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Q. What should I study in my college years to become a diplomat?A. So, You Want to Be a Diplomat?Leslie (Les) McBee, Diplomat in Residence (DIR) at Cal from 2005-2007, offers his insights about how to prepare for an international affairs career and life as a diplomat. Les came to Cal from a posting as Consul General for the south of France, Corsica, and Monaco.1. Which majors/degrees are conducive to a career in diplomacy?In seeking to create a Foreign Service that truly reflects the face of America, diversity is our watchword, one which applies to the US population mosaic as well as to academic backgrounds and personal interests. Working overseas often requires harnessing all the component parts of your education in order to get the job done, so a broad basic education will serve you well. Personal flexibility, intellectual suppleness and a sincere interest in others, including the ability to communicate well and listen “between the lines,” are all excellent starting points for this career.2. Which languages should I become proficient in to maximize my efficacy as a diplomat?There is no country that America does not touch and no country that does not touch us in some way. The core function of a diplomat is maintaining, creating and, yes when needed, repairing relationships between America and other countries. A US diplomat must be an effective and productive communicator, and this most often involves mastery of the languages used in host countries. While the Department of State is currently actively seeking to augment the number of diplomats who can function in so-called difficult languages such as Chinese, Urdu, Farsi and Arabic, to name a few, it is essential to have Foreign Service Officers who are effective communicators in all languages. In any case, before beginning a new assignment, language training is given at the Foreign Service Institute so that professional proficiency can be attained.3. Will I have to sacrifice my personal beliefs and opinions if I become a diplomat?The Department of State is the part of the US Government that is responsible for formulating, implementing, and supporting American foreign policy, as well as assisting its citizens in need of help. The Department is not seeking cookie-cutter diplomats. As we live in a democracy, one always has the right to personal beliefs and opinions, and knowing, on public occasions, how to judiciously separate the personal from the professional is an important element in the practice of diplomacy.4. How much travel should I expect in my career as a diplomat?Generally, the majority of lengthy travel is from the United States to one’s next posting. After arrival, you set up house, get to know a new neighborhood, figure out practical shopping, office and school routes (if you have dependents), and essentially settle in as one would anywhere. Part of the initial adjustment period may be devoted to adapting to cultural or social differences that might require, for example, going to an open-air market for most shopping. Travel within your host country is generally one of the great pluses of Foreign Service life as it offers an opportunity for learning about and in-depth exploration of your new temporary home. Generally, postings are of 1 to 3 years’ duration.5. What are the dangers involved in being a diplomat?Much will depend on where you are assigned. In most places, the sort of “big city antenna” that you would normally use in any large American town are appropriate; in other situations you will need to consult closely with your post’s Regional Security Officer. Obviously, if you are serving in a country in which violent activity is a potential or a reality, then security officials at your embassy or consulate will have developed relevant office, residential and travel procedures to help you remain safe. In most new situations, it is usually advisable to be aware of your surroundings and to behave discreetly and not call undo attention to yourself until you know more about cultural traditions and behavior patterns. In all cases, you will receive security consultations before you leave the United States and after you have arrived at post, as a matter of course.6. What sort of preparation do you recommend to someone who will be taking the FSWE? Are there specific books to read or subjects on which to especially focus?Many people compare the Foreign Service Written Examination to the SAT, with a bit of the games Jeopardy and Trivial Pursuit thrown in for good measure. While the test is undeniably rigorous, the best possible preparation is a good basic education. Many people have found it helpful to be regular readers of “Time” or “Newsweek” or “The Economist,” all of which offer weekly exposure to significant domestic and international events. It's also very useful to have a good knowledge of American history, our intellectual traditions and how our government functions. The State Department website offers suggested readings and courses that some potential test-takers have found helpful.7. Which Foreign Service Officer track leads to becoming a diplomat?There are five traditional career tracks: Consular, Political, Economic, Management, and Public Diplomacy. An individual in any one of these tracks will hold diplomatic titles in the countries in which they serve and, over the course of a successful career, may climb the career ladder to the top rungs, even ultimately becoming competitive for an ambassadorial slot.8. If you have a specific area that you want to work in, is it necessary to have lived in that country prior to applying, or do you receive training once you are assigned?While the Foreign Service enthusiastically welcomes new officers who speak more than one language and are possibly bi-cultural, as a new employee you agree to world-wide service. The Department makes an effort to balance its geographic personnel and expertise needs against the expressed desires of an employee. For almost all assignments, training is available at the Department’s Foreign Service Institute where courses are offered on a vast array of subjects deemed necessary to assist you with having a successful posting.Working for the U.S. Department of StateHow do you become a diplomat?Why Do Diplomats Have Diplomatic Immunity? — ‘The Why’What is a Diplomatic Passport?British MP calls for reform to diplomatic immunity systemThe Diplomat (magazine)Andrew Lee, a Foreign Service Officer, highlights his current position working in the Ops Center, as well as his path to