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This answer may contain sensitive images. Click on an image to unblur it.First of all Amit… what do u mean by Hindu Extremist, can u explain what u understand by that term ??Name: Shivaji BhonsleDate of Birth: February 19, 1630Birthplace: Shivneri Fort, Pune district, MaharashtraParents: Shahaji Bhonsle (Father) and Jijabai (Mother)Reign: 1674–1680Spouse: Saibai, Soyarabai, Putalabai, Sakvarbai, Laxmibai, KashibaiChildren: Sambhaji, Rajaram, Sakhubai Nimbalkar, Ranubai Jadhav, Ambikabai Mahadik, Rajkumaribai ShirkeReligion: HinduismDeath: April 3, 1680Seat of Power: Raigad Fort, MaharashtraSuccessor: Sambhaji BhonsleBy 1645, Shivaji acquired control of several strategic from under the Bijapur Sultanate around Pune – Torna from Inayat Khan, Chakan from FirangojiNarsala, Kondana from Adil Shahi Governor, along with Singhagarh and Purandar. Following his success, he had emerged as a threat for Mohammed Adil Shah who gave the order to imprison Shahaji in 1648. Shahaji was released on condition that Shivaji kept a low profile and kept from further conquests. Shivaji resumed his conquests after Shahaji’s death in 1665 by acquiring the valley of Javali from Chandrarao More, a Bijapuri jaigirdaar. Mohammed Adil Shah sent Afzal Khan, a powerful general in his employ to subdue Shivaji.The two met in a private rendezvous on November 10, 1659 to discuss terms of negotiation. Shivaji anticipated it to be a trap and he arrived prepared wearing armor and concealing a metal tiger claw. When Afzal Khan attacked Shivaji with a dagger, he was saved by his armour and Shivaji retaliated by attacking Afzal Khan with the tiger’s claw, mortally injuring him. He ordered his forces to launch an assault on the leaderless Bijapuri contingents. Victory was easy for Shivaji in the Battle of Pratapgarh, where around 3000 Bijapuri soldiers were killed by the Maratha forces. Mohammed Adil Shah next sent a larger army under the command of General Rustam Zaman who faced Shivaji in the Battle of Kolhapur. Shivaji secured victory in a strategic battle causing the general to flee for his life. Mohammed Adil Shah finally saw victory when his general Siddi Jauhar successfully sieged the fort of Panhala on September 22, 1660. Shivaji recaptured the Fort of Panhal later in 1673Conflicts with the MughalsShivaji’s conflicts with the Bijapuri Sultanate and his continuous victories brought him under the radar of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb saw him as a threat to expansion of his imperial intent and concentrated his efforts on eradicating the Maratha threat. Confrontations began in 1957, when Shivaji’s generals raided and looted Mughal territories near Ahmednagar and Junnar. However, Aurangzeb’s retaliation was thwarted by arrival of rainy season and battle for succession back in Delhi. Aurangzeb directed Shaista Khan, Governor of Deccan and his maternal uncle, to subdue Shivaji. Shaista Khan launched a massive attack against Shivaji, capturing several forts under his control and even his capital Poona. Shivaji retaliated back by launching a stealth attack on Shaista Khan, eventually injuring him and evicting him from Poona. Shaista Khan later arranged multiple attacks on Shivaji, severely reducing his holds of forts in the Konkan region. To replenish his depleted treasury, Shivaji attacked Surat, an important Mughal trading center and looted the Mughal wealth. An infuriated Aurangzeb sent his chief general Jai Singh I with an army of 150,000. The Mughal forces made considerable dent, sieging forts under Shivaji’s control, extracting money and slaughtering soldiers in their wake. Shivaji agreed to come to an agreement with Aurangzeb to prevent further loss of life and the Treaty of Purandar was signed between Shivaji and Jai Singh on June 11, 1665. Shivaji agreed to surrender 23 forts and pay a sum of 400000 as compensation to the Mughal Empire. Aurangzeb invited Shivaji to Agra with an aim to use his military prowess to consolidate Mughal empires in Afghanistan. Shivaji travelled to Agra with his eight year old son Sambhaji and was offended by Aurangzeb’s treatment of him. He stormed out of the court and an offended Aurangzeb placed him under house arrest. But Shivaji once again used his wit and cunning to escape the imprisonment. He feigned severe illness and arranged for baskets of sweets to be sent to temple as offerings for prayer. He disguised as one of the carriers and hid his son in one of the baskets, and escaped on August 17, 1666. In subsequent times, Mughal and Maratha hostilities were pacified to a large extent by constant mediation through Mughal Sardar Jaswant Singh. Peace lasted till 1670, after which Shivaji launched an all-out offense against the Mughals. He recovered most of his territories sieged by the Mughals within four months.Shivaji died at the age of 52 on April 3, 1680, at the Raigad Fort, after suffering from a bout of dysentery. A conflict of succession arose after his death between his eldest son Sambhaji and his third wife Soyrabai on behalf of her 10-year old son Rajaram. Sambhaji dethroned the young Rajaram and ascended the throne himself on June 20, 1680.the Mughal-Maratha conflicts continued after Shivaji’s death and the Maratha glory declined greatly. However it was reclaimed by young Madhavrao Peshwa who reclaimed Maratha glory and established his authority over North India.The Mughal–Maratha Wars, also called the Maratha War of Independence, were fought between the Maratha Empire and the Mughal Empire from 1680 to 1707. The Deccan Wars started in 1680 with the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb’s invasion of the Maratha enclave in Bijapur established by Chatrapati Shivaji.[7]After the death of Aurangzeb, Marathas defeated the Mughals in Delhi and Bhopal, and extended their empire till Peshawar by 1758.