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( Toyota Panasonic Hybrid battery )Cost is between $2,300 and $2,590, depending on the TOYOTA generation model ; OEM lithium ion or nickel-metal hydride, same for Audi, BMW, Chevrolet, Ford, Honda, Hyundai, Kia, Land Rover, Infiniti, Lexus, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Porsche, Toyota, Volkswagen et VolvoAccording to the US Department of Energy ( Fig 1 below ) the cold climate area of usage has a geographic effect on the battery life expectancy span.201.6 V Prismatic Battery /Toyota Prius Hybrid Panasonic Battery Pack Configuration Batteries• 201.6 V, 1.31 kWh (38%-82%) • Ni-MH cells of 1.2 V, 6.5 Ah • 168 cells = 28 modules , 6 cells • Module:46 Wh/kg, 1.3 kW/kg • no charge balancing Sensors• 1 current sensor • voltage sensor every second string • 3 thermistorsToyota battery has these characteristics: Capacity, Voltage, and Ampacity.Capacity: Total "Energy" in the battery. We measure it in Amps x Time, or Amp*hours.Voltage: Volts coming out. Amps x Volts = Power. Amps x Volts x Time = Energy.Ampacity: Amp limit.Here is a chart showing the Capacity, Volts, and energy in an Eneloop, a 1/28th module, and the whole battery.In short, the "28 modules " when you calculated the whole-car energy. If you were to put the 28 modules in parallel, you'd get (6.5 Amp*hours x 28 modules) = 182 Amp*hours at 14.4v. This would be tough to manage though, with an ideal minimum charge rate of about 100 amps at 16v (!).Don't forget the difference between "An amp" and "An amp for one hour." An eneloop can deliver two amps for an hour, or about four amps for half an hour (Or one mA for 2000 hours).Working with battery supplier Panasonic Corp - which also produces Li-ion batteries for Tesla - Toyota has also improved the precision in battery cell assembly, ensuring battery chemistry is free of impurities.Toyota is under stiff competition in Europe, it is only the 11th biggest selling car brand. The big issue the Prius has is that its price pushes it against poverty spec cars from the premium German brands. Prius sell in Europe to taxi drivers (mostly), where cost savings and tried and tested battery technology counts, and then to people who want the technology can find a OEM battery replacement and green credentials including financial savingsFigure 1The Toyota hybrid batteries by Panasonic are different in design and construction than other EV batteries by Tesla; Panasonic is the OEM Battery manufacturer for numerous Hybrid & EV car manufacturers including Tesla, Toyota, Etc. Panasonic dominate and own 37% of the world car battery market.They last on average up to 10 years. Some cells may go bad and will require replacement; rathter than replacing the entire battery package. Cell replacement are a standard procedure in battery maintenance.Replacing the entire battery pack will cost more or less over $2,500 for any Toyota Hybrids if bought from a Panasonic battery distributor; In the USA-Canada a monopoly between Panasonic & Toyota does not allow yet the free battery sales regardless the majority of patents are now expired since 2015. Toyota North America dealers mark up substancially the battery packs way over the $3,000 normal pricing range in Europe and Japan India, Asia-China.China overtook the US in 2015 to become the world’s biggest market for electric cars, providing a huge domestic market for battery makers like CATLIt’s not just Tesla. Chinese electric vehicle battery makers are frantically building lithium-ion battery gigafactories—capable of producing massive amounts of power. The “giga” comes from gigawatt-hour, which is enough energy to power one million homes for an hour.Contemporary Amperex Technology Ltd, or CATL, already sells the most batteries to the biggest electric-vehicle makers in the biggest EV market: China. Now it wants to use proceeds from a pending initial public offering backed by Goldman Sachs to get under the hoods of more European marques and secure customers in the US.The company plans to raise 13.1 billion yuan (US$2 billion) as soon as this year by selling a 10 per cent stake, at a valuation of about US$20 billion. The share sale would finance construction of a battery-cell plant second in size only to Tesla’s Gigafactory in Nevada – big enough to cement China as the leader in the technology replacing gas-guzzling engines.The new assembly lines would quintuple CATL’s production capability and make it the world’s largest electric-vehicle battery cell manufacturer, ahead of Tesla, Warren Buffett-backed BYD in China and South Korea’s LG Chem, according to Bloomberg New Energy Finance. The factory could go fully online as soon as 2020, an opportune time as China targets a sevenfold increase in new-energy vehicle sales by 2025 and ponders a course for phasing out fossil-fuel vehicles altogether.“China, unabashedly, wants to be the Detroit of electric vehicles,” said Anthony Milewski, a managing director at Pala Investments, a Zug, Switzerland-based fund investing in the EV supply chain. “There is no question in my mind that they are going to lead the world in capacity and, eventually, in the technology.”On Wednesday, China’s largest electric vehicle maker BYD started operating a battery plant for EVs in northwestern Qinghai province. The company said that the plant, when it is in full operation next year, will be the world’s biggest in terms of production capacity. It will have a production capacity of 24 gigawatt-hours (GWh), which is enough to power 570,000 EV360, the company’s pure EV models for 360 kilometers (224 miles), according to a company spokesperson.The plant is the latest indication of China’s booming EV market, which is already the world’s largest. The country sold 328,000 new energy vehicles, a term that includes hybrids and pure EVs, as of May, 1.5 times the sales figures of the same period a year earlier.Here are the latest developments of the gigafactory plans of five top manufacturers, whose total production capacity in May accounted for 70% of the country’s batteries for EVs and hybrids, according to data obtained by Quartz from Gaogong Industry Institute, a Shenzhen-based EV research firm. While they may not be on the scale of Tesla’s Gigafactory in Nevada, under construction since 2014, and which is aiming for annual production of 35 Gwh when complete, the Chinese firms are moving fast.Contemporary Amperex Technology, China’s largest EV battery maker, is building a 24-GWh factory in its headquarter city Ningde, in a tea-growing province in southern China. When completed in 2020, it will boost the company’s total production capacity to 88 GWh a year.BYD’s new 24 GWh Qinghai plant will boost the company’s total capacity to 60 GWh in 2019. The plant is expected to have a production capacity of 10 GWh this year. The company built the plant in Qinghai because 83% of the country’s lithium (link in Chinese) is located in the province.Founded in 2001, Eve Energy is based in the southern coastal city of Huizhou. It sells batteries to Geely, the Chinese company that owns Sweden’s Volvo Cars. It announced a plan to build a factory with a production capacity of 1.5 GWh in Huizhou in April. As of 2017, the company’s had a 7.5 GWh annual production capacity.Based in the mountainous eastern city of Ganzhou, 10-year-old Funeng Technology is a major battery provider to Beijing-based BAIC Motor,(Benz alliance) the top EV seller among state-owned companies. Funeng started building a plant with a 10-GWh production capacity in December 2016 in its hometown. It had planned to finish the plant and start operation this year.Guoxuan High-Tech is based in central city Hefei, and is also a battery provider to BAIC Motor. The 13-year-old company announced in April last year it would build a factory with a 4-GWh annual production capacity for use starting March 2018. That’s enough to power more than 200,000 EVs and hybrids according to the company. Guoxuan didn’t immediately respond to queries on the plant’s latest status.There’s also German engineering in its DNA. In 2011, CATL was chosen by BMW and local partner Brilliance China Automotive Holdings to supply their domestic premium EV brand, Zinoro.Last year, the German carmaker hosted a coming-out party for its plug-in hybrid model, the 60H, amid coconut trees on the resort island of Hainan. Johann Wieland, president of the Chinese joint venture, and Zeng stood side-by-side to pose for photos with the silver model.We have learned a lot from BMW, and now we have become one of the top battery manufacturers globallyZENG YUQUN, CATL FOUNDER“We have learned a lot from BMW, and now we have become one of the top battery manufacturers globally,” Zeng said at the event. “The high standards and demands from BMW have helped us to grow fast.”Helping power the growth is a strong research-and-development effort, said Zhou Lei, a Tokyo-based partner covering the auto industry for Deloitte Tohmatsu Consulting. CATL has ties to institutes in Germany and State College, Pennsylvania, according to its website.CATL spent 670 million yuan on research during the first half of last year, or about 11 per cent of revenue, according to its prospectus. BYD, China’s largest maker of NEVs, spent 2.76 billion yuan, or 6 per cent of revenue, according to the company.Research-and-development staff comprise a fifth of CATL’s 18,000-plus workforce, and the company plans to use 4.2 billion yuan from the IPO to develop next-generation batteries.List of electric-vehicle-battery manufacturersBattery manufacturer / CarmakerPanasonic; for Toyota Hybrid & Tesla EVSanyo: Provides NiMH batteries for Honda and Ford hybrid vehicles and Suzuki SwiftSK Innovation: Kia Soul EV, Daimler A.G. (SLS AMG E-cell), Hyundai (BlueOn),AESC: Nissan vehiclesThunder Sky: For the Tazzari Zero1-Here are all the gigafactories that Chinese electric vehicle battery giants are building2-This Chinese battery maker will soon surpass Tesla in capacity