, into social work, even into British non- Marxist socialism, and into the welfare state. It was a tradition which went beyond all groups, whether of family, trade, profession or class. It asked in effect, 'who is my neighbour?' and it answered zany member of society who needs my help'. This is the hidden principle which has saved Britain from the excesses of acquisitive individualism.Although British trade unions, employers and professional bodies today fight each other for a bigger share of the cake regardless of what happens to the cake as a whole, there is a gentleman's agreement, stemming from that other, more gentlemanly tradition, that the welfare of the poor, the disabled, the elderly, the sick and the unemployed comes first. For the same reason, economic growth comes second. Welfare, leisure, a clean environment and a civilized social life are now more important acquisitions to the British than a larger post-tax income. Acquisitive individualism has shifted its ground, from material possessions to the non-material goods of health, education for pleasure, an enjoyable environment and a more leisurely and pleasurable life.Britain and Japan took two different roads to higher education and to industrialism because they were two very different societies with different social structures and ideals. If the British could borrow some of their unselfish self-fulfilment and co-operative efficiency from the Japanese and the Japanese some of their concern for social welfare and public amenity from the British, perhaps East and West could at last meet in mutual under- standing and each have the best of both worlds.Enrolments in universities and colleges in Britain and Japan as percentage of the student age groupBritainJapan1885(1.0)0.519001.20.919201.819242.719303.119382.719404.019556.18.719608.310.219658.915.9197013.818.7197414.027.9197733.9197913.9Note:The British figures include full-time advanced students in universities, teacher training colleges and further education; the Japanese figures those in universities, two-year colleges and higher technical colleges (and excluding higher vocational