[8]After the fall of Bijapur and Golkonda, Aurangzeb turned his attention again to the Marathas but his first few attempts had little impact. In January 1688, Sambhaji called together his commanders for a strategic meeting at Sangameshwar in Konkan to decide on the final blow to oust Aurangzeb from the Deccan. To execute the decision of the meeting quickly, Sambhaji sent ahead most of his comrades and stayed back with a few of his trustworthy men, including Kavi Kalash. Ganoji Shirke, one of Sambhaji's brothers-in-law, turned traitor and helped Aurangzeb's commander Muqarrab Khan to locate, reach and attack Sangameshwar while Sambhaji was still there. The relatively small Maratha force fought back although they were surrounded from all sides. Sambhaji was captured on 1 February 1689 and a subsequent rescue attempt by the Marathas was repelled on 11 March. He refused to bow down to Aurangzeb, so he was beheaded.According to John F. Richards, however, Sambhaji was executed for killing and capturing Muslims.The ulema of the Mughal Empire sentenced Sambhaji to death for his atrocities.fter the death of Aurangzeb, the Marathas began an expansion northward. They crossed the Narmada, the traditional boundary between northern plains and peninsula, marched to Delhi and released the grandson of Shivaji, Shahu, from captivity of Mughals.By 1758, the Marathas had reached Delhi.The Mughal empire was split in regional kingdoms, with the Nizam of Hyderabad, Nawab of Oudh and Nawab of Bengal quick to assert the independence of their lands.Who were the mughals ??? don’t believe things that were taught to u during your school days, 99% of our re written history praises the Mughal kings, who were the real plague of India… My fellow maharastrains have suffered a lot under the mughal rule… they have struggled to keep hindutva alive.. and even to this day, they are fighting for the same cause, which is our birth right….Maharsatra is a secular state only upto a certain point, Saving our culture from foreign invasion is not extremismdeath of SambhajiTherefore, after the arrival of the Emperor (Aurangzeb) at Koregaon on Sunday the 3rd March, he was executed along with Kavi Kalas with the sword on Monday, the 11th March 1689.”This is the description of the death of Sambhaji, son of Shivaji, in Maasir-i-Alamgir. Somewhat feeble and vapid for what is considered a climactic central event of the shared historical and folk memory of the Maratha past.For Marathas, Kunbis and Dalits (of Maharashtra), if there is a martyrdom that became the most affecting subject of popular commemoration, it is the death and dismembering of Sambhaji.The historical ballads that are meant to bear witness to the death of the second ruler of the Maratha realm are meant to be profoundly stirring: rendered in a manner that will raise the hair on the backs of the listeners and move them to tears. To hear kirtankar Charudatt Aphale sing those elegiac povadas (ballads) in his kirtan, to listen to the grandeur of the phrasing that supplies image and allegory to that story, is to realise what it feels like to have tides surging in one’s blood and marrow.The story goes something like this: Sambhaji was betrayed by members of the Shirke clan and came to be surrounded by swarms of Mughal parties led by Muqarrab Khan at Sangameshwar. He was apprehended and taken, like a wild beast, in chains, along with his advisor Kavi Kalash to Bahadurgad to be presented in the court of ‘Alamgir’ Aurangzeb. Four miles outside the encampment they were dressed as buffoons in long fools’ caps with bells on them, mounted on camels and paraded in front of crowds that lined the streets. They were spat and urinated upon and prodded with spears. After the long pageant of shame, they were finally brought to the Emperor. Sambhaji was given the offer of pardon if he would surrender his forts, reveal the location of his hidden treasures and the names of the Mughal officers who were his informers. Oral myths go on about how the only condition for pardon was actually conversion to Islam and complete subordination, but there is no mention of any such demand in contemporary records. Sambhaji refused the offer of life with all the vehemence he could gather, hurled invectives at Aurangzeb and his Prophet, and asked for one of his daughters as his price in the transaction. That night, his eyes were gored with hot iron spikes and his tongue cut off from its root. For a fortnight, Sambhaji and Kavi Kalash were degraded and tortured; swathes of their skin were flayed every day, bones were smashed and, after they’d had their fill, these flayed, limp creatures were taken to Koregaon on Bhima river for the final act. On the new moon night in the month of Falgun — March 11, 1689 — the night before Gudi Padwa, their limbs were hacked off, one by one, and thrown to dogs. Their severed heads, stuffed with straw, were taken around the nearby cities and put on display as specimens of the abject carcass of Hindavi Swarajya. These heads were later found in a patch of vegetation in the village called Vadhu, where they were cremated by a couple of villagers.Vadhu is sited on the confluence of the rivers Bhama, Bhima and Indrayani. For the villagers, the unbroken living strands of memory have produced at least two postscripts to the narrative on Sambhaji’s death. The Kunbi-Marathas of the village (the extended clan of Shivales and Shivale-Patils) believe that it was their ancestors who gathered the various parts of their Chhatrapati and sewed them together to produce some semblance of a corpse before carrying out the last rites.The Dalits of Vadhu have a different story about this. It starts with Janabai, a woman from the Parit clan (of dhobis) getting into the Indrayani for her washing and finding chunks of flesh in its flanks. She raises an alarm and gathers a crowd, but she’s hushed by the village Patil. There’s a diktat from Aurangzeb: Sambhaji’s remains are for the scavengers; anybody who touches them will be dealt with similarly. She runs around the village like a madwoman, beseeching every household to give her beloved king what was owed to him in death. That’s when Govinda (Mahar) Gaikwad presents himself. And so, it came to pass that the Dalit women and children of Vadhu brought together scraps of their king from the river and the thickets in whatever piece of cloth they could find and these were then committed to flames by Govinda Mahar, the carcass cleaner of Vadhu.There is a third supplement to this tale that falls right athwart the fault lines of caste. It questions the accreted cultural inheritance of Gudi Padwa. The Gudi figurine raised outside the home on Gudi Padwa is a stick covered in bright cloth, usually a rich brocade fabric, topped with neem leaves, crowned with an upended copper pot. How did the Gudi acquire the form it did? Why should it be raised on the first day of Chaitra, on the day after Sambhaji’s death? It alleges the secret plotting of Sambhaji’s ruin by his Brahmin advisors. It speaks of how the inner circle of Ramdasi Brahmins was a nest of intrigue and how exactly the final movements of Sambhaji were passed on to the Mughals by Ranganath Swami Rairikar, the chief disciple of Ramdas Swami. The claim is that the punishment handed out to Sambhaji was exactly in compliance with the laws of Manusmriti: for learning the sacred language that only the ‘technicians of the sacred’ had divine right over; for daring to write prose in chaste Sanskrit; for his inquiry into scriptures; for being so proud as to instruct priests about their own duty.It was in Vadhu on December 28, 2017 that the tinder was lit that led to the rioting in Koregaon Bhima on January 1. It started after a flex board with an “inaccurate version” of history was put up next to the samadhi of Govinda Mahar. The board erected by the Mahar community commemorated him as the man who had defied the orders of Aurangzeb to perform the last rites of Sambhaji. A few metres away is the spot where Sambhaji is said to have been cremated. The official plaque there acknowledges the Shivales for their role in the funeral rites. The flex board was smashed and Govinda Mahar’s samadhi was desecrated in the early hours of December 29. On the same day, a complaint was filed against 49 people (including sarpanch Rekha Shivale) under the SC/ST prevention of Atrocities Act. A counter-complaint was filed by Ramakant Shivale, gram panchayat member, claiming that the Dalits had threatened them with retaliation on January 1, when lakhs of Dalits were expected to show up for the Koregaon Bhima Vijaystambh celebrations. The upshot of these events was that the gram panchayat of Koregaon Bhima declared a bandh in the village.It’s ironic that these are relics of the real glory of the Swarajya project, meant to offer consolation and solidarity. Consecrated in the social nature of remembrance and collective identities. But, if all historical narratives are approximations and, at least in part, collections of gossip, how can memory then be declared an artificially created past? What if these local histories and memories are so terribly ghettoised that they produce animus instead? What if memory turns riotous in a small village of 3,000 people and then goes on to convulse an entire State? That’s perhaps why the historian Tryambak Shejwalkar had, at some point, resigned himself to believing that history had gripped Maharashtra like the devil.So my friend… There is nothing wrong in Maharastra being a extremist state for the well being of our country.OUR COUNTRY, OUR RIGHT.Jai HindAnbe Sivam

There are many fields in arts as in the science fields ……There are fourteen main fields in arts. They are:Animation and EffectsArchitectureVisual DesignGaming and TechnologyStudio ArtsProduct and Interior DesignFashion and ApparelEducationFilm and ProductionMusic and Performing ArtsCulinaryMedia and Creative WritingMarketingPhotographyANIMATION AND EFFECTS→Motion GraphicsMotion graphics designers create the moving words, logos, numbers and text on the screen during a film, television show, commercial or other media project. The credits of a movie, the phone number on an infomercial, the logo of a business during a commercial - these are all examples of motion graphics.What Are the Education Requirements for a Motion Graphics Designer?There is no degree requirement to enter the field of Motion Graphics, in fact, there is an abundance of self-taught professionals making a living in the industry who do not hold a formal degree. This fact, however, can be misleading to those who are considering a career in the field. While there are numerous examples of artists who have learned the skills necessary to excel at the work (without a traditional education) the reality is that most employers require candidates to hold a minimum of a bachelor's degree to even be considered for an open position. The hard truth is that there are far more qualified candidates with degrees in Animation, Computer Graphics, or a related field than there are open positions. Employers screening applicants for entry-level positions will typically start by weeding out the candidates without a formal degree. The reason is simple – most employers are looking for candidates who can meet the job requirements without the large costs of time and training. Candidates with a strong educational background signal to employers that they already have the foundational skills to excel at their job. Candidates without a degree may never receive consideration, no matter how good their portfolio is.Bachelor’s degree programs most commonly include coursework in drawing, painting, and sculpture, as well as animation and film. Some schools may even have specialized programs in video game design and interactive media. Many vocational and technical colleges also offer digital media and design programs that award bachelor’s degrees. Coursework unusually covers most technical and creative aspects of motion graphics development. Keep in mind that in the first two years of many undergraduate programs only liberal arts requirements and foundational art classes, such as color theory and art history are covered. During the last two years, coursework dives deeper into an area of focus, in this case, motion graphics. However, if students are to understand as well as master techniques in both graphic design and animation, they should count on the possibility of attending an extra year or two.Those who choose to teach or advance in their career may opt to earn a graduate degree in design or motion graphics. Typically, these programs focus on independent study, demanding a high level of proficiency in all areas of design. Classes usually culminate in a final thesis which shows a student’s development and progress.Because this field is constantly changing, people in the motion graphics industry must stay current on trends. For this reason, designers should take advantage of all internship, apprenticeship, and continuing education opportunities available. Many schools offer internships, as do many larger companies.