Lattice Electromagnetic Theory Via Differential Forms: Fill & Download for Free

I believe I already answered this exact question a few weeks ago. I hate to disagree with Dr Muller, but in this case, in my opinion, the uncertainty of the proton’s position is not an answer, sorry Dr Muller. Uncertainty is a black box that ‘in my opinion,’ is used to explain off too many phenomenon that no one wants to give thought to.The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle gives us the minimum constraint on a wave function’s position, not how BIG it can be. That is, The HUP is given byThe 4 pi in the denominator is the result of usually seeing Planck’s constant written in ‘reduced form,’ represented by h-bar. There are a few things to know here. First, Planck’s constant, by definition is indivisible, as it represents the smallest slice of energy possible in normal space-time. You therefore do not divide the indivisible h by 4 pi (I see this in doctoral level lectures, and it is the second most stupid thing I have ever seen; I’ll save the first most stupid for some other post). Second: pi is not even a rational number. Dividing the indivisible h by an irrational number that has no discrete value in itself is - absurd. Third, h-bar was written by Dirac because he recognized that since h only deals with wave functions, it must have a value fundamentally related to a wave cycle, which is 2-pi. This is why h-bar is h/2pi. Four: 4-pi represents two full wave cycles, the minimum number to describe a wave function as being in one of two possible positions. Thus, the 4-pi in the denominator purely represents the smallest amount of energy possible in normal space-time, spread over the minimum requirement for a wave cycle to be considered as being in more than one position.Five, sigma-x represents the distribution of possible locations of the wave function, sigma-p represents the distribution of velocities (and hence momenta) that got the wave function to those superpositions distributed over sigma-x. The equation ONLY STATES THAT THIS DISTRIBUTION MUST BE GREATER THAN THE MINIMUM SLICE OF ENERGY POSSIBLE IN NORMAL SPACE-TIME SPREAD OVER TWO WAVE CYCLES. THERE IS NO PROVISION FOR ALLOWING A PROTON TO INFLATE TO 10,000 TIMES ITS SIZE.SIX: I don’t know how many times I have had to repeat this, the HUP only refers to wave functions, not ‘particles.’ Once a wave function is detected, it is no longer a wave function, and the HUP is non-sequitur. The proton is not a wave function. According to the Standard Model (We’ll go with that for a moment) it is a composite of we don’t know what. It has taken ‘particle physicists’ half a century of smashing them with a giant hammer to figure out that they don’t know what it is made of by looking at the broken pieces. The pieces, so far, weigh 100 times more than the thing before they smashed it with a hammer. So, they invoke the HUP to (Uncertainty Principle) claim the excess mass comes from the Uncertainty Principle, with a certainty out to about 15 decimal places… The spin of these invoked contents account for 2% of the proton’s spin. (Referred to a the ‘spin catastrophe.’)Now, we have someone claiming this composite region inflates to 10,000 to a million times it size, consistently, to explain the position of the electron; as absurd as the answer is, doesn’t answer the question, ‘why do electromagnetic things attract?’If we use the spin angular momentum of the electron, and the proton or positron, whatever, and think of it as a boomerang, I use this analogy:In Feynman terms, imagine a man in one boat and a woman in another. They have no means of propelling their boats, but happen they are supplied with boomerangs. How can they get their boats together? By throwing a boomerang away from the man, the woman would experience a reaction force from the boomerang towards the man. The boomerang could then circle round and approach the man from behind, and on reaching him, could exert a force on him towards the woman.In this diagram, the woman throws the boomerang (virtual photon, spin 1), which has spin +1/2, producing force Fv, the momentum of the throw also producing force F1. The man catches the boomerang, producing force F2. In this instance, there is an ‘attractive’ force, likened to the man being an electron and the woman being a positron. But why does the ‘force’ obey the inverse square law?We can generalize the electromagnetic force in terms of any constant, represented by k, two charges, and distance:And again, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, purely in terms of delta-E:In this case, delta-t is purely mediated by r^2, the distance.That is as close to a Feynman explanation as one would get, perhaps.A virtual photon is not massless, but is off mass shell, that is, possess mass. This is where we come to chirality and helicity. Helicity is a spinning massive particle, we’ll say counter clockwise. Because it has mass, it cannot go as fast as light, meaning thqat you can get in front of it and see it apparently spinning the opposite way, clockwise. Chirality refers to massless photons, which you cannot get in front of because you cannot exceed v=c to do so, so they only ‘spin’ in two polarization states, clockwise or counterclockwise.Because a virtual photon has mass, it is helic, not chiral, giving it 3 polarization states. The 3rd polarization state is observed by passing the slow moving virtual photon and watching it ‘spin’ apparently in the opposite direction.Its mass and 3rd polarization state account for the boomerang effect shown above. Note that in order for the boomerang argument to work, the arrow goes around and points the opposite way, as seen coming at you as opposed to the helic spin of when it was launched.I hope this over simplified explanation helps. As for the proton’s uncertain position as a wave function, you will note that the delta-t in the HUP equation above simply will not allow for a proton to extend as far as a valence electron. So, that is just wrong.In fact, as I look at this a few months later, I can tell you exactly how wrong it is. A virtual photon mediating a magnetic field can live exactly 3 wavelengths. That is a certainty; exactly three. This is referred to as a Near Field Effect. Radio antennas, for instance, produce a powerful magnetic field that does not drop off with the square of the distance. For instance, if your transmission is at 300 megahertz, then your wavelength is 1 meter. The magnetic field produced by the Near Field Photons is exactly uniform throughout a 3 meter domain from the antenna; then comes to a dead stop, like a brick wall.A proton has a diameter of 1 femtometer, 10^-15 meters. The first electron orbital is out at 10^-10 meters. That means Muller’s Uncertainty Principle explanation has to extend the proton diameter 5 orders of magnitude greater than it normal cross section. In order for that to happen, the delta-t has to decrease by 5 orders of magnitude, spontaneously. In this amount of time, if you do the algebra, you find that the massive virtual photon actually has to exceed the speed of light in order for there to be any prayer of that answer being in any way possible.The proton has a diameter of 10E-15 meters, a hydrogen atoms valence electron is 10E-10 meters, meaning the uncertainty principle would have to allow the photon to inflate to 10,000 times its diameter, for just the lowest ground state of hydrogen. When you take the virtual