Full Year Results 2013 (Pdf: Fill & Download for Free

I was a last rank holder in the UPSC.So I appeared in Civil Services Examination for the first time in the year 2013 and got rank 637. That was my first attempt and my preparation was not up to the mark, still I managed to secure a rank. So for my second attempt in CSE 2014 I prepared really well. I completed my syllabus for both GS and optional. I did quality addition in optional by reading additional material from famous authors. I gave lot of tests. I even read ‘Economic and Political Weekly' magazine, which I consider was pinnacle of comprehensiveness of my preparation. So, I was well prepared for exam, my Mains went great, I got interview call, it went fine. So I was all set after that. I was pretty sure of getting a rank in top 10 or worst case scenario at least in top 100.On the day of result, I was in Goa. I knew the result was about to come soon, so I was having a pre-result party at Goa in anticipation of a great result. What could have gone wrong? So, at around 1 pm I was sitting at Chapora fort (yeah that ‘Dil Chahta Hai' one), when I got to know that the result had come.Oh! wonderful timing, I thought. So I downloaded the result pdf. Instead of searching my name, I started scrolling from the top since I wanted to savour the moment of seeing my rank among toppers (such confidence). I kept on scrolling, the single digit rank turned into double digit and then into triple digits but no 'Jakhar' was to be seen. I went till about 300 something rank, then my patience got exhausted. I did a search query by my name and there I got it, “Vikas Jakhar Rank 696”. That was the last rank in general category that year. I was shocked. So much of effort, hard work and anticipation went for a toss. Since I was already in a service, such a low rank was equivalent to a non-selection for me.So how was the life of the last ranker after that ? Well it was full of curses to the luck, it was full of regret for putting too much faith in this exam and was full of panic for not having studied at all for the coming prelims exam of next year since I was so sure of getting a good rank that year.Anywho, I learnt an important lesson for life - “ Don't put all your eggs in one basket” meaning that don't put too much hope in one event, you never know when shit might hit the fan.For some curious queries in comments section I want to clarify that on 696 rank I got DANIPS which I didn't join that year. I appeared for third time in CSE-2015 and got rank of 275. I got Indian Revenue Service on the basis of my rank.UPSC Tips by IRS OfficerImage Source: Google

A 19th-century illustration of the contents of the tomb, which was quickly identified after its discovery as that of a high-ranking warrior (Birka female Viking warrior - Wikipedia).More than a thousand years ago, a Viking woman was laid to rest with the full honors of a mighty warrior, including weapons, armor and two horses. But when researchers discovered her remains in 1880s, the weaponry led them to assume this mighty she was a he. Over 130 years later, DNA tests have shown that this high-ranking Viking warrior was actually a woman."Though some Viking women buried with weapons are known, a female warrior of this importance has never been determined and Viking scholars have been reluctant to acknowledge the agency of women with weapons," researchers wrote in a study published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.Then the high‐born lady saw them play the wounding game,she resolved on a hard course and flung off her cloak;she took a naked sword and fought for her kinsmen's lives,she was handy at fighting, wherever she aimed her blows.The Greenlandic Poem of Atli (st. 49) (Larrington, 1996)Much of the history of women warriors has been passed as legend or myth—mere stories of so-called "shieldmaidens," or women who fought alongside the men.​ The warrior Brynhildr, for example, appears in several epic poems and sagas, and was later memorialized in Richard Wagner's "Ring Cycle" operas (Brynhildr). Yet many believe that these myths are rooted in some truth. One example is the long-raging debate around the existance of the legendary Amazon women of Greek mythology, who have become popularized in comics, novels and movies.Map showing the location of Birka and grave Bj 581 (A female Viking warrior confirmed by genomics)The 2017 study of the Viking warrior, found in a grave in the Swedish town of Birka, is the first strong evidence that these legendary high-ranking women warriors actually existed (The Local ), "What we have studied