→Visual EffectsA visual arts animator is both an artist and a craftsman. Using animation software, a skilled professional is able to create unique special effects or complex visual impressions needed for the project at hand. From accident-scene recreation to blockbuster movie effects, the visual arts animator is an essential part of both the public and private sector.Education RequirementsThe BLS suggests that individuals who are interested in becoming a visual effects animator take the time to earn a bachelor’s degree in animation, art, or a closely related career. Most employers require at least this level of education, although many individuals earn higher degrees, especially after deciding to specialize in visual effects animation. Learning computer software often used in animation and multimedia art will give individuals an advantage in the field, even before they specialize.→3D AnimationElectronic media forms are, without a doubt, the wave of the future. As the demand for increasingly sophisticated entertainment and educational tools grows, so does the need for talented and skilled 3D animators. Whether remotely from home, or in person as part of a team, one thing is for certain: the field of animation is booming.EducationAn entry-level position in 3D animation requires successful completion of at least a bachelor’s degree in computer graphics, graphic design, fine art, or animation. Students should look for programs that focus on art and computer courses. Some of the specific courses that students working towards a bachelor’s degree may complete include:2D and 3D AnimationCharacter DevelopmentDigital ImagingDrawingHistory of AnimationScriptinStoryboardingIt is essential to take the time while in school to build a professional portfolio. This should contain up to 30 pieces that display the student’s creative and artistic skills, as well as mastery of computer software programs. Due to the nature of the work, most schools require students to build and manage their portfolio online. Some specific items to include in a portfolio include:Life Drawings: These can be quick sketches of sustained and gesture drawings of humans or animals in various positions. Life drawings should demonstrate realistic proportions in a variety of angles and poses.Original Character Designs: This category should show a variety of animated characters highlighting different expressions and poses. Students may also wish to include illustrations, model sheets, and turnarounds.Other Original Work: This should include computer graphic, design, drawing, painting, or sculpture that demonstrates a wide range of the student’s talents. It should be obvious to the viewer what the student’s personal interests are and who has influenced his or her work the most. 3D images, computer animation, motion graphics, photography, website design, and fine art are all good things to include here.Prop and Location Designs: This portion of the portfolio should include drawings of locations, scenery, and objects that demonstrate a thorough understanding of line, shadow, light, perspective, design techniques, and color.Practical Experience, Internships & VolunteeringThe best way to stand out to a potential employer in this competitive field is to complete one or more internships while earning a bachelor’s degree. Whether a student obtains their degree online or at a traditional college, he or she should have access to an advisor who can help to locate possible internships. When deciding on 3D animation schools, students should choose one that has a strong internship support program.A typical internship lasts for at least a semester and gives the student the opportunity to learn more about the field by working closely with a mentor. The internship should provide the chance to complete actual tasks that a 3D animator would do each day and not merely administrative tasks. This will typically include writing papers outlining what they have learned or performed while interning, as well as interviews with various people in the organization.In addition to full-time formal internships, it’s also a good idea for students in this degree field to volunteer their services at local companies or for people in their social circle who need the help of an animator. However, it does take persistence to find these opportunities. 3D animation students should contact television stations, producers, website designers, and related types of businesses and offer their services at no charge or for a small fee. The goal is to have more content to add to their portfolio and references who can vouch for the student’s quality of work when it comes time to apply and interview for a full-time job in the field.Continuing Education – Advance Your CareerMaster’s degree programs in 3D animation are not common. However, students who are interested in furthering their education can enroll in a Master’s of Fine Arts (MFA) program and then choose 3D animation as their specialty. Courses at this advanced level focus on perfecting artistic and computer software skills that students learned while completing an undergraduate degree. Specifically, master’s degree programs are more in-depth and explore algorithms used to design animated characters and models. Students will also study the concepts of weight and physics as they relate to animated creations.A master’s degree program typically requires two years of full-time study after obtaining a bachelor’s degree. MFA candidates can expect to spend significant time in the computer lab learning about the technology that makes 3D animation possible. At the end of the MFA program, students will submit a thesis paper on an animation topic of their choice. In lieu of a thesis, some professors may ask for a more developed portfolio or completion of a group project.To gain a competitive advantage, some people who have completed a bachelor’s or master’s degree in 3D animation choose to earn certification in a specialized area, which may include movie special effects, video game development, or cartooning. A number of online programs exist that enable students to gain this credential.