Atomic Number Crystal Form Oxidation States Rh: Fill & Download for Free

It is not often that substances are found in atomic form (just as you seldom find a building or structure made from one building material). Normally, atoms are bonded (joined) to other atoms to form compounds or molecules.In Order to make it easier to describe elements and molecules, chemical formulas are used. For example, H represents one atom of hydrogen and "O" represents one atom of oxygen. If we want to represent two atoms of hydrogen, instead of writing H-H, we write [math]H2[/math]. The subscript "2" means that two atoms of the element hydrogen have joined together to form a molecule. A subscript is only used when more than one atom is being represented.[In the noble gases (e.g. helium, neon and argon) that atoms are found individually and are not bonded to other atoms. ]Molecular compounds form as a result of covalent bonding where electrons are shared between non-metal atoms. Certain elements (mostly non-metals) and Covalent compounds exist as discreet molecules which can be described by their molecular formulas. These exist and interact as separate molecules. Oxygen ([math]O2[/math]), water ([math]H2O[/math]), Octane ([math]C8H18[/math]), sulphur ([math]S8[/math]) and buckminsterfullerene ([math]C60[/math], buckyballs) are all examples of covalent molecular structures.In Covalent compounds, the element that is farther to the left in the periodic table is written first, followed by the element that is farther to the right. If both elements are in the same group of the periodic table, the one with the higher period number is written first.Ionic compounds form as a result of ionic bonding. An ionic compound is represented by what is referred to as a formula unit. Formula units represent the smallest whole number ratio that the given ions are present in that is simplest ratio of the positive and negative ions that gives neutrality. An ionic compound is a compound made up of positive and negative ions joined together by electrostatic forces of attraction. An ionic compound cannot be assigned a molecular formula since it is not made up of molecules. In these compounds, the chemical symbol for the positive metal ion is written first, followed by the symbol for the negative nonmetal ion.Network structures- Compounds that exist as giant repeating lattice structures are called network structures (a chemical compound or element in which the atoms are bonded by covalent bonds in a continuous network extending throughout the material). Examples include covalent molecules such as diamond, graphite and silica, SiC etc.. The formula of a network solid is indeed the smallest whole-number ratio of the atoms in the compound. Formulas for network solids, like those for ionic compounds, are simple ratios of the component atoms represented by a formula unit.A polymer is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits and represented as integral multiple of monomer unit.Nonstoichiometric compounds are chemical compounds with an elemental composition that cannot be represented by a fixed ratio and hence have variable composition and formula. These are almost always solid inorganic compounds, having elemental composition whose proportions cannot be represented by integers; most often, in such materials, some small percentage of atoms are missing or too many atoms are packed into an otherwise perfect lattice work. Non-stoichiometric compounds are usually caused by compounds with non-integral coefficients or varying ratios of atoms. In nonstoichiometric compounds-An atom is missing from the lattice structure of a solid, causing the other atoms to change their oxidation states to maintain neutrality in the atom.Extra atoms are found in excess in the solidThe missing atoms are replaced by atoms of a different element to maintain the neutral charge.This phenomenon is most common in ionic compounds of transition metals, specifically Oxides, Hydrides, Carbides, and Borides. It occurs most often in solids due to defects in the lattice of their crystalline structures.In these compounds there are specific ways to account for the missing or extra atoms. A variable is added to the coefficients to show that the compound is not entirely stoichiometric.1. If the metal/nonmetal ratio is greater than stoichiometric, then there is either excess metal or missing nonmetal.If there is excess metal(interstitial atoms) it is represented as, for example [math]Fe(1+x)O[/math].If there is missing nonmetal, it is represented as, for example,[math] MoO(3-x).[/math]2. If the metal/nonmetal ratio is less than stoichiometric, then the situation is the opposite.Missing metal is represented by the compound [math]Rh(1-x)O[/math]Extra nonmetal is represented by the compound [math]WO(2+x)[/math][Ionic substances are also network structures, for example a sodium chloride crystal is a huge lattice of repeating units made of sodium and chloride ions. All substances formed as a result of ionic bonding are network structures. ][Metals exist as large continuous lattice structures and are also classified as network structures. For example copper, zinc and iron can be seen as a giant crystals and are therefore considered to be network structures.]

Syllabus of UG Entrance Examination for CUCET-2018Syllabus for UGQP01 i.e for courses related to science.Part-AIt will comprise of 25 MCQs from the following discipline. i.e. English, Numerical Aptitude, Data Interpretation, Analytical Skills, Reasoning, General Aptitude, General KnowledgePart-BA candidate must answer Section I (Physics) & II (Chemistry). From Section III and Section IV, only one section either Mathematics (Section III) or Biology (Section IV) should be attempted and answered. In case, a candidate answers both Mathematics and Biology Sections, best of three sections will be evaluated and considered for result preparation.Section I (PHYSICS)Measurement: Dimensional analysis and error estimation, dimensional compatibility and significant figures.Motion in one dimension: Average velocity, instantaneous velocity, one-dimensional motion with constant accelerations, freely falling bodies.Laws of Motion: Force and inertia, Newton's laws of motion, and their significance.Motion in two dimensions: Projectile motion, uniform circular motion, tangential and radial acceleration in curve-linear motion, relative motion and relative acceleration.Work, Power and Energy: Work done by a constant and variable forces, kinetic and potential energy, power, Conservative and non conservative forces, conservation of energy, gravitational energy, work energy theorem, potential energy stored in a spring.Linear Momentum & collisions: Linear momentum & impulse, conservation of linear momentum for two particle system, collisions, collision in one dimension, collision in two dimension, rocket propulsion.Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis: Angular velocity and angular acceleration, rotational kinematics, rotational motion with constant angular acceleration relationship between angular and linear quantities, rotational energy, moment of inertia for a ring, rod, spherical shell, sphere and plane lamina, torque and angular acceleration, work and energy in rotational motion, rolling motion of a solid sphere and cylinder.Gravitation: Gravitational field, Kepler's laws and motion of planets, planetary and satellite motion, geostationary satellite.Oscillatory motion: Harmonic motion, oscillatory motion of mass attached to a spring, kinetic &potential energy, Time Period of a simple pendulum, comparing simple and harmonic motion with uniform circular motion, forced oscillations, damped oscillations and resonance.Mechanics of solids and fluids: States of matter young's modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus of rigidity, variations of pressure with depth, Buoyant forces and Archimedes principle, Pascal's law, Bernoulli's theorem and its application, surface energy, surface tension, angle of contact, capillary rise, coefficient of viscosity, viscous force, terminal velocity, Stoke's law, stream line motion, Reynold's numbers.Heat and thermodynamics: First law of thermodynamics, specific heat of an ideal gas at constant volume and constant pressure, relation between them, thermodynamics process (reversible, irreversible, isothermal, adiabatic), second law of thermodynamics, concept of entropy and concept of absolute scale, efficiency of a Carnot engine, thermal conductivity, Newton's law of cooling, black body radiation, Wien's displacement law, Stefan's law.Wave: Wave motion, phase, amplitude and velocity of wave, newton's formula for longitudinal waves, propagation of sound waves in air, effect of temperature and pressure on velocity of sound, Laplace's correction, Principle of superposition, formation of standing waves, standing waves in strings and pipes, beats, Doppler's effect.Electrostatics: Coulomb's law, electric field and potential due to point charge, dipole and its field along the axis and perpendicular to axis, electric flux, Gauss's theorem and its applications to find the field due to infinite sheet of charge, and inside the hallow conducting sphere, capacitance, parallel plate capacitor with air and dielectric medium between the Plates, series and parallel combination of capacitors, energy of a capacitor, displacement currents.Current Electricity: Concept of free and bound electrons, drift velocity and mobility, electric current, Ohm's law, resistivity, conductivity, temperature dependency of resistance, resistance in series and parallel combination, Kirchoff’s law and their application to network of resistances, principle of potentiometer, effect of temperature on resistance and its application.Magnetic