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1: Discoveries of Pakistani Scientist:The first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaqat Ali Khan made various reforms to initiate improvement in higher education and scientific research.The real growth in science in Pakistan occurred after the establishment of the Higher education Commission in 2002 which supported science in a big way and also became the major sponsor of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences under the leadership of Prof. Atta-ur-Rahman.Some of the most renowned and famous Pakistani Scientists are:Abdus Salam[1]:Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1979) for his electroweak theory that combines weak nuclear force and electromagnetic forces.Dr Abdus Salam is the most highly decorated scientist of Pakistan, honored with most state awards including the Sitara-e-Pakistan (Star of Pakistan) in 1959.Atta-ur-Rahman[2]:Winner of the UNESCO Science Prize for pioneering contributions in natural product chemistry in 1999. He is the first scientist from the Islamic world to have won this prizeRiazuddin:Winner of Einstein Award (2000) for his contribution in theoretical physics, notably the contribution in neutrinos. Riazuddin, pupil student of Salam, remains the most state decorated scientist of Pakistan with receiving state honors and international prizes, second to Abdus Salam.Prof. Dr. Mohammad Aslam Khan Khalil:He modified scientific understanding of “global climate change”. He also identified methane’s role as a powerful greenhouse gas, tracing its increase in human activities. His work has contributed to the Kyoto Protocol to limit the emissions of greenhouse gases.Dr Naweed I Syed:He is the first scientist who managed to ‘connect brain cells to a silicon chip’. Currently he is a Professor and Head Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy at the University of Calgary, Canada. He was also featured in Time Magazine.Shaukat Hameed :As the director of lab, he began to develop the fuel techniques, and have done the preliminary work on the different models. He developed the techniques and methods to work on the image processing methods. He was also the was part of the small team of scientists who had central role in the development of the cooling device.Dr Samar Mubarakmand:Mubarakmand was assigned to Ishfaq Ahmad’s Nuclear Physics Division where he took charge to carry out the calculations in implosion method, and mathematical multiplication involved in nuclear fission. He provided the technical assistance to the engineers there. He has been associated with the country’s space program where he largely contributed his research in computational fluid dynamics, aerodynamics, and fluid physics.Dr Nergis Mavalvala:Mavalvala was among the team of scientists who, for the first time, observed ripples in the fabric of spacetime called gravitational waves. It was announced to the public on 11 February 2016. The detection confirmed a major prediction of Albert Einstein's 1915 general theory of relativity.Pervaiz Hoodbhoy: [3][4]Hoodbhoy provided the brief mathematical proofs and description to understand, logically, the subject of Sitter space— a scalar curvature in general theory of relativity.At National Center for Physics, Hoodbhoy conducted research on different aspects of particle physics, and pioneered studies in modern physics and its extension to mathematical and nuclear physics. In 2006, Hoodbhoy published a brief mathematical description of Generalized Parton Distributions. In 2007, Hoodbhoy re-published the work of Jens Lyng Peterson the Maldacena conjecture (a conjectured equivalence between a string theory and gravity defined on one space, and a quantum field theory without gravity defined by one or less dimension) where he contributed mathematically to the theory.2: Pakistani Startups, Inventions and Discoveries:Fertilizers With Non-Explosive Materials:In 2013, a Pakistani firm invented a new formula to make fertilizers that cannot be converted into bomb-making materials. The firm, Fatima Fertilizer, had succeeded in making non-lethal alternatives to ammonium nitrate, a key ingredient in the fertilizers it makes. Fertilizers with ammonium nitrate, however, can easily be converted into bomb-making ingredients.This invention was praised by the Pentagon. “Such a long-term solution would be a true scientific breakthrough,” US Army Lieutenant General Michael Barbero, the head of the Pentagon’s Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization.Human Development Index:Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq [5]devised the Human Development Index in 1990 in order to move the focus of development economics to people centered policies from national income accounting.Noval Cancer cell detection Method and Device:Dr Samir Iqbal developed a novel cancer cell detection method that improves early diagnosis through a tool that tracks cellular behavior in real time using nano textured walls that mimic layers of body tissue.Link: Electrical engineers develop device to diagnose cancer rapidly at the cellular level, improve early detectionLavatory That Transforms Human Waste into Charcoal, Minerals, And Clean Water:Pakistani researcher at Loughborough University, Sohail Khan designed a lavatory that converts human waste into biological charcoal, which can be burned, and clean water.Link: https://www.ait.ac.at/ueber-das-ait/researcher-profiles/?tx_aitprofile_pi1%5Bname%5D=Khan-SohailThe Ommaya Reservoir:[6]Developed by Ayub K. Ommaya, the Ommaya reservoir is a system used for injecting the medicines into the cerebrospinal fluid for treatment of patients with brain tumors.Pleuroperitoneal Shunt, Endotracheal Tube: [7]A Pakistani American doctor from Peshawar, Pakistan invented the Pleuroperitoneal Shunt and a Special Endotracheal Tube tube to supply oxygen during fiber-optic bronchoscopy in awake patients.Anti-Terrorist Algorithm:In 2014 a Start-up Company by the name of Go-Fig Solutions entered into a competition called Startup Cup Pakistan. They had a simple concept. Eliminate Terrorism! Sounds simple enough. This group of forward thinking Pakistanis had developed an algorithm to detect where the next International terrorist attack would take place. The algorithm was based on complex behavioral patterns and data-mining techniques. It has a success rate of an outstanding 35%. Go-Fig after that, won the World Start-up Cup as well. Since then, the Anti-Terrorism Algorithm has found its way to Silicon Valley, USA.Workable Plastic Magnet:Organic Chemist and Polymer Scientist Naveed Zaidi [8]developed world's first plastic magnet that functions at room temperature. Along with his colleagues Prof. Andy Monkman, Mr. Sean Giblin and Dr. Ian Terry from Department of Physics of Durham University, research took 4 years making him first scientist to develop world's first practical plastic magnet.World’s first Computer Virus (for MS DOS):Amjad Farooq and Basit Farooq made the World’s first Computer Virus also known as ‘Brain’. It was made for MS-DOS operating systems. The virus used to infect the boot sector of storage media formatted with the DOS File Allocation Table (FAT) file system. This virus was suppose to stop and track illegal copies of their disk.Read: Brain (computer virus) - WikipediaThe SMB Probe:As far as dangerous energy sources go, nuclear power has to be one of, if not the most dangerous of all. Since it’s creation, nuclear power has created multiple disasters around the globe, causing many deaths and toxic environments. In an attempt to counteract this problem, Sultan Bashiruddin Mehmood created the SMB Probe which is thought to reduce the chance of a nuclear disaster by a significant amount. The SMB Probe’s job is to keep power plant operations under control and check whether there are any heavy water leakages, thereby reducing the possibility of accidents.Water Generator:Rehan Aziz Farooqi, an engineer from Swat, invented a generator that can not only run on water, but can also allow any engine – whether it’s diesel, gas or petrol – to run on water as well. The generator works by separating the hydrogen and oxygen found in water and converting them into viable energy source. As hydrogen is extremely explosive however, the generator’s inventor wants to ensure there are no dangers before making it available to the public.Community Sanitation:For many third-world countries, the risk of contracting deadly diseases due to poor sanitation is a huge problem. In an attempt to lower these risks, Professor of Sustainable Infrastructure at Loughborough University Sohail Khan invented a lavatory that transforms human waste into minerals that can be used to enrich soil. The facility also processes water to ensure it is clean and consumable.The World’s cheapest Electricity:Shahzaib Hussain, a seventeen-year-old from Quetta, created a device that can be used to reproduce electricity when he was only in Grade 11. The device was first proven to work when Shahzaib managed to light 44 LED lights that would usually require 3 Watts with only 1.5 Watts that were fed through his machine. The device is currently still in it’s prototype stage, but could lead to huge developments in the near future.Pleuroperitoneal Shunt:Syed Amjab Hussein, a doctor from Peshawar, invented the shunt. This surgically implanted catheter transports fluid from a pleural space into the peritoneal cavity where it is absorbed, relieving breathlessness in patients suffering from cancer. It is used to treat malignant pleural effusions, basically a condition where cancer causes fluid to gather in the space between tissues(pleura) lining the lungs and chest, making it hard to breathe. S.A. Hussein’s work has led him to being inducted into the Medical Mission Hall of Fame.25 year old Scientist part in Gravitational Waves:Imran Khan from Quetta has been known to have worked with a team of scientists at Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) that recorded gravitational waves for the first time in history.Read: 25-year-old scientist from Quetta took part in discovery of gravitational waves - The Express Tribune3: Politics, Sports, Culture and Art:First Female PM Of an Islamic Country:A bit controversial figure (and for a good reason), but proved that a woman could stand up to a military dictator and be democratically elected to the top leadership position in a conservative Muslim country.ex World No. 1 professional Squash player:Jahangir Khan, During his career he won the World Open six times and the British Open a record ten times. From 1981 to 1986, he was unbeaten in competitive play. During that time he won 555 matches consecutively, the longest winning streak by any athlete in top-level professional sports as recorded by Guinness World Records.He retired as a player in 1993, and has served as President of the World Squash Federation from 2002 to 2008, when he became Emeritus President.Plantation of 1 Billion Tree:Pakistan planted 1 Billion tree in order to fight the climatic challenges. Although there’s a lot of work that needs to be done, but this is a sincere start. I hope other Countries learn from it too.Pakistan help to Algeria:Pakistan was a strong supporter of Algerian independence even before the inception of Algeria.Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognize the “Provisional Government of Republic of Algeria” in exile on 19 September 1958 under the Prime Ministership of Farhat Abbas and had permitted it to open its Mission in Karachi. The Government of Pakistan provided diplomatic passports to prominent members of the Algerian government in exile for their foreign travel, such as Ahmed Ben Bella.Pakistan's firm support to Algerian cause angered France which expected Pakistan to remain aloof of this affairs especially since Pakistan was signatory to SEATO and CENTO.Economic Plan of Seoul:A delegation from South Korea visited Pakistan in 1960, and discussed the economic development plan of that of Karachi for Seoul. Karachi (largest & coastal city of Pakistan) was seen as an economic role model around the world, and there was much praise for the way its economy was progressing. Many countries sought to emulate Pakistan's economic planning strategy and it has been learnt that one of them was South Korea, who replicated the second "Five-Year Plan" and World Financial Center in Seoul was designed and modeled after Karachi. It is also said tht Dr. Mahbub ul Haq a renowned Pakistani econmist and the originator of the Human Development Index (HDI), gave five year plan to South Korea which helped South Korea to progress rapidly.Link: The Seoul TimesPakistan and Armenia Relations:Due to Pakistan’s close relation with Turkey and now Azerbaijan, Pakistan is the only Country that does not recognise Armenia an official state and the very few Countries that recognise Khojlay massacre as Genocide of Azeri people.Pakistan help to Azerbaijan:Pakistan supported the Azerbaijan right to self determination in 1988, and was the first Countries with Romania and Turkey to recognize independent Azerbaijan.Pakistan Army supported Azerbaijan during the Grabakh war and have vowed to continue its support. Pakistan and Azerbaijan are also UnOfficial Allies.Pakistan Rs120 million Aid to West Germany in 1963:The situation is totally opposite now. By 1953 Germany had debts for rehabilitation and reconstruction. Pakistan was a prosperous economy, and for that Germany seek Pakistan’s help.Sagar Veena:Raza Aslam started working on this variation of the Veena, called the Sagar Veena, in 1970. His daughter who helped him test it, is currently the only person who has complete mastery over it. So what is Sagar Veena (Ocean Chordophone)? It’s not any Veena, it is a unique design with an unmatched range of timbres and pitch registers.The sound has an extremely high resonating quality and the instrument provides artists an extensive palette of sounds to evoke human emotion. There is nothing like classical music accompanied by the music from the Sagar Veena!World renowned Islamic Calligraphers:Syed Sadequain Ahmed Naqvi:World renowned Painter and Calligrapher. He was also awarded with "Laureate de Paris" international painter award.Ismail Guljee:Was an award-winning, globally famous Pakistani artist born in Peshawar. He was a qualified engineer in the US and self-taught abstract painter and portrait painter.He is famous for Painting the Saudi, Iran and Afghan Royal families. He received numerous awards from Saudi Arabia for his work on Islamic Calligraphy.According to the Metropolitan Museum of Art "Gulgee's calligraphy paintings are abstract and gestural interpretations of Arabic and Urdu letters. His sweeping layers of paint explore the formal qualities of oil paint while they make references to Islamic design elements."Coke Studio Pakistan:Coke Studio is a Pakistani television series and international music franchise which features live studio-recorded music performances by established and emerging artists.The show is noted for promoting Pakistan's multiculturalism by inviting artists from various regions and of various languages to collaborate musically in live studio recording sessions.After the success of Coke Studio Pakistan, the similar model was adopted by Indian and Arabic Musicians, making of the Coke Studio India and Middle East.Pakistan’s first female Architect:Yasmeen Lari being the first female Architect of Pakistan, worked on Low-income housing; mud and bamboo Construction. For the success of her work, she was awarded membership of Royal Institute of Architects, JAPAN'S FAKUOKA PRIZE, RIBA Architecture Prize, and UNESCO Recognition award.Her low income houses are being built in African Countries, Yemen, Bangladesh, Syria and Iraq. More and more Poor countries are seeking her help.Refugees in Pakistan:Pakistan has been a wonderful host for the Refugees. According to the UNHCR, Pakistan ranks 2nd amongst the countries hosting the highest number of refugees. UN Geneva praises Pakistan for its efforts to relocate displaced refugees, mainly from Afghanistan. Pakistan prevented World Refugee crisis by accepting millions of Afghan refugees.World Giving Index:In 2011, Pakistan was ranked 32nd most Country in World Giving Index. This number has largely declined due to Internal war of terror and debt due to War on Terror. There’s been a slight increase in list since 2016.Please read my answer: Shahnaseeb Babar's answer to What inspires you about Pakistan?‘Joy of Qawwali’:Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, re-introduced the 600 years old concept of Qawwali. He has won numerous international awards; UNESCO Music Prize, Fukuoka Asian Culture Prizes and UK Asian Music Awards. In Japan he is known as Budai or "Singing Buddha"Declining CO2 Emissions:Pakistans CO2 emissions have been declining and have dropped overall 10% per capita since 2007.Data for Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, AfghanistanUSA and China Relations known as ‘Nixon—China talks’[9]:After the Korean war, Pakistan played a vital role in the USA and China relations. Ever since the independence of China, Pakistan and China have been friends. Pakistan being allied with US, and a friend to China, helped opening up diplomatic relations with Countries and settled down some disputes.It was an important strategic and diplomatic overture that marked the culmination of the Nixon administration's rapprochement between the United States and China. The seven-day official visit to three Chinese cities was the first time a US President had visited the PRC; Nixon's arrival in Beijing ended 25 years of no communication, nor diplomatic ties, between the two countries and was the key step in normalizing relations between the U.S. and China.Shia — Sunni Balance:Pakistan has always remained neutral with Iran and Saudi relations. In a way preventing any war between the two Countries considering Iran is the neighbor of Pakistan, and Pakistan an old ally to the USA.Eqbal Ahmad[10]:He was a famous Pakistani political scientist, writer and academic famously known for his anti-war activism support for resistance movements globally. He became a strong activist against the Vietnam War which lead Ahmad being charged as part of the Harrisburg Seven in January 1971, after the trial the jury acquitted Ahmad from all charges in 1972.Ahmad was admired as "an intellectual unintimidated by power or authority". He influenced a few notable Political scientists all around the world which include: Edward Said, Noam Chomsky, Howard Zinn, Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, Richard Falk, Pervez Hoodbhoy, Alexander Cockburn, Edward Said and Arundhati Roy.Sahabzada Yaqub Khan[11] help in ‘Hanafi Seige, 1977[12]’:In 1977, three buildings in Washington DC were seized by 12 armed gunmen. Sahabzada Yaqub Khan who ex Pakistan Army officer, and was as Pakistani ambassador to US who along with the Ambassador of Eqypt and Iran helped with the negotiations.He also arranged the Nixon and Beijing talks.Time magazine noted: "That the toll was not higher was in part a tribute to the primary tactic U.S. law enforcement officials are now using to thwart terrorists—patience. But most of all, perhaps, it was due to the courageous intervention of three Muslim ambassadors, Egypt's Ashraf Ghorbal, Pakistan's Sahabzada Yaqub-Khan and Iran's Ardeshir Zahedi.Islamabad; a role model:In 1960, Pakistan decided to build a new Capitol, Islamabad. The idea was to place this capitol away from the busy metropolitan of Karachi.Islamabad was the first city which was built keeping the needs of a Passive Urban design. It was an ideal example for a sustainable city[13]. The basic rule of thumb was to follow concrete and gardens side—by—side. The more you build, the more Parks/Grounds you leave. Even today this Law is observed by the local administration.4: In Defence:3rd Highest Contribution to UN Peace Keeping:As of the recent report byUN, Pakistan is the 3rd highest in sending Troops for UN Peace Keeping.List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers - WikipediaSoviet Afghan War:Pakistan was the major part of Operation Cyclone[14]. Defense and Intelligence forces of Pakistan allied with USA, it is known to be the biggest Intelligence Cooperation and the longest most extensive covert operation between the spies of any two Countries.Operation Cyclone - WikipediaPakistan Army help to Sri Lanka:Pakistan helped Sri Lanka fight the terrorist group ‘Tamil Tigers’ by providing the Sri Lankan military the necessary training, equipments, and also some Intelligence. On the successful defeat of Tamil Tigers the Sri Lankan president said:"The government and the people of Sri Lanka have considered Pakistan as a true friend of Sri Lanka, which has always stood by it in times of need..."Pakistan help to Bosnia:The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) intelligence agency of Pakistan allegedly ran an active military intelligence program during the Bosnian War which started in 1992 lasting until 1995. Allegedly executed and supervised by General Javed Nasir, the program distributed and coordinated the systematic supply of arms to various groups of Bosnian mujahideen during the war.The ISI Bosnian contingent was organized with financial assistance provided by Saudi Arabia.Grand Mosque Seizure of Mecca:The Grand Mosque of Mecca’s seizure occurred during November and December 1979 when extremist insurgents calling for the overthrow of the House of Saud took over Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The insurgents declared that the Mahdi (the "redeemer of Islam") had arrived in the form of one of their leaders – Mohammed Abdullah al-Qahtani – and called on Muslims to obey him. For nearly two weeks Saudi Special Forces assisted by Pakistani commandos known as Special Services Group (SSG) fought pitched battles to reclaim the compound.50 of the Pakistan’s Elite Commandos or SSG, were sent to Mecca, which carried out the raid in the Holy mosque and successfully eliminated the terrorists.Battle of Mogadishu (1993):On 3 October 1993, Task Force Ranger of the United States of America began an operation that involved traveling from their compound on the city's outskirts to the center with the aim of capturing the leaders of the Habr Gidr clan, led by Mohamed Farrah Aidid. The assault force consisted of nineteen aircraft, twelve vehicles (including nine Humvees), and 160 men. The operation was intended to last no longer than one hour.Shortly after the assault began, Somali militia and armed civilian fighters shot down two UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters. The subsequent operation to secure and recover the crews of both helicopters extended the initial operation into an overnight standoff and daylight rescue operation on 4 October. The battle resulted in 19 deaths, 73 wounded and one helicopter pilot captured among the U.S. raid party and rescue forces. At least one Pakistani soldier and one Malaysian soldier were killed as part of the rescue forces on day two of the battle. American sources estimate between 1,500 and 3,000 Somali casualties, including civilians; the Somali National Alliance (SNA) claims 315 dead, with 812 wounded.Early the next morning, a combined task force was sent to rescue the trapped soldiers. It contained soldiers from the Pakistan Army. "Green Line" dividing the warring factions in North and South Mogadishu, Pakistan Army was stationed at the North side of the line. A contingent of the Pakistan Army was sent to assist US Army.In the end, 1 Pakistani soldier was killed and 2 were wounded.Battle of Mogadishu (1993) - WikipediaWhat was the contribution of Pakistan Army in the Battle of Mogadishu in Somalia?ISI’s External Wing:The Inter Services Intelligence or ISI of Pakistan, is said to have shared intelligence regarding numerous terrorist activities to Heads and Intelligence of foreign countries when there is a suspicion of Terrorist activities.At such occasions; Pakistan’s ISI is said to have collaborated and shared Intel to Mossad of Israel, Intelligence of Saudi Arabia, Turkey, China, Egypt, Libya, to name a very few, and which later saved some precious lives.Please note: It is the nature of such supreme agencies that they do not disclose much information which can put the lives of their field agents at risk.Inter-Services Intelligence - WikipediaDeployments of Pakistan Armed Forces in KSA:Pakistan deployed troops in Saudi Arabia for "security duties" in the wake of the 1979 Iranian Revolution. A protocol was signed between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia on 14 December 1982 following the latter's request for military manpower assistance. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, up to 15,000 Pakistani troops were stationed in Saudi Arabia, to provide defense to the country. Some of them were part of a brigade combat force positioned near the Israeli-Jordanian-Saudi border.As of the Gulf War in 1991, up to 13,000 troops and 6,000 advisers from Pakistan were posted in Saudi Arabia. Under the 1982 protocol, cooperation was widened to include military training, defense production and sharing, and joint exercises. As an Ally to Saudi Arabia, and USA, the presence of Pakistan Army in the Saudi Arabia was very much appreciated. Mainly air defense division was stationed in Saudi Arabia, considering if any Iraqi jets try to raid Saudi cities. It is also said to be the numbers might be around 65,000.Contingents of the Pakistani Armed Forces have frequently participated in joint military exercises inside Saudi Arabia in conjunction with the Saudi Armed Forces. Pakistani military presence in the kingdom continues presently, providing Riyadh support against internal and external regional threats.Pakistan Army in Kuwait as a Member of Coalition forces:Defence cooperation between Pakistan and Kuwait dates back to the late 1960s. Officers from the Pakistani army, air force and navy have been deployed in Kuwait to provide training and instruction to Kuwaiti forces. In 1990, up to 700 personnel of the Pakistan Armed Forces were stationed in Kuwait. Pakistani officers served in technical and advisory roles in the Kuwaiti Army during the Gulf War. Pakistan was a member of the coalition forces against the 1990 invasion of Kuwait, and Pakistani personnel took part in UN mine hunting operations in Kuwait.Pakistan Army help to Afghanistan in Afghan-Soviet War[15]:Prior to Arming and training of the Afghan Mujahideen, Pakistan Army was also directly involved and assisted in fighting the Soviet Army with Afghan Mujahideen.One such is the Battle of Hill 3234[16], where Soviets reported they were fighting Pakistan Army’s SSG despised as Afghan Mujahideen. In assistance of the Mujahideen, Pakistan Air Force lost one F—16.Foreign Cadet Training by Pakistan Army:Allied Cadets of Pakistan Army include cadets from Afghanistan, Albania, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Oman, Bangladesh, Bosnia, Brunei, Srilanka, Sudan, UAE, Ghana, Iraq, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan, Nigeria, and Zambia. They are trained in Pakistan Military Academy[17].Pakistan Navy Mission ‘Umeed e Nuh’[18]:Umeed e Nuh was a humanitarian and rescue mission in order to secure the merchant vessel MV Suez.Upon receiving request for help by the commanding officer Captain Syed Wasi Hassan, the Pakistan Navy dispatched its combatant frigates and naval helicopters to escort the merchant vessel to safety. On Monday, 13 June 2011, naval frigate PNS Babur successfully evacuated and later shifted the crew members to safety on F-251 PNS Zulfiqar. The crew members, consisting of 4 Pakistanis, 6 Indians, 11 Egyptians and one Sri Lankan, were successfully brought to land at the port city of Karachi.Pakistan Army help to Iraq fighting ISIS:Pakistan quietly helped Iraq in its fight against ISIS militias, which reached a major milestone this week with the liberation of Mosul from the terrorist group’s control after three years of occupation.Talking about Pakistan’s help, besides getting intelligence on terrorists, Iraq also received arms and ammunition and military medical assistance from Pakistan.Some of the Iraqi pilots, who took part in action against the ISIS, had been trained in Pakistan.Pakistan helped Iraq in defeating ISIS, says Iraqi envoyFootnotes[1] Abdus Salam - Wikipedia[2] Atta-ur-Rahman (chemist) - Wikipedia[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Hoodbhoy[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Hoodbhoy[5] Mahbub ul Haq - Wikipedia[6] Ommaya reservoir - Wikipedia[7] Sayed Amjad Hussain - Wikipedia[8] Plastic magnet - Wikipedia[9] Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China - Wikipedia[10] Eqbal Ahmad - Wikipedia[11] Sahabzada Yaqub Khan - Wikipedia[12] 1977 Hanafi Siege - Wikipedia[13] Islamabad, A Town Planning Example For A Sustainable City[14] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cyclone[15] Active Pakistani involvement during Soviet invasion of Afghanistan[16] Battle for Hill 3234 - Wikipedia[17] https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/UserFiles/File/New%20PDF/PMA.pdf[18] Operation Umeed-e-Nuh - Wikipedia

To ensure transparency in the functioning of private educational institutions, the government has decided to bring all private colleges, senior secondary and high schools under the RTI Act 2005 with immediate effect. However, the Act will not cover medical and nursing colleges and schools affiliated to the CBSE and the ICSE.All private colleges and schools, whether aided or unaided, will come covered under the RTI and they have been directed to appoint public information officers (PIOs) and appellate authorities as provided under the Act.So here I’ve pointed you to links to sample RTI forms that you can refer to create your RTI application [ Sample 1, Sample 2, Sample 3] .Online RTI Request Form — https://rtionline.gov.in/request/request.php——-SO HERE ARE SOME FAQ ———--Right to Information Act (RTI) – What is it for?The Right to Information Act was established to make the government accountable for its work by empowering citizens to demand information regarding its activities. This act applies to both the Central and the State Governments of India except Jammu and Kashmir, which has its own RTI Act.What information are we talking about?The RTI aims to allow citizens to ask for records, documents, circulars, contracts, reports, papers, emails, memos and all other information held in print or electronic form from the public authorities, i.e. all the governing bodies. There are certain sections of administrative activities that are exempt from the RTI Act, details of which can be found in Section 8 and 9 of RTI Act 2005.The RTI Act 2005 also empowers citizens to physically inspect the records that have been duly maintained by the government and its administrative bodies.Who can ask for information?All citizens can ask for information whether they want to inspect the work and activities of the Government or simply exercise their right to other information and documents that were mentioned earlier. If you are a citizen who seeks information or want to inspect records of governing and administrative bodies, you are a valid applicant.How can you ask for information?Citizens can exercise their right to information by filing an application with a Central Public Information Officer (CPIO). All the administrative levels of the government will have a CPIO who will give the required information to people who file an application or a query under the RTI Act.As an applicant, you should know that there is no particular format required. Your application can even be on simple plain paper. Applicants however need to ensure that their contact details including name and correspondence address appear on the application. Reasonable assistance can be expected from the CPIO if you decide to give your application in writing.On what grounds can you seek information under the RTI act?As a citizen, applicant under the RTI and as an information seeker, you are not required to give any reasons if you wish to seek information under the RTI Act.Is there a fee to file and RTI application?Yes, as per the RTI Act 2005, applicants will incur fees and costs that include, but may not be limited to the followingFee on initial applicationDemand draft, banker’s cheque or cash with subsequent receipt of Rs. 10Fees for information soughtRs. 2 per page printed, copied or created in A4 or A3 sizeCost of the page or paperRs. 50 per disc if information is given in that formCost or actual price of sample or models requested under the RTI ActFees for inspection of recordsFirst hour is free after which there is a fee of Rs. 5 per hourHow long will it take?Information sought under the RTI 2005 will be supplied within a time period of 30 days. However it has been stated in the RTI Act 2005 guide that if the information ‘concerns the life and liberty of a person’, it will be supplied in 48 hours. Here are the details of various time limits for receiving information for your RTI application.The RTI Act 2005 guide also mentions that if you as an applicant have given your application to an Assistant CPIO or the wrong public authority, 5 days will be added to the generally prescribed time frame.What if you don’t receive the RTI information or wish to appeal?The RTI Act 2005 has set forth guidelines and procedures for applicants who have not been given the information they seek in time or are not satisfied with the information provided to them. Here is an overview of the appeals procedureAs an applicant, you should file an appeal with the relevant first appellate authority within 30 days of the date that was the last day of the expiry of the 30 day time period to supply information. [Please refer the timeline chart above]Your appeal will be reviewed and disposed within 30 days of receipt, or 45 days in ‘exceptional cases’.As an applicant, if your appeal is not disposed or you are still left unsatisfied, you can file a second appeal to Central Information Commission. This appeal must be done within 90 days from the date that was the last day of the 30 or 45 day time period of the first appeal.Cumulative RTI statistics for past 3 yearsHere are some numbers released by authorities that give you an idea about number of RTI applications that were filed / rejected in last 3 years.Go get your Right to Information now!peace ✌️

The new work permit regulation will be implemented from April 1, 2017.China’s previous foreign work permits, the Alien Employment Permit (Z-visa) and the Foreign Expert Permit (R-visa), have been integrated into the Permit System for Foreigners in China, a single work permit based on a three-tiered classification system. The permit provides a federal model administered by SAFEA, eliminating the often troublesome and inconsistent regionally administered policies.The three-tiered system classifies foreign workers as A, B, or C level candidates. The classification system takes into account candidates’ education, salary level, age, time spent working in China, and Chinese language skills. Applicants who receive more than 85 points are given the letter “A,” 60 to 85 points, “B,” and less than 60 points, “C.”Application requirementsThe Chinese government deems that all applicants should meet the following requirements:• Be at least 18 years of age• Be in good health• Have no criminal record• Have a commitment from a legal employer• Have the professional skills necessary to do the work, or a corresponding degreeApplication procedureThe following steps outline the application process and the required documents for foreign workers and their employers under the new work permit.Step 1: Apply onlineThe first step in the application process is completed by the employer in China. An employer looking to hire a non-Chinese employee can submit an application, along with the relevant documents online on the management system for foreign workers in China (only in Chinese).” The required documents for submission are as follows:• Application form• Business license and organization code certificate• Social insurance registration or certificate of registration of the resident representative office of foreign enterprise• Information such as the name, ID, and phone number of the foreign worker• Power of Attorney• Identity of the employer or managerStep 2: Online pre-qualificationWithin five working days of the online submission, the receiving agency will make an examination of the materials submitted by the employer. If the foreign worker is coming from abroad, they should apply for the “Work Permit for Aliens of the People’s Republic of China” (Often referred to simply as the “Work Permit for Foreigners in China”) no later than 15 days after entry. If the materials submitted by the employer contain errors or are incomplete, the receiving agency will offer the employer one chance to correct the relevant materials.Step 3: Verification of the employer’s applicationIf the employer’s application meets the requirements, a special seal will be issued by the administrative organ, including its signature and the date when the employer’s application was verified.Step 4: ReviewAfter the employer’s application has been verified, the decision-making body will review the materials and make a decision within 10 working days to accept or decline the employer’s request to hire a foreign worker. If the agency decides to accept the employer’s application, then the employee can formally apply for the “Work Permit for Aliens of the People’s Republic of China.” The following documentation is required for the application:• “Work Permit for Aliens of the People’s Republic of China” application form• Proof of previous work experience• Certificates of highest level of education• Official proof of no criminal record from country of permanent residence• Medical certificate• Employment contract or other proof of employment• Passport or other travel document• A photo from the last six months in which the applicant is bareheadedStep 5: Final decisionIf the applicant meets the conditions for the work permit, the agency will grant the administrative license, create an electronic “Notice on Work Permit for Aliens,” and offer the applicant the Foreign Work Permit within 10 days of their final decision.If an applicant is not accepted, they can apply for reconsideration, or bring an administrative lawsuit against the licensing authority.