→Computer AnimationNearly every form of entertainment utilizes the talents and skills of a computer animator. These professionals have honed skills in both the technical aspect of animation; as well as the artistic needs of the industry. Find out now what it takes to acquire and blend your artistic nature with your computer proficiency.EducationBoth traditional and online colleges offer a variety of degree options in this growing and competitive field. A bachelor degree combines core courses such as mathematics, English, and social sciences with competencies students will need to obtain work once they graduate. Typical course offerings in a computer animation bachelor degree program include:Technology in the Entertainment and Media IndustriesCreative PresentationFoundations of 2D and 3DArt FundamentalsArt HistoryShading and LightingCharacter Design and AnimationVisual DevelopmentStoryboardingFundamentals of CompositingProduction ModelingAnimation ProductionAdditionally, students spend a good percentage of their time preparing their professional portfolios and receiving constructive criticism to improve them. A computer animation portfolio highlights projects the student worked on while earning a degree and should demonstrate his or her very best work. The portfolio should include items like 2D and 3D drawings, sketch art, links to any online work, character drawings, and storyboards. Most companies looking to hire a computer animator consider the work he or she is capable of producing more than any other qualification.Some students decide to choose a specialty area while earning their degree, such as video game animation. Those who desire to specialize need to ensure that the college they select can accommodate their request for more focused classes as opposed to coursework that provides more of a general overview. Employers and clients typically expect entry-level workers to have a degree in computer animation, graphic arts, or fine arts. Associate and master degrees are also available, although the bachelor degree remains the most common educational credential for new computer animators.Earn Practical Experience (Internships & Volunteering)Most schools that offer computer animation degrees require students to complete at least one internship. This involves working at a company off-site to get hands-on experience with what they have learned so far in college. The work may be unpaid or qualify for a stipend. Some schools offer assistance with internship placement and others do not. Completing an internship at an actual animation studio is ideal for this career. The junior year is the most common time to meet the internship requirement. This gives students the opportunity to learn advanced skills during their senior year having already had the experience of working in the field.Volunteering is another great way to gain experience as a computer animator. Many organizations would welcome assistance with website design or a related skill, especially charities and non-profits. The student should make it clear that he or she is looking for a professional reference in lieu of financial compensation. All experience matters in the eye of the employer or client, whether paid or not. It also shows that the student takes initiative to advance his or her own career.Continuing Education / Advance Your CareerSoftware programs can become outdated quickly and new technology emerges all of the time. More than many other fields, continuing education is an essential aspect of working in computer animation. Many online colleges offer certificate programs that enable people to master a specific skill or software program. Obtaining an advanced degree is another option to gain upward movement as a computer animator.Colleges offering a Master of Fine Arts or a Master of Science in this field require completion of a bachelor degree in computer animation, art, graphic design or a related field. Submission of a professional portfolio, letters of recommendation, a personal essay, and previous college transcripts are also common requirements. MFA courses focus more on the artistic aspects of computer animation, such as graphics development. A Master of Science is more concerned with the technical aspects of animation, such as digital page formatting.→3D ModelingA 3D modeler brings one-dimensional representations of people, places, processes, actions and things to life. These highly skilled technical artists contribute not only to the entertainment industry but also to the scientific, medical and educational communities, just to name a few. Using high-level computer proficiencies, a 3D modeling specialist will infuse formerly flat images and designs with spirit and vitality.Education RequirementsThe education for a 3D modeler should depend upon the industry they plan to enter. For instance, individuals who want to create art for video games should consider majoring in game design, and should have a strong background in art and multimedia art. Those who wish to become a 3D modeler in a scientific field should major in a science-related degree such as physics with a focus on modeling. In any case, the Bureau of Labor Statistics recommends that those pursuing a career as a 3D modeler earn at least a bachelor’s degree. As the competition for this career grows, those who display more education and experience will have better opportunities and prospects. It is wise to research schools and available programs in-depth before choosing, and it’s also a sound decision to speak with a career counselor about your goals and to determine what education path to take.ARCHITECTURE→ArchitectHave you ever looked at a building and wondered how someone could possibly build such a magnificent structure? The answer is simple. Before the first nail was ever hammered, or the foundation poured, there was an architect responsible for the concept and design. Large, small, complex or simple; each physical space and material used in the construction was conceived and planned by an architect.Architecture Degrees & Education RequirementsArchitects design buildings where people live and work, which requires a great deal of knowledge and holds a great deal of responsibility. As a result, becoming an architect requires years of education and training. To be employed, and to refer to oneself as a professional architect, individuals must be licensed, which requires the person to hold a degree in architecture. All practicing architects must earn at least a bachelor’s degree from a program accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board.Most Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch) degree programs take five years to complete and may be divided into two tracks; the first two years providing a general education, and the last two-plus years more architecture-intensive. B.Arch programs help students gain a deep understanding and knowledge of architecture’s traditions, techniques, methods of inquiry, and modes of production, so that they can emerge with the skills necessary to meet the demands pertaining to a career in architecture, as well as speak intelligently about the role of architecture in society. A B.Arch degree also qualifies graduates to take the state professional licensing exam after completing a required internship in an architectural office.Curriculum varies from program to program but usually consists of general education requirements, such as math, science, and English. Coursework also includes studio classes and lectures in the art of architecture, architectural design, introduction to building and structural systems, introduction to the history of architecture, introduction to architectural concepts and drawing, modern architecture, architecture in other cultures, design art and design technology (including computer software and CAD), and electives. Besides coursework, students learn analytical skills, communication, and negotiating skills, they learn how to manage construction, choose materials, create plans, and building laws and safety regulations in the state they wish to work. Outside of class, they must also have design talent, engineering ability, social awareness, and a business attitude in order to succeed in this field.Architects who graduate with a B.Arch and go on to take the state professional licensing exam may wish to continue their education and earn a Master’s degree in architecture, which allows them to specialize in a particular field, such as designing sustainable structures, urban design, or landscape architecture. However, an advanced degree in architecture is not required to work in this field if you are already a licensed architect. A master’s degree is necessary for individuals who have earned a pre-professional certificate in architecture or an unrelated degree, but who want to obtain a professional degree in architecture.The postgraduate master’s program in architecture allows graduates to deepen their knowledge about architecture, provides studio experience in designing structures, as well as the opportunity to come up with designs that address issues affecting architecture – both modern and traditional. Students will be given complex problems to solve that will require drawing on the technical, aesthetic, and environmental knowledge learned while in school. All this allows aspiring professional architects to become great architects who are in touch with the evolving trends in this field. Keep in mind that an advanced master’s degree in architecture is necessary if you want to consult, teach, or go into research.Keep in mind too, that in order to gain licensure and work in the field as a professional architect, you must complete three to five years of internships. In a larger design firm, you will likely do menial work and sit at a desk all day, possibly drafting on a computer. However, you may also work as part of a large design team or do some creative work. Internships are invaluable when it comes to learning side-by-side with the people you will work with every day after graduation. Internships are also great for networking and gaining that valuable work experience so necessary to enter the field of architecture.→Naval ArchitectureNaval architecture is the process of designing and building the watercraft that make water travel possible. Professionals that work in this field design and help build several different types of marine vessels and structures. For instance, they design watercraft that floats and travels across the top of the water, from small boats to ships. They also design submersibles, which travel under the water, and standing structures, like marine oil rigs. Special types of aircraft that are designed for water landings, are also designed and built with the help of naval architects.Education RequirementsNaval architecture is a very specialized field, and those interested in naval architecture careers will need to earn special degrees. Naval architecture degrees are usually a combination of engineering and design.Although some engineering schools offer naval architecture programs, many individuals pursuing naval architecture careers will usually choose to earn degrees at special schools. For instance, the United States Naval Academy offers degree programs in naval architecture through their Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering Department. Advanced degrees are also available for individuals who have already earned a four year degree in an engineering related field.→Landscape ArchitectureHave you ever had your breath taken away by looking at a meticulously manicured rose garden or the serenity of a Japanese dry landscape? If so, you can direct your applause towards the landscape architect who used multiple talents to create such a magnificent outdoor space. Being a professional in this field nearly guarantees a life filled with avid recognition and personal satisfaction.Education RequirementsThe majority of landscape architects are outdoorsy types, and they enjoy the beauty and serenity that natural spaces offer. They are also usually very creative, with excellent drawing skills and a good sense of spatial awareness.In order to start a career in landscape architecture, an individual usually needs to earn at least a Bachelor’s degree in landscape architecture or design. A traditional architecture degree with a concentration in landscape design is also suitable. Students leaning toward a career in landscape architecture will usually take classes in drawing, CAD, soil engineering, terrain shaping, construction, and horticulture. Some landscape architects might also earn more advanced degrees, like Master’s degrees, but these are not always necessary.Most areas also require landscape architects to be licensed or registered by The Board of Landscape Architects. This usually involves taking a difficult five part test, which consists of several multiple-choice questions as well as graphic problems that must be solved with drafting techniques.