Effect of Current: Magnetic field due to current, Biot-Savart's law, magnetic field due to solenoid, motion of charge in a magnetic field, force on a current carrying conductors and torque on current loop in a magnetic field, magnetic flux, forces between two parallel current carrying conductors, moving coil galvanometer and its conversion into ammeter and voltmeter.Magnetism in Matter: The magnetization of substance due to orbital and spin motions of electrons, magnetic moment of atoms, diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, earth's magnetic field and its components and their measurement.Electromagnetic induction: Induced e.m.f., Faraday's laws, Lenz's law, electromagnetic induction, self and mutual induction, B-H curve, hysisteresisloss and its importance, eddy currents.Ray Optics and optical instruments: Sources of light, luminous intensity,luminous flux, illuminance, photometry, wave nature of light, Huygen's theory for propagation of light and rectilinear propagation of light, reflection of light , total internal reflection, reflection and refraction at spherical surfaces, focal length of a combination of lenses, spherical and chromatic aberration and their removal, refraction and dispersion of light due to a prism, simple and compound microscope, reflecting and refracting telescope, magnifying power and resolving power.Wave Optics: Coherent and incoherent sources of light, interference, young's double slit experiment diffraction due to a single slit, linearly polarized light, Polaroid.Modern Physics: Photo-electric equation, matter waves, quantization, Planck's hypothesis, Bohr's model of hydrogen atom and its spectra, ionisation potential, Rydberg constant, solar spectrum and Fraunhofer lines, fluorescence and phosphorescence, X-Rays and their productions, characteristic and continuous spectra. Nuclear Instability, radioactive decay laws, Emission of α, β, γ rays, Mass - defect, Mass Energy equivalence, Nuclear Fission Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Fusion. Classification of conductors, Insulators and semiconductors on the basis of energy bands in solids, PN junction, PN Diode, junction Transistors, Transistor as an amplifier and Oscillator.Principles of Logic Gates ( AND, OR and NOT ) Analog Vs Digital communication, Difference between Radio and television, Signal propagation, Principle of LASER and MASER, Population Inversion, Spontaneous and stimulated Emission.Section II (CHEMISTRY)Atomic Structure: Bohr's concept. Quantum numbers, Electronic configuration, molecular orbital theory for homonuclear molecules, Pauli's exclusion principle.Chemical Bonding:Electrovalency, co-valency, hybridization involving s,p and d orbitals hydrogen bonding.Redox Reactions: Oxidation number, oxidising and reducing agents, balancing of equations.Chemical Equilibrium and Kinetics: Equilibrium constant (for gaseous system only) Le Chaterlier's principle, ionic equilibrium, Ostwald's dilution law, hydrolysis, pH and buffer solution, solubility product, common-ion effect, rate constant and first order reaction.Acid - Base Concepts:Bronsted Lowry & Lewis.Electrochemistry: Electrode potential and electro-chemical series.Catalysis: Types and applicationColloids: Types and preparation, Brownian movement, Tyndall effect, coagulation and peptization.Colligative Properties of Solution: Lowering of vapour pressure, Osmotic pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point, determination of molecular weight.Periodic Table: Classification of elements on the basis of electronic configuration, properties of s,p and d block elements, ionization potential, electronegativity & electron affinity.Preparation and Properties of the following: Hydrogen peroxide. copper sulphate, silver nitrate, plaster of paris, borax, Mohr's salt, alums, white and red lead, microcosmic salt and bleaching powder, sodium thiosulphate.Thermochemistry: Exothermic & endothermic reactions Heat of reaction, Heat of combustion &formation, neutralisation, Hess's law.General Organic Chemistry: Shape of organic compounds, Inductive effect, mesomeric effect,electrophiles & nucleophiles,Reaction intermediates: carboniumion, carbanions& free radical, Types of organic reactions,Cannizzaro Friedel Craft, Perkin, Aldol condensation.Isomerism: Structural, Geometrical & Optical IUPAC: Nomenclature of simple organic compounds.Polymers: Addition & condensation polymersCarbohydrates: Monosaccharides.Preparation and Properties of the Followings: Hydrocarbons, monohydric alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, monocarboxylic acids, primary amines, benzene, nitrobenzene, aniline, phenol, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, Grignard Reagent.Solid State: Structure of simple ionic compounds, Crystal imperfections (point defects only), Born-Haber cyclePetroleum: Important industrial fractions, cracking, octane number, anti knocking compounds.Section III (MATHEMATICS)Algebra: Sets relations & functions, De-Morgan's Law, Mapping Inverse relations, Equivalence relations, Peano's axioms, Definition of rationals and integers through equivalence relation, Indices and surds, Solutions of simultaneous and quadratic equations, A.P., G.P. and H.P., Special sums i.e. ∑n2 and ∑n3 (n∑N ), Partial fraction,Binomial theorem for any index, exponential series, Logarithm and Logarithmic series. Determinants and their use in solving simultaneous linear equations, Matrices, Algebra of matrices, Inverse of a matrix, Use of matrix for solving equations.Probability: Definition, Dependent and independent events, Numerical problem on addition and multiplication, theorem of probability.Trigonometry: Identities, Trigonometric equations, properties of triangles, solution of triangles, heights and distances, Inverse function, Complex numbers and their properties, Cube roots of unity, De-Moivre's theorem.Co-ordinate Geometry: Pair of straight lines, Circles, General equation of second degree, parabola, ellipse and hyperbola, tracing of conics.Calculus: Limits & continuity of functions, Differentiation of function of function, tangents & normal, Simple examples of Maxima & Minima, Indeterminate forms, Integration of function by parts, by substitution and by partial fraction, definite integral, application to volumes and surfaces of frustums of sphere, cone and cylinder. Differential equations of first order and of first degree.Vectors : Algebra of vectors, scalar and vector products of two and three vectors and their applications.Dynamics : Velocity, composition of velocity, relative velocity, acceleration, composition of accelerations, Motion under gravity, Projectiles, Laws of motion, Principles of conservation of momentum and energy, direct impact of smooth bodies.Statics: Composition of coplanar, concurrent and parallel forces moments and couples resultant of set of coplanar forces and condition of equilibrium, determination of centroid in simple cases, Problems involving friction.Section IV (BIOLOGY)ZoologyOrigin of Life:Oparin's theory, Miller's Experiment, Viruses - structure, properties, distribution, classification and pathogenesis (Eg. AIDS, CANCER), Viroids& Prions, Biotic balance.Organic Evolution: Relationship among organisms and Evidences of organic Evolution -Principles of Evolution - Lamarkism, Darwinism and Speciation.Mechanism of Organic Evolution: Variations - Definition, causes and types, Mutations(Principles of Hugo de'veries), Role of mutations in speciation. Evolution through ages and human evolutionHuman Genetics and Eugenics: Human hereditary traits, study of Twins, A.B.O. blood groups and their inheritance, Rh-factor, Sex determination. Chromosomal aberrations, Important human syndromes, Sex linked characters and their inheritance, Applied Genetics - eugenics, euthenics, euphenics& I.Q. Test.Applied Biology: Wild life of India - Endangered species: Biosphere Reserves, National Parks and sanctuaries, Project Tiger, Conservation of wild life, Bio-energy, Poultry, Fisheries (edible fishes), Human Population, Population explosion, problems & control. Test - Tube babies, &Amniocentasis, Application of Biotechnology in human welfare.Human Aging.Mammalian Anatomy (Eg. Rabbit): Reproductive system (excluding embryonic development) Osteology, structure and organization of different systems.Animal Physiology:(A) Animal Nutrition: Food, Balanced diet, Nutritional imbalances and deficiency diseases, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation of food, (comparison between human and Rabbit).(B) Animal Excretion and Osmoregulation: Chemical nature of excretory products in various animals, Physiology of excretion, Function of liver and kidney (Homeostatic regulatory functions of kidneys), Formation of urine, Osmoregulation by kidneys.(C) Respiratory system: Exchange and transport of gases (O2 and Co2) factors affecting O2 and Co2 transport, Cellular respiration, different lung volumes, breathing and sound production.