was not a Valkyrie from the sagas but a real life military leader, that happens to be a woman (This High-Ranking Viking Warrior Was a Woman).The tomb at the center of the debate is known as Bj 581, after its location when it was excavated at the Birka settlement on the island of Bjorko, which is west of Stockholm, with easy access to the Baltic Sea. In 1993 Unesco designated the settlement a World Heritage Site.Prominently placed on an elevated terrace between the town and a hillfort on the island of Bjorko, which is west of Stockholm, the grave was in direct contact with Birka's garrison. The grave goods include a sword, an axe, a spear, armour‐piercing arrows, a battle knife, two shields, and two horses, one mare and one stallion; thus, the complete equipment of a professional warrior (Found: Evidence That a Lavish Burial Honored a Viking Warrior Woman). The warrior was around 30 years old at death, and relatively tall for the time, standing at five and a half feet.A new study, published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, scholars say their analysis — based on analysis of DNA and of isotopes of strontium, an element found in human bones — showed that the skeleton was that of a woman, and that contextual evidence suggested she had been a high-status warrior (A female Viking warrior confirmed by genomics). Not only was her body surrounded by armaments, but on her lap was a chesslike board game known as hnefatafl, or King’s Table (Tafl games - Wikipedia). Its placement suggested that she made strategic decisions, that she was in command.A reconstructed Hnefatafl gameboard (Tafl games - Wikipedia)An earlier osteological classification of the individual as female was considered controversial in a historical and archaeological context (1973, 2013) ((PDF) People in Transition: Life in the Mälaren Valley from an Osteological Perspective). A genomic confirmation of the biological sex of the individual was considered necessary to solve the issue.To test the sex of the individual, researchers extracted DNA of the canine tooth and upper arm. Analysis of this genetic material showed that the individual had X chromosomes and lacked a Y chromosome, which indicates the remains belonged to a woman (A female Viking warrior confirmed by genomics). Analysis of isotopes found in the bones also suggests that the woman likely lived an itinerant lifestyle before settling down in Birka later in life.The Viking skeleton was found in a burial ground in the Birka settlement outside Stockholm (A female Viking warrior confirmed by genomics)More than 3,000 Viking graves are known to exist at Birka, with many yet to be excavated (The history of Birka The Viking City – Stockholm Sweden). This latest discovery suggests that archaeologists should not let preconceived notions of gender and modern tradition cloud their analysis of future finds."Similar associations of women buried with weapons have been dismissed, arguing that the armaments could have been heirlooms, carriers of symbolic meaning or grave goods reflecting the status and role of the family rather than the individual” (A female Viking warrior confirmed by genomics). Researchers , noted that remains from male individuals with such elaborate burials are often not questioned. The results call for caution against generalizations regarding social orders in past societies.Birka Bj 581https://onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca/vikingburials/viking-burial-virtual-gallery/burial-types/The scholars said their findings, based on DNA tests, “suggest that women, indeed, were able to be full members of male-dominated spheres” in Viking society (A female Viking warrior confirmed by genomics).But a respected scholar of the Vikings says that conclusion is premature. Researchers who conducted the tests were so determined to show that women were Viking warriors that they overlooked other possible explanations for why a woman’s body might have been in the tomb, which dates to the first half of 10th century (There are striking, lingering doubts about that 'female Viking warrior').The emotional lure of the woman warrior, especially in the Viking Age, is too strong for reasoned argument. “They want the woman to be a warrior, so the scientific analysis makes her a woman and her ‘archaeological context’ makes her a warrior.”Among her criticisms (There are striking, lingering doubts about that 'female Viking warrior'): bones of various people might have gotten mixed together given that 130 years have passed since the original excavation; the inference that the board-game pieces suggest a high-status female warrior is too speculative; and alternative explanations for why a female body might have ended up in a warrior’s tomb were not considered.The scholars behind the paper rejected the criticism and are preparing their rebuttal. The archaeologists and geneticists ascertain that these are the right bones, that they are a woman’s bones and that they were excavated from that grave (A Female Viking Warrior? Tomb Study Yields Clues). The positioning of clothing and weapons around the body suggests that the woman had authority.The study had considered alternative explanations — maybe the weapons were heirlooms or symbolic items rather than actual weapons, or reflected the status of the family rather than the individual — but concluded: “Male individuals in burials with a similar material record are not questioned in the same way.” The study did acknowledge that the grave might originally have belonged to another — now missing — individual (A female Viking warrior confirmed by genomics).The distribution of the grave goods within the grave, their spatial relation to the female individual and the total lack of any typically female-attributed grave artifacts disputes this possibility (A female Viking warrior confirmed by genomics). If it was a man, I would say it’s no question that he was a military leader.Birka: Trade Center and Gateway for Viking Age SwedenThe controversy is not merely academic. Viking culture is becoming a big theme in Swedish tourism, and the Viking burial ground where the tomb is sited has been an attraction since it was discovered in the 1880s. More significantly, the controversy has reignited a longstanding debate about the role of women among the Vikings, Norse seafarers whose exploits, from the 8th to the 11th centuries, are central to Scandinavian identity.Birka: Trade Center and Gateway for Viking Age SwedenArchaeological evidence of warrior graves is numerous, especially in the Viking Age of Northern Europe. Situated in Eastern Central Sweden, Birka was a key centre for trade during the 8th–late 10th century, linked to a social, cultural and economic network that reached beyond the Ural Mountains into the Caliphate in the east and south to the Byzantine Empire (Ambrosiani, 2012). Birka's population of approximately 700–1000 inhabitants consisted of trading families, artisans and warriors (Hedenstierna‐Jonson, 2014). The urban culture in Birka was different from the everyday life and practices of the surrounding region. About 1,000 people lived in Birka until the 11th century, when the inhabitants moved away for reasons that are not clear.The warrior grave at Birka is not the first to belong to a woman. Two warrior graves in Norway are also believed to be those of women. Researchers hope to conduct DNA analyses on the Norway skeletons (A female Viking warrior confirmed by genomics).The identification of a female Viking warrior provides a unique insight into the Viking society, social constructions, and exceptions to the norm in the Viking time period. Viking society was patriarchal, but women were not closed off uniformly from power. They could own property, inherit and become powerful merchants. That of course gave security and a level of independence.Dr. Dick Harrison,a historian not involved in the study, said many preconceptions about the Vikings had been formed in the 19th century. “What has happened in the past 40 years through archaeological research, partly fueled by feminist research, is that women have been found to be priestesses and leaders, too,” he said (Viking Warrior Women: An Archaeodeath Response Part 4). “This has forced us to rewrite history.”

Nope, not in the slightest.Here a little tidbit most people tend to forget. Papua before colonialism was an diverse and disunited mix of tribes. The closest thing you had to an actual kingdom was the nearby Kingdoms of Ternate & Tidore, who I imagine set up small trading outposts in the Papuan coastline and little more. The Dutch colonials followed this policy. The first recorded infrastructure investment of worth was when they set up a marine academy during the independence wars.My point: There was literally NO infrastructure to speak of before colonialism, nor was there any surviving records of a centralised authority in Papua proper. Despite what certain people like to think, there was never a ‘papuan’ cultural identity to rally around.Case in point: PNG governance took a nosedive after Australia granted it independence in the 1970s. Local rulers immediately fell back to tribalism and nepotism. PNG is still lucky to have