→Golf Course DesignGolf course designers combine unique knowledge of the conceptual and strategic elements of the sport with an expert-level understanding of construction, character, and style. Professionals in this field work closely with clients to design a natural environment that challenges players with different golf shots, pin placements, green contours, and hazards, while also increasing environmental sustainability.Education RequirementsMost golf course design careers typically start with nothing more than a love for the game. The majority of golf course designers are skilled golf players, and they typically know what makes a good golf course.Besides being avid golfer, individuals interested in golf course design careers should also be interested in landscaping, and have great drawing skills. Computer skills are also helpful, since most designs are drawn up using computer software.In order to start a golf course design career, an individual will usually need to earn a degree in landscape architecture. Some design and architecture schools may also offer courses specifically geared toward aspiring golf course design.→Urban DesignUrban design can be described as a mix of city planning, landscape design, and architecture. It involves planning and designing nearly every aspect of a city. Some of the things that urban designers incorporate into their plans may include buildings, streets, landscaping, public transportation systems, and public parks.Part of an urban designer’s job is to make the cities and towns he’s working on look and feel aesthetically pleasing. This can be done by adding or updating public parks and paying special attention to things like landscaping details and street furniture. Street furniture refers to the various items on streets that are placed there for the comfort and convenience of pedestrians. Some examples of street furnituremight include benches, trash cans, street lights, and street signs.Besides being aesthetically pleasing, all elements of a city or town must also allow for functionality as well. For example, inhabitants and visitors should find it easy to navigate. The use of street signs and properly laid out streets can accomplish this task.Education RequirementsTo pursue an urban design career, individuals must usually possess at least a Bachelor’s degree in urban design or city planning. This four year degree is typically good enough to start working at an entry level position, but many urban designers usually end up furthering their education even more and earning Master’s degrees.While earning their degrees, aspiring urban designers will usually need to take several math courses as well as computer courses. They will also take courses in architecture, landscape architecture, real estate law, and ecology.→Swimming Pool DesignSwimming pool design refers to the design and creation of the different types of swimming pools and their accessories.Although they may seem like something of a modern invention, swimming pools and similar manmade bodies of water are actually an ancient art form. Ancient civilizations, for example, created buildings with pools of water to be used as public bathhouses. Today, it is not uncommon to find all different styles of swimming pools – from simple to ornate – in backyards across the world.There are several different types of swimming pools. Traditional pools can either be installed above the ground or sunk into the ground. Because of their location, the designs of many above ground swimming pools are somewhat limited, and these generally only come in a few different shapes and depths. Designers typically have more leeway when designing below ground swimming pools, however. For instance, below ground pools can often be made in nearly any shape, with varying depths.Individuals also have the option of choosing from a traditional swimming pool design and a natural swimming pool design. Natural swimming pools are pools that are made mostly from natural materials, and they are created to mimic the look of a natural body of water, although they also have many of the same amenities as a traditional swimming pool. These pools will often have aquatic vegetation and even fish, for instance, but they will also usually have filtration systems and drains as well.Education RequirementsTechnically, swimming pool design is a specialized type of architecture or civil engineering. Individuals interested in a swimming pool design career should consider earning a degree in either of these fields. Generally, a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree is necessary before starting this type of career.After graduating, aspiring swimming pools designers may consider completing an apprenticeship. These opportunities will enable budding designers to get valuable experience in this field, while honing their skills. Once they complete an apprenticeship, swimming pool designers should also consider taking an examination to become accredited by the Association of Pool and Spa Professionals.VISUAL DESIGN→Graphic DesignGraphic DesignGraphic designers utilize all literal, symbolic and technical means available to artistically convey an employer’s or client’s targeted message. The field inherently embraces all methodologies applied to the creation of Art in the 21st century, and is interwoven with nearly every major industry and profession that involves visual communication.What Are The Education Requirements for Graphic Designers?Although creativity and artistic ability is a prerequisite to succeed as a graphic designer, attending a college or university, enrolling in a private design school or studying online and earning a degree is required by most employers. The National Association of Schools of Art and Design currently lists about 300 accredited colleges, universities, and private institutes across the US. Students may opt to explore a Bachelor’s of Art (BA) in graphic design or a Bachelor’s of Science (BS) in graphic design. Individuals who wish to teach or complete research may want to check out earning a Master’s of Art (MA) or Master’s of Fine Arts (MFA) in graphic design.Graphic design utilizes a variety of electronic and print media, layout, and color theory, photography, and animation to effectively communicate a concept or message to an audience. So, coursework learned in a college program is essential to staying on-top of new techniques, software, and advances in the industry. Coursework in most graphic design programs includes introduction to visual arts, foundations in 2D and 3D, digital photography, graphic design concepts, graphic design history, art orientation, collaborative process, new media, package design, and many more core courses related to this major, along with all liberal arts classes.Students will also be exposed to software programs, which may include Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop, Quark Xpress, InDesign, and other painting and graphic design tools. Although coursework varies from one school to another, additional classes to delve into that are also found in most graphic design programs include typography, environmental and exhibition design, and publication design.Due to the collaborative nature and marketing aspect of the work, you can increase your marketability by completing courses in business administration, marketing, and writing. If you are still in high school, it’s in your best interest to take introductory level art and design classes if your school offers them. This is because many colleges require a minimum of one year of basic art classes before admitting students into a graphic design program. Many colleges require students to submit several sketches and other types of artwork as part of the admissions process.As you evaluate potential college degree programs, look for a school that provides you the opportunity to build your professional portfolio while still a student. This gives you a competitive edge because employers evaluate the contents of your portfolio when determining whether to hire you. In fact, it often holds more weight than all of your other credentials.Of course, keep in mind that the kind of job a designer has his or her eyes set on will probably determine whether or not a degree is necessary. If a designer is opting to freelance, a degree may or may not be necessary, as a body of work and strong portfolio are usually all that matters. However, if a designer is planning to enter the corporate world, a large company or in-house design team, or work for many (most) advertising agencies, a degree will prove beneficial, and many employers in these settings will require a designer to have a degree. Unfortunately, without a degree in these situations, you may be disqualified for a job without ever getting the chance to interview.Graphic design is a competitive field to enter, so any type of experience you can show in additional to your college degree will help you stand out. Completing one or more internships is an integral part of your education. An internship gives you the opportunity to apply the knowledge you have acquired thus far to real-life graphic design projects. You work under the supervision of an experienced designer while being involved with a project from the initial concept phase to final completion. Volunteer work and part-time or temporary jobs are additional ways to earn valuable industry experience.→Web DesignerA website designer designs websites. The design aspect takes not only creative and artistic talent, but also entails making sure the site is easy to use and the information is easy to access for all users.The overall look of a website – colors, easy-to-read fonts, and layout are all important aspects of a website as these elements create the site’s personality. For example, a site that is designed with bright colors, large fun illustrations or pictures, and an oversized typeface may appeal to a younger audience, while a site with bold fonts and muted colors, like greys and blacks, may have a more corporate feel and appeal to professional businesses. But, beyond the look of a site is how well the site functions and how easy or difficult it is for a user to find information quickly. This is the behind-the-scenes aspect of website design, but it is just as important as the overall look, as they each work hand-in-hand to translate the client’s needs, as well as any visitors to the site. It’s the job of a website designer to understand what a client or business is expecting prior to creating the site and ensure their needs are met.A designer is innovative and artistic, but also understands how a website is to function. They stay up-to-date with design technology and software, and leverage their client’s communication requirements and brand identity, while keeping in mind the site’s audience. Designers shape identities, organize information, and create unforgettable experiences that satisfy and fulfill a requisite, but also entertain and make a lasting impression.What Are Education Requirements for Web Designer?Employers and clients who hire web designers typically require they have at least earned a bachelor’s degree in computer science, communications or business. Students can also earn a BA in graphic arts, with a concentration in web design. Some schools allow students the additional option of a specialty certification within the field of website design. Website programming and Internet marketing are two prime examples of this.Both online and traditional colleges offer certificate and degree programs at the associate, bachelor’s, and master’s degree level. Most colleges require applicants to submit a basic portfolio as part of the screening process. This could include drawings, photography, and anything else that highlights the student’s artistic abilities.A typical bachelor’s degree program in web design requires students to complete core curriculum like math and English, as well as several courses in their intended major. Some of the specific coursework at this level may include:Digital Image Design for WebsitesBasic HTMLWeb WritingComputer Systems IntroductionDigital and Strategic MarketingOnline RetailingFundamentals of NetworkingCybersecurityInternet and Website ