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How airplanes fly:Most people who design and build airplanes don’t need, or really even have an understanding of how aircraft wings actually work. In fact, rarely does one actually have to design their own wing. Instead big government research labs funded by NACA/NASA do the job and test the airfoil designs. There are tables of airfoils and their characteristics. The designers simply look them up and select one that has the desired characteristics — “high lift/drag at slow speed” for example.Even award-winning wing designs often have natural and simple origins. What is known as the Grant “T” (or X8) wing was actually an accurate top-down profile tracing of a freshly caught brook trout laid on drawing paper. One wonders how much asymmetry the trout was given. Perhaps many wing designs were possible with the one trout. The wing reportedly worked wonderfully scaled up to different sizes and won many prizes.The notion that air flows over the wing top and generates suction (Bernoulli’s Principle) is simply misapplied. The explanation of the physics as taught to students is usually wildly wrong. Hundreds of books that discuss aircraft wings show imaginary flow-line diagrams where apparently no work is done to the air. They are just someone’s happy misconception.The Airfoil Misconception in K-6 TextbooksWolfgang Langewiesche is one of the most quoted aviation experts. His book, Stick and Rudder (1944), is considered a primary reference on the art of flying fixed-wing aircraft. Simply put, says Wolfgang, the wing pushes air downward as it moves forward and the airplane gets pushed upwards according to Newton’s Third Law: For every action there is an equal but opposite reaction. It would be exactly the same if the chord were just a stiff piece of wood with a streamlined wrapping around it.[I have received too many comments to answer them all individually, but to clarify a few things:Regular airplanes can fly upside-down because the angle of attack is different. But they also don’t fly upside-down very well. Aerobatic airplanes often have symmetrical top-bottom wing shapes.Giant aircraft companies DO design their own airfoils, just not most companies or individuals.My point about Bernoulli is that aircraft get lift from their wing bottoms too, which Bernoulli completely ignores but Langewiesche and other descriptions include.Newton is fundamental. Air gets pushed and suction gets created from increasing the speed of airflow, but it is the work done on the air mass that creates lift.If you integrate the pressure around the airfoil and apply Newton…all things become clear.]https://ia800105.us.archive.org/22/items/StickAndRudderAnExplanationOfTheArtOfFlying/Stick-and-Rudder-An-Explanation-of-the-Art-of-Flying.pdfdownloadable pdf of Stick and Rudder, Wolfgang Langewiesche, 1944.