back-up from Australia, and yet up till 2013, Australian mining company BHP Billiton was so powerful they managed to get the government to give them immunity to fines from any environmental damage the Ok Tedi mine caused.To this day, if you go to the UNDP website, PNGs development statistics details are frightfully scarce. As the UNDP takes the statistics from the Country itself, this means that even in 2018, PNG is unable to conduct research needed for crucial statistics that often form the bedrock of good policy. With severe cuts in the Australian Aid program, PNG’s future is uncertain.Had it gained full independence, the current government would probably be like Nigeria, a dysfunctional nation full of internal conflicts whose government is practically married to the big oil companies there.As for merging it with PNG, it might be possible if only because there would be no counter-nationalists to oppose it. The resulting government would probably still be dysfunctional though. Then again, PNG is dysfunctional now, so not much difference.Readings:Why is Papua New Guinea so Hard to Govern ?One of World's Worst Mine Disasters Gets Worse - BHP Admits Massive Environmental Damage at Ok Tedi Mine in Papua New Guinea, Says Mine Should Never Have Opened | MiningWatch CanadaPapua New Guinea: 40 Years After IndependenceEDIT:This is a bit late, but just to illustrate my point, here are the statistics comparing Indonesia, West Papua (Both provinces) , and PNG.Maternal Mortality During BirthIndonesia: 1 death/ 750 birthsWest Papua: 1 death/ 310 birthsPNG: 1 death/ 120 birthsPoverty:Indonesia: 9.9% (2018)West Papua: 26.5% (2018)PNG: 36.2% (2012 Gov Estimate) or 37.5% (Current UNDP estimate)Note: Last PNG nationwide poverty survey was conducted in 2009 (38%)Homicide Rate per 100,000 populationIndonesia: 1.15/100,000 (Lowly Institute, 2014)West Papua: 5.15/100,000 (Lowly institute, 2014)PNG: 10.4/100,00 (World Bank, 2010)Note: West Papua rate includes deaths as resulting from separatism, of which 12% are due to separatist action, and 5% due to security forces action. Grand majority of deaths are resultant of non-separatist action, such as Crime (48.5%), Resource Conflicts (14.5%), Mob Justice (8.5%), Identity-Based Ethnic/Clan Violence (8%), Domestic Violence (5%), and Election Violence (2%).I’ll just stop here, but regardless, the trend is clear: West Papua’s 2 provinces are nearly always at the bottom of Indonesian development measurements, including of electrification, health, education, and so on and so on.Despite that, the two provinces as a whole score better than PNG near universally by any measurement. Even with separatism. Mind you, this is the same PNG that Australia so ‘graciously’ gave independence to.“Of course,” says the Australian gov, “because of that, any problems PNG faces is it’s own fault”.Thank God for the benevolent Australian Aid! I mean, its almost as if the aid Australia gives PNG is a pittance compared to how much they would have had to spend if it wanted to truely prepare PNG for independence.Which it did not.Make no mistake, West Papua is an area riddled with problems, even compared to Indonesia. As such, It is telling how even with separatism problems, West Papua is faring comparatively better than PNG, Aussie support and all.The challenges of development in Papua, be it for West Papua or PNG, are monumentally huge. As my sources state again and again, West Papua has a long road to go.Special Autonomy is problematic.Education and Healthcare under local governments are deteriorating. Services before deterioration were usually already threadbare.Village Funds? Gone without a trace most of the time.Human Rights abuses by security actors still happen, though not with the frequency, impunity, and severity as usually alleged.The Trans-Papua road is a nightmare to construct and almost impossible to maintain.Wealth in the cities just never seems to flow to the rural areas.Despite that though, people living in West Papua generally live safer, more educated, healthier, and more prosperous lives than those east of the border. It’s not the highest of bars to set, but it is a fair one.Sources & Further Reading:http://www.planning.gov.pg/images/dnpm/pdf/PNG-Poverty-Profile-2012.pdfAbout Papua New Guineahttps://data.worldbank.org/indicator/VC.IHR.PSRC.P5?locations=PG&view=chartA new take on violence in Indonesian Papua(PDF) Violent Death in Indonesian Papuahttp://tabloidjubi.com/artikel-17746-papua-barat-terbesar-kedua-tingkat-kemiskinan-papua-peringkat-satu.htmlThe failure of education in Papua’s highlands - Inside Indonesia