the Foreign Service, at the U.S. Department of State in Washington, D.C. March 10, 2011.What Major Do You Need to Be a Foreign Diplomat?Foreign diplomats serve as Foreign Service officers in the U.S. State Department. They represent American interests abroad, although their tasks vary by career track. For example, consular officers help U.S. citizens with passport renewals, adoptions and medical emergencies in other countries. Economic officers resolve market issues in other nations so American businesses can compete fairly for foreign trade. And political officers facilitate communications between foreign and American government officials. A bachelor’s degree from an accredited university can be helpful to entering any of these career tracks.QualificationsThe U.S. Department of State does not specify an educational level or foreign language skill for Foreign Service officers. However, most successful diplomat candidates have at least a bachelor’s degree. Popular majors include international relations, business administration, law, journalism and economics. The department also looks at work and life experiences and judges candidates on several dimensions. Contributing qualifications include cultural adaptability, oral and written communication skills, resourcefulness, initiative and the ability to lead and work with others.International RelationsArguably the most relevant major to foreign diplomacy is international studies, which is offered at many colleges and universities. More than revealing the locations and facts of foreign nations, this program of study explains how people, goods, technology, money and ideas relate to one another across the globe. It recognizes that the experiences offered by different cultures are relevant and enlightening. In addition, it demands that its students carefully analyze global issues, often from perspectives outside the American experience. It thus includes subjects from many disciplines, such as anthropology, health, political science, physics and sociology.Foreign LanguageBecause many countries operate in a language other than English, expertise in one or more foreign languages is useful for diplomats. Some obvious choices for foreign language degrees are Spanish and French because of their widespread use in many countries. The Department of State actively looks for candidates who can function in what are considered difficult languages, such as Chinese, Urdu and Arabic. Thus, majors in those languages are especially desirable. Whatever their initial language background, diplomats receive additional language training at the Foreign Service Institute until they reach proficiency.TracksDiplomats specialize in one of five career tracks: consular, political, economic, management and public diplomacy. Each of these tracks suggests one or more suitable majors. For example, business administration can be useful for management officers working in embassies. Because economic officers deal with trade, energy, technology and science, their degrees can come from economics, physical or natural science, or engineering. Political and public diplomacy officers seek to influence and inform foreign governments. Useful majors for them include communications, journalism, education and law.How Diplomats Learn Foreign Languages - Fluent in 3 months - Language Hacking and Travel TipsDiplomat - WikipediaFrench diplomat Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord is considered one of the most skilled diplomats of all time.How to Become a Diplomat: Education and Career Road mapLearn how to become a diplomat with the U.S. Department of State. Research the job duties and the education requirements and find out how to start a career in U.S. diplomacy.Video TranscriptBecoming a DiplomatDiplomats, officially known as Foreign Service Officers (FSO) in the U.S., advance the economic, political, social, and cultural interests of their host nations to the diplomatic representatives of other nations. Moreover, diplomats engage in complex negotiations with their international counterparts in an attempt to ensure the continued success and prosperity of their homeland. U.S. diplomats are employed at the 270+ American embassies and consulates around the world. Some assignments might be in developing countries and considered hardship assignments. Working in an environment where individuals may not be competent in the language and might not have familiar amenities could be challenging. However, diplomats may have the opportunity to experience many different types of lifestyles and cultures.The U.S. Department of State offers five different career tracks for diplomats. An individual interested in becoming a diplomat must be a U.S. citizen and be between the ages of 20 and 59. A college degree is not necessary; however, possessing a college diploma and having the ability to speak a foreign language improves an individual's chances of being hired.Step 1: Review the 13 Essential SkillsThe U.S. Department of State seeks diplomat applicants who possess 13 certain skills, personal qualities, and abilities. Applicants must demonstrate composure, cultural adaptability, motivation, initiative, leadership, and strong written and oral communication skills. They must have the ability to analyze situations and absorb complex information from a variety of sources. Foreign Service Officers must also prioritize tasks, be fair and honest, and work well with others.Individuals interested in becoming diplomats may want to contact a U.S. Diplomat in Residence in their region of the U.S. These career diplomats provide guidance to students and professionals about jobs within the U.S. Department of State.Step 2: Select an FSO Career TrackIndividuals interested in becoming diplomats must choose a career track: consular officer, economic officer, management officer, political officer, or public diplomacy officer. Each position focuses on a different aspect of U.S. diplomacy. For example, consular officers facilitate adoptions and help evacuate Americans, while economic officers work with foreign governments on trade, energy, environment, science, and technology policies.On the other hand, management officers are responsible for U.S. Embassy operations, while public diplomacy officers promote understanding and support for American policy through engagement and influence among a country's political, academic, and other local groups.Step 3: Pass Hiring RequirementsAfter selecting a career track, applicants must pass the Foreign Service Officer test. This multi-choice exam is administered online at designated test centers and takes about three hours to complete. It measures your abilities, skills, and knowledge in three sections: English expression, job knowledge, and biographical information. Applicants must also write a 30-minute essay on an assigned topic.Other hiring requirements include submitting a personal narrative, undergoing an oral assessment, obtaining medical and top security clearances, and passing a final review panel.Step 4: Complete TrainingAfter passing your final review and obtaining all clearances, applicants' names are placed on a register that ranks successful candidates sorted by career tracks. Candidates are hired based on the needs of the department. Names stay on the register for 18 months. Applicants may decline their first appointment, but if they decline the second offer, their names will be removed from the list.Applicants who are selected for appointment must complete a 5-week orientation program that introduces them to the function and organization of the U.S. Department of State. The program includes trips to Capitol Hill and a series of case studies and practical exercises. After orientation, individuals are assigned to specialized training based on their career track. New hires can expect to spend from three months to a year in training before their first overseas assignment. All diplomats must complete at least one assignment to a region that is considered a hardship or even dangerous. In return, diplomats in hardship regions receive a 5%-35% pay differential.Navarro Moore, a Foreign Service Officer on the Political Career Track who is currently serving to the U.S. Embassy in San Salvador, discusses his path to the Foreign Service, at the U.S. Department of State in Washington, D.C. March 10, 2011.The Best International Relations Schools in the WorldForeign Policy magazine, in collaboration with the Teaching, Research, and International Policy (TRIP) project at the College of William & Mary, is pleased to present the results of the 2018 Ivory Tower survey. The survey provides a snapshot of how top international relations scholars assess their discipline at a moment when the liberal international order — overseen by a U.S. president with little evident attachment to it — is in unprecedented flux.Responses from 1,541 IR scholars at U.S. colleges and universities determined rankings for their field’s leading Ph.D., terminal master’s, and undergraduate programs. The scholars were asked to list the top five institutions in each category, and the percentages below reflect the portion of respondents who listed that school.The survey is accompanied by two essays that address whether IR is in a state of existential crisis. Can IR help policymakers respond to President Donald Trump and other global challenges that they failed to predict? Francis Gavin, the director of the Henry A. Kissinger Center for Global Affairs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, argues that the field of IR’s greatest strength is its adaptability and that other university departments would be wise to take their cues from schools of international affairs. Stephen Walt, a professor at the Harvard Kennedy School and columnist for FP, suggests that IR scholars have more work to do to get their own house in order before advising diplomats on how to do the same.Illustration by Peter and Maria Hoey for Foreign PolicyRussian Foreign Ministry Proposes Expelling 35 U.S. Diplomats

My answer is based on what I have heard from my seniors ,observed at command hospitals and seen in some of the interviews.After Comissioning both SSC and PC officers complete their internship from the chosen army ,navy,air force hospitals .Then they go for Medical Officer Basic Course which involves basic weapon training and complete orientation for life in forces.Here based on there performance in BPET they are ranked and offered opportunity to volunteer for probation of special forces.Then they are posted as Regimental Medical Officers or air force and naval bases accordingly .During this phase army officers can volunteer to join the special forces . On completing the probation (which the toughest course imaginable but MOs are given some relaxations )and parachute training they join the para regiments and now wear the highly respected maroon beret . They are posted with special forces regiments and recieve special allowance.Current DGAFMS lt.gen M.K Unni is a paracommando .Many officers also recieve anti tank gun training they get a special badge on completing the training and badges for serving special regiments.After completing 4 years of service they now sit for different entrance exams for pg courses though there is provision that army can sponsor candidates to study in other institutes but the candidate needs to earn his place himself (secure a good rank) and he gets a study leave while completing his PG course .Securing a PG seat in AFMC is comparatively easy for servicemen and they complete their course while serving in the forces . Same goes with residency. Also by the time you come for PG you have become Major and other equivalent ranks .After completing PG again you are posted to other locations . It is obvious that if you do PG with a clinical subjects such as surgery ,anaesthesia,internal medicine you won't be posted in remote hospitals. With other non clinical subjects such as anatomy ,biochemistry ,physiology you can be posted in AFMC,ACMS or other hospitals.After some years of service you can go for super speciality courses and I have seen many officers who have studied and participated in research at AIIMS new delhi,PGIMER chandigarh,John Hopkins and other prestigious institution but again you will have to earn your place there.You get promoted till the rank of a Lt.Col on the basis of serving period but for Colonel you have to attend the Board and if you clear it at once well and good if you fail.. attend again with your junior batch if you fail again then you are free to take voluntary retirement or continue to serve and become Time scale colonels.Your research work ,proficiency and physical fitness are important for clearing the boards.If you like administrative jobs more you will get posted as Officer In Charge of various departments In AMC itself.Along with your duties as a doctor you will get duties like PMC (mess incharge) library OIC ,OICs of different clubs etc during your service .(Not when you are busy with your clinical duties ).You enjoy all the facilities and perks that Armed Forces officials enjoy along with NPA which 25% of your basic pay .One of the main perks is the working enviroment and opportunity to be a part of the armed forces community which ensure that though you get transferred regularly you will enjoy a good living standard and a similar environment (not in terms of weather but in terms of people who surround you).Basically if you have ever visited a cantonment you’ll understand what Iam talking about.There are certain so called liabilities ,like a full fledged private practitioner can earn alot while your salary is fixed and there is a considerable time gap between your UG,specialisation and super specialisation courses .

I was very surprised by the HBO special about John Adams years ago in regards to how it depicted Charles Adams the son of John Adams. It seemed to place blame on John Adams by implying Charles was neglected. It also never mentions that Charles went to Paris and Amsterdam with his Father and older brother John Quincy. The HBO special on John Adams made it appear that only John Quincy accompanied his Father to Europe. In fact Charles also went along. Because many people will believe historical movies like John Adams to be an accurate depiction of history. Some will believe that what the Movie portrays is the truth. Unfortunately the HBO John Adams series did not portray Charles Adams in an accurate or truthful manner.Charles Adams born 1770 died 1800 lived to be only 30 years oldKevin Trainor is an Irish actor who portrayed Charles Adams on HBO John Adams seriesCharles was born on his family’s farm in Braintree, Massachusetts, on May twenty-ninth of 1770. Charles’s began life like any of his siblings, and when he was nine years old him and his older brother John Quincy were given the opportunity to travel to France with their father. Accompanied by his young sons John Quincy and Charles, Adams sailed for Europe in November 1779 aboard the French ship Sensible, which sprang a leak early in the voyage and missed its original destination (Brest), instead landing at El Ferrol, in northwestern Spain. The ship had a leak so bad that two pumps were installed to remove the water coming in and even young Charles had to take turns manning the pumps. The leak continued to worsen and there was a real possibility the ship would sink before reaching land. This was why the ship landed on the northwest coast of Spain. Cape Finisterre was spotted and it was the westernmost tip of Spain. For many centuries it was considered to be the end of the earth. Adams was stuck in El Ferrol and could wait for a ship or travel by land. After an arduous journey by mule train across the Pyrenees and into France, Adams and his group reached Paris in early February 1780. John Adams described the trip by Mule Train as one of the worst experiences of his life. It was a 928 mile trip over challenging terrain with very poor trails/roads to take two young children. John Adams found out that the towns and villages, the people and the roads were not like France. This was John Adams first visit to Spain and if he assumed it be like France in 1779 he was wrong. Adams described Northwest Spain as very poor with all sorts of insects including bedbugs at all the Inns he stayed. Some of the roads through the Pyrenees were dangerous and one wrong move could take a traveler over a cliff to an almost certain death. It had to have had a profound impact on all three Adams. Charles the youngest did not take it well and was very homesick and very unhappy.It is somewhere on this trip, however, while he was still a boy, that a pattern emerges of Charles not seeming to fit in with his family. Charles was sent home two years into the trip. Charles missed his Mother terribly and was homesick. He was smaller than his brothers and he had always been more frail. Abigail and John decided it would be best to send Charles back to Abigail in Massachusetts. He had sobbed inconsolably when parted from her and suffered much homesickness. Charles lived with his Father in Paris and then Amsterdam from age 9 until he was 11 years old.Charles was described by everyone as a charmer, but very sensitive and small. Abigail worried over “my delicate Charles” and feared he would be “spoilt by the fondness and caresses of his acquaintance.” John eventually realized this, too, and sent him back to Abigail in 1781, writing that Charles “is a delightful child, but has too exquisite a sensibility for Europe.”His father stayed in Amsterdam, and so did John Quincy. Charles undertook the voyage across the Atlantic alone without any other family from Europe to Boston. But Abigail insisted that John employ a chaperone to accompany Charles. It probably was a good thing because Charles trip back from Europe took 5 months. John still had business abroad, and he was going to send his 11-year-old son alone on a sailing voyage, until Abigail protested that this would not do, given Charles’ fragile health and sensitive nature.John agreed that his son should not travel unaccompanied, and arranged for a chaperone. But now the greatest mystery of young Charles’ life began. For five months the boy disappeared. There is no account, no record of what happened to him. Charles would never talk about it.Pulitzer Prize–winning biographer David McCullough treats the episode succinctly. “In mid-August of 1781, the eleven-year-old boy sailed on the South Carolina, which after a troubled voyage, put in at La Coruña, Spain, where eventually he sailed on another American ship, Cicero, a privateer, and after more delays and adventures reached home at the end of January 1782, more than five months after leaving Amsterdam.” Charles would spend Christmas of 1781 aboard a ship on the Atlantic Ocean with no family and only a Chaperone. Family historian Nagel says only that Charles “endured an almost interminable voyage alone in 1781 to be back home with his mother.” John Adams biographer John Ferling says Charles was chaperoned by a young physician and that it was “a safe crossing but terribly long.” Presidential families historian Doug Wead and others say Charles lost his chaperone and eventually came home “shaken.” An examination of the Adams family papers, collected at the Massachusetts Historical Society, shows that Charles did make it back with his chaperone — Abigail complained about the chaperone’s bill — but what exactly happened on the voyage is unknown.Just a few years after arriving back in America, Charles entered Harvard when he was 15 years old. Charles studied to be a lawyer, like his two brothers would once they joined him there. John Adams paid for Charles to attend Harvard. But it became clear that Charles was not like his brothers. Charles’s disciplinary record from Harvard is longer than that of Thomas and John Quincy put together. He missed reciting. Eleven times. He missed prayer. Nine times. He was also late for prayer, missed lectures, was fined for extensive damage to Harvard property and he was fined for miscellaneous bad behavior. Charles was severely punished for sneaking off to a tavern at least two times when he was to be in classes. There is even a Harvard legend that it was Charles who began the yearly tradition of running naked across Harvard Yard. Alcohol was thought to be involved in the several Harvard incidents with Charles especially the naked running episode. These incidents seem to be the main claims to Charles being a drunkard. But considering Charles was 15–19 years old in a college setting does this really mean Charles was a drunkard? Because I could not find much about alcohol and Charles after his days at Harvard. Certainly not anything like the reports about his Brother Thomas which I will mention later. There was no doubt that Charles had become a Rebel at Harvard. His pranks were legendary there at that time.Charles never resisted the path his parents envisioned however and he really did enjoy studying law. After graduation Charles does not seem to have attended any more wild parties or been fined for any more property damage. Charles had calmed down a great deal since being a student at Harvard. But Charles’s definition of a calm life was not what society may have thought was proper. In May of 1789, John Quincy received a letter from his cousin William Cranch informing him of something Charles had done. What exactly the letter said is lost to history, but whatever it said alarmed John Quincy. He immediately dropped everything and traveled to Haverhill to speak to Charles. John Quincy explained in his response to Cranch that he had previously written a letter to Charles about whatever it was Charles was doing, and that after receiving Cranch’s letter he “conversed with [Charles] at Haverhill upon the subject in such a manner as must I think lead him to be more cautious.” What could Charles have been doing that John Quincy had to drop everything to go and talk to him about? And why did he have to tell Charles to be more “cautious”? If Charles had been drinking too much would John Quincy say he needed to be cautious or even had made a special trip there? That Charles’s action caused John Quincy to tell him to be more “cautious” suggests that he felt what Charles was doing could prove dangerous for Charles. In the 1700s Sodomy laws had harsh punishments with long periods of hard labor and even death in Virginia. Enforcement was sporadic and not fair. George Washington had drummed out Frederick Gotthold Enslin when he was accused of sodomy at Valley Forge. His name was ruined but he did not face prison time. Yet the evidence against him-an attempted sodomy was made by a man who had reasons to lie and was not the victim of the attempted sodomy. The accuser witnessed the attempt supposedly. To be accused of attempted sodomy at that time left few viable means of defense. Once Enslin was drummed out the victim of the attempt was also. These were scary times.In July 1789, John Adams was indeed reunited with Charles, and he began to arrange his son’s legal career. Adams wrote to an acquaintance, Alexander Hamilton, and asked if Charles could work as a clerk in Hamilton’s law office. Hamilton accepted Charles, and Charles was back on the track his parents wanted. This would not last long. While working in Hamilton’s office, Charles met John W. Mulligan. Mulligan was the son of Hamilton’s longtime friend Hercules Mulligan, and so was a friend of the Hamilton family. Mulligan was also working as a clerk in Hamilton’s Office. Mulligan was 16 years old when he met the then 20 year old Charles Adams. The two became close, and at some point in the years that followed, they moved in together. John Mulligan and Charles became very close friends and soon they were literally spending all of their time together. Charles’s parents had seen the 2 of them together and Charles parents did not approve of it. John Adams had remarked to his wife that the relationship and the time they spent with each other was unnatural.Charles’s relationship with Mulligan bothered his parents. It bothered John Adams the most. He viewed homosexuality as a moral defect, and saw it as one of the first symptoms that morality in general was beginning to decay. Adams had once wrote that the fall of the Roman Empire was due to perverse sexual practices including sodomy. Adams would make the same remarks about the ancient Greeks. Later, during the reign of Napoleon, Adams would tell a friend that Napoleon “was made…to inflict ten thousand Lashes on the back of Europe, as a divine Punishment and Vengeance for the Atheism Infidelity, Fornications, Adulteries, Incests and Sodomies.”Since Charles was a teenager his Parents had never approved of the Men he seemed to want to associate himself with. John Adams had described these men as rowdy, wild and lacking in class and discipline. Charles parents worried about the Men he seemed to want to spend time with. According to biographer John Ferling, their greatest fears arose from "his alleged proclivities for consorting with men whom his parents regarded as unsavory." John and Abigail made it clear that they did not want Charles to live with Mulligan. John Adams literally gave Charles an ultimatum to be rid of Mulligan or else. Charles refused to give up Mulligan. He rebelled. What hold did Mulligan have on Charles when he was then only 22 years old? Mulligan was then but a mere 18 year old. What was it about Mulligan that made it so urgent that his Father wanted them living apart immediately? Instead the two lovers turned to their now former employer, Hamilton, who put them in touch with Baron von Steuben. Historians seem to agree that Baron Von Stueben was a homosexual. Baron Friedrich von Steuben was the Revolutionary War hero who was 40 years older than Charles. Von Steuben had come to America in 1777, dogged by rumors that “he took familiarities with young boys.” He arrived with his handsome 17-year-old interpreter and shipmate, whom Washington soon had to replace for incompetence on military matters with his own aides, Alexander Hamilton and John Laurens. Von Steuben then formally adopted two young soldiers he was fond of: William North, who became the baron’s aide-de-camp, and Benjamin Walker. Charles and Mulligan moved in with Steuben and became the newest members of his self-chosen family. John Adams must have been annoyed that Charles and Mulligan were still living together, but he did not seem to dislike Steuben. Adams often ended his letters to Charles during this time with well wishes for Steuben, and once when discussing New York politics asked Charles “What says the Wise Baron to all of this?” If Abigail had a problem with Steuben, she never spoke of it, and to say nothing about a person she did not like would be out of character for Abigail Adams. In fact, Charles’s brother-in-law William Smith (the husband of his sister Nabby) had been acquainted with Steuben during the war, and Nabby and William named their son William Steuben Smith. I should also point out that many Historians have remarked that the only time Charles had been truly happy, or at least reasonably calm for any period of time, was when he was living with von Steuben.Charles and Mulligan lived together with Steuben for more than a year, between January of 1792 and May of 1793. Near the end of this time, however, Charles began to live on his own in New York City again, only visiting occasionally. Charles had to establish his legal practice. Not long after Charles passed his bar exam, Steuben moved upstate. Mulligan chose to move with him as his personal secretary, but Charles remained in the city. However this did not mean that Charles and Mulligan never saw each other. They did see each other for several years after but obviously it was not as frequently or as much. John Mulligan and Charles would see each other until the death of Von Steuben on November 28, 1794. In 1795, Mulligan married Elizabeth Winter of Louisville, Kentucky. They had three sons and six daughters and lived on 52 John Street, near Cedar Street in Manhattan. Charles would marry Sally the same year as Mulligan. Charles was 25 when he married and John Mulligan was 21 years old.Charles’s decision to remain in the city was not an attempt to distance himself from his sexuality. Charles became a member of a literary club called the Friendly Club. Dedicated to deep philosophical discussions of literature and politics, the Friendly Club was a close knit, freeing environment that did nothing to impede flirtatious interactions between its members, and many of the men (perhaps even most of them) were LGBT+. Charles also continued to spend time with Mulligan when he was able. In September 1795, Charles married Sarah “Sally” Smith, Nabby’s sister-in-law. Charles and Sally eloped before telling either of their families. Charles and Sally had been connected before. Prior to establishing his career as a lawyer Charles had courted Sally briefly, something that had alarmed Charles’s parents. Charles was reprimanded for courting before he was ready to support a family, and his father insisted that they break up. Charles told his father that he would conduct his relationship with Sally how he wanted, but their relationship did seem to cease for a time. In both courtship and marriage Charles used his relationship with Sally as a rebellion against his parents. Charles knew he had no choice about whether or not to marry, so he found a way to do it on his terms, in a way that did not feel like he was just doing it to please his parents. It is possible that he loved Sally. The fact that in the interval between their courtship and their marriage Charles had a long and apparently intense sexual relationship with Mulligan calls this love into question, as does the course that their marriage was to take.For the next couple of years, Charles life seemed to go well. Charles’s law practice grew, and he became an intimate observer of New York politics. His first daughter, named Susanna, was born August eight of 1796. His second daughter, Abigail, was born September eight of 1798. Everything in Charles’s life seemed to be going exactly as his parents had wanted for him.But something went wrong. John and his son Charles had always kept in touch by letters between them but in February of 1799 Charles stopped writing. Charles Adams February 19, 1799 letter to his Father was the last letter Charles Adams wrote to anyone. Then in October 1799 , John Adams stopped on his way from his home to the nation’s capital to see his daughter Nabby. Nabby had a tough life and lived in poverty through most of it. Her husband William Stephens Smith left her alone with 4 children most of the time as he went off West to make money on speculations. It is thought that John Adams helped her as much as he could when she would allow. Now John comes to find that Sally and her 2 very young children have been living with Nabby for several months and there is no help or contact from Charles.Abigial “Nabby” Adams Smith portrait by Mather BrownIt had to have infuriated and shocked John Adams regarding his son Charles. John absolutely did not think this was something that Nabby should have been burdened with considering how poor and difficult her life was. The HBO John Adams series moved the date of Nabby’s cancer diagnosis and mastectomy up by ten years. The mastectomy did not occur until 1811 and it was performed by John Warren an Army Surgeon from Boston. HBO’s depiction of the operation was accurate except the Doctor was not Benjamin Rush. (In 1812, Rush helped reconcile the friendship of Jefferson and Adams by encouraging the two former presidents to resume writing to each other.) The cancer and more tumors would return after her mastectomy and Nabby died in 1813 at her parent’s home at the age of 48.It has been widely assumed Charles abandoned his family, but the murky records of the situation could just as easily support Sally having taken the children and left Charles. Charles had lost all of the $4,000 John Quincy had entrusted to him to invest for him on high risk speculations. None of that money was left. Charles was no longer working or making money. As far as Sally knew and related to John Charles was virtually bankrupt. How this had taken place was vague but Charles had no income coming in. He was absent much of the time and did not help Sally with the 2 children when home but when Charles was gone he was not working for an income. John Adams was alarmed and wrote to Abigail “Sally opened her Mind to me for the first time. I pitied her, I grieved, I mourned but could do no more. a Madman possessed of the Devil can alone express or represent—. I renounce him.—K[ing] Davids Absalom had some ambition and some Enterprise. Mine is a mere Rake, Buck, Blood & Beast.” Rake was the male equivalent of whore at the time. Buck referred to a stylish, effeminate, undisciplined young man. Adams felt that the only connection he now acknowledged with Charles was a biological one. Adams never saw or corresponded with his son again. It should be noted that these terms of “Rake” and “Buck” were only used by John Adams in a letter to his wife and not publicly. I am interpreting the meaning in that context because Charles behavior with “unsavory men” had been discussed often before by his parents. I believe that the parents use of the term “unsavory men” to describe men Charles associated with meant the men were disagreeable and unpleasant because they were morally disreputable. I also believe Charles parents thought the men Charles associated with to be effeminate and fop ( a dandy-men too concerned about their appearance and too stylish) and this was why they felt they were morally disreputable and should not be associating with their son Charles.The scene on the John Adams HBO special where John went to the slum where Charles was living to confront Charles never took place. His father never smashed his cane on liquor bottles on a table in front of an inebriated Charles as depicted by HBO. John did call his son Charles a “rake” and a “buck” (a young womanish male prostitute) as was depicted on HBO but it was by a letter to his wife Abigail. There was no confrontation as shown by the Movie. John also did not say anything about Charles being a drunkard at the time. Nothing at all. John Adams would never see or speak with his son Charles again. Sally visited Charles a few times and brought his Mother to see him 2 weeks before his death. John Adams never saw Charles after learning that Charles was not supporting his wife and 2 young children and was no longer living with them. Sally may have taken Charles into her home to care for him the last ten days of his life but historians disagree about this taking place and if it did take place how long the time period was. There seems to be no doubt that at the very end Charles was sick and his breathing was labored. Charles was getting worse and in 1800 there were no antibiotics to cure an infection of the lungs. Charles was going to die and there was nothing that could save him in 1800.Most historians have said that Charles’s drinking was the reason his parents were angry with him. Yet drinking is not one of the things Adams berated Charles for in the letter to Abigail where he disowned his son. John ‘s letter calls his son an effeminate adulterer in today’s language. Adams’s other insult was a comparison of Charles to King David’s son Absalom. As researcher Bob Arnebeck explains, “Drunkenness was not one of Absalom’s sins.” Absalom’s biggest crime was attempting to overthrow his father, and Adams uses him as the quintessential example of a disobedient son. John Adams did believe excessive drinking was a sin, and frequently included “drunks” in lists he made of sinful persons. But John Adams never mentions excessive consumption of alcohol as a reason why he denounced his son Charles.Additionally, it is a myth that Charles died of cirrhosis of the liver, a condition commonly caused by alcoholism. Yet many Historians who do not research this well continue to claim that alcoholism killed Charles. Wikipedia contains a claim that Cirrhosis of the Liver killed Charles. Wikipedia cites a source that is an obscure website that makes the claim but actually has no cited source at all. But that was not the case. In a letter to John Quincy just after Charles’s death, Abigail told him that his brother died of “dropsy of the chest.” Though this is no longer a medical term, it referred to a condition now known as pleurisy. Pleurisy can be caused by a multitude of respiratory diseases, such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, and even cancer. As Charles’s sister Nabby later died of breast cancer, it is possible this was a genetic disease that ran in the family, and could very well have been the cause of Charles’s pleurisy. Charles Mother knew what killed her son and explained it was Pleurisy to John Quincy because it was the truth. Throughout the HBO John Adams series John and Abigail’s son Charles makes much of his childhood separation from his parents, as first John and then Abigail left for Europe, “abandoning” him, he says, to the care of tutors. This purported desertion is made the central fact of Charles’s life, the root of his eventual personal dissolution, and a possible explanation for why Charles developed an alcohol consumption issue. Charles had never been abandoned to the care of tutors that scene is completely imagined. If anything Charles received more attention than any of the other children from his parents because of his frailty and size. Charles was very much loved by both parents when he was young.In October 1779, after John completed his service with the Massachusetts constitutional convention, he was sent back to France by Congress, appointed to negotiate peace-terms with Britain should opportunity arise. He took his son John Quincy with him, as he had in 1778. He also took Charles. In fact John Adams paid very close attention to Charles in the 2 years he was in Europe. He enrolled Charles in Latin school and made sure his needs were met in every way. It is a total distortion of facts and history to claim that Charles was abandoned by his Father or Mother at the time. I can not explain why HBO decided to make this absurd fiction appear to be a fact when it clearly was not. Many people will learn history from movies especially movies that are factually based. They will never read any books on the subject because they do not like to read history books. So if a HBO special series on John Adams claims the Charles was abandoned by his parents to tutors and this may have caused Charles to be a drunkard and die at age 30 will many people believe that this is what took place? Several history professors say that was exactly what did take place and after the HBO John Adams first aired many online sources such as Wikipedia changed their information on Charles Adams to reflect the HBO fiction to be a fact. Some were eventually corrected to some extent but not all. Some sources continue the HBO myth as a fact but also note that there are critics who claim there is not truth to it.So what was really going on with Charles.? In 1799 Bisexuality was not a term used or written about. It was a taboo subject that would not be understood or accepted by 1799 society. The term Homosexuality did not exist in 1799. The disappearance of all of Charles’s letters from the last two years of his life, the fact that what John and Abigail said to each other is different than what they told others, and the mystery shrouding his true cause of death, all suggest that Charles’s final years were the subject of a cover up. The Smith family as well as the Adams family did what they could to erase and forget him. Although Charles was known to have many adulterous affairs none appeared to be with any woman. The only woman ever in Charles life seemed to be his wife Sally.Presbyterian Church on Wall Street in NYC where Charles Adams was buried in 1800.In my opinion alcoholism was not the main issue for why John Adams disowned his son Charles. I think John Adams could not accept that Charles was continuing to have intimate relations with males and had abandoned his Wife and 2 children. John Adams simply could not handle it or ignore it and felt his only choice in 1799 was to disown Charles. This theory is not new. Many historians have claimed that Charles was a homosexual and that this was the real reason for the rift with his Father. When John saw that Sally and their 2 very young children were no longer living with Charles or being supported by Charles it was too much for him to bear. The key issue is that to John Adams it appeared that Charles had literally abandoned his entire family and his children were then 3 and 1 years old. Charles had brought shame on the family and this was not something John Adams could tolerate. It may be true that Charles was an alcoholic. But I have never found any reliable proof Charles died from alcoholism. It seems impossible to believe that Abigail would write a detailed letter to John Quincy that his brother had died from Pleurisy unless that was indeed true. The term "cirrhosis" (Greek=orange color)of the liver was first given by Laennec in 1826 because of the yellowish-tan color of the cirrhotic liver. That was 26 years after Charles had died. Only in 1930, one hundred and four years later was the first theory as to the pathogenesis of this disorder made. Since Charles Adams died in 1800 it is extremely unlikely that any doctor who examined Charles said he had cirrhosis. The Cirrhosis cause of death appears to be a myth or legend because Charles was known to consume alcohol more than what was considered proper or normal. The American Medical Association deemed alcoholism as an illness in 1956, based on the theory that excessive drinking and alcohol addiction is caused by a disease of the brain, based on the structure and function of the brain. But in 1799 alcoholism was not a diagnosis or term used by anyone. So no authority exists to say that Charles was an alcoholic and most certainly no authority existed to say alcoholism killed Charles. I could not find one source such as a family member’s letter or Doctor’s report that indicated that excessive alcohol consumption or cirrhosis had in fact killed Charles. If you research this even today 90% of historical books say Charles Adams died from alcoholism. What is amazing is many have no sources to prove this claim. The books with sources or footnotes that claim alcoholism killed Charles cite other books with no sources. What would help would be letters or doctors reports or notes that say excessive alcohol consumption killed Charles Adams. Where are they? They would not say “alcoholism” because that term did not exist in 1800. Abigail Adams letter said Charles died of “dropsy of the chest” and not one word about drinking is mentioned.After Charles died the family seemed to act as though Charles had never existed. John Quincy may not have wanted to go along with this as he named his son Charles Francis Adams when he was born in 1807. John Quincy had always been exceptionally kind to both Charles and Thomas. But John Quincy deferred to his parents as far as burial and funeral services were made. Biographer Ferling notes that “virtually the sole portion of Adams’ vast correspondence that was apparently not preserved for posterity related to Charles.” Charles was not buried with his family in Massachusetts and instead was buried at a Presbyterian Church in NYC in 1800. The Church was destroyed in the 1835 Great Fire. Charles Adams remains are thought to have been relocated after the 1835 fire but sadly no one knows where the remains of Charles Adams now are buried. The Massachusetts Historical Society believes Charles is buried “somewhere in New York State.” It is hard for me to believe that excessive liquor consumption caused the rift between John and Charles when you consider the life of Thomas Adams. After Abigail died in 1818 Thomas moved in with his Father John and brought his wife and 7 of his children. Thomas was very much what anyone would call a drunkard at that time and he was also deeply in debt. John and John Quincy both worked to pay off the delinquent accounts of Thomas which were several thousand dollars. The excessive alcohol consumption of Thomas from 1818 until his death in 1832 was truly bad and he was an angry drunk who was terrible to be around. Having given up politics and law, Thomas acted as caretaker for the farm. Thomas was not able to make a living as an Attorney. He detested law and being an attorney. John Quincy on several different dates had expressed the opinion that Thomas was not suited for a profession. Thomas was described as a “Raging Drunk” who would go off on drinking binges for days at a time then return to threaten his wife and children. His nephew Charles Francis, John Quincy's son, described him as "a brute in manners and a bully in his family." Thomas died on March 13, 1832. Yet he lived with his Father 8 years until John Adams died in 1826. This fact makes it very hard to believe that Charles use of alcohol was why John disowned Charles when the alcohol used by Thomas was described by several family members as profound and very difficult to be around.Thomas Boylston Adams (1772–1832)There are no tales of Charles abusing his family while drunk or disappearing on drinking binges for days at a time. Thomas lived less than 6 years after his Father passed away dying at age 59. Brooks Adams, John Quincy’s Grandson bluntly said later “There never was harm in poor Tom except when he would drink. He nearly drove John Adams and J.Q.A. into insanity with it.”Charles Adams lived a life of instability, but, as Abigail Adams wrote at the time of his premature death, "He was no man's enemy but his own."