photon mass and spin angular momentum, that is impossible. The HUP will work no magic here. The argument via HUP might hold some, but very little, water if the virtual photon had no mass, but this is not the case.The uncertainty of the photon’s position is also equally outward as it is inward, that is, of what little uncertainty there is in a virtual photon’s position (because of its mass, reduces the uncertainty, such as the uncertainty of a battle ship’s position) it is not emitted unidirectionally away from the proton from the electron. This exacting vector must be exactly 180 degrees opposite the proton’s position to be true. Since it is the electron’s position that is uniquely uncertain, this requires the electron to have 1) a certain position and 2) foreknowledge of its vector toward the proton from where it will be when it emits the virtual photon, exactly 180 degrees away from the proton’s position and 3) a reason for emitting only photons 180 degrees away from the proton.Thinking inside the box and staying there because it feels safe when people agree with you is why we are living in the Holocene Extinction. If we thought for ourselves, the world would change; would already have done so.I’d like to thank Dmitry Popov for catching my typos, I was writing proton when I was thinking photon.I answered a similar question at When we say that spin-1/2 fermions must go through 720 degrees to equal the 360 degrees required by spin-1 bosons, what exactly is being measured?I found this in an old text I wrote some years ago:It is not possible to ignore the relativistic effect of velocity of recession. 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I can provide you a list of 1297 ideas and projects which you can make for your mechanical engineering projects. I had collected this list from so many friends of different colleges, and major topics are from my domain. I am collecting this from second semester of my college time. I am only providing the list of topics and not the details of each project as the answer would become more lengthy. and you have to do some effort to find out more about the topic you like and I can help you if found any difficulty. I had also arranged the list in alphabetical order.Project topics for final year mechanical students..………………………………………………by vaigyanik Atul Tripathi.1. automobile fuel indicator2. automobile braking systems3. spart distributor4. like other utilities.5. AEMS automotive engine management system using Meqa Squirt Kits6. Redesign of brake assembly of Formula SAE car7. Hydraulic car lift8. Lift for small recreational vehicles (˜Motor cycle jack™)9. Stair climbing hand cart10. Wheel chair accessible transfer seat base11. Paper towel dispenser12. Automatic labeling system13. 1st TYPES OF PRODUCTION14. 3 Axis Digital Accelerometer15. 3D Solar cells16. 3D-Kinematics Of Biological Joints17. 4d visualization in biomedical18. 4-Wheel Independent Suspension19. A Case Study Of Management20. A Clean Biodiesel Fuel Produced from Recycled Oils and Grease Trap Oils21. A Design Theory Based22. A DOUBLE-WALL REACTOER FOR HYDROTHERMAL OXIDATION WITH SUPERCRITICAL WATER FLOW ACROSS THE INNER POROUS TUBE23. A FLUID-SOLID INTERACTION MODEL OF THE SOLID PHASE Epitaxy In Stressed Silicon Layers24. A Hypersonic Hybrid Vehicle25. A Managtoreological Semi Active Isoolator to Reduce Noise and vibration transmissibility in Automobiles26. A Study Of A Displacement Amplifier27. A Theory Of Anharmonic Lattice Statics For Analysis Of Defective Crystals28. Ablative MAterials29. ABRASION WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND CAST Al-707530. Abrasive Blast Cleaning31. Abrasive Etching32. Abrasive Water Jet33. Flywheel energy storage device34. Automated MIG weld torch cleaner (all on the market are crap, million dollar idea)35. Temporary house stairs that can be folded up and meet safety standards (used when building houses)36. Cable recoil system that does not use a spring, recoil is on a rotating shaft. (like used on a rowing machine)37. Windmill blade automatic blade pitch system (low or no electricity).38. Automatic automotive block heater connection (just drive up to house and plugs in automatically and cycles on only when cold out)39. Shaft speed differential (different design but same idea as automotive axel differential)40. IC engine valve lift control mechanism (valve lift controlled engine instead of throttle plate) (Mercedes has a model) (investigate "jake brake" in diesel engines)41. ABS System42. ACC-Plus(Adaptive Crusie Control+) System43. Acoustic Emission Based Machining Tool Condition Monitoring “ An Overview44. acoustic parking system (APS)45. Acoustics in Engineering46. Active Control of Near-Wall Turbulent Flow47. Active Decoy Systems48. Active Electrically Controlled Suspension49. Active Electrically Controlled Suspension(16)50. Active Front Lighting System51. Active roll-over protection system in Automobiles52. Active Suspension System A Mechatronic System53. Adaptive air suspension54. Adaptive compensation of DTV induced brake judder55. Adaptive Cruise Control56. Adaptive Cruise Control For Modern Automobile57. ADVANCE IN CAR SAFETY58. Advance Systems In Two Wheelers59. Advanced Airbags60. Advanced Composite Materials61. Advanced Cooling Systems(18)62. Advanced Diesel Common Rail Systems for Future Emission Legislation63. Advanced Energy Conversion Systems64. Advanced In Mechanical Engg. Design And Manufacturing65. ADVANCED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE RESEARCH66. Advanced Off-set printing67. Advanced Plastics68. Advanced Propulsion Methods(8)69. ADVANCED QUALITY CONTROL TECHNIQUES70. Advanced Rocket Motors71. Advanced safety features in nuclear reactors72. Advanced trends in manufacturing technology-optical fiber sensor in medicines73. Advances in automobiles (Hybrid Vehicles)74. ADVANCES IN CAPILLARY FLUIDS MODELING75. Advances in cutting tool technology76. Advances in Gas Turbine77. AdvanCES Trends in manufacturing TECHNOLOGY optical Fiber sensors in medicine78. Aerodynamics79. Aerospace Flywheel Development80. Aerospace Propulsion81. Aerospikes82. AFFECT_AND_MACHINE_DESIGN_A83. Agile manufacturing84. AGP Evolving the Graphics Interface85. Air- Augmented Rocket86. Load tests and many other tests on composite material (for automobile industries).87. Design of pressure vessel to code specification.88. Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)89. Variable speed transmission (line Nuvici bike hub)90. This would be very important when trying to make a good electric vehical.91. One way Clutch92. There are sprag and clicker type couplings. Sprag is hard to manufacture and the clicker style (bicycle hub type) are noisy and wear out. Come up with a new way and you are a millionaire93. High speed cutting of thin wall tube without making burr on the end. (low cost)94. Heat recovery system for internal combustion engine. (steam or likewise)95. Effecient pnumatic motor design (compressed air energy recovery system)96. Automated gray water recovery system97. Air Bearing Next Generation Bearings98. Air Bearings99. Air Bearings: - Next Generation Bearings100. Air Brithing Engine101. Air Casters102. Air Cushion Vehicles(21)103. Air pollution from marine shipping104. Air Powered Car105. Air Ship106. Air suspension system107. Airbags & ABS~108. Aircraft design109. Aircraft Egress110. Aircraft Maneuverability111. Aircraft Propeller~112. Airport management113. All- wing Technology114. Alternate Fuel Cells for Automobiles115. Alternative Abrasive To Diamond116. Alternative Fuel117. Alternative Fuel Vehicles118. Alternative Fuels Hydrogen in internal Combustion engines119. Alternative System To The Domestic Refrigerating System120. Aluminium Alloy Conductors121. Amoeba Organization122. Amphibious Army Surveillance Vehicle123. Amphibious Army Surveillance Vehicle124. AMRR125. AN ELECTRONIC SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING AIR FUEL RATIO126. AN ELECTRONIC SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING AIR/FUEL RATIO OF GASEOUS FUELLED ENGINE127. An expert System “ Based design of 3-Dof Robot128. AN EXPERT SYSTEM-BASED DESIGN OF 3-DOF ROBOT129. An overview of nano-manufacturing130. Analysis and Design Methods of Distributed Sensor131. Analysis And Design Methods Of Distributed Sensor Systems For Manufacturing Quality Improvement132. Analysis Of Material Using Digital Radioscopy133. Antilock Braking System134. antimatter135. Antimatter -the ultimate energy136. Antiroll suspension system137. Antiskid System Of Supersonic..138. Application Of Crvoi Reatmkm Fok Enhancement In Tool Like139. APPLICATION OF CRYOTREATMENT FOR ENHANCEMENT IN TOOL LIFE140. Application Of Cryotreatment..141. application of cryotreatment12142. Application of GPS in automobiles143. Application Of Laser Machining In Diamond Processing144. Applications Of Micro-Controller In Auotomobile145. Applications Of Nanotechnology146. Aqua Silencer - A Noise & Emission Controller147. Aque Fuel148. ArcJet Rocket149. Artificial Intelligence150. Artificial Intelligence (Modelling Air Fuel Ratio Control)151. Artificial Intelligence Future Around Us152. Artificial Intelligence In Mechanical Field153. Artificial Intelligence-Present And Future154. Artificially Engineered Material Composites155. Aspheric lenses156. Assembly Of Water Cooler157. Atkinson cycle engine158. ATOMIC BATTERY159. Atomistic Characterization of Dislocation Nucleation and Fracture160. Auto Drilling With Geneva161. Automated Anorectal Lymph Node Sampler162. Automated Assembly System163. Automated Highways164. Automatic Braking System165. AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION System166. Automatic transmission tiptronic, 5-speed167. Automation And Robotics168. Automation in building construction, agriculture etc169. Automation Of Ultrasonic Testing Procedures170. AUTOMOBILE AC BY UTILISING WASTE HEAT & GASES171. Automobile Air Conditioning172. Automobile design173. Automobile Tires174. Automotive Infotainment175. Autonomous Submarines176. AUTONOMOUSLY GENERATIVE CMM Part177. Avionics178. Babbitt metal179. Balance Of Tool Holder180. BALL PISTON ENGINE181. Ball Piston Engine A New Development In Rotary Engines182. Ball Piston machines183. Ball valve184. Ballastic Particle Manufacturing185. Batch Production186. Battery Electric Vehicle187. Bearing Life Measurements188. Bench top wind tunnels189. Benchmarking190. Bike Of The Future- Pneumatic Bike191. Bio Diesel192. Bio-degradable polymers193. Bio-diesel - the next generation fuel source194. BIODIESEL & IT™S UTILITY195. Biodiesel From Jatropha196. Bio-ethanol As Fuel197. Biofiltration198. Biogas199. Biologically inspired robots200. Biomass as an Alternate Fuel for Diesel Engine201. Biomass As An Alternate Fuel For Diesel Engine202. Biomass Fuelled Power Plant203. Biomass Gasification204. Biomechanics205. Biomechatronic Hand206. BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION207. biometrics security208. Biomimetics209. Bioreactors210. biturbo211. Blasting cap212. Blended Winged Aircraft213. BlueTec214. Boimetrics: An Unparelled Security Check System215. Boosting Gas Turbine Energy Efficiency216. Bose suspension system217. Brake Assisting Systems218. Brake booster219. Breakthroughs in Engine Efficiency220. BUSINESS EXCELLENCE THROUGH QUALITY221. Business Process Analysis By BPR222. Business Process Re-Engineering223. Butterfly Valve224. Butterfly valvecatalytic converter225. cad226. CAD & CAE IN BIOMEDICAL FIELD227. Caged Ball Technology228. Cam less Engines229. Camless engine with elctromechanical valve actuator230. Can a ship fly?231. Car Handling232. Carbon Fibre On F1 Cars233. Carbon Foam-Military Applications234. Carbon nanotube cloths235. Carbonfibre On F1 Cars236. Cargo storage in space237. Catalytic Converters238. Catalytic lean Burn engield Engine With Two239. Cavitation shotless peening240. Cell Integration Into A Manufacturing System~241. Centrifugal Compressors242. Centrifugal Pump243. Ceramic fastners244. Ceramic Hybrid Ball Bearing245. ceramic Inserts246. CeramicLike Coatings247. CFD A Third Approach In Fluid Dynamics248. CFD Analysis Of A Simple Convergent Flow Using ANSYS FLOTRAN 10.0249. CFD In Weather Forecasting250. CFD/FEM/FEA/CAE251. CHALLENGES IN PLASMA SPRAY ASSEMBLY OF Nanoparticles To Near Net Shaped Bulk Nanostructures252. Characterization Of Microchannel Materials For Biochip Development253. Chloro Fluro Carbons254. Cleaning Of Metal255. CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION BY BIOMASS GASIFICATION256. Clutch Lining Testing Machine257. CNC SYSTEMS258. COAL GASIFICATION259. Coating Of Corbide Inserts260. Coded Modulation Techniques For Direct-Detection261. Collision warning system262. Combing Developments & Their Significance-Mech10263. Combustion Control Using Optical Fiber264. Combustion Research265. Combustion Stability In I.C.Engines266. Combustion Stability Of NG IC Engine267. Common Rail Direct Injection (Crdi) Engines268. COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND FINITE ELEMENT Results For Elastic Plastic Stress269. Complex System Development270. Composite Materials271. Composite materials272. Composite materials for aerospace applications273. Compound Vortex Controlled Combustion(44)274. Compresed Air Cars Technology275. Compression Tube fittings276. Computational Fluid Dynamics277. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN278. Computer Aided Analysis of Composite Laminates279. Computer Aided Process Planning (Capp)280. Computer Aided Production Engineering (CAPE)281. Computer Integrated Manufacturing-Building The Factory Of Future282. Computer Modelling283. Computer-Aided Geometric Design284. Concentrating Solar Power Energy From Mirrors285. Concept Cars286. Concept Of Flying Train287. ConCurrent Engineering288. Condenser Bushing289. CONDITION MONITORING OF BEARINGS BY ECHO PULSE METHOD290. Condition Monitoring Through Vibration Measurement291. Conditional monitoring & fault Diagnosis292. CONSOLIDATION BEHAVIOR OF Cu-Co-Fe PRE-ALLOYED Powers293. Constitutive Modelling of Shape Memory Alloy Using Neural Networks294. Contactless energy transfer system295. Continuously Variable Transmission296. Control of Cure Distribution in Polymer Composite Parts Made by Laminated Object Fabrication (LOF)297. Cooling And Lubrication Of Engines298. Cordless Tools299. Corrosion resistant gear box300. Corrugated Metals301. Cost Effective Safety Instrumented Systems302. crap & bipip303. Crew Exploration Vechicles304. Crop Harvester305. Crop Harvesting Machine306. CROSS HYBRID SOURCE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS ADHOC NETWORKS307. Cruise missile technology308. Cryogenic Automotive Propulsion Zero Emission Vehicle309. Cryogenic Ball Valves310. Cryogenic Grinding311. Cryogenic Processing of Wear Control312. CRYOGENIC ROCKET ENGINE & THEIR PROPELANTS313. Crystaline Silicon Solar Cells314. Cummins Diesel Fuel System315. Cushioning Impact in Pneumatic Cylinder316. CVCC317. CVT318. Cybernetics319. Cylinder Deactivation320. Damage Detection By Laser Vibration Measurement321. Damage identification in aging aircraft structures with piezoelectric wafer active sensors322. DARK ROOM machining323. Data Fusion For Quality Improvements In Complex Solar Cell Manufacturing Processes324. Deformation-Assisted Transformations In Nanocrystalline And Amorphous Alloys325. Dendritic Solidification Using Phase-Field Method326. desert cooler327. Design And Development Of Automated328. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED OPERATIONAL CONTROLS ON SINGLE MOLD MACHINE329. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WEEDING MACHINE330. Design And Fabrication Of Artifically Engineered Material Composites For Electromagnetic Systems331. Design for Manufacturing332. Design for manufacturing “ A giant lip in world class manufacturing333. Design of a medical device and its network for generating334. Design of an active car chassis frame incorporating magneto rheological fluid335. DESIGN OF AUTOMATED GUIDED VEHICLES FOR FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS336. Design Of Efficient Production337. Design of Efficient Production Systems Using Petri Net338. Design, Analysis, Fabrication And Testing Of A Composite Leaf Spring339. Design, Implementation, Utilization Of FEM340. Desktop Manufacturing341. Determination Of Transmission Specta Using Ultrasonic NDE342. Development & Application343. Development In Arc Welding Process Using Robot344. DEVELOPMENT OF AN AGV MATERIAL. Development Of High Performance345. Development Of An Ultrasound Sensor For High Energy Medical Applications346. Development Of Coated Elecrodes For Welding Of HSLA Steels347. Development Of High Performance348. Development Of Self Lubricating Sinterd Steels For Tribological Applicants349. Development Of Self Lubricating Sintered Steels For Termilogical Application350. Development Status Of Superconducting Rotating Machines351. Diamond Cutting Tool And Coatings352. Diesel Particulate Filter353. Different Types Of Injection Systems And Emission354. Diffusion Flame Shapes And Thin Filament Diagnostics355. Digital manufacturing356. Digital Manufacturing Using STEP-NC357. DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING358. Digital Water Marking for color images using DWT and its applications359. Direct Injection Process360. Direct Manufacturing361. Direct Reduction Iron362. Direct shift gearbox (DSG)363. Directed Energy364. DISASTER EARLY WARNING SYSTEM365. Distribution Side Management For Urban Electric Utilities In India366. D-M-A-I-C MODEL IN SIX SIGMA367. Dose Evaluation In Moving/Deforming Anatomy: Methods And Clinical Implications368. Double-wishbone suspension369. Drag Racing370. Drive-By Wire Systems(23)371. Driver information system (DIS)372. DRY MACHINING373. DRY SLIDING WEAR STUDIES ON HYBRID MMC™S “ A Taguchi Technique374. Dual Clutch Transmission375. Ductile Mixed-Mode Fracture Criterion Development And Crack Growth Simulations376. Durability in Design377. Durable Prototyping378. DurAtomic Process379. Dynamic Ride Control (DRC)380. Dynamic shift program (DSP)381. Dynamics of Cutting Viscoelastics Materials382. Dynamics Of Cutting Viscoelastics Materials383. Dynamics Of Sport Climbing384. E85Amoeba Organization385. Eco-Freiendly Surface Treatments386. Ecofriendly rac387. Ecofriendly technology1388. Economical E-Beams389. Effect Of Catalytic Coating390. Effect Of Grash Of Number391. Effect Of Preload On Stability And Performance Of A Two-Lobe Journal Bearing392. Effect Of Pressure On Arc Welding Process393. Effect Of Stacking Sequence On Notch Strength In Laminates394. Efficiency In Boring395. E-gas396. Elasto-Capillary Thinning And The Breakup Of Complex Fluids397. Elecro Magnetic Flowmeters398. ElecroHydraulic Sawmills399. Elecromagnetic Valves400. Electric Automobiles401. Electric Cylinders402. electric power steering units403. Electric Rocket Engine404. Electric Vehicles405. Electrical Energy Generated in a Power Station406. Electricity From Ocean Waves407. Electrochemical Machining (ECM) & EBM~408. Electromagnetic Bomb409. Electromagnetic Brakes410. Electromagnetic Clutches411. Electronbeam Machining~412. Electronic Multipoint Fuel Injection System413. Electronic Road Pricing System~414. Electronically Controlled Air Suspension System415. Electronics For Better416. Electronics for Better Diesel Engine Management417. Electrostatic precipitator418. Embedded Applications Design Using Real-Time419. Embedded Computing in Mechanical Systems420. emergency caller421. Emission Control Techniques422. Energy Conservation Of Rubber Industry423. Energy Conversion and Management424. Energy efficient turbo systems425. Energy Engineering: Biodiesel426. Energy saving motors427. Energy-absorbing bumpers428. Engineering Applications of Nylon 66429. E-NOSE430. Ergonomics431. Esterfied Jatropha oil as bio fuel432. Ethanol433. ETHANOL an alternate fuel434. EURO V435. Evaluation Of A Gamma Titanium Aluminide For Hypersonic Structural Applications436. Evaluation Of High-Power Endurance In Optical Fiber Links437. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT PIPE438. Experimental Analysis of Modified Machine Tools439. Experimental Characterization And Numerical Modeling Of A Float Glass Furnace440. Experimental Stress Analysis For Pipes441. Expert Technician System442. Explosive Welding443. External Nodes In Finite Element Analysis444. EYE READER445. F1 Track Design And Safety446. Facility Layout Design Using Genetic Algorithm447. FADEC - Full Authority Digital Engine Control(41)448. FADEC - Full Authority Digital Engine Control.449. FADEC - Full Authority Digital Engine Control.450. Failure Analysis of Lap & Wavy-Lap Composite Bonded451. Failure mode evaluation and criticality analysis452. Fast Boundary Element Calculation Of Acoustic Radiation From Vibrating Structures By Mortar Coupling453. Fast breeder reactor technology454. Fast Convergence Algorithms For Active Noise Controlin Vehicles455. Fiber-Optic Telecommunication And The Economic Benefits456. Finite Element Analysis457. Finite Element Analysis for an Effective cross-sectional Beam458. Finite Element Analysis Of Robotic Arm For Optimal Work Space Determination459. Flexible Manufacturing System460. Floating Power Stations~461. Floating Solar Power Station462. Floating Wind mills463. Fluid Energy Milling464. FLUID POWER A DOUBLE-WALL REACTOER FOR HYDROTHERMAL OXIDATION WITH SUPERCRITICAL WATER FLOW ACROSS THE INNER POROUS TUBE465. Flyash Utilisation466. Flying on Water467. Flywheel Batteries468. Flywheel Energy Storage469. FMS (Flexible Manufacturing Systems)470. Forge Welding471. Fractal Robot472. Fracture Mechanics In Design And Failure Analysis473. Free Electron Laser474. Free Form Modelling Based on N-Sided Surfaces475. Freezing Of Biological Tissues476. Friction Stir Welding477. Friction Welding478. Friction Welding Of Austenitic Stainless Steel And Optimizatin Of Weld Quality479. Frictionless Compressor Technology480. Frictionless Compressor Technology(48)481. Fuel Cell Airplane482. Fuel cell powered Go-Karts483. Fuel Cell Today484. Fuel Cells & Their Substitutes485. Fuel Cells on Aerospace486. Fuel Energizer487. Fuels from Plastic Wastes488. Full Colour 3D Modelling Using Rapid Prototyping489. Functional Nanocrystalline Ceramics490. Fundamental Aspects Of Micro/Meso-Scale Manufacturing And Micro-Scale Milling491. Fused Deposition Modelling492. Future Cars493. Future Electrical Steering System494. FUTURE OF BAG FILTER FOR REMOVAL OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN POWER STATION495. Future of FEA iN MAnufacturing496. Future of Portable Power497. Future Trends In Automobiles498. Fuzzy Logic499. FUZZY LOGIC AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENCE500. Fuzzy logic in Aircraft stability501. Fuzzy Logic In Automotive Engineering502. Gas Hydrates503. Gas Hydrates: Alternative for Natural Gas in Future504. Gas Transfer Systems505. Gas Turbine506. Gaseous Pyrolysis507. Gasoline Direct Injection Or GDI508. gate valve509. Gauges510. Gear Box511. Gear Drives512. GEAR NOISE REDUCTION BY NEW APPROACHES IN GEAR FINISHING PROCESSES513. Genetic Algorithm Based Optimum Design Of Composite Drive Shaft514. Geothermal Energy Utilization515. Geo-Thermal Energy(19)516. Geothermal Power517. Glass Glue518. Glass Making519. Global Environment Problems520. Global Positioning System521. Global warming522. Globalization523. Globe Valves524. GPS525. Green Energy526. green engine527. Green Factory528. Green fuels529. Green Manufacturing530. Grid Generation And Simulation Using CFD531. Guided Missile532. HalBach array533. Handfree Driving534. Handheld Radiation detector535. HANS536. HANS-In F1 Racing(45)537. Harvesting Wave power538. Heat caps539. Heat Pipe540. HEAT PIPES FOR DEHUMIDIFICATION AND AIR CONDITIONING541. Heat Transfer542. Heat Transfer Along A Vertical Insulated Chimney543. HEAT TRANSFER AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS FOR BUOYANCY INDUCED FLOW THROUGH TUBES544. Heat Transfer Enhancement By Forced545. Heavy duty Gasoline engines546. Helicopters547. HELIUM-A CRYGENICS FLUID548. Hexapod Machine Tool549. High Altitude Aeronautical Platforms550. High angle of attack aerodynamics551. High Efficiency Heat Exchanger552. High Performance Heat Sink Based On Screen-Fin Technology553. High Performance Microprocessor554. High Speed Precise Gear Boxes555. High speed Propellers556. High speed Railway coaches557. HIGH SPEED TRAINS558. Highly Productive And Reconfigurable Manufacturing System(Hiparms)559. High-Wire car560. Hologram561. Hovercrafts562. How To Increase Starting Torque Of A Locomotive.563. Human Artificial organs564. Human Transporter565. Humans and Energy566. HVDC Transmission567. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)568. Hybrid energy Systems569. Hybrid Engine570. Hybrid Motorcycles*571. Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD)572. Hybrid Wind Electrolysis System573. Hydraulic Analysis Of Hydrostatic Bearing Of Primary Sodium Pump Of A Fast Breeder Reactor574. Hydraulic Elevators575. Hydraulic free pistan engine576. Hydraulic railway recovery systems577. Hydro Drive578. Hydro Electricity579. Hydro Jetting580. Hydrodynamids & gas liquid581. HYDROFORMING582. Hydrogen583. Hydrogen Car584. Hydrogen Energy585. Hydrogen Fuel Tank586. Hydrogen Generation via Wind Power Electrolysis587. Hydrogen Production using Nuclear Energy588. Hydrogen the next generation fuel589. Hydrogen Vehicle590. Hydroplane591. Hydroplanning592. Hydro-Pneumatics593. Hydro-Pneumatics An Efficient Tool for Automation594. 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Correction of the exciton Bohr radius in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenidesNASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)Li, Run-Ze; Dong, Xi-Ying; Li, Zhi-Qing; Wang, Zi-Wu2018-07-01We theoretically investigate the correction of exciton Bohr radius in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) on different polar substrates arising from the exciton-optical phonon coupling, in which both the intrinsic longitudinal optical phonon and surface optical phonon modes couple with the exciton are taken into account. We find that the exciton Bohr radius is enlarged markedly due to these coupling. Moreover, it can be changed on a large scale by modulating the polarizability of polar substrate and the internal distance between the monolayer TMDCs and polar substrate. Theoretical result provides a potential explanation for the variation of the exciton Bohr radius in experimental measurement.A New Contribution for WYP 2005: The Golden Ratio, Bohr Radius, Planck's Constant, Fine-Structure Constant and g-FactorsNASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)Heyrovska, R.; Narayan, S.2005-10-01Recently, the ground state Bohr radius (aB) of hydrogen was shown to be divided into two Golden sections, aB,p = aB/ø2 and aB,e = aB/ø at the point of electrical neutrality, where ø = 1.618 is the Golden ratio (R. Heyrovska, Molecular Physics 103: 877-882, and the literature cited therein). The origin of the difference of two energy terms in the Rydberg equation was thus shown to be in the ground state energy itself, as shown below: EH = (1/2)e2/(κaB) = (1/2)(e2/κ) [(1/aB,p - (1/aB,e)] (1). This work brings some new results that 1) a unit charge in vacuum has a magnetic moment, 2) (e2/2κ) in eq. (1) is an electromagnetic condenser constant, 3) the de Broglie wavelengths of the proton and electron correspond to the Golden arcs of a circle with the Bohr radius, 4) the fine structure constant (α) is the ratio of the Planck's constants without and with the interaction of light with matter, 5) the g-factors of the electron and proton, ge/2 and gp/2 divide the Bohr radius at the magnetic center and 6) the ``mysterious'' value (137.036) of α -1 = (360/ø2) - (2/ø3), where (2/ø3) arises from the difference, (gp - ge).Excitonic effects and related properties in semiconductor nanostructures: roles of size and dimensionalityNASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)Wu, Shudong; Cheng, Liwen; Wang, Qiang2017-08-01The size- and dimensionality-dependence of excitonic effects and related properties in semiconductor nanostructures are theoretically studied in detail within the effective-mass approximation. When nanostructure sizes become smaller than the bulk exciton Bohr radius, excitonic effects are significantly enhanced with reducing size or dimensionality. This is as a result of quantum confinement in more directions leading to larger exciton binding energies and normalized exciton oscillator strengths. These excitonic effects originate from electron-hole Coulombic interactions, which strongly enhance the oscillator strength between the electron and hole. It is also established that the universal scaling of exciton binding energy versus the inverse of the exciton Bohr radius follows a linear scaling law. Herein, we propose a stretched exponential law for the size scaling of optical gap, which is in good agreement with the calculated data. Due to differences in the confinement dimensionality, the radiative lifetime of low-dimensional excitons becomes shorter than that of bulk excitons. The size dependence of the exciton radiative lifetimes is in good agreement with available experimental data. This strongly enhanced electron-hole exchange interaction is expected in low-dimensional structures due to enriched excitonic effects. The main difference in nanostructures compared to the bulk can be interpreted in terms of the enhanced excitonic effects induced by exciton localization. The enhanced excitonic effects are expected to be of importance in developing stable and high-efficiency nanoscale excitonic optoelectronic devices.The Bohr paradoxNASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)Crease, Robert P.2008-05-01In his book Niels Bohr's Times, the physicist Abraham Pais captures a paradox in his subject's legacy by quoting three conflicting assessments. Pais cites Max Born, of the first generation of quantum physics, and Werner Heisenberg, of the second, as saying that Bohr had a greater influence on physics and physicists than any other scientist. Yet Pais also reports a distinguished younger colleague asking with puzzlement and scepticism "What did Bohr really do?"."Bohr's Atomic Model."ERIC Educational Resources Information CenterWillden, Jeff2001-01-01"Bohr's Atomic Model" is a small interactive multimedia program that introduces the viewer to a simplified model of the atom. This interactive simulation lets students build an atom using an atomic construction set. The underlying design methodology for "Bohr's Atomic Model" is model-centered instruction, which means the central model of the…Revisiting the Bohr Atom 100 Years LaterNASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)Wall, Ernst2013-03-01We use a novel electron model wherein the electron is modeled as a point charge behaving as a trapped photon revolving in a Compton wavelength orbit at light speed. The revolving point charge gives rise to spiraling Compton wavelets around the electron, which give rise to de Broglie waves. When applied to the Bohr model, the orbital radius of the electron scales to the first Bohr orbit's radius via the fine structure constant. The orbiting electron's orbital velocity, Vb, scales to that of the electron's charge's internal velocity (the velocity of light, c) via the fine structure constant. The Compton wavelets, if they reflect off the nucleus, have a round trip time just long enough to allow the electron to move one of its diameters in distance in the first Bohr orbit. The ratio of the electron's rotational frequency, fe, to its rotational frequency in the Bohr orbit fb, is fe/fb = 1/α2, which is also the number of electron rotations in single orbit. If we scale the electron's rotational energy (h*fe) to that of the orbit using this, the orbital energy value (h*fb) would be 27.2114 eV. However, the virial theorem reduces it to 13.6057, the ground state energy of the first Bohr orbit. Ref:A Theoretical Vortex Model of the Electron that provides the physical origin of electron spin, electron angular momentum and the Vortex Deuteron, as well as the Physical Origins of their Magnetic Moments and Angular Momentums, and a Longitudinal Electric Field Model of the Neutrino, A Negative Mass Tachyon Based Electron ModelOrigin of electron spin | origin of electron angular momentum |neutrino | negative mass tachyon "> The Electron’s Tiny Revolving Point Charge, and How it Generates its Magnetic Moment, its Angular Momentum, its Mass, and How it Gives Rise to de Broglie Waves in Electron-Electron Interactions Also: The First Direct Measurements of the PVT Surface and Melting Curve Minimum of Solid Helium-Three Ernst L. Wall Senior Scientist Institute for Basic Research Palm Harbor, FL To see the broad spectrum of the ongoing work at the Institute for Basic Research, visit their web site by clicking here . This web site was originally created in 1995.  Last update is August 25, 2020 Also, see an analysis of global warming on the website by this author, www.gwphysics.com ========================================================================================= Abstract 1. In this model, the electron’s tiny charge revolves at the speed of light in a Compton wavelength orbit. Using this, we can derive the magnetic moment (the Bohr magneton), identically, in three simple algebraic equations.  We also derive the mass-energy in 2 easy equations, and the spin-angular momentum, again, in 3 easy equations. 2. This model provides the basis for wave mechanics at the atomic level, but shows that wave mechanics is not necessary for describing the internals of the electron, and the results speak for themselves .  The revolving charge generates an outward spiraling electrical field around the electron as opposed to a continuous static electric field. This spiraling field has a Compton wavelength, and that gives rise to a de Broglie wavelength interval for electron – electron interactions . 3. We expand these concepts to cover the proton and neutron. Then, there is a Yukawa-like deuteron model made up of two revolving charge protons that are mutually attracted to a pion. Using the diameter of the protons and the quadrupole moment of the deuteron, we determine its dimensions.  It is interesting to note that using these discrete charges and their spacing, the electrostatic binding energy of this structure is 2.444 MeV, a small fraction larger than the known.  (We note that there are likely those that will be upset about these results, but they can easily do the math for themselves in order to prove that this is true or not true.) 4. We also study the effects of the Compton wavelets on the first Bohr radius of the hydrogen atom, and find it is related to the radius of the electron by the fine structure constant.  To do this, we have to define “electron coordinates” where the unit of time is the time that it takes for the revolving charge to do one revolution ( t e = 8.09329979E-21 seconds ),  the unit of length is the Compton wavelength, and the unit of mass is the mass of the electron. Velocity, of course, is Comptons / rotation. ========================================================================================= Notes on author’s background are at the very end of this page. Fohttp://www.tachyonmodel.com.Influence of image charge effect on exciton fine structure in an organic-inorganic quantum well materialSciTech ConnectTakagi, Hidetsugu; Kunugita, Hideyuki; Ema, Kazuhiro2013-12-04We have investigated experimentally excitonic properties in organic-inorganic hybrid multi quantum well crystals, (C{sub 4}H{sub 9}NH{sub 3}){sub 2}PbBr{sub 4} and (C{sub 6}H{sub 5}−C{sub 2}H{sub 4}NH{sub 3}){sub 2}PbBr{sub 4}, by measuring photoluminescence, reflectance, photoluminescence excitation spectra. In these materials, the excitonic binding energies are enhanced not only by quantum confinement effect (QCE) but also by image charge effect (ICE), since the dielectric constant of the barrier layers is much smaller than that of the well layers. By comparing the 1s-exciton and 2s-exciton energies, we have investigated the influence of ICE with regard to the difference of the Bohr radius.Teaching Bohr Theory.ERIC Educational Resources Information CenterLatimer, Colin J.1983-01-01Discusses some lesser known examples of atomic phenomena to illustrate to students that the old quantum theory in its simplest (Bohr) form is not an antiquity but can still make an important contribution to understanding such phenomena. Topics include hydrogenic/non-hydrogenic spectra and atoms in strong electric and magnetic fields. (Author/JN)Einstein, Bohr, and BellNASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)Bellac, Michel Le2014-11-01The final form of quantum physics, in the particular case of wave mechanics, was established in the years 1925-1927 by Heisenberg, Schrödinger, Born and others, but the synthesis was the work of Bohr who gave an epistemological interpretation of all the technicalities built up over those years; this interpretation will be examined briefly in Chapter 10. Although Einstein acknowledged the success of quantum mechanics in atomic, molecular and solid state physics, he disagreed deeply with Bohr's interpretation. For many years, he tried to find flaws in the formulation of quantum theory as it had been more or less accepted by a large majority of physicists, but his objections were brushed away by Bohr. However, in an article published in 1935 with Podolsky and Rosen, universally known under the acronym EPR, Einstein thought he had identified a difficulty in the by then standard interpretation. Bohr's obscure, and in part beyond the point, answer showed that Einstein had hit a sensitive target. Nevertheless, until 1964, the so-called Bohr-Einstein debate stayed uniquely on a philosophical level, and it was actually forgotten by most physicists, as the few of them aware of it thought it had no practical implication. In 1964, the Northern Irish physicist John Bell realized that the assumptions contained in the EPR article could be tested experimentally. These assumptions led to inequalities, the Bell inequalities, which were in contradiction with quantum mechanical predictions: as we shall see later on, it is extremely likely that the assumptions of the EPR article are not consistent with experiment, which, on the contrary, vindicates the predictions of quantum physics. In Section 3.2, the origin of Bell's inequalities will be explained with an intuitive example, then they will be compared with the predictions of quantum theory in Section 3.3, and finally their experimental status will be reviewed in Section 3.4. The debate between Bohr and Einstein goes much beyond aRutherford-Bohr atomNASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)Heilbron, J. L.1981-03-01Bohr used to introduce his attempts to explain clearly the principles of the quantum theory of the atom with an historical sketch, beginning invariably with the nuclear model proposed by Rutherford. That was sound pedagogy but bad history. The Rutherford-Bohr atom stands in the middle of a line of work initiated by J.J. Thomson and concluded by the invention of quantum mechanics. Thompson's program derived its inspiration from the peculiar emphasis on models characteristic of British physics of the 19th century. Rutherford's atom was a late product of the goals and conceptions of Victorian science. Bohr's modifications, although ultimately fatal to Thomson's program, initially gave further impetus to it. In the early 1920s the most promising approach to an adequate theory of the atom appeared to be the literal and detailed elaboration of the classical mechanics of multiply periodic orbits. The approach succeeded, demonstrating in an unexpected way the force of an argument often advanced by Thomson: because a mechanical model is richer in implications than the considerations for which it was advanced, it can suggest new directions of research that may lead to important discoveries.Exciton confinement in strain-engineered metamorphic InAs/I nxG a1 -xAs quantum dotsNASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)Khattak, S. A.; Hayne, M.; Huang, J.; Vanacken, J.; Moshchalkov, V. V.; Seravalli, L.; Trevisi, G.; Frigeri, P.2017-11-01We report a comprehensive study of exciton confinement in self-assembled InAs quantum dots (QDs) in strain-engineered metamorphic I nxG a1 -xAs confining layers on GaAs using low-temperature magnetophotoluminescence. As the lattice mismatch (strain) between QDs and confining layers (CLs) increases from 4.8% to 5.7% the reduced mass of the exciton increases, but saturates at higher mismatches. At low QD-CL mismatch there is clear evidence of spillover of the exciton wave function due to small localization energies. This is suppressed as the In content x in the CLs decreases (mismatch and localization energy increasing). The combined effects of low effective mass and wave-function spillover at high x result in a diamagnetic shift coefficient that is an order of magnitude larger than for samples where In content in the barrier is low (mismatch is high and localization energy is large). Finally, an anomalously small measured Bohr radius in samples with the highest x is attributed to a combination of thermalization due to low localization energy, and its enhancement with magnetic field, a mechanism which results in small dots in the ensemble dominating the measured Bohr radius.Exciton-dominated dielectric function of atomically thin MoS 2 filmsDOE PAGESYu, Yiling; Yu, Yifei; Cai, Yongqing; ...2015-11-24We systematically measure the dielectric function of atomically thin MoS 2 films with different layer numbers and demonstrate that excitonic effects play a dominant role in the dielectric function when the films are less than 5–7 layers thick. The dielectric function shows an anomalous dependence on the layer number. It decreases with the layer number increasing when the films are less than 5–7 layers thick but turns to increase with the layer number for thicker films. We show that this is because the excitonic effect is very strong in the thin MoS 2 films and its contribution to the dielectricmore » function may dominate over the contribution of the band structure. We also extract the value of layer-dependent exciton binding energy and Bohr radius in the films by fitting the experimental results with an intuitive model. The dominance of excitonic effects is in stark contrast with what reported at conventional materials whose dielectric functions are usually dictated by band structures. Lastly, the knowledge of the dielectric function may enable capabilities to engineer the light-matter interactions of atomically thin MoS 2 films for the development of novel photonic devices, such as metamaterials, waveguides, light absorbers, and light emitters.« lessA Simple Relativistic Bohr AtomERIC Educational Resources Information CenterTerzis, Andreas F.2008-01-01A simple concise relativistic modification of the standard Bohr model for hydrogen-like atoms with circular orbits is presented. As the derivation requires basic knowledge of classical and relativistic mechanics, it can be taught in standard courses in modern physics and introductory quantum mechanics. In addition, it can be shown in a class that…The BOHR Effect before PerutzERIC Educational Resources Information CenterBrunori, Maurizio2012-01-01Before the outbreak of World War II, Jeffries Wyman postulated that the "Bohr effect" in hemoglobin demanded the oxygen linked dissociation of the imidazole of two histidines of the polypeptide. This proposal emerged from a rigorous analysis of the acid-base titration curves of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin, at a time when the information on the…The Bohr effect before Perutz.PubMedBrunori, Maurizio2012-01-01Before the outbreak of World War II, Jeffries Wyman postulated that the Bohr effect in hemoglobin demanded the oxygen linked dissociation of the imidazole of two histidines of the polypeptide. This proposal emerged from a rigorous analysis of the acid-base titration curves of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin, at a time when the information on the chemistry and structure of the protein was essentially nil. The magnetochemical properties of hemoglobin led Linus Pauling to hypothesize that the (so called) Bohr histidines were coordinated to the heme iron in the fifth and sixth positions; and Wyman shared this opinion. However, this structural hypothesis was abandoned in 1951 when J. Wyman and D. W. Allen proposed the pK shift of the oxygen linked histidines to be the result of "...a change of configuration of the hemoglobin molecule as a whole accompanying oxygenation." This shift in paradigm, that was published well before the 3D structure of hemoglobin was solved by M.F. Perutz, paved the way to the concept of allostery. After 1960 the availability of the crystallographic structure opened new horizons to the interpretation of the allosteric properties of hemoglobin. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Timing and Impact of Bohr's TrilogyNASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)Jeong, Yeuncheol; Wang, Lei; Yin, Ming; Datta, Timir2014-03-01In their article- Genesis of the Bohr Atom Heilbron and Kuhn asked - what suddenly turned his [Bohr's] attention, to atom models during June 1912- they were absolutely right; during the short period in question Bohr had made an unexpected change in his research activity, he has found a new interest ``atom'' and would soon produce a spectacularly successful theory about it in his now famous trilogy papers in the Phil Mag (1913). We researched the trilogy papers, Bohr`s memorandum, his own correspondence from that time in question and activities by Moseley (Manchester), Henry and Lawrence Bragg. Our work suggests that Bohr, also at Manchester that summer, was likely to have been inspired by Laue's sensational discovery in April 1912, of X-ray interference from atoms in crystals. The three trilogy papers include sixty five distinct (numbered) references from thirty one authors. The publication dates of the cited works range from 1896 to 1913. Bohr showed an extraordinary skill in navigating thru the most important and up-to date works. Eleven of the cited authors (Bohr included, but not John Nicholson) were recognized by ten Noble prizes, six in physics and four in chemistry.Even exciton series in Cu2ONASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)Schweiner, Frank; Main, Jörg; Wunner, Günter; Uihlein, Christoph2017-05-01Recent investigations of excitonic absorption spectra in cuprous oxide (Cu2O ) have shown that it is indispensable to account for the complex valence-band structure in the theory of excitons. In Cu2O , parity is a good quantum number and thus the exciton spectrum falls into two parts: the dipole-active exciton states of negative parity and odd angular momentum, which can be observed in one-photon absorption (Γ4- symmetry), and the exciton states of positive parity and even angular momentum, which can be observed in two-photon absorption (Γ5+ symmetry). The unexpected observation of D excitons in two-photon absorption has given first evidence that the dispersion properties of the Γ5+ orbital valence band are giving rise to a coupling of the yellow and green exciton series. However, a first theoretical treatment by Uihlein et al. [Phys. Rev. B 23, 2731 (1981), 10.1103/PhysRevB.23.2731] was based on a simplified spherical model. The observation of F excitons in one-photon absorption is a further proof of a coupling between yellow and green exciton states. Detailed investigations on the fine structure splitting of the F exciton by F. Schweiner et al. [Phys. Rev. B 93, 195203 (2016), 10.1103/PhysRevB.93.195203] have proved the importance of a more realistic theoretical treatment including terms with cubic symmetry. In this paper we show that the even and odd parity exciton system can be consistently described within the same theoretical approach. However, the Hamiltonian of the even parity system needs, in comparison to the odd exciton case, modifications to account for the very small radius of the yellow and green 1 S exciton. In the presented treatment, we take special care of the central-cell corrections, which comprise a reduced screening of the Coulomb potential at distances comparable to the polaron radius, the exchange interaction being responsible for the exciton splitting into ortho and para states, and the inclusion of terms in the fourth power of p in theSpecial Bohr-Sommerfeld Lagrangian submanifoldsNASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)Tyurin, N. A.2016-12-01We introduce a new notion in symplectic geometry, that of speciality for Lagrangian submanifolds satisfying the Bohr- Sommerfeld condition. We show that it enables one to construct finite-dimensional moduli spaces of special Bohr- Sommerfeld Lagrangian submanifolds with respect to any ample line bundle on an algebraic variety with a Hodge metric regarded as the symplectic form. This construction can be used to study mirror symmetry.One-dimensional carrier confinement in “Giant” CdS/CdSe excitonic nanoshellsDOE PAGESRazgoniaeva, Natalia; Moroz, Pavel; Yang, Mingrui; ...2017-05-23Here, the emerging generation of quantum dot optoelectronic devices offers an appealing prospect of a size-tunable band gap. The confinement-enabled control over electronic properties, however, requires nanoparticles to be sufficiently small, which leads to a large area of interparticle boundaries in a film. Such interfaces lead to a high density of surface traps which ultimately increase the electrical resistance of a solid. To address this issue, we have developed an inverse energy-gradient core/shell architecture supporting the quantum confinement in nanoparticles larger than the exciton Bohr radius. The assembly of such nanostructures exhibits a relatively low surface-to-volume ratio, which was manifestedmore » in this work through the enhanced conductance of solution-processed films. The reported core/shell geometry was realized by growing a narrow gap semiconductor layer (CdSe) on the surface of a wide-gap core material (CdS) promoting the localization of excitons in the shell domain, as was confirmed by ultrafast transient absorption and emission lifetime measurements. The band gap emission of fabricated nanoshells, ranging from 15 to 30 nm in diameter, has revealed a characteristic size-dependent behavior tunable via the shell thickness with associated quantum yields in the 4.4–16.0% range.« lessOne-dimensional carrier confinement in “Giant” CdS/CdSe excitonic nanoshellsSciTech ConnectRazgoniaeva, Natalia; Moroz, Pavel; Yang, MingruiHere, the emerging generation of quantum dot optoelectronic devices offers an appealing prospect of a size-tunable band gap. The confinement-enabled control over electronic properties, however, requires nanoparticles to be sufficiently small, which leads to a large area of interparticle boundaries in a film. Such interfaces lead to a high density of surface traps which ultimately increase the electrical resistance of a solid. To address this issue, we have developed an inverse energy-gradient core/shell architecture supporting the quantum confinement in nanoparticles larger than the exciton Bohr radius. The assembly of such nanostructures exhibits a relatively low surface-to-volume ratio, which was manifestedmore » in this work through the enhanced conductance of solution-processed films. The reported core/shell geometry was realized by growing a narrow gap semiconductor layer (CdSe) on the surface of a wide-gap core material (CdS) promoting the localization of excitons in the shell domain, as was confirmed by ultrafast transient absorption and emission lifetime measurements. The band gap emission of fabricated nanoshells, ranging from 15 to 30 nm in diameter, has revealed a characteristic size-dependent behavior tunable via the shell thickness with associated quantum yields in the 4.4–16.0% range.« less