Form D8 In Ms Word: Fill & Download for Free

All files are binary files. See below.A Text File (“.txt”)This is a hexadecimal dump of a text file with just one line in it (click to enlarge):The left column shows the offset in the file, in hexadecimal; the middle pairs of characters show 16 of the bytes bytes in hexadecimal (one character for each 4-bit nibble); the right column shows the ASCII interpretation of each of the bytes on each line, if it’s alphabetic or numeric.So the first byte in the file (at offset 00000000) is hexadecimal 41 (or 0100 0001 in binary) which translates to the capital letter A according to the ASCII scheme:When that file is opened up in a text editor, it looks like this (click to enlarge):But on the disk, it’s just a long sequence of 352 bits.An Executable File (“.exe”)This is a dump of the first 597 bytes of a Windows “Portable Executable” file:All such files begin with a “DOS Header” that starts with the letters “MZ” in honor of Mark Zbikowski, one of leading developers of MS-DOS. You can read about the rest of the Windows Portable Executable file format here…PE Format - Win32 appsThis specification describes the structure of executable (image) files and object files under the Windows family of operating systems. These files are referred to as Portable Executable (PE) and Common Object File Format (COFF) files, respectively.https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/debug/pe-format…if you have (according to Microsoft) 127 minutes to spend.Back so soon? Anyway, when the file above is run, we get this on the screen:But the executable file, on disk, is just a long sequence of 1,212,176 bits.A Compressed Image File (“.jpg”)This is a dump of the image file used by the program above to draw the globe on the screen:The FF and D8 bytes at the top mark the “Start of Image” section of the file. If you have a lot of time on your hands, you can read about the rest of the “.jpg” file format here:JPEG - Image File FormatLearn about JPEG file format and APIs that can create and open JPEG files.https://docs.fileformat.com/image/jpeg/All image files, compressed and uncompressed, on disk, are just long sequences of bits; longer if they’re not compressed. The file above is 312,864 bits.A File That Can Be Interpreted Two WaysThis is a dump of a file that can be interpreted in more than one way:If the file above is opened in a text editor, we see this (click to enlarge):But if it is opened in an appropriate document editor, we see this:But the file itself, on disk, is a remarkably short sequence of just 2,792 bits.Zip Files (.zip)This is a dump of a compressed “zip” file:The PK bytes at the start are in honor of Phil Katz of PKWARE who had a hand in designing this file format. The rest, if you have a lot of time on your hands, you can read about here:ZIP (file format) - WikipediaFamily of archive file formats ZIP is an archive file format that supports lossless data compression . A ZIP file may contain one or more files or directories that may have been compressed. The ZIP file format permits a number of compression algorithms , though DEFLATE is the most common. This format was originally created in 1989 and was first implemented in PKWARE, Inc. 's PKZIP utility, [2] as a replacement for the previous ARC compression format by Thom Henderson. The ZIP format was then quickly supported by many software utilities other than PKZIP. Microsoft has included built-in ZIP support (under the name "compressed folders") in versions of Microsoft Windows since 1998. Apple has included built-in ZIP support in Mac OS X 10.3 (via BOMArchiveHelper, now Archive Utility ) and later. Most free operating systems have built in support for ZIP in similar manners to Windows and Mac OS X. ZIP files generally use the file extensions .zip or .ZIP and the MIME media type application/zip . [1] ZIP is used as a base file format by many programs, usually under a different name. When navigating a file system via a user interface, graphical icons representing ZIP files often appear as a document or other object prominently featuring a zipper . History [ edit ] The .ZIP file format was designed by Phil Katz of PKWARE and Gary Conway of Infinity Design Concepts. The format was created after Systems Enhancement Associates (SEA) filed a lawsuit against PKWARE claiming that the latter's archiving products, named PKARC, were derivatives of SEA's ARC archiving system. [3] The name "zip" (meaning "move at high speed") was suggested by Katz's friend, Robert Mahoney. [4] They wanted to imply that their product would be faster than ARC and other compression formats of the time. [4] The earliest known version of .ZIP File Format Specification was first published as part of PKZIP 0.9 package under the file APPNOTE.TXT in 1989. [ citation needed ] By distributing the zip file format within APPNOTE.TXT, compatibility with the zip file format proliferated widely on the public Internet during the 1990s. [5] PKWARE and Infinity Design Concepts made a joint press release on February 14, 1989 releasing the .ZIP file format into the public domain . [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Version history [ edit ] The .ZIP File Format Specification has its own version number, which does not necessarily correspond to the version numbers for the PKZIP tool, especially with PKZIP 6 or later. At various times, PKWARE has added preliminary features that allow PKZIP products to extract archives using advanced features, but PKZIP products that create such archives are not made available until the next major release. Other companies or organizations support the PKWARE specifications at their own pace. The .ZIP file format specification is formally named "APPNOTE - .ZIP File Format Specification" and it is published on the PKWARE.com website since the late 1990s. [11] Several versions of the specificatiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_(file_format)The file shown above is 7,491,984 bits in its compressed form, and 31,760,400 bits uncompressed. So the compressed file is only about a quarter of the size of the original.A brief introduction to compression techniques can be found here:ConclusionSo I hope you can see that all files are binary files, and that it is only the way they are interpreted — by an operating system, or a compiler, or an interpreter, or a browser, or a word processor, or a dumper program (which can open any file, as shown above), or some other program — that makes them seem so different.A more general way of saying that, with other examples, can be found here:Et voila!

The magnetic properties of a compound can be determined from its electron configuration and the size of its atoms. Because magnetism is generated by electronic spin, the number of unpaired electrons in a specific compound indicates how magnetic the compound is. In this section, the magnetism of the d-block elements (or transition metals) are evaluated. These compounds tend to have a large number of unpaired electrons.IntroductionAn interesting characteristic of transition metals is their ability to form magnets. Metal complexes that have unpaired electrons are magnetic. Since the last electrons reside in the d orbitals, this magnetism must be due to having unpaired d electrons. The spin of a single electron is denoted by the quantum number ms as +(1/2) or –(1/2). This spin is negated when the electron is paired with another, but creates a weak magnetic field when the electron is unpaired. More unpaired electrons increase the paramagnetic effects. The electron configuration of a transition metal (d-block) changes in a coordination compound; this is due to the repulsive forces between electrons in the ligands and electrons in the compound. Depending on the strength of the ligand, the compound may be paramagnetic or diamagnetic.Bulk Magnetism: FerromagnetismSFerromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets. This means the compound shows permanent magnetic properties rather than exhibiting them only in the presence of a magnetic field (Figure 24.6.1 ). In a ferromagnetic element, electrons of atoms are grouped into domains in which each domain has the same charge. In the presence of a magnetic field, these domains line up so that charges are parallel throughout the entire compound. Whether a compound can be ferromagnetic or not depends on its number of unpaired electrons and on its atomic size.Figure 24.6.1 : Ferromagnetism (a) nonmagnatized material and (2) Magnetized material with corresponding magnetic fields shown.Ferromagnetism, the permanent magnetism associated with nickel, cobalt, and iron, is a common occurrence in everyday life. Examples of the knowledge and application of ferromagnetism include Aristotle's discussion in 625 BC, the use of the compass in 1187, and the modern-day refrigerator. Einstein declared that electricity and magnetism are inextricably linked in his theory of special relativity.Magnetic Moments of Molecules and IonsExperimental evidence of magnetic measurements supports the theory of high- and low-spin complexes. Remember that molecules such as O2 that contain unpaired electrons are paramagnetic. Paramagnetic substances are attracted to magnetic fields. Many transition metal complexes have unpaired electrons and hence are paramagnetic. Molecules such as N2 and ions such as Na+ and [Fe(CN)6]4− that contain no unpaired electrons are diamagnetic. Diamagnetic substances have a slight tendency to be repelled by magnetic fields.When an electron in an atom or ion is unpaired, the magnetic moment due to its spin makes the entire atom or ion paramagnetic. The size of the magnetic moment of a system containing unpaired electrons is related directly to the number of such electrons: the greater the number of unpaired electrons, the larger the magnetic moment. Therefore, the observed magnetic moment is used to determine the number of unpaired electrons present. The measured magnetic moment of low-spin d6 [Fe(CN)6]4− confirms that iron is diamagnetic, whereas high-spin d6 [Fe(H2O)6]2+ has four unpaired electrons with a magnetic moment that confirms this arrangement.Hunds' Rule states that electrons fill all available orbitals with single electrons before pairing up, while maintaining parallel spins (paired electrons have opposing spins). For a set of five degenerate d-orbitals in an uncomplexed metal atom, electrons fill all orbitals before pairing to conserve pairing energy. With the addition of ligands, the situation is more complicated. The splitting energy between the d-orbitals increases the energy required to place single electrons into the higher-energy orbitals. Once the lower-energy orbitals have been half-filled (one electron per orbital), an electron can either be placed in a higher-energy orbital or paired with an electron in a lower-energy orbital. The strength of the ligands determine which option is chosen. If the splitting energy is greater than the pairing energy, the electrons will pair up; if the pairing energy is greater, unpaired electrons will occupy higher energy orbitals. In other words, with a strong-field ligand, low-spin complexes are usually formed; with a weak-field ligand, a high-spin complex is formed.Low-spin complexes contain more paired electrons because the splitting energy is larger than the pairing energy. These complexes, such as [Fe(CN)6]3-, are more often diamagnetic or weakly paramagnetic. Likewise, high-spin complexes usually contain more unpaired electrons because the pairing energy is larger than the splitting energy. With more unpaired electrons, high-spin complexes are often paramagnetic. The unpaired electrons in paramagnetic compounds create tiny magnetic fields, similar to the domains in ferromagnetic materials. The strength of the paramagnetism of a coordination complex increases with the number of unpaired electrons; a higher-spin complex is more paramagnetic. The occurrence and relative strength of paramagnetism can be predicted by determining whether the compound is coordinated to a weak field ligand or a strong field ligand.Example 24.6.1Which ligand generates a stronger magnetic complex ion when bound to Fe+2 : EDTA or CN− ?SolutionSince [Fe(EDTA)−23] has more unpaired electrons than [FeCN−36] , it is more paramagnetic.Example 24.6.2ZnI4 have eight valence electrons. If it is found to be diamagnetic, then does it occupy a tetrahedral or square plan geometry?SolutionThe splitting pattern for the two geometries differ and hence the electron configuration from adding the eight electrons also differ.The tetrahedral geometry has two unpaired electrons and the square planer geometry has zero. Since ZnI4 is diamagnetic, it must have a square planar geometry.Exercise 24.6.1For each of the following coordination complexes, identify if it is paramagnetic or diamagnetic?octahedral, low spin, d4 ,octahedral, low spin, d6 ,tetrahedral, low spin, d4square planar, low spin, d8Measuring the Strength of MagnetismThe Gouy balance is used to measure paramagnetism by suspending the complex in question against an equivalent weight with access to a magnetic field. In principle, a magnetic measurement can be done very simply. All it takes is a balance and a magnetic field. We all know how a balance works. In a simple model from an earlier time, we place the sample in one pan. The balance tips over. We find the appropriate weight - a little piece of carefully prepared metal, certified by some bureau of standards. The balance balances. The masses in the two pans must be equal.Figure 24.6.2 : A typical mass balance used to measure mass by comparing to a known mass.With a Gouy balance, the same idea applies, but we throw in a magnetic field, too. Even when it should be balanced, the balance tips, because of an attraction to the magnetic field. We need to find another weight that will get the balance even again. The weight needed to balance the scale is proportional to the attraction of the material to the magnetic field.Figure 24.6.3 : A Gouy balance measure the strength of a magnet by comparing to the gravitational force of a known mass.If the compound is paramagnetic, it will be pulled visibly towards the electromagnet, which is the distance proportional to the magnitude of the compound's paramagnetism. If the compound, however, is diamagnetic, it will not be pulled towards the electromagnet, instead, it might even slightly be repelled by it. This will be proven by the decreased weight or the no change in weight. The change in weight directly corresponds to the amount of unpaired electrons in the compound

This question is so old and there are hundreds of responses, but this is a thing I’ve done a lot of analysis on… because this answer just goes on and on with lots of exposition and details about stats and skills, etc. If you’ve been playing this as long as I have, maybe you’ve thought about this a lot too.You can skip ahead to the stat block I put in a few paragraphs.The best answers to this question tend to acknowledge 3d6 vs. 4d6 for ‘normal’ vs. ‘heroic’ play, but then disregard what a bell curve really is and how standard deviation actually works. I will also grant Quora’s mystic quality as a haven for folks that like to use their words a bunch and that the sample here skews, on average, about +1 Standard Deviation (SD) from the norm for INT. There are rules (somewhere in the morass of 3.5ish OGL stuff) for the common point buy vs. heroic point buy, but I loathe the normalization that points systems use.Alas d20 Modern, I knew you well. Too well, perhaps.the d20 Modern rules attempted to emulate the kinds of lives we live, generalized into ‘classes’ that were organized around each stat; you’d take levels in any of these six options: strong/quick/tough/smart/wise/social. Each comes complete with a hit die (d6-d12), skill points, BaB advancement, etc. I’ve converted the class features to bonus feats below. For Soldier, I used the warrior class from the DMG as I did not train as infantry or special forces (I was unable to complete Ranger training.) Fighters are infantry, special forces, Marines, military police, some human intel types and the like. The biggest difference is Soldier only gets 1 of the extra bonus feat/ability score increases that a Fighter gets and uses the lower d8 hit die.Conversion Therapy?! Oh, no!Converting the rest to 5e is not difficult to do. Proficiency bonus translates straight across to character level which would be +4 for me as a 12th level character. I’d multiclassed into 8 levels of ‘social’ (CHA) and 4 levels of ‘soldier’ (representative of my experience as a soldier) giving me 8d6 + 4d8 hit dice 6 + ((4 x 7) + (5 x 4)) or 54hp in game terms today. My advancement by character level was: 1st-4th Social, 5th-8th Soldier, 9th-12th Social.When I first deployed, I was 6 levels lower, a 4th level Social Engineer and 2nd level Soldier (6 + ((4 x 3) + (5 x 2) = 28. My Con was 12 at the time, so 34hp total. I took… a lot of punishment on deployment, but I was not as durable as most of the men and women I served with. I was, however, more versatile and flexible in exigent circumstances than the other 2nd level Soldier types I served with as I was 28–30 years old during this period.Actual Character Sheet the Jerk that Plays this Character uses:Name: Ira Wing Race: Human (American) Class: Social Engineer (8th) / Soldier (4th) Aligned: Chaotic Neutral (CN)   Stats: STR: 8 INT: 15 DEX: 12 WIS: 14 (11 + 3) CON: 10 CHA: 16 (13 + 3)  Prof Bonus: +4 AC: 11 HP: 58  Attacks: Unarmed (+5 hit / 1 dmg ) Finesse, Proficient Dagger (+5 hit / 1d4+1 ) [SOG Survival Knife], Finesse Handgun (+6 hit / 1d8+1 ) 20'/60' [Beretta M9], Handgun Specialty Rifle (+5 hit / 1d10+1) 120'/480' [M4 Carbine]  Saves: STR: -1 INT: +6 DEX: +5 WIS: +2 CON: +0 CHA: +7  Skills:  Deception: +11 [E] History: +4 [H] Insight: +9 [E] Investigation: +4 [H] Medicine: +6 [P] Persuasion: +7 [P] Survival +6 [P] Technology: +6 [P]  Passive Perception: 12 Passive Investigation: 14 Passive Insight: 19 So, like, you really have thought about this… [STR/DEX/CON]While I am not exceptionally strong, I can still accomplish a few pullups, several pushups, and a couple of dozen situps. I’m a competent unarmed fighter with a dozen years of Krav Maga. I am fast with my hands, can still juggle three objects, throw a knife correctly, am not clumsy, and can move somewhat more adroitly than common folks. I am a fair knife fighter and have done so in earnest and defense of my life. I’m also good-to-excellent shot, represented by class proficiency with rifles and additional training/experience with handguns beyond mere proficiency. I have about average endurance; I can run (a trot, really) just under a 10-minute mile (9:40 earlier as of this update, heh) and/or move for an 8-hour day wearing a hiking pack and carrying my own supplies.Unnecessary Full Disclosure AheadI have a form of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) called relapsing/remitting, which means I have episodes; not quite seizure-like, but you feel these episodes coming on as terrible fatigue, weakness, headache. It is quite possible to wake up from one of these and something is just… gone or missing or changed about your body. Weakness on my left side. My