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First of all, I have just checked Georgia Tech, Yale, and Stanford schedules for this academic year. And guess what! You are right in that there truly are less days in Yale in comparison to those of Stanford and Georgia Tech.However, before showing the data, I would like to note every school operates differently. There is no “set” number of days. A mere ~10 days per semester is not going to greatly affect the school curriculum.In addition, some schools have classes that are longer than other schools. For instance, if school A does 1 class a day of 2.5 hours and the other school B does 1 class of 2 hours, then the number of days could be misleading.To add on that, some schools might have classes that meets on weekends too.What I am trying to say is that “more days off” does not necessarily imply less work. Schedules are scheduled by the students in college, not the school itself. There are going to be students in Yale who study all day. There are going to be students in Georgia Tech who slack off. Who knows.And each school is different. Just because Yale has lots of days off does not imply MIT would have lots of days off, etc. (Both Yale and MIT is in the east)All that matters is that as long as the school ensures the students are able to master the material in a given set of time, the school has done its job whether it require 50 days or 45 days.In addition, it could be possible Georgia Tech and Stanford might have a couple more days because it is more tech oriented. Yale emphasizes the liberal arts and it is plausible unlike Georgia Tech and Stanford students, Yale students require time outside class as a significant portion of their works could be from reading books.With all that said, the raw data as I am sure you calculated (2016~2017 academic year):YaleAugust 1Sept 28 - 8 - 2Oct 31 - 10Nov 30 - 8 - 10Dec 7Total: 59 daysJan 11 - 1Feb 28 - 8Mar 31 - 8 - 25Apr 28 - 8Total: 58 daysTotal year: 117 daysGeorgia TechAugust 8Sept 28 - 8 - 1Oct 31 - 10 - 2Nov 30 - 8 - 3Dec 4Total: 69 daysJan 15Feb 28 - 8Mar 31 - 8 - 5Apr 25 - 8Total: 70 daysTotal year: 139 daysStanfordSept 5Oct 31 - 10Nov 30 - 8 - 5Dec 7Total: 59 days (-5 days for end-quarter)Jan 14Feb 28 - 8 - 1Mar 13Total: 46 days (-5 days for end-quarter)Apr 20May 31 - 8 - 1Jun 5Total: 47 days (-5 days for end-quarter)Total year: 152 daysHowever, as Stanford practices quarter system, it has "end-quarter period" insteadof "reading days" so in reality, if we subtract those days:Total year adjusted to Semester based: 137 daysData:For the year 2016~2017...YaleSemester SystemAugust 31. Classes beginHolidays (Days off): September 2, September 5, November 18~27December 9. Classes end+December 21. Final exams endJanuary 17. Classes beginHolidays (Days off): January 20, March 10~24April 28. Classes end+May 10. Final exams endStanfordQuarter System (3 quarters for this comparison)September 26. Classes beginHolidays (Days off): November 21~25, December 5~11 (end-quarter period)December 9. Classes end+December 16. Final exams endJanuary 9. Classes beginHolidays (Days off): January 16, February 20, March 13~19 (end-quarter period)March 17. Classes end+March 24. Final exams endApril 3. Classes beginHolidays (Days off): May 29, June 1~8 (end-quarter period)June 7. Classes end+June 14. Final exams endGeorgia TechSemester SystemAugust 22. Classes beginHolidays (Days off): September 5, October 10~11, November 23~25December 6. Classes end+December 15. Final exams endJanuary 9. Classes beginHolidays (Days off): January 2, January 16, March 20~24April 25. Classes end+May 4. Final exams endInteresting observation though. I really don’t know why. Guess Yale like every other private schools just does whatever they want as all that is required for them is for the students to learn the material.The number of days is trivial. The role of college is to help you learn. If all three schools are doing their jobs, then this should be trivial.Also do note that some schools differ in rigour. For instance, an average student in CalTech is going to be on his or her desk a lot longer than the average student in some other school. No 2 schools are equal.

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Usually they point to a website or a Youtube video, or a book. Occasionally they point to actual peer-reviewed works. Usually these are early inconclusive studies. Sometimes they make claims that aren’t actually supported by the papers.Of course the point to these sparse papers as proof while ignoring the thousands of other studies showing that vaccines are safe. Here are just a few:2018Daley, M. F., Shoup, J. A., Newcomer, S. R., Jackson, M. L., Groom, H. C., Jacobsen, S. J., McLean, H. Q., Klein, N. P., Weintraub, E. S., McNeil, M. M., and Glanz, J. M. Assessing Potential Confounding and Misclassification Bias When Studying the Safety of the Childhood Immunization ScheduleExternal. Acad. Pediatr. 2018 Sept/Oct.Naleway, A. L., Mittendorf, K. F., Irving, S. A., Henninger, M. L., Crane, B., Smith, N., Daley, M. F., and Gee, J. Primary Ovarian Insufficiency and Adolescent VaccinationExternal. Pediatrics 2018 Sept.Jackson, M. L., Yu, O., Nelson, J. C., Nordin, J. D., Tartof, S. Y., Klein, N. P., Donahue, J. G., Irving, S. A., Glanz, J. M., McNeil, M. M., and Jackson, L. A. Safety of repeated doses of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine in adults and adolescentsExternal. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf 2018 Aug.Kharbanda, E. O., Vazquez-Benitez, G., Lipkind, H. S., Sheth, S. S., Zhu, J., Naleway, A. L., Klein, N. P., Hechter, R., Daley, M. F., Donahue, J. G., Jackson, M. L., Kawai, A. T., Sukumaran, L., and Nordin, J. D. Risk of Spontaneous Abortion After Inadvertent Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in PregnancyExternal. Obstet. Gynecol. 132:1, 2018 July.Xu, S., Clarke, C. L., Newcomer, S. R., Daley, M. F., and Glanz, J. M. Analyzing self-controlled case series data when case confirmation rates are estimated from an internal validation sampleExternal. Biom. J. 2018 July.Tseng, H. F., Sy, L. S., Qian, L., Liu, I. A., Mercado, C., Lewin, B., Tartof, S. Y., Nelson, J., Jackson, L. A., Daley, M. F., Weintraub, E., Klein, N. P., Belongia, E., Liles, E. G., and Jacobsen, S. J. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Safety in Elderly AdultsExternal. Open. Forum Infect. Dis. 5:6, 2018 May.Zerbo, O., Modaressi, S., Goddard, K., Lewis, E., Fireman, B. H., Daley, M. F., Irving, S. A., Jackson, L. A., Donahue, J. G., Qian, L., Getahun, D., DeStefano, F., McNeil, M. M., and Klein, N. P. Vaccination Patterns in Children After Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis and in Their Younger SiblingsExternal. JAMA Pediatr. 2018 May.Donahue, J. Response to three Letters to the Editor regarding: Donahue JG, et al. Association of spontaneous abortion with receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine containing H1N1pdm09 in 2010-11 and 2011-12External. Vaccine 35 (2017) 53145322. Vaccine. 36:17, 2018 April.Li, R., Weintraub, E., McNeil, M. M., Kulldorff, M., Lewis, E. M., Nelson, J., Xu, S., Qian, L., Klein, N. P., and DeStefano, F. Meningococcal conjugate vaccine safety surveillance in the Vaccine Safety Datalink using a tree-temporal scan data mining methodExternal. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf 2018 April.Miller ER, Lewis P, Shimabukuro TT, Su J, Moro P, Woo EJ, Jankosky C, Cano M. Post-licensure safety surveillance of zoster vaccine live (Zostavax®) in the United States, Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2006-2015External. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018 Mar 26:1-23. [Epub ahead of print]Glanz, J. M., Newcomer, S. R., Daley, M. F., DeStefano, F., Groom, H. C., Jackson, M. L., Lewin, B. J., McCarthy, N. L., McClure, D. L., Narwaney, K. J., Nordin, J. D., and Zerbo, O. Association Between Estimated Cumulative Vaccine Antigen Exposure Through the First 23 Months of Life and Non-Vaccine-Targeted Infections From 24 Through 47 Months of AgeExternal. JAMA. 319:9, 2018 March.Irving, S. A., Groom, H. C., Stokley, S., McNeil, M. M., Gee, J., Smith, N., and Naleway, A. L. Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Coverage and Prevalence of Missed Opportunities for Vaccination in an Integrated Healthcare SystemExternal. Acad. Pediatr.18:2S, 2018 March.Kuntz, J., Crane, B., Weinmann, S., and Naleway, A. L. Myocarditis and pericarditis are rare following live viral vaccinations in adultsExternal. Vaccine 2018 March.Arana JE, Harrington T, Cano M, Lewis P, Mba-Jonas A, Rongxia L, Stewart B, Markowitz LE, Shimabukuro TT. Post-licensure safety monitoring of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)External, 2009-2015. Vaccine. 2018 Mar 20;36(13):1781-1788. Epub 2018 Feb 21.McNeil, M. M. and DeStefano, F. Vaccine-associated hypersensitivityExternal. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 141:2, 2018 Feb.Newcomer, S. R., Kulldorff, M., Xu, S., Daley, M. F., Fireman, B., Lewis, E., and Glanz, J. M. Bias from outcome misclassification in immunization schedule safety researchExternal. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 27:2, 2018 Feb.Sukumaran, L., McCarthy, N. L., Kharbanda, E. O., Vazquez-Benitez, G., Lipkind, H. S., Jackson, L., Klein, N. P., Naleway, A. L., McClure, D. L., Hechter, R. C., Kawai, A. T., Glanz, J. M., and Weintraub, E. S. Infant Hospitalizations and Mortality After Maternal VaccinationExternal. Pediatrics 2018 Feb.Daley, M. F., Clarke, C. L., Glanz, J. M., Xu, S., Hambidge, S. J., Donahue, J. G., Nordin, J. D., Klein, N. P., Jacobsen, S. J., Naleway, A. L., Jackson, M. L., Lee, G., Duffy, J., and Weintraub,E.. The safety of live attenuated influenza vaccine in children and adolescents 2 through 17 years of age: A Vaccine Safety Datalink studyExternal. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf27.1 (2018 Jan): 59-68.Izurieta HS, Moro PL, Chen RT. Hospital-based collaboration for epidemiological investigation of vaccine safety: A potential solution for low and middle-income countries?ExternalVaccine. 2018 Jan 8;36(3):345-346.Zhou, H., Thompson, W. W., Belongia, E. A., Fowlkes, A., Baxter, R., Jacobsen, S. J., Jackson, M. L., Glanz, J. M., Naleway, A. L., Ford, D. C., Weintraub, E., and Shay, D. K. Estimated rates of influenza-associated outpatient visits during 2001-2010 in six US integrated health care delivery organizationsExternal. Influenza. Other Respir. Viruses. 2018 Jan.2017McCarthy, N. L., Sukumaran, L., Newcomer, S., Glanz, J., Daley, M. F., McClure, D., Klein, N. P., Irving, S., Jackson, M. L., Lewin, B., and Weintraub, E. Patterns of childhood immunization and all-cause mortalityExternal. Vaccine 2017 Dec.Storms, A. D., Chen, J., Jackson, L. A., Nordin, J. D., Naleway, A. L., Glanz, J. M., Jacobsen, S. J., Weintraub, E. S., Klein, N. P., Gargiullo, P. M., and Fry, A. M. Rates and risk factors associated with hospitalization for pneumonia with ICU admission among adultsExternal. BMC. Pulm. Med. 17:1 , 2017 Dec.Tamez RL, Tan WV, O’Malley JT, Broder KR, Garzon MC, LaRussa P, Lauren CT. Influenza B virus infection and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.ExternalPediatr Dermatol. 2018 Jan; 35(1):e45-e48. Epub 2017 Dec 28.Hibbs BF, Miller E, Shi J, Smith K, Lewis P, Shimabukuro TT. Safety of vaccines that have been kept outside of recommended temperatures: Reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2008-2012External. Vaccine. 2018 Jan 25;36(4):553-558. Epub 2017 Dec 14.Haber P, Moro PL, Ng C, Lewis PW, Hibbs B, Schillie SF, Nelson NP, Li R, Stewart B, Cano MV. Safety of currently licensed hepatitis B surface antigen vaccines in the United States, Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2005-2015External. Vaccine. 2018 Jan 25;36(4):559-564. Epub 2017 Dec 11.Groom, H. C., Irving, S. A., Caldwell, J., Larsen, R., Beaudrault, S., Luther, L. M., and Naleway, A. L. Implementing a Multipartner HPV Vaccination Assessment and Feedback Intervention in an Integrated Health SystemExternal. J. Public Health Manag. Pract. 23:6 , 2017 Nov/Dec.Arana J, Mba-Jonas A, Jankosky C, Lewis P, Moro PL, Shimabukuro TT, Cano M. Reports of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome After Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting SystemExternal. J Adolesc Health. 2017 Nov;61 (5) :577-582.Duffy, J., Hambidge, S. J., Jackson, L. A., Kharbanda, E. O., Klein, N. P., Naleway, A., Omer, S. B., and Weintraub, E. Febrile Seizure Risk after Vaccination in Children One to Five Months of AgeExternal. Pediatr. Neurol. 2017 Nov.Kemper AR, Barnett ED, Walter EB, Hornik C, Pierre-Joseph N, Broder KR, Silverstein M, Harrington T. Drinking Water to Prevent Postvaccination Presyncope in Adolescents: A Randomized Trial.ExternalPediatrics 2017 Nov; 140(5).Moro PL, Zheteyeva Y, Barash F, Lewis P, Cano M. Assessing the safety of hepatitis B vaccination during pregnancy in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 1990-2016External. Vaccine. 2018 Jan 2;36(1):50-54. Epub 2017 Nov 27.Loharikar A, Suragh TA, MacDonald NE, Balakrishnan MR, Benes O, Lamprianou S, Hyde TB, McNeil MM. Anxiety-related adverse events following immunization (AEFI): A systematic review of published clusters of illnessExternal. Vaccine. 2018 Jan 4;36(2):299-305. Epub 2017 Nov 29.Gee, J., Sukumaran, L., and Weintraub, E. Risk of Guillain-Barre Syndrome following quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in the Vaccine Safety DatalinkExternal. Vaccine. 35:43, 2017 Oct.VanWormer, J. J., Bendixsen, C. G., Vickers, E. R., Stokley, S., McNeil, M. M., Gee, J., Belongia, E. A., and McLean, H. Q. Association between parent attitudes and receipt of human papillomavirus vaccine in adolescentsExternal. BMC. Public Health. 17:1, 2017 OctVickers, E. R., McClure, D. L., Naleway, A. L., Jacobsen, S. J., Klein, N. P., Glanz, J. M., Weintraub, E. S., and Belongia, E. A. Risk of venous thromboembolism following influenza vaccination in adults aged 50years and older in the Vaccine Safety DatalinkExternal. Vaccine 2017 OctStockwell MS, Marchant CD, Wodi AP, Barnett ED, Broder KR, Jakob K, Lewis P, Kattan M, Rezendes AM, Barrett A, Sharma D, Fernandez N, LaRussa P. A multi-site feasibility study to assess fever and wheezing in children after influenza vaccines using text messaging.ExternalVaccine. 2017 Dec 15; 35(50):6941-6948. Epub 2017 Oct 28.Izurieta HS, Moro PL, Chen RT. Hospital-based collaboration for epidemiological investigation of vaccine safety: A potential solution for low and middle-income countries?ExternalVaccine. 