(D) Nervous systems: Central, autonomic and peripheral nervous system, Receptors, Effectors, Reflex action. Nature and conduction of Nerve- impulses, Synapse, Sense organs - Structure & working of Eye & Ear, Biochemistry of vision and taste buds.(E) Endocrine System: Different endocrine glands and Hormones - definition, types, characteristics and their functions, (in relation to human beings), Hormonal disorders and pheromones.(F) Circulatory System: Circulation of body fluids- Blood and lymph, Open and closed vascular systems, Structure and working physiology of Heart, Comparison between arteries and veins, Lymphatic system.(G) Animal Diversity: Classification of Animal kingdom (Based on Storar&Eusinger), Chracteristic feature of different phyla and classes with examples.(H) Detailed studies of followings:(a) Protozoa(i) Amoeba- Habit & Habitat, structure, locomotion, reproduction, Osmoregulation, Parasticamoebae - Entamoebahistolytica and Entamoebagengivalis, structure, diseases caused by them and their control measures.(ii) Plasmodium vivax-life-cycle, malaria therapy and control.(iii) Protozoan and diseases(b) Porifera: A simple sponge ( Leucosolenia); Detailed study of structure & physiology, Sponge industry.(c) Coelenterata: Hydra - Habit and Habitat, morphology, tissue differentiation in relation to physiological division of labour and regeneration.(d) Aschelminthes: Ascaris- morphology, life-cycle, therapy and control.(e) Annelida: Pheretimaposthuma - Bionomics and economic importance.(f) Arthropoda: (Periplanata): Structure- external and internal.Comparison between Periplanata and Blatta.(i) Housefly & Mosquito: structure and life – cycle(ii) Economic importance of insets & their control.BotanyPlant Cell: Structure & functions electron microscopic structured mitochondria, Plastidscentrosomes.Lysosomes, microsomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Nucleus, Golgibodes, D.N.A & R.N.A. Cytoplasm, membranes and cell wall.Protoplasm: structure, components physical and chemical properties. Cell divison (formation) -free cell formation, Amitosis &Meosis, Duplication of D.N.A.Ecology: Ecological factors (atmospheric, edaphic, climatic, geological & biotic factors).Ecosystem: Structure, components of ecosystem eg. Water soluble minerals and gases,producers consumers, decomposers, Pond and forest ecosystem. Atmospheric pollution-causes and control, Types of pollution - Detergents, chemicals automobile exhaust, Radioactive matter, smog , sound, pesticidesGenetics:Mendalism, Mendals experiment and law of inheritance.Modern Classification of plant kingdom- (according to Ostwald &Tippo) (outline).Seeds in angiospermic plants: description of development of angiospermic plants (life history of angiospermic plants).Fruits: Dispersal of fruits and seedsCell differentiation Plant Tissue:Meristimatic classification of meritimatic&permanet tissue and functions and classification of tissue system.Anatomy of Root, stem and leaf: difference between dicot and Monocot stem. Secondary growth of stem and root.Anatomy of hydrophytes, Xeophytes&Mesophytes.Important phylums:Algae: Habitat, general characters &uses, description of ulothrix& spirogyra. Bacteria: structure - types of nutrition, reproduction and economic importance.Fungi: structure description of Rhizopus and yeast and their economic importance, Fermentation.Broyophyta: structure and economic importance, description of funaria (Moss)Pteridophyta: general structures of pteridophytes description of fern (Droypteris)Gymnosperm: General study of gymnosperms and life history of cycas. Classification of angiospermn, Description of families -identification and economic importance Cruciferae, Malvaceae, Leguminosae, compositeae, cucurbitaceae.Soil: Absorption of water through root hairs osmosis, Translocation and Root pressure Nitrogen cycle. Special modes of nutrition in plants (Autotrophic, heterotrophic, Parasites, saprophytes, Symbionts insectivorous and their ecological relation.Photosynthesis: Chloroplast, light, chlorophyll and Carbon dioxide, Mechanism ofphotosynthesis formation of A.T.P. and their functions and importance of photosynthesis.Transpiration: factors and importance, Mechanism of opening and closing of stomata.Respiration: aerobic, anaerobic respiration, mechanism of respiration (Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, E.T.S.) Growth & movement: definition of growth, Region of growth & their measurements, types of movements in plants, Growth harmone.Source: CUCETHope it helps.