voice changed. I can no longer see within about 18″ of my eyes (up close) and so on. It is relentless, progressive, degenerative, and likely to be terminal. It comes with very real physical consequences.In game terms, my best guess is that my physical stats have dropped by -2 each, permanently. My training is limited by less motor control and endurance; modifying my exercises down to a pace and level I can manage lets me keep them going, for now, most of the time. I am still able to handle most of my day to day tasks, but that may come to an end if my progression continues apace.Ah, Quora; Where Everyone is the Smartest! [INT/WIS/CHA]My IQ test comes in routinely in the 128–132 range; the bell curve for IQ is offset slightly from a 3–18 distribution on 3d6 distribution and so that places me at about the equivalent of a 15 (or roughly in the top tenth percentile/+2 standard deviations) on the equivalent curve. I won my state’s spelling bee when I was 11 years old if that helps, heh.I was not natively ‘wise enough to know better’ when I was young. Experience has shown me the value of paying attention to my surroundings. The cues people give by their body language, what they don’t say, and how they say what they say all matter for different reasons. I also work hard to maintain empathy for people around me. This has helped me grow into the ‘above average’ range for making the right insightful decisions or considered actions, represented by my ability score increases over time.While I’m an introvert, it’s a common misconception that introverts aren’t social. Introverts rest and recharge best by being alone. I’ve spent a great deal of time and effort tuning and improving my social aptitude and force of personality. I can speak publically, socially engineer the results I wish from individuals or groups, and I am a capable leader in social, professional, and dangerous settings. I still need alone time to recharge, though, as I am at heart an introvert. This was a concerted effort on my part through training and experience, represented by ability score increases (and my highest stat.)A note on my alignmentParaphrased from my answer to the question: “How do you play Chaotic Neutral in D&D?” here on Quora:I would consider myself reasonably close to CN if I placed myself along the good-evil/law-chaos axes. I lean in on things that affect my freedoms and the freedoms of others to express themselves and be themselves, but I do not overcommit. I can work within, around, or in spite of the law. I associate with a broad range of people, both good and bad, without batting an eyelash or seeming out of place. I have walked in the light, shadow, and darkness when necessary. I succumbed to the worst of myself after returning from Afghanistan. I have allowed myself to live only for my experience with little regard for others. I have been way over-committed to the lives and problems of other people, giving my time and resources until it nearly ruined my life; it cost me my marriage for sure.Through all of this, I’ve learned what’s best for my sanity and the expectations of my few friends. I walk the middle line unless people that I cherish are threatened. Then, well, you should have expected me to show up.If you have more than one MOS in the Army, are you Multiclassed?From work as a civilian and in the military, I picked up the Medicine (INT) skill from EMT training as a civilian and Medic training from the Army. I’ve worked as an EMT (Paramedic) and I can stabilize someone else that’s been critically injured using basic or advanced lifesaving (BLS/ALS) equipment. I’ve set bones. I’ve administered a few tracheotomies when they were the only way to open an airway. I’ve done stitches, wound care, treated burns, etc. I’ve worked with people in physical therapy. I earned my Combat Medic Badge for performing as a medic under combat conditions. I made a decision to never work as a Medic again when I came home and put my head back together (metaphorically; it was a rough transition ‘home’ afterward.)I retrained (for 60 weeks) in Wired/Wireless Switching Systems, setting up ground to satellite, wide area, roaming, and wired local or central office communications, going from half to full proficiency in the Technology (INT) skill. I used to be a bit of a Technology dilettante; a little of this or that, know the basics but get others to do the work and just copy it. My training at the Army Signal school filled in a lot of gaps and I worked in Tech for 15 years. While deployed in this capacity, the mission required I work with high energy RF systems and positioning systems outside of the scope of my MOS. I used my experiences from my background to help me succeed during these missions. In a modern ruleset, I blend my use of the Technology skill with my social skills and make my living as that ‘geek with social skills’ that can work with people or computers.Useful skills, Used UnusuallyI can navigate over land with or without a vehicle, with or without a map. I can forage for myself, identify fungi in 2 terrain types, find or make shelter, and identify the geomorphology of an area. I can fish and have hunted, I can gut a fish or dress small game if I must, and I have spent enough time by myself in the wilderness to know I can handle myself in the normal range of weather. While my Survival (WIS) skill is a touch rusty given my limitations these days, I know how to do this.Before, during, and since my time as a Soldier, I chose to practice with my M9 sidearm and qualified at Expert. In game terms, a Soldier class feature allows a selection of a single weapon you’re proficient with, granting +1 to hit at 4th level. This represents all of my range time, qualifiers to match, and experience in the field backing it up. When I take the ‘attack’ action, I can take a second shot at the same target as a bonus action. I prefer pistols to rifles; in either of my jobs in the Army, even the M4 - which is shorter than an M16 - is too unwieldy in close quarters. For specific guard duty or situationally when covering a wide area was necessary, sure but in the field, I had my preferences.Social Introvert; Playing Against TypeAs a Social character, I chose Insight (WIS) & Persuasion (CHA) as class skills, and proficiency with INT and CHA saves. As I have advanced as a social character, I chose Social Engineer as my subclass. At 3rd level you gain the equivalent of the ‘Friends’ cantrip; it is not difficult for me to move through the world, identifying the easiest way to get someone to smile and nod back at me. They tend to get mad when they realize it was an affectation. Heh. At 6th level, Social Engineers have the ‘Dilettante’ class feature, representing the way that some socialites seem to ‘know a lot about a little, and a little about a lot.’ You select Expertise in two class skills and two languages or two skills of any class at half proficiency. Where this is most like me: Insight and Deception for Expertise and History and Investigation for half-proficiency.Past as Present? Only when necessary.My background as a Hacker gives me proficiency in the Deception (CHA) skill. Hacker is similar to the Charlatan background except that the special feature is ‘bonus identity’, a feature that allows for the development of a second identity in much the same way as the use of a Disguise kit would for an actor. The Hacker background also gains proficiency in two tools or gaming sets, your choice. I chose playing cards and electronic test and measurement tools. I learned to play cards and count cards at my Uncle’s knee; he spent a lifetime in Vegas working for the same casino for 50 years before retiring. I’ve won blackjack tournaments and while I can play poker, I prefer to play against the house. I grew up on the right side of technology and the wrong side of the law. I made it through poor choices without consequences not because I am ‘that good’ but because the law ignored most early phreaking/hacking as they didn’t have the resources to keep up or bust you unless you went after their stuff.These days I’m an adult with personal property that understands the consequences of being a bad actor and I work above board. Old habits die hard, though. I chose CN for a reason.Growing or Decaying. There is no in between.All of my stat improvements went into my WIS and CHA stats, +3 to each as I’ve learned how to be more effective. I am uneducated, so these advancement choices more closely reflect where I’ve grown as a person vs. putting additional points in INT. Had I chosen education as a path, I’d have the History and Investigation skills instead of Insight and Persuasion. I really am just that much of a geek for History and given my Hacker background, there’s not a thing I haven’t been able to find out about a person, subject, or topic when I’ve applied myself to it.I started off with proficiency in INT and CHA saves as a ‘social’ character, and picked up proficiency in DEX saves after I multiclassed into Soldier as a bonus feat from the class at 2nd level. I could also just be lucky, but I made it through quite a few things that I am sure I took ‘half damage’ from that affected an area. Whatever it is, I’m grateful and that gratitude was key to working through the PTSD/Survivor Guilt that I struggled with for years. It is remarkable how remembering what you have today can pull your head out of the past where it doesn’t belong. If all of what I’ve done in my life has taught me nothing else, it is that now is the only sure thing you have.edited for: clarity & structure, sequencing and typos/clarity.I swear I didn’t change my stats, DM!