2018 Jan 8;36(3):345-346. Epub 2017 Oct 21.Walter EB, Hornik CP, Grohskopf L, McGee CE, Todd CA, Museru OI, Harrington L, Broder KR. The effect of antipyretics on immune response and fever following receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine in young children.ExternalVaccine. 2017 Oct 19.Donahue, J. G., Kieke, B. A., King, J. P., DeStefano, F., Mascola, M. A., Irving, S. A., Cheetham, T. C., Glanz, J. M., Jackson, L. A., Klein, N. P., Naleway, A. L., Weintraub, E., and Belongia, E. A. Association of spontaneous abortion with receipt of inactivated influenza vaccine containing H1N1pdm09 in 2010-11 and 2011-12External. Vaccine. 35:40, 2017 Sept.Lipkind, H. S., Vazquez-Benitez, G., Nordin, J. D., Romitti, P. A., Naleway, A. L., Klein, N. P., Hechter, R. C., Jackson, M. L., Hambidge, S. J., Lee, G. M., Sukumaran, L., and Kharbanda, E. O. Maternal and Infant Outcomes After Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in the Periconceptional Period or During PregnancyExternal. Obstet. Gynecol. 2017 Sept.Stockwell MS, Cano M, Jakob K, Broder KR, Gyamfi-Bannerman C, Castaño PM, Lewis P, Barrett A, Museru OI, Castellanos O, LaRussa PS. Feasibility of Text Message Influenza Vaccine Safety Monitoring During Pregnancy.ExternalAm J Prev Med.2017 Sep; 53(3):282-289.Woo EJ, Moro PL, Cano M, Jankosky C. Postmarketing safety surveillance of trivalent recombinant influenza vaccine: Reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System.ExternalVaccine. 2017 Oct 9;35(42):5618-5621. Epub 2017 Sep 5.Stockwell MS, Broder KR, Lewis P, Jakob K, Iqbal S, Fernandez N, Sharma D, Barrett A, LaRussa P. Assessing Fever Frequency After Pediatric Live Attenuated Versus Inactivated Influenza Vaccination.ExternalJ Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2017 Sep 1; 6(3):e7-e14.Duffy J, Johnsen 2, Ferris M, Miller M, Leighton K, McGilvray M, McNamara L, Breakwell L, Yu Y, Bhavsar T, Briere E, Patel M. Safety of a meningococcal group B vaccine used in response to two university outbreaksExternal. J Am Coll Health. 2017 Aug-Sep;65(6):380-388Kharbanda, E. O., Vazquez-Benitez, G., Romitti, P. A., Naleway, A. L., Cheetham, T. C., Lipkind, H. S., Klein, N. P., Lee, G., Jackson, M. L., Hambidge, S. J., McCarthy, N., DeStefano, F., and Nordin, J. D. First Trimester Influenza Vaccination and Risks for Major Structural Birth Defects in OffspringExternal. J. Pediatr. 187: 2017 Aug.McLean, H. Q., VanWormer, J. J., Chow, B. D. W., Birchmeier, B., Vickers, E., DeVries, E., Meyer, J., Moore, J., McNeil, M. M., Stokley, S., Gee, J., and Belongia, E. A. Improving Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Use in an Integrated Health System: Impact of a Provider and Staff InterventionExternal. J. Adolesc. Health. 61:2, 2017 AugMoro PL, Cragan J, Lewis P, Sukumaran L. Major Birth Defects after Vaccination Reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)External, 1990 to 2014. Birth Defects Res. 2017 Jul 17;109(13):1057-1062.Heininger U, Holm K, Caplanusi I, et al. Guide to active vaccine safety surveillance: Report of CIOMS working group on vaccine safety – executive summaryExternal. Vaccine. 2017 Jul 13;35(32):3917-3921.DeSilva, M., Vazquez-Benitez, G., Nordin, J. D., Lipkind, H. S., Klein, N. P., Cheetham, T. C., Naleway, A. L., Hambidge, S. J., Lee, G. M., Jackson, M. L., McCarthy, N. L., and Kharbanda, E. O. Maternal Tdap vaccination and risk of infant morbidityExternal. Vaccine 2017 June .Eaton, A., Lewis, N., Fireman, B., Hansen, J., Baxter, R., Gee, J., and Klein, N. P. Birth outcomes following immunization of pregnant women with pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine 2009-2010. Vaccine 2017 MayRay, G. T., Lewis, N., Goddard, K., Ross, P., Duffy, J., DeStefano, F., Baxter, R., and Klein, N. P. Asthma exacerbations among asthmatic children receiving live attenuated versus inactivated influenza vaccinesExternal. Vaccine 2017 May.Daley, M. F., Glanz, J. M., Newcomer, S. R., Jackson, M. L., Groom, H. C., Lugg, M. M., McLean, H. Q., Klein, N. P., Weintraub, E. S., and McNeil, M. M. Assessing misclassification of vaccination status: Implications for studies of the safety of the childhood immunization scheduleExternal. Vaccine. 35:15, 2017 April.Duffy, J., Lewis, M., Harrington, T., Baxter, R., Belongia, E. A., Jackson, L. A., Jacobsen, S. J., Lee, G. M., Naleway, A. L., Nordin, J., and Daley, M. F. Live attenuated influenza vaccine use and safety in children and adults with asthmaExternal. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 118:4 , 2017 April.Kharbanda, E. O., Vazquez-Benitez, G., Romitti, P. A., Naleway, A. L., Cheetham, T. C., Lipkind, H. S., Sivanandam, S., Klein, N. P., Lee, G. M., Jackson, M. L., Hambidge, S. J., Olsen, A., McCarthy, N., DeStefano, F., and Nordin, J. D. Identifying birth defects in automated data sources in the Vaccine Safety DatalinkExternal. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf 2017 April.Moro PL, Cragan J, Lewis P, Sukumaran L. Major Birth Defects after Vaccination Reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)External, 1990 to 2014. Birth Defects Res. 2017 Apr 11. [Epub ahead of print]Hambidge, S. J., Ross, C., Shoup, J. A., Wain, K., Narwaney, K., Breslin, K., Weintraub, E. S., and McNeil, M. M. Integration of data from a safety net health care system into the Vaccine Safety DatalinkExternal. Vaccine 2017 March.Klein, N. P., Lewis, E., McDonald, J., Fireman, B., Naleway, A., Glanz, J., Jackson, L. A., Donahue, J. G., Jacobsen, S. J., Weintraub, E., and Baxter, R. Risk factors and familial clustering for fever 7-10days after the first dose of measles vaccines.ExternalVaccine. 35:12, 2017 March.Narwaney, K. J., Breslin, K., Ross, C. A., Shoup, J. A., Wain, K. F., Weintraub, E. S., McNeil,M. M., and Hambidge, S. J. Vaccine adverse events in a safety net healthcare system and a managed care organizationExternal. Vaccine. 35:9, 2017 March.Suragh TA, Miller ER, Hibbs BF, Winiecki SK, Zinderman C, Shimabukuro TT. Cognitive testing to evaluate revisions to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) reporting formExternal. Vaccine. 2017 Apr 25;35(18):2295-2297. Epub 2017 Mar 25.Myers TR, McNeil MM, Ng CS, Li R, Lewis PW, Cano MV. Adverse events following quadrivalent meningococcal CRM-conjugate vaccine (Menveo®) reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting system (VAERS), 2010-2015External. Vaccine. 2017 Mar 27;35(14):1758-1763. Epub 2017 Mar 3.Moro P, Baumblatt J, Lewis P, Cragan J, Tepper N, Cano M. Surveillance of Adverse Events After Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in Pregnant Women and Their Infants in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting SystemExternal, July 2010-May 2016. Drug Saf. 2017 Feb;40(2):145-152.Su JR, Leroy Z, Lewis PW, Haber P, Marin M, Leung J, Woo EJ, Shimabukuro TT. Safety of Second-Dose Single-Antigen Varicella VaccineExternal. Pediatrics. 2017 Mar;139(3). Epub 2017 Feb 7.Moro PL, Sukumaran L. Cholera vaccination: pregnant women excluded no moreExternal. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 May;17(5):469-470. Epub 2017 Feb 2. No abstract available.Shaw J, Halsey NA, Weinberg A, Scott Schmid D, George KS, Weldon WC, Jordan M, Bryant PW, LaRussa P, Bradshaw DY, Harrington T, Gershon A. 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