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As you can see, there are quite a few names here, with most differing from each other! And this is only a partial list!In the West, or the civilization bordering the Mediterranean, the light of Philosophy seems to have begun in Greece. Here the first such thinkers about reality were:“Western philosophers, Greek philosophers [THE EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHERS OFTEN WROTE THEIR IDEAS IN POETIC FASHION, PONDERING UPON THE MEANING OF THE FOUR ELEMENTS—EARTH, AIR, FIRE, & WATER,600–500 BCThales of Miletus (c. 624 – 546 BCE). Of the Milesian school. Believed that all was made of water.Pherecydes of Syros (c. 620 – c. 550 BCE). Cosmologist.Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610 – 546 BCE). Of the Milesian school. Famous for the concept of Apeiron, or "the boundless".Anaximenes of Miletus (c. 585 – 525 BCE). Of the Milesian school. Believed that all was made of air.Pythagoras of Samos (c. 580 – c. 500 BCE). Of the Ionian School. Believed the deepest reality to be composed of numbers, and that souls are immortal.Xenophanes of Colophon (c. 570 – 480 BCE). Advocated monotheism. Sometimes associated with the Eleatic school.Epicharmus of Kos (c. 530 – 450 BCE). Comic playwright and moralist.500–400 BCHeraclitus of Ephesus (c. 535 – c. 475 BCE). Of the Ionians. Emphasized the mutability of the universe.Parmenides of Elea (c. 515 – 450 BCE). Of the Eleatics. Reflected on the concept of Being.Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500 – 428 BCE). Of the Ionians. Pluralist.Empedocles (492 – 432 BCE). Eclectic cosmogonist. Pluralist.Zeno of Elea (c. 490 – 430 BCE). Of the Eleatics. Known for his paradoxes.Protagoras of Abdera (c. 481 – 420 BCE). Sophist. Early advocate of relativism.Antiphon (480 – 411 BCE). Sophist.Hippias (Middle of the 5th century BCE). Sophist.Gorgias. (c. 483 – 375 BCE). Sophist. Early advocate of solipsism.Socrates of Athens (c. 470 – 399 BCE). Emphasized virtue ethics. In epistemology, understood dialectic to be central to the pursuit of truth.Critias of Athens (c. 460 – 413 BCE). Atheist writer and politician.Prodicus of Ceos (c. 465 – c. 395 BCE). Sophist.Leucippus of Miletus (First half of the 5th century BCE). Founding Atomist, Determinist.Thrasymachus of Miletus (c. 459 – c. 400 BCE). Sophist.Democritus of Abdera (c. 450 – 370 BCE). Founding Atomist.Diagoras of Melos (c. 450 – 415 BCE). Atheist.Archelaus. A pupil of Anaxagoras.Melissus of Samos. Eleatic.Cratylus. Follower of Heraclitus.Ion of Chios. Pythagorean cosmologist.Echecrates. Pythagorean.Timaeus of Locri. Pythagorean.400–300 BCAntisthenes (c. 444 – 365 BCE). Founder of Cynicism. Pupil of Socrates.Aristippus of Cyrene (c. 440 – 366 BCE). A Cyrenaic. Advocate of ethical hedonism.Alcidamas c. 435 – c. 350 BCE). Sophist.Lycophron (Sophist) c. 430 – c. 350 BCE). Sophist.Diogenes of Apollonia (c. 425 – c 350 BCE). Cosmologist.Hippo (c. 425 – c 350 BCE). Atheist cosmologist.Xenophon (c. 427 – 355 BCE). Historian.Plato (c. 427 – 347 BCE). Famed for view of the transcendental forms. Advocated polity governed by philosophers.Speusippus (c. 408 – 339 BCE). Nephew of Plato.Eudoxus of Cnidus (c. 408 – 355 BCE). Pupil of Plato.Diogenes of Sinope (c. 404 – 323 BCE). Cynic.Xenocrates (c. 396 – 314 BCE). Disciple of Plato.Aristotle (c. 384 – 322 BC). A polymath whose works ranged across all philosophical fields. [ARISTOTLE IS THE GREATEST OF THE PHILOSOPHERS, OFTEN REFERRING TO THE OPINIONS OF OTHERS BEFORE HIM IN ORDER TO REACH A TRUE CONCLUSION]Hellenistic era philosophers300–200 BCTheophrastus (c. 371 – c. 287 BCE). Peripatetic.Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360 – 270 BCE). Skeptic.Strato of Lampsacus (c. 340 – c. 268 BCE). Atheist, Materialist.Theodorus the Atheist (c. 340 – c. 250 BCE). Cyrenaic.Epicurus (c. 341 – 270 BCE). Materialist Atomist, hedonist. Founder of EpicureanismZeno of Citium (c. 333 – 264 BCE). Founder of Stoicism.Timon (c. 320 – 230 BCE). Pyrrhonist, skeptic.Aristarchus of Samos (c. 310 – c. 230 BCE). Astronomer.Euclid (fl. 300 BCE). Mathematician, founder of geometry.Archimedes (c. 287 – c. 212 BCE). Mathematician and inventor.Chrysippus of Soli (c. 280 – 207 BCE). Major figure in Stoicism.Eratosthenes (c. 276 BC – c. 195/194 BCE). Geographer and mathematician.200–100 BCCarneades (c. 214 – 129 BCE). Academic skeptic. Understood probability as the purveyor of truth.Hipparchus of Nicaea (c. 190 – c. 120 BCE). Astronomer and mathematician, founder of trigonometry.Roman era philosophers100 BC – 1 ADCicero (c. 106 BCE – 43 BCE) Skeptic. Political theorist.Lucretius (c. 99 – 55 BCE). Epicurean.1–100 ADPhilo (c. 20 BCE – 50 CE). Believed in the allegorical method of reading texts.Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BCE – 65 CE). Stoic.Quintilian (c. 35 CE – c. 100 CE). Rhetorician and teacher.Hero of Alexandria (c. 10 CE – c. 70 CE). Engineer.100–200 ADEpictetus (c. 55 – 135). Stoic. Emphasized ethics of self–determination.Marcus Aurelius (121–180). Stoic.200–400 ADSextus Empiricus (fl. during the 2nd and possibly the 3rd centuries AD). Skeptic, Pyrrhonist.Plotinus (c. 205 – 270). Neoplatonist. Had a holistic metaphysics.Porphyry (c. 232 – 304). Student of Plotinus.Iamblichus of Syria (c. 245 – 325). Late neoplatonist. Espoused theurgy.Augustine of Hippo (c. 354 – 430). Original Sin. Church father. [HE WROTE EXTENSIVELY SEEKING TO ANSWER WHATEVER QUESTIONS WERE BEING DEBATED]Proclus (c. 412 – 485). Neoplatonist.[THE MEDIEVALS TENDED TO EMPHASIZE FINAL CAUSES SUCH THAT HUMAN PURPOSE IS CONSIDERED THE MOST IMPORTANT]Medieval philosophers500–800 ADBoethius (c. 480–524).John Philoponus (c. 490–570).John of Damascus (c. 680-750).800–900 ADAl-Kindi (c. 801 – 873). Major figure in Islamic philosophy. Influenced by Neoplatonism.Abbas ibn Firnas (809–887). Polymath.John the Scot (c. 815 – 877). neoplatonist, pantheist.900–1000 ADal–Faràbi (c. 870 – 950). Major Islamic philosopher. Neoplatonist.Saadia Gaon (c. 882 – 942). Jewish Philosopheral-Razi (c. 865 – 925). Rationalist. Major Islamic philosopher. Held that God creates universe by rearranging pre–existing laws.1000–1100 ADAl-Biruni (973– after 1050) Islamic polymath.Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (c. 980–1037). Major Islamic philosopher.Ibn Gabirol (Avicebron) (c. 1021–1058). Jewish philosopher.Anselm (c. 1034–1109). Christian philosopher. Produced ontological argument for the existence of God.Khayyam (c. 1048–1131). Major Islamic philosopher. Agnostic. Mathematician. Philosophical poet, one of the 5 greatest Iranian Poets.Al-Ghazali (c. 1058–1111). Islamic philosopher. Mystic.1100–1200 ADPeter Abelard (c. 1079–1142). Scholastic philosopher. Dealt with problem of universals.Abraham ibn Daud (c. 1110–1180). Jewish philosophy.Peter Lombard (c. 1100–1160). Scholastic.Averroes (Ibn Rushd, "The Commentator") (c. 1126–December 10, 1198). Islamic philosopher.Maimonides (c. 1135–1204). Jewish philosophy.Sohrevardi (c. 1154–1191). Major Islamic philosopher.St Francis of Assisi (c. 1182–1226). Ascetic.1200–1300 ADFibonacci (c. 1170–c. 1250), mathematician.Michael Scot (1175–c. 1232), mathematician.Robert Grosseteste (c. 1175–1253).Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus) (c. 1193–1280). Early Empiricist.Roger Bacon (c. 1214–1294). Empiricist, mathematician.Ibn Sab'in (1217–1271 CE).Thomas Aquinas (c. 1221–1274). [THE GREATEST CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHER & THEOLOGIAN].Bonaventure (c. 1225–1274). Franciscan.Siger (c. 1240–c. 1280). Averroist.Boetius of Dacia. Averroist, Aristotelian.1300–1400 ADRamon Llull (c. 1232–1315) Catalan philosopherMeister Eckhart (c. 1260–1328). mystic.Duns Scotus (c. 1266–1308). Franciscan, Scholastic, Original Sin.Marsilius of Padua (c. 1270–1342). Understood chief function of state as mediator.William of Ockham (c. 1288–1348). Franciscan. Scholastic. Nominalist, creator of Ockham's razor.Gersonides (c. 1288–1344). Jewish philosopher.Jean Buridan (c. 1300–1358). Nominalist.John Wycliffe (c. 1320–1384).Nicole Oresme (c. 1320–5 – 1382). Made contributions to economics, science, mathematics, theology and philosophy.Ibn Khaldun (1332 – 1406).Hasdai Crescas (c. 1340 – c. 1411). Jewish philosopher.Gemistus Pletho (c. 1355 – 1452/1454). Late Byzantine scholar of neoplatonic philosophy.1400–1500 ADNicholas of Cusa (1401–1464). Christian philosopher.Lorenzo Valla (1407–1457). Humanist, critic of scholastic logic.Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499). Christian Neoplatonist, head of Florentine Academy and major Renaissance Humanist figure. First translator of Plato's complete extant works into Latin.Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494). Renaissance humanist.[MODERN PHILOSOPHERS TEND TO IGNORE OR DENY WHAT WENT BEFORE, EMPHASIZING METHODS THOUGHT UNNECESSARY BY THE ANCIENTS, AND BY THE MEDEIVALS, WHO ESPECIALLY EMPHASIZED FINAL CAUSE]Early modern philosophers1500–1550 ADDesiderius Erasmus (1466–1536). Humanist, advocate of free will.Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527). Political realism.Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543). Scientist, whose works affected Philosophy of Science.Sir Thomas More (1478–1535). Humanist, created term "utopia".Martin Luther (1483–1546). Major Western Christian theologian.Petrus Ramus (1515–1572).1550–1600 ADJohn Calvin (1509–1564). Major Western Christian theologian.Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592). Humanist, skeptic.Pierre Charron (1541–1603).Giordano Bruno (1548–1600). Advocate of heliocentrism.Francisco Suarez (1548–1617). Politically proto–liberal.Johannes Kepler (1571–1630). Scientist, whose works affected Philosophy of Science.Molla-Sadra (1572–1640). Major Islamic philosopher.1600–1650 ADHerbert of Cherbury (1583–1648). Nativist.Francis Bacon (1561–1626). Empiricist.Galileo Galilei (1564–1642). Heliocentrist.Hugo Grotius (1583–1645). Natural law theorist.François de La Mothe Le Vayer (1588–1672)Marin Mersenne (1588–1648). Cartesian.Robert Filmer (1588–1653).Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655). Mechanicism. Empiricist.René Descartes (1596–1650). Heliocentrism, mind-body dualism, rationalism.Baltasar Gracián (1601–1658). Spanish catholic philosopher1650–1700 ADThomas Hobbes (1588–1679). Political realist.Antoine Arnauld (1612–1694).François de La Rochefoucauld (1613-1680).Henry More (1614–1687).Jacques Rohault (1617–1672), Cartesian.Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688). Cambridge Platonist.Blaise Pascal (1623–1662). Physicist, scientist. Noted for Pascal's wager.Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673). Materialist, feminist.Arnold Geulincx (1624–1669). Important occasionalist theorist.Pierre Nicole (1625–1695).Geraud Cordemoy (1626–1684). Dualist.Robert Boyle (1627–1691).Anne Conway, Viscountess Conway (1631–1679).Richard Cumberland (1631–1718). Early proponent of utilitarianism.Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677). Rationalism.Samuel von Pufendorf (1632–1694). Social contract theorist.John Locke (1632–1704). Major Empiricist. Political philosopher.Joseph Glanvill (1636–1680).Nicolas Malebranche (1638–1715). Cartesian.Isaac Newton (1643–1727).Simon Foucher (1644–1696). Skeptic.John Flamsteed (1646 – 1719). Astronomer.Pierre Bayle (1647–1706). Pyrrhonist.Damaris Masham (1659–1708).John Toland (1670–1722).1700–1750 ADGottfried Leibniz (1646–1716). Co-inventor of calculus.John Norris (1657–1711).Jean Meslier (1664–1729). Atheist Priest.Giambattista Vico (1668–1744).Bernard Mandeville (1670–1733).Anthony Ashley-Cooper (1671–1713).Samuel Clarke (1675–1729).Catherine Cockburn (1679–1749).Christian Wolff (1679–1754). Determinist, rationalist.George Berkeley (1685–1753). Idealist, empiricist.Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755). Skeptic, humanist.Joseph Butler (1692–1752).Francis Hutcheson (1694–1746). Proto–utilitarian.John Gay (1699–1745).David Hartley (1705–1757).Julien La Mettrie (1709–1751).1750–1800 ADVoltaire (1694–1778). Advocate for freedoms of religion and expression.Thomas Reid (1710–1796). Member of Scottish Enlightenment, founder of Scottish Common Sense philosophy.David Hume (1711–1776). Empiricist, skeptic.Jean–Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778). Social contract political philosopher.Denis Diderot (1713–1784).Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (1714–1762).Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715–1771). Utilitarian.Etienne de Condillac (1715–1780).Jean d'Alembert (1717–1783).Baron d'Holbach (1723–1789). Materialist, atheist.Adam Smith (1723–1790). Economic theorist, member of Scottish Enlightenment.Richard Price (1723–1791). Political liberal.Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). Deontologist, proponent of synthetic a priori truths.Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786). Member of the Jewish Enlightenment.Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781).Edmund Burke (1729–1797). Conservative political philosopher.William Paley (1743–1805).Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826). Liberal political philosopher.Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832). Utilitarian, hedonist.Sylvain Maréchal (1750–1803) Anarcho-Communist, DeistDugald Stewart (1753–1828).William Godwin (1756–1836). Anarchist, utilitarian.Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797). Feminist.Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805).Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814).Modern philosophers1800–1850 ADJean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829). Early evolutionary theorist.Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827). Determinist.Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821) ConservativeComte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825). Socialist.Madame de Staël (1766–1817).Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834). Hermeneutician.G. W. F. Hegel (1770–1831). German idealist.James Mill (1773–1836). Utilitarian.F. W. J. von Schelling (1775–1854). German idealist.Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848).Richard Whately (1787–1863).Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860). Pessimism, Critic, Absurdist.John Austin (1790–1859). Legal positivist, utilitarian.William Whewell (1794–1866).Auguste Comte (1798–1857). Social philosopher, positivist.Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882). Transcendentalist, abolitionist, egalitarian, humanist.Ludwig Feuerbach (1804–1872).Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859).Max Stirner (1806–1856). Anarchist.Augustus De Morgan (1806–1871). Logician.John Stuart Mill (1806–1873). Utilitarian.Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865). Anarchist.Charles Darwin (1809–1882). Scientist, whose works affected Philosophy of Science.Jaime Balmes (1810–1848)Margaret Fuller (1810–1850). Egalitarian.Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855). Existentialist.Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862). Transcendentalist, pacifist, abolitionist.1850–1900 ADSir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet (1788–1856).Sojourner Truth (c. 1797–1883). Egalitarian, abolitionist.Harriet Taylor Mill (1807–1858). Egalitarian, utilitarian.Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876). Revolutionary anarchist.Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902). Egalitarian.Hermann Lotze (1817–1881).Karl Marx (1818–1883). Socialist, formulated historical materialism.Friedrich Engels (1820–1895). Egalitarian, dialectical materialist.Herbert Spencer (1820–1903). Nativism, libertarianism, social Darwinism.Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906). Feminist.Wilhelm Dilthey (1833–1911).Edward Caird (1835–1908). Idealist.T.H. Green (1836–1882). British idealist.Henry Sidgwick (1838–1900). Rationalism, utilitarianism.Ernst Mach (1838–1916). Philosopher of science, influence on logical positivism.Franz Brentano (1838–1917). Phenomenologist.Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914). Pragmatist.William James (1842–1910). Pragmatism, Radical empiricism.Hermann Cohen (1842-1918). Neo-Kantianism, Jewish philosophy.Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921). Anarchist communism.Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900). Naturalistic philosopher, influence on Existentialism.W. K. Clifford (1845–1879). Evidentialist.F. H. Bradley (1846–1924). Idealist.Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923). Social philosopher.Bernard Bosanquet (1848–1923). Idealist.Gottlob Frege (1848–1925). Influential analytic philosopher.Cook Wilson (1849–1915).Hans Vaihinger (1852–1933). Specialist in counterfactuals.David George Ritchie (1853–1903). Idealist.Alexius Meinong (1853–1920). Logical realist.Henri Poincaré (1854–1912).Josiah Royce (1855–1916). Idealist.Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison (1856–1931).Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913). Linguist, Semiotics, Structuralism.Émile Durkheim (1858–1917). Social philosopher.Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932).Edmund Husserl (1859–1938). Founder of phenomenology.Samuel Alexander (1859–1938). Perceptual realist.Henri Bergson (1859–1941).John Dewey (1859–1952). Pragmatism.Jane Addams (1860–1935). Pragmatist.Pierre Duhem (1861–1916).Karl Groos (1861–1946). Evolutionary instrumentalist theory of play.Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947). Process Philosophy, Mathematician, Logician, Philosophy of Physics, Panpsychism.George Herbert Mead (1863–1931). Pragmatism, symbolic interactionist.Max Weber (1864–1920). Social philosopher.Miguel de Unamuno (1864–1936).J. M. E. McTaggart (1866–1925). Idealist.Benedetto Croce (1866–1952).Emma Goldman (1869–1940). Anarchist.Rosa Luxemburg (1870–1919). Marxist political philosopher.G. E. Moore (1873–1958). Common sense theorist, ethical non–naturalist.1900–2000 ADGeorge Santayana (1863–1952). Pragmatism, naturalism; known for many aphorisms.H.A. Prichard (1871–1947). Moral intuitionist.Bertrand Russell (1872–1970). Analytic philosopher, nontheist, influential.A.O. Lovejoy (1873–1962).Nikolai Berdyaev (1874–1948). Existentialist.Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945).Max Scheler (1874–1928). German phenomenologist.Giovanni Gentile (1875–1944). Idealist and fascist philosopher.Ralph Barton Perry (1876–1957).W.D. Ross (1877–1971). Deontologist.Martin Buber (1878–1965). Jewish philosopher, existentialist.Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973).Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955). Christian evolutionist.Hans Kelsen (1881–1973). Legal positivist.Moritz Schlick (1882–1936). Founder of Vienna Circle, logical positivism.Otto Neurath (1882–1945). Member of Vienna Circle.Nicolai Hartmann (1882–1950).Jacques Maritain (1882–1973). Human rights theorist.José Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955). Philosopher of History.C.I. Lewis (1883–1964). Conceptual pragmatist.Gaston Bachelard (1884–1962).Georg Lukács (1885–1971). Marxist philosopher.Walter Terence Stace (1886–1967)Karl Barth (1886–1968).C. D. Broad (1887–1971).Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951). Analytic philosopher, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, influential.Gabriel Marcel (1889–1973). Christian existentialist.Martin Heidegger (1889–1976). Phenomenologist.Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937). Marxist philosopher.Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970). Vienna Circle. Logical positivist.Walter Benjamin (1892–1940). Marxist. Philosophy of language.Brand Blanshard (1892–1987).F. S. C. Northrop (1893–1992). Epistemologist.Roman Ingarden (1893–1970). Perceptual realist, phenomenalist.Susanne Langer (1895–1985).Friedrich Waismann (1896–1959). Vienna Circle. Logical positivist.Georges Bataille (1897–1962).Herbert Marcuse (1898–1979). Frankfurt School.Xavier Zubiri (1898–1983). Materialist open realism.Leo Strauss (1899–1973). Political Philosopher.H.H. Price (1899–1984).Gilbert Ryle (1900–1976).Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900–2002). Hermeneutics.Jacques Lacan (1901–1981). Structuralism.Alfred Tarski (1901–1983). Created T–Convention in semantics.E. Nagel (1901–1985). Logical positivist.Karl Popper (1902–1994). Falsificationist.Mortimer Adler (1902–2001).Frank P. Ramsey (1903–1930). Proposed redundancy theory of truth.Theodor Adorno (1903–1969). Frankfurt School.Ernest Addison Moody (1903–1975).Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980). Humanism, existentialism.Karl Jaspers (1883–1969). Existentialist.Eugen Fink (1905–1975). Phenomenologist.Ayn Rand (1905–1982). Objectivist, Individualist.Kurt Gödel (1906–1978). Vienna Circle.Emmanuel Levinas (1906–1995).Hannah Arendt (1906–1975). Political Philosophy.H.L.A. Hart (1907–1992). Legal positivism.C.L. Stevenson (1908–1979).Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908–1961). Influential French phenomenologist.Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986). Existentialist, feminist.Willard van Orman Quine (1908–2000).Simone Weil (1909–1943).A.J. Ayer (1910–1989). Logical positivist, emotivist.J.L. Austin (1911–1960).Marshall McLuhan (1911–1980). Media theory.Alan Turing (1912–1954). Functionalist in philosophy of mind.Wilfrid Sellars (1912–1989). Influential American philosopherAlbert Camus (1913–1960). Absurdist.Paul Ricœur (1913–2005). French philosopher and theologian.Roland Barthes (1915–1980). French semiotician and literary theorist.J. L. Mackie (1917–1981). Moral skeptic.Donald Davidson (1917–2003).Louis Althusser (1918–1990).M. Bunge (1919–2020).R. M. Hare (1919–2002).P. F. Strawson (1919–2006).John Rawls (1921–2002). Liberal.Stephen Toulmin (1922–2009).Thomas Kuhn (1922–1996). Author of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.Zygmunt Bauman (1925–2017). Polish sociologist and philosopher, who introduced the idea of liquid modernity.Frantz Fanon (1925–1961). PostcolonialismGilles Deleuze (1925–1995). Post-structuralismMichel Foucault (1926–1984). Structuralism, Post-structuralism, Postmodernism, and the concept of biopolitics.Hilary Putnam (1926–2016).David Malet Armstrong (1926–2014).John Howard Yoder (1927–1997). Pacifist.Noam Chomsky (born 1928). Linguist.Robert M. Pirsig (1928–2017). Introduced the Methaphysics of Quality. MOQ incorporates facets of East Asian philosophy, pragmatism and the work of F. S. C. Northrop.Bernard Williams (1929–2003). Moral philosopher.Jean Baudrillard (1929–2007). Postmodernism, Post-structuralism.Jürgen Habermas (born 1929).Jaakko Hintikka (1929–2015).Alasdair MacIntyre (born 1929). Aristotelian.Allan Bloom (1930–1992). Political Philosopher.Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002). French psychoanalytic sociologist and philosopher.Jacques Derrida (1930–2004). Deconstruction.Guy Debord (1931–1994). French Marxist philosopher.Richard Rorty (1931–2007). Pragmatism, Postanalytic philosophy.Charles Taylor (born 1931). Political philosophy, Philosophy of Social Science, and Intellectual HistoryJohn Searle (born 1932).Alvin Plantinga (born 1932). Reformed epistemology, Philosophy of Religion.Jerry Fodor (1935–2017).Thomas Nagel (born 1937).Alain Badiou (born 1937).Robert Nozick (1938–2002). Libertarian.Tom Regan (1938–2017). Animal rights philosopher.Saul Kripke (born 1940).Jean-Luc Nancy (born 1940) French philosopher.David K. Lewis (1941–2001). Modal realism.Joxe Azurmendi (born 1941). Basque Philosopher, Political philosophy, Social philosophy, Philosophy of language.Derek Parfit (1942–2017).Giorgio Agamben (born 1942). state of exception, form–of–life, and homo sacer.Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born 1942). Postcolonialism, Feminism, Literary theory.Roger Scruton (1944-2020). Traditionalist conservatism.Peter Singer (born 1946) Moral philosopher on animal liberation, effective altruism.John Ralston Saul (born 1947).Hans-Hermann Hoppe (born 1949).Slavoj Žižek (born 1949). Hegelianism, Marxism and Lacanian psychoanalysis.Ken Wilber (born 1949). Integral Theory.Luc Ferry (born 1951).André Comte-Sponville (born 1952).Cornel West (born 1953).Judith Butler (born 1956). Poststructuralist, feminist, queer theory.Alexander Wendt (born 1958). Social constructivism.Michel Onfray (born 1959).Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, O.P., Professor at the Angelicum, Rome, ThomistDavid Oderberg and Edward Feser, and others, follow the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition.