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Informally and socially, yes. Heck, there was a small amount of discrimination and even informal segregation of Asians against whites back then, such as bi racial Bruce Lee having fallout from teaching martial arts to non Chinese about 1964. Or white man walking in the park in Diamond Bar, California — the police (not Asian generally) will often hassle you, blacks more so. Monterey Park (LA) is not that different even today as we write/read. Could a white guy live in SF Chinatown back then? I have no idea, but sort of doubt it.About Asians, legally, not too much by 1960’s, and only indirectly or by immigration restrictions pre 1965. By this point, it became clear that Asians, particularly North East Asians, were pretty able, not a threat excepting those living under communism (as were white Soviets), and quite a few servicemen were marrying them, settling down to families without big troubles. Even in Mississippi, segregated schools had long since disappeared for Asians (about 1945 I think, posted below), and all of the non southern states allowed Asian/other marriages.It also depended upon your status. Some, like the aging Dr. Mabel Ping-Hua Lee likely had no problems at all, being well connected to society and focusing upon the Chinese community anyway.Some restrictive covenants in the South, and to a degree elsewhere, were paraded in front of the prospective buyer by sleazy real estate people, though such had lost all legal right by the Supreme Court in 1948 or so. Not sure of the laws in all southern states, but in Texas Chinese could marry whites (but not in California as recently as 1946 or so, and this meant Wah Chang - Wikipedia who did Bambi, Pinocchio, and many Star Trek props could marry his beloved Glenn in her native Texas). Massachusetts first prohibited mixed white/other marriages in 1783, the same year they outlawed slavery, one of the first of the latter and the first state law against such unions in the union (US).Also, even today “As at September 9, 2019, eight states required couples to declare their racial background when applying for a marriage license, without which they cannot marry. The states are Connecticut, Delaware, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Virginia, New Hampshire and Alabama. As of September 9, 2019, the Virginia law was being challenged in court.” So you have to list yourself as non white, and maybe some states still have something of the one drop rule. I doubt it, and likely only a quarter or more background is necessary to state in the worst case, and one could lie in certain circumstances of appearance I suppose, and finally most certainly if it does not make a difference to your potential spouse the issue is irrelevant. Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States - WikipediaIt was never as bad as the general Black situation during the 20th Century, though at times a person could marry a Black but not an Asian, as recalled in some Pacific Coast states, the WWII internments and 1930 Watsonville riot aside. By 1960, most had drained away outside of the real estate business.In places informal discrimination is part of the US today for Asians, and every other group (including Whites, again, in places), as is the case the world over. In some countries (Ghana, I think), it was illegal for a white person to own property as of about 25 years ago. I, as a caucasian, found it difficult to find a rental in Taiwan, despite having a translator, due to the unsavory reputation of that group in said country, and of course the cultural issues.Washington State, California, and Oregon were easily some of the highest organized segregationists and discriminators against Asians, even more that in the South in places just after WWII. The Mountain States were also fairly strong sometimes, but nothing on average as much as that.In the informal segregation and discrimination, housing looms large. The housing agents, landlords, banks were a large part of this, and some may have even been part of extreme groups, well beyond the Chamber of Commerce that is.In Oregon, the last legal vestiges apparently were the the Public Accommodation Law in public facilities in 1953. The anti Black Oregon State Constitution was only repealed in 1925 List of Oregon ballot measures - Wikipedia “Repeal of Free Negro and Mulatto Section of the Constitution” by a 62.52% majority. This was an intentional oversight, though null by the 1865Black Exclusion Laws in Oregon “Incorporated into the Bill of Rights, the clause prohibited blacks from being in the state, owning property, and making contracts. Oregon thus became the only free state admitted to the Union with an exclusion clause in its constitution.”“The clause was never enforced, although several attempts were made in the legislature to pass an enforcement law. The 1865 legislature rejected a proposal for a county-by-county census of blacks that would have authorized the county sheriffs to deport blacks. A Senate committee killed the last attempt at legislative enforcement in 1866. The clause was rendered moot by the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, although it was not repealed by voters until 1926. Other racist language in the state constitution was removed in 2002.”The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1872 or so, but finally passed in Oregon in 1959, as a symbolic change of face.Oregon Remove Constitutional References to Race, Measure 14 (2002) - Ballotpedia by a 71.14% majority. That is a state measure, not US amendment, by the way.So, it was better to some degree, most certainly by the 1960’s Asians were comparably very well off.The Racist History of Portland, the Whitest City in America——————————————————————————————Just found this about Washington State: Alien Land Laws and White SupremacyAlien land laws - Wikipedia and it was officially repealed only circa 1962 in Washington State, apparently. “1923 - The 1921 law is expanded to prevent the U.S.-born children of immigrants from holding land in trust for their parents.””Fujii v. California (1952) — The Supreme Court ruled that California's 1920 Alien Land Law, and others like it, violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment. “Again, want to move to a white neighborhood? There were Restrictive covenants in many neighborhoods. Covenant (law) - Wikipedia along racial lines were not enforceable by the early 1960’s and flat out illegal in 1968 (Fair Housing Act). Especially in the South, these were used to scare people away, and if the hint was not taken one would take it off the market (and put it back on the market soon as you leave).I think in some states, it was made illegal to put in such items in the court house deed, and certainly was for everyone in the US post 1968. It was likely still going on well past 1968, when the Vice President Agnew called a Japanese American reporter a “fat Jap”, wink, wink, nod, nod, as unmentioned restrictive covenants are still going on, though rarely against Asians and more often for political and possibly religious divides.Even if you find a place willing to sell to an Asian, better have cash as Redlining - Wikipedia was common. And the neighbors would come down on the seller hard, often the entire section of state in sneaky ways. This had fallen away by the 1960’s, especially with mixed marriages where a former or current service man married while stationed in Asia, but was a consideration.(The bit on running freeways through their neighborhoods also happened brutally to lower class white neighborhoods as well, though it greatly tended to be Italian, Eastern European, and such. Studs Terkel writes about this in the book Division Street. Adam Ruins Everything tends to be a bit too left wing for me, though hits the mark often and also included sources.)Wheel chair bound President FDR in the above video’s game, with the 1930’s New Deal banking situation, position was understandable. The Democrat Party then were a small, yet often wealthy minority of liberals (for equality), numerous conservative, racist Southern Democrats (much against equality), and a plurality of large urban city dwellers (almost as much against equality).—————————-For the most part, Asians had considerably more money than Blacks and Indians, and otherwise could have escaped to the suburbs. Not sure when it happened and where, but this changed in most places by 1960’s. Japanese tended to be the wealthiest, but WWII interfered with about a third of these living in the West Coast as they tended to lose almost everything if not that. In Seattle, one online article mentioned that the Japanese were still living in the Black and Indian areas, as well as the Chinese, all going to the same schools into the 1960’s.An exception to the money issue were Cadillacs. That car company had its luxury division pancaking in sales during the early Great Depression. A division manager who was about ready to lose his job thought he had nothing to lose at a board meeting.So he suggested selling the cars to Blacks, some of whom were using Whites to front for them in both the purchase and the service parts, just so they could have the pleasure of owning them. Otherwise, direct sales would not happen. The meeting finished with an agreement, as otherwise the entire division might die. It was a great success, and to this day the line is popular in that sector.The Man Who Saved The Cadillac‘Despite this official discrimination, Dreystadt had noted that an astonishing number of customers at the service departments consisted of members of the nation's tiny African-American elite:’I have no idea about Asians, though, in regards to cars. Sessue Hayakawa - Wikipedia liked big cars and fancy houses, but that was Hollywood and he was a leading star (a romantic idol, incredibly, which fueled racist backlash). My guess is no, as most Japanese in the west coast were farmers, not prone to spending even if having the money, as farmers in general normally are.Hawaiian Japanese were similar, being workers on their way up. One wealthy Japanese guy got leprosy and, IIRC, could no longer drive the expensive car he had shipped to Molokai Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement and National Historical Park - Wikipedia. A famous specialist doctor’s son, as recalled.He eventually lost his ability to control the car, and had a fellow detainee friend drive it while he gave directions, though there was only about a mile or two of roads on the isolated peninsula, hemmed in by tall mountains. Segregation in Hawaii was mutually wanted and generally not discriminatory, in the sense of only the poorest environments were available.In fact, that was a problem with Takeo Yoshikawa - Wikipedia or another spy of Pearl Harbor. One of them was interviewed years later, taking him back to Hawaii. Eventually recognized, Walter Cronkite recounted how they had to get him out in the next Japan Airlines flight as he was drunk and the other carriers would not take him. Anyway, in 1941, the spy mentioned simply found that the Japanese community had a meeting place which overlooked Pearl Harbor by coincidence, which he used to good effect.They were very mobile in Pearl and could pretty much live where ever, which was limited like all races since most of the islands were owned by very few people, usually missionary families who had often intermarried with non white Hawaiian royalty, and later Orientals so almost all of them are now mixed (A National Geographic article on Oahu had a picture of the clans meeting, and only one family was still 100% caucasian.) Even the famous Robinson family finally had one of the brothers marry a Japanese .These people did not sell and still own most of Oahu, all of Niihau island (Robinson family exclusively for 140 years now), etc. The huge Big Island Parker Ranch was owned by a very white looking guy, though they had married a royal way back at the founding. The ranch hands were Paniolo | Hawaiian cowboy, mixed Mexican and Hawaiian as recalled.San Francisco Chinatown was mostly owned by the Japanese pre Pearl Harbor. This switched completely post relocation, bought out on very favorable buying rates.——————————————-Washington State apparently never set a law (the original question details), though though it was attempted a couple of times in the 1930’s. Unofficial segregation there was the rule until the 1960’s in most bigger cities, enforced by dictated order AFAIK.Not sure how late the color bar was used in the South. I recall reading that by the 1960’s Chinese and especially Japanese were able to use ‘white’ facilities. In the South it was up to the local government and school district. Most or many from the earliest time apparently did allow Chinese to use white schools, but some did not.All accounts seen have that the situation steadily became better, until they became sort of honorary whites. Oddly, similar happened in South Africa, especially when one of the few fellow outcast nations was Taiwan, so Chinese had complete rights there, including the legal right of living where ever they wanted, with buying or renting successfully that is.When public drinking fountains were segregated with Whites Only and Blacks Only signs, where did the Asians, Latin@s, Native Americans, etc. drink? • r/AskHistoriansPreviously many Chinese were prevented from attending white schools. This seems to have led to a potential problem later after the refusal of a certain Miss who wanted to attend a Georgian school and was denied the chance. She later grew up to be arguably one of the most powerful women ever, Soong Mei-ling - Wikipedia. (Fact check please. She was in the area at that time going to school, as was her father some 25 years or so previously.)1927 Historic Gong Lum v. Rice Mississippi School Segregation CaseKeep in mind that Rosewood, that school district, was in the delta region, a highly stratified area with overwhelmingly Black majorities (although many areas were able to get rid of the KKK and lynchings, due to the land owners often being northerners.) The Lum family ended up moving from Mississippi, according to this fine article in the New Yorker: The Supreme Court Case That Enshrined White Supremacy in LawA book on it is Water Tossing BouldersWater Tossing Boulders also points out that in Mississippi a case a few years earlier, of a white family’s children being denied to attend public school as whites because, get this, their great aunts were rumored to have married non whites. Their great grandmother was also rumored to be black. This was dis-proven from census and other information.However, the state supreme court stood fast, with mere hearsay being used. The Mississippi governor (later a senator for 12 years) at the time was the proud KKK member Theodore G. Bilbo - Wikipedia. He later had a 1938 bill in congress to force all 13 million blacks to Africa, and in 1944 to force out the First Lady Mrs. Roosevelt to be their queen there. Dying of cancer, Congress finally refused to allow to seat him in a third term, a rare move, after he said he would always be a Klan member. Anyway, he might have influenced the courts, and certainly influenced the school boards, emboldening them to do whatever. You can’t make this stuff up.That book Water Tossing Boulders was fascinating, as it described the ins and outs of actual segregation of Asian students inside the school district, which was rather rare and apparently only in the deep South. I have heard it did in San Francisco. What Pacific Coast states did, maybe even in Hawaii, is redline districts which were heavily Asian/non white and do it that way — which effectively happens today regarding blacks mainly. In Monterey Park and Diamond Bar and Daly City (all Californian), Asians pay a lot to buy into the area, a reverse of the 1960’s when there probably was more pressure in the other direction outside a major city.Living Together, Learning Apart, which states that San Francisco has, by choice, 60% of the same race or ethnic group today (2014) in about a third of their public schools, about half of that being Asian. It is much more so still in the south, often 100% one group (usually black and public schools, as almost entirely white schools are usually private, and do not get federal non profit status if not allowing some mixing).The same is true for most cities in the US, Chicago especially, unless busing is used, which does not work apparently, anyway.Chicagoland Schools: For Blacks, the Most Segregated in the CountryOne of the things that some folks learned during the strike, as I learned during a trip through the Capitol Fax comments , is the extremely low percentage of white students in Chicago Public Schools. It's not terribly unusual for big-city schools, but nine percent did come as a surprise to many, even people who follow politics and civic issues closely. Today the New York Times (via Corey Robin ) has a piece on a new report about segregation in public schools around the country . Some of it should sound familiar: Segregation of Latino students is most pronounced in California, New York and Texas. The most segregated cities for blacks include Atlanta, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Philadelphia and Washington. “Extreme segregation is becoming more common,” said Gary Orfield, an author of the report who is co-director of the Civil Rights Project. Going deeper into the report puts "most segregated" in more context. For instance, their data on the percentage of black students in minority schools, broken down by metro area. The highest percentage of black students in 50-100 percent minority schools is Los Angeles, at 94.1; Chicago ranks sixth. If you narrow that to 90-100 percent, Chicago is number one, at 71.8—meaning that 70 percent of all black students in the Chicago area attend schools that are over 90 percent minority. Narrowing it further to 99-100 percent, 48.5 percent of black students in Chicagoland—half, essentially—attend schools with basically full minority enrollment. That's a level of extreme segregation ahead of even Detroit-Livonia-Warren, at 47.9 percent. New York-Newark-Edison is third, but at a mere 31.4 percent. Only Los Angeles also tops 30 percent. Chicago-area schools also top the "dissimilarity" index for black and white students: "a handful of areas experienced extreme school segregation (dissimilarity index score of higher than .70)," a score that indicates 70 percent of that population would have to move in order to achieve even racial distribution. Chicago is at .79 for black-white dissimilarity, the highest, and it's also the highest for black-Asian, black-Latino, and Asian-Latino, and fourth-highest in white-Latino. By geographic segregation, Chicagoland schools are essentially the most segregated in the country. One of the key points the authors make in the study is that, while public-school enrollment overall has become more diverse, mostly due to Latino immigration (and the baby boom that followed), that hasn't been the case on the school level. 40 years ago white students made up 80 percent of public-school students; they're now a bare majority. And yet: [L]evels of school segregation are deepening for black and Latino students, according to two segregation indices that rely upon the racial composition of schools. According to these indicators, the average black and Latino student has experienced rising concentration in 50-100% and 90-100% minority schools, declining exposure to white students, and persistent disproportiohttps://www.chicagomag.com/city-life/september-2012/chicagoland-schools-for-blacks-the-most-segregated-in-the-country/Yet this is voluntary. (Many southern states even allow you to go to school in a district your parents own property in, so people by a few square inches as a loophole, or something like that.) My point is that in 1960’s, the effect would have been stronger for Asians. Why do many Asians prefer to stay together, often in the same ethnic group? Intermarriage might be one issue, as it becomes much less raised in one of those enclaves, still is an issue today. For example, Japanese Americans on average are marrying outside the race, I have read and heard.By 1931 or so, even in the deepest Delta this slowly slipped away, first with separate schools for Asians and then by 1945 integration everywhere as recalled (for Asians in Mississippi). But there may have been holdouts by 1960, especially informally.Keep in mind that Mississippi only in 1995, the state symbolically ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, which had abolished slavery in 1865. Though ratified 25 years ago, the state never officially notified the U.S. archivist, which kept the ratification unofficial until 2013, when Ken Sullivan contacted the office of Secretary of State of Mississippi, Delbert Hosemann, who agreed to file the paperwork and make it official. Mmm, 2013 to abolish slavery, at least technically (only 75% of states need to agree to make it an amendment, so the issue is symbolic).The first time since the Reconstruction that Republicans controlled the legislature and governorship some 140 years before was pm 2012. the year before. Or that neighboring Alabama until 1966 FACT CHECK: Did a State Democratic Party Logo Once Feature the Slogan 'White Supremacy'?”‘In 1835, Alexis de Tocqueville wrote, “The prejudice of race appears to be stronger in the states that have abolished slavery than in those where it still exists; and nowhere is it so intolerant as in those states where servitude has never been known.” Which is very true back then, and to some degree even now. Towns are very segregated still in the north as well as the south, though technically by way of money.Still, the most outrageous acts were about the South, primarily regarding Black people: “In 1930, the city of Birmingham made it illegal for a black person and a white person to play dominoes or checkers together. In 1932, Atlanta prohibited amateur baseball clubs of different races from playing within two blocks of each other. In 1935, Oklahoma required the separation of races when fishing or boating.”Mountain states were better by that time for Asians, though many not for Blacks. http://stereocandies.blogspot.com/2013/12/nichelle-nichols-dark-side Beyond Uhura, pg 74–76 -of-moon-1974.html (not true — it was in the 1950’s according to her biography, ). Nichols, Uhura on Star Trek, had a night club sponsor — a white who made his fortune in the Alaskan mines — amazed as well, as absolutely no one would let her have a hotel or motel room in a Mormon state, only based upon her ethnic background.Finally an Italian couple agreed. “She’s colored.” ‘Well, what color is she?’ “American and negro” ‘If she doesn’t mind Italians, she is welcome.’ “It would be well into the sixties before integration came to Salt Lake City.” Black people and Mormon priesthood - Wikipedia (prohibited until 1978) .Las Vegas casinos were also barred to Blacks Is there racism in Las Vegas?, but again apparently not Asians much by that point. A Japanese American Wendy Yoshimura - Wikipedia in the SLA was hiding from the FBI with Patty Hearst in North Eastern Pennyslvania and received numerous racist taunts in 1973 in the rural area, so it still happened. Wingshooters author claims 1960 racism growing up as a biracial Asian child in rural Wisconsin, apparently due to the Vietnam War.Back to Madame Chang:What a 71-Year-Old Article by Madame Chiang Kai-Shek Tells Us About China TodayInteresting that she died only 14 years ago in 2003 at New York City, aged 103 years old.Also keep in mind also that modest numbers Filipinos have been in the South for a long time, initially at least since the 1700’s and seem to have been accepted more than either Indians or Blacks, some possibly in the ARW at country founding and many serving in the forces of the US army during the War of 1812, albeit in an area of US with as much French (Napoleonic Code & Parishes) as Anglo influence, thus more tolerant generally to Asians in particular:Manila Village - Wikipedia=========================Although the first Filipino arrived in California in the 16th Century**, “the first documentation of a Filipino residing in California did not occur until 1781, when Antonio Miranda Rodriguez was counted in the census as a "chino". Demographics of Filipino Americans - Wikipedia**1587, in Morro Bay, California, by San Luis Obispo.Filipinos were first-to America - INQUIRER.net USA“Nuestra Senora de Esperanza, comandered by Pedro de Unamuno - Wikipedia”, this being 33 years before the Mayflower and about the same time as the failed Roanoke Colony - Wikipedia . He was just a crewman, I guess, and the English might have visited what is now America in the times of the chartered boat with the last 1497 voyage with John Cabot - Wikipedia (which apparently disappeared, the second one reaching Newfoundland).Still, and interesting detail of how far back it went. Discrimination was not so pronounced until later, of course. My grandfather was a front man for a group of Filipino businessmen in East Los Angeles. By law they had to keep their wives in Baja, unless they were Mexican which then they could move up to Los Angeles. Funny thing was that when they came, Philippines was a colony of the US.———————————————————————-When living near Tacoma in the 1970’s, neighbors of ours were Filipino. He went to Guam from the islands for a few weeks labor contract circa 1952, almost immediately got drafted to Korea, and spent about 8 years in the US Army. Ike’s son reviewed his group in a successful LAWS shot, so he got a medal. Not sure when he got citizenship, but his son became a city councilor of Marysville, the first Asian if recalled correctly.But this was out a ways from the suburbs, near a small Indian reservation, and I think they moved in about 1965. There were only 10 homes on that stretch back then.It was fantastic, on a then quiet road with Mt. Rainier in the background and huge trees (now logged). There should not have ever been restrictions then or any other time, probably, so far from town.———————————————————in WWII, the Japanese were forcibly prevented from moving back to the counties they left 3 years earlier. Truman even got involved, but firmly on the Japanese American’s side to his credit:https://www.quora.com/Did-Harry-Truman-hate-the-Japanese/answer/Thomas-B-Walsh/comment/84803024By 1960, Asian (and Hispanic) servicemen especially found they could talk their way past salesmen trying to restrict the markets, so many moved to the LA suburbs or at least the San Fernando Valley - Wikipedia. I do not think it was so easy in Portland or Seattle, but do your own research on that one.———————————————————Linda Lee Cadwell - Wikipedia married Bruce Lee - Wikipedia in 1964 in Seattle, and her family/friends were very much against the idea considering the prejudice and discrimination still widely in existence around Washington for her and any children. Seems it was easier for servicemen and their Asian wives, though. So she has indicated.‘Fear tactics non-withstanding, the repeal movement captured its long awaited victory against the racist alien land laws in 1966. Asian immigrants making their way to Washington State in the new wave of immigration ushered in by the 1965 Immigration Act would no longer have to jump through hoops to own homes or buy land.’ Or at least it could not so obvious.This was the Washington state’s last gasp of official racism. Plus the federally guaranteed rights and laws about the same time spelled the end of all but the most cloaked racial discrimination, especially around the military bases. Anti base discrimination was another matter.Yes, the state had its share of worst case idiots, done about the same time as the White River banditry in the 1920’s:‘Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project ‘He subsequently sent a letter on July 20, 1923 to Admiral S.S. Robinson on the U.S.S. California requesting that the Admiral grant all regional Navy Klansmen leave to attend a Seattle Klan meeting on July 25.3’Ouch! But that was long in the past by that point for any such overt show.https://www.thenewstribune.com/opinion/editorials/article224571325.html‘After the Great Depression, lenders, developers and other power brokers systematically denied people of color and immigrants the benefits of homeownership. A News Tribune story last summer used old redline maps … “No part or parcel of land ... shall be rented or leased to or used or occupied, in whole or in part, by any person of the African or Asiatic descent, nor by any person not of the white or Caucasian race, other than domestic servants domiciled with an owner or tenant and living in their home.”’Red area is for non whites, `Fourth Grade. Note the no color area, which I am not sure what it meant, maybe outside city limits. In the 1980’s: ‘Their real estate agent slipped the covenants to them with an “oh, by the way,”’ which have no legality, but apparently the words were still sometimes used by those who wished to preserve the status quo. Above url source.In Tacoma, this was overwhelmingly against Asians and (American) Indians, particularly the former I think; but interestingly the Puyallup people - Wikipedia Reservation makes almost all of the land to the east of this map, and most of the people living there today are white. Port of Tacoma - Wikipedia only joined the city in 1918, and the Indians were compensated in 1989 with 162 million USD and ‘other benefits’ for the 112 acres taken. Almost all the land is now in white hands, though a fair amount is not.