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Green Books 1940, 1956 and 1960 (The Green Book Chronicles)The year is 1950. You and a car full of relatives are cruising in a '47 Buick, driving west on the Dixie Overland Highway to California.. Unfortunately, you might not even make it to the Texas border. It is not a flat tire, low fuel or overheated radiator that has sidelined your vacation. Rather it is due to the color of your skin- for you are African American, driving through the Deep South, and night is coming.With the expansion and improvement of roads and highways and a burgeoning fascination with road trips by the 1930s, publishers provided guidebooks for travelers.[1] From Maine to California, thousands of communities isolated African Americans (or sometimes Chinese Americans, Jewish Americans, etc.) by force, law, or custom. It didn’t matter if you were Dorothy Dandridge, Lena Horne, Duke Ellington or Ralph Bunche traveling state to state, if the road was not friendly or obliging, there was no safe haven for African American travellers.The real story of the Green Book, the guide that changed how black people traveled in America"For the Negro traveler, whether on business or pleasure, there was always trouble finding suitable accommodation in hotels and guest houses where he would be welcomed."[2]For black Americans traveling by car in the era of segregation, the open road presented serious dangers. Driving interstate distances to unfamiliar locales, black motorists ran into institutionalized racism in a number of pernicious forms, from hotels and restaurants that refused to accommodate them to hostile “sundown towns,” where posted signs might warn people of color that they were banned after nightfall. Signs typically read "Nigger, Don't Let The Sun Go Down On You In ___."[3] Many brought along boxed lunches in order to avoid being turned away from restaurants or dining cars. [4]Paula Wynter, a Manhattan-based artist, recalls a frightening road trip when she was a young girl during the 1950s. In North Carolina, her family hid in their Buick after a local sheriff passed them, made a U-turn and gave chase. Wynter’s father, Richard Irby, switched off his headlights and parked under a tree. “We sat until the sun came up,” she says. “We saw his lights pass back and forth. My sister was crying; my mother was hysterical.”[5]Victor Hugo Green - WikipediaVictor H. Green, a 44-year-old black postal carrier in Harlem[6] , relied on his own experiences and on recommendations from black members of his postal service union for the inaugural guide bearing his name, The Negro Motorist Green-Book, in 1937.[7] The 15-page directory covered Green’s home turf, the New York metropolitan area, listing establishments that welcomed blacks.[8] The guide's power was that it created a safety net. If a person could travel by car—and those who could, did—they would feel more in control of their destiny. The Green-Book was what they needed.From the preface of the 1940 issue:"The idea of 'The Green-Book' is to give the motorist and tourist a guide not only of the hotels and tourist homes in all of the large cities, but other classifications that will be found useful wherever he may be. Also facts and information that the Negro motorist can use and depend upon."You will find it handy on your travels, whether at home or in some other state, and is up to date. Each year we compile new lists as some of these places move or go out of business and new business places are started, giving added employment to members of our race."[9]The directories listed establishments that catered to blacks—businesses and services including hotels, taverns, nightclubs, restaurants, service and automotive repair stations, tourist homes, roadhouses, barbershops and beauty salons, golf courses and state parks.[10]Listings were organized by state and city, with the vast majority located in major metropolises such as Chicago and Detroit. More remote places had fewer options—Alaska only had a lone entry in the 1960 guide, but even in cities with no black-friendly hotels, the book often listed the addresses of home owners who were willing to rent rooms.[11]Mail carriers were uniquely situated to know which homes would accommodate travelers; they mailed reams of listings to Green.[12] And black travelers were soon assisting Green—submitting suggestions, in an early example of what today would be called user-generated content. For example, in 1949 for Montgomery, AL, the guidebook recommended the Douglas Hotel and Bonnie’s Restaurant as safe places.[13] It listed eight locations in Alabama deemed “safe” for the Negro traveler. That was a pretty low number considering Georgia had 17…Tennessee had a whopping 66. Even Mississippi had 38 locations listed.[14]A.G. Gaston Motel Partnership: The City of Birmingham and the National Park Service (U.S. National Park Service)Later added to the list was the restaurant at Birmingham’s A.G. Gaston Motel. Built in the 1950’s, it later became known as the place Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. would stay as he held strategy sessions around the civil rights movement in that city.[15]Another of Green’s innovations laid the foundation for modern residential lodging networks; like Airbnb, his guide listed private residences where black travelers could stay safely.[16]In 1954, it suggested that visitors to tiny Roswell, New Mexico, should stay at the home of a Mrs. Mary Collins.[17] Indeed, it was an honor to have one’s home listed as a rooming house in the Green-Book, though the listings themselves were minimalist: “ANDALUSIA (Alabama) TOURIST HOMES: Mrs. Ed. Andrews, 69 N. Cotton Street.”[18] In 1956, travelers to Hartford, CT, could stay at Mrs. Johnson’s house at 2016 Main St.[19]The Green-Book was indispensable to black-owned businesses. For historians, the listings offer a record of the rise of the black middle class, and in particular, of the entrepreneurship of black women.The Remarkable Black Businesswomen Who Found Success in Segregated AmericaAt the helm of the Green Book during its apogee was Alma Duke Green.. The widow of Victor Hugo Green (the couple married in 1917 and remained childless), Alma continued to publish the guide, with assistance of an all-female editorial staff.[20] Alma’s personal experiences with Jim Crow and the hazards of travel went even deeper, however. Whereas Victor was born in New York and had lived nearly all his life in either New York or New Jersey,[21] Alma was born in Richmond on June 9, 1889. She was an early participant in the Great Migration, joining approximately 1.6 million African Americans in the first wave of the movement, which lasted from 1910 to 1940.[22] As a result of these experiences, Alma knew fully and personally how the Jim Crow laws of the American South affected those who lived under their yoke, as well as what traveling to and from the North entailed in the early 1900s.1956 opening of Esso Gas Station (1956-photo-of-the-grand-opening-of-Esso-gas-station-Memphis-Tennessee_fig3_286124463/amp)In 1952, Green retired from the postal service to become a full-time publisher. Subscriptions to the guide sold for 25 cents an issue ( the final issue cost $1) and continued to be published for 7 years after Green's death.[23] At the height of its circulation, Green printed 20,000 books annually.[24] Distributed mostly through mail order, AAA also offered Green's guidebook, as did black churches, the Negro Urban League and Esso gasoline stations (due in part to subsidies between Standard Oil and Esso)[25] . Esso not only served black customers, but the company also willingly franchised to blacks, unlike most franchisers of the day.[26]Writing in the 1948 edition, Green predicted:“There will be a day in the near future when this guide will not have to be published. That is when we as a race will have equal opportunities and privileges in the United States.”[27]Victor Green died in 1960, four years before Congress passed the Civil Rights Act making segregation illegal[28] and rendering the Green Book unnecessary. Until then it was essential, with a circulation of two million by 1962.[29]Final Edition (The Negro Motorist Green Book - Wikipedia)The Green-Book's final edition, in 1966-67, filled 99 pages and embraced the entire nation and even some international cities.[30] The guide pointed black travelers to places including hotels, restaurants, beauty parlors, nightclubs, golf courses and state parks.Green’s lasting influence was showing the way for the next generation of black entrepreneurs. Asking people to open their homes to unfamiliar travellers was a radical concept. Some charged a little, but many charged nothing.Footnotes[1] The Green Book: The First Travel Guide for African-Americans Dates to the 1930s[2] https://www.nalc.org/news/the-postal-record/2013/september-2013/document/09-2013_green-book.pdf[3] Sundown Towns by James W. Loewen[4] 'Green Book' Helped Keep African Americans Safe on the Road[5] Overground Railroad[6] Victor Hugo Green - Wikipedia[7] The Green Book Chronicles[8] The Negro Motorist Green Book (1936-1964)[9] The Negro Motorist Green-Book: 1940[10] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/news/the-green-book-the-black-travelers-guide-to-jim-crow-america[11] The Travelers' Green Book: 1960[12] ‘The Green Book’[13] Full text of "The Negro Motorist Green Book, 1949"[14] What the Original 'Green Book' Had to Say About Alabama — Á la Carte Alabama[15] A.G. Gaston Motel Partnership: The City of Birmingham and the National Park Service (U.S. National Park Service)[16] Beyond the Banks: Doing it by the 'Green Book'[17] https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/federal_government/road-guide-for-african-american-civil-rights-activists-pointed-way-to-1963-march/2013/08/27/1085a2c4-0f64-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html[18] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book_1940.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiep4v71pXoAhUBGc0KHalWBT4QFjAQegQIBhAC&usg=AOvVaw0lfYtKwyIOjWFp9TvuiRfU[19] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.nalc.org/news/nalc-updates/body/Green-Book-handout.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjTv8OZ15XoAhXBAp0JHdUVBDEQFjAAegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw0jQJh51GiA1PoGRPwH2as_&cshid=1584041863163[20] The Mother of the Green Book Ignored by History[21] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/news/the-green-book-the-black-travelers-guide-to-jim-crow-america[22] The Long-Lasting Legacy of the Great Migration[23] Opinion | Traveling While Black: The Green Book’s Black History[24] The real story of the Green Book, the guide that changed how black people traveled in America[25] https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/news/the-green-book-the-black-travelers-guide-to-jim-crow-america[26] Esso, and the Green Book[27] The Negro Motorist Green Book: 1948[28] Civil Rights Act of 1964 (U.S. National Park Service)[29] The Mother of the Green Book Ignored by History[30] 'Green Book' Helped Keep African Americans Safe on the Road

I did my B Tech, joined a company for a year and then joined M Tech in IIT Delhi. I then got selected into IRS and joined the government of India.Nothing unusual so far. This is done by so many people. I was just following the herd.However, since 2002, I started doing many things which most people in my position don’t do.I was posted as the Deputy Commissioner of Air Cargo Ahmedabad, the only International Airport in the State of Gujarat. This was considered to be a very important charge. However, I decided to leave that charge to join PhD in IIITM Gwalior. This involved shifting my family without any government assistance, getting admissions to my children in Gwalior, staying in a private accommodation and drive my own vehicle to attend the classes. I attended many classes with the students of B Tech first year, most of whom were not even born when I entered into IIT-BHU-Varanasi in 1983.I submitted by PhD thesis in 2005 and wrote my first book that year. This book was rejected by all publishers. I did not lose hope and continued writing.I started a website of my own www.aatmicscience.com and started publishing my articles. Who can stop publishing your article in your own website? Later I with my father-in-law and other members formed a formal legal body in the name of ‘The Aatmic Science Foundation’, which started the website www.scienceofsoul.com and started publishing the quarterly journal ‘Science of Soul’ since 2007.My book on spiritual intelligence was accepted by Wisdom Tree in 2012 and published in 2013. My next book was published in 2015. I am not aware of any IRS officers who had written books while in service on topics of spirituality, leadership etc.I started writing for Quora since August 2015 and written over 1700 articles. You will hardly find any senior civil servant answering questions on a public platform like Quora so frankly and honestly.I took voluntary retirement in October 2016 leaving one of the most important assignment of my department to become a full time author, educator and speaker. This is rarest of rare in government and in India.I started my YouTube Channel Awdhesh Singh where I am posting my videos in Hindi/English on regular basis.

Since it was clearly noted that NEET 2 was tougher as compared to NEET 1 suggesting that the latter was based on AIPMT while NEET 2 had to accommodate all students wanting to take admission to any govt. or pvt. medical college in India.In my opinion, NEET 2017 will be tough, more or equivalent, that can not be answered. One must keep in mind that NCERT just forms the outer skeleton of the syllabus. Just focusing on NCERT books can get you a decent score in biology alone.While preparing, focus on the topics and try to gather as much knowledge about it beyond the books as possible but to a limit needed for you to excel the topic for exams alone. Remember, you don’t need to become an expert in a topic but your main aim is to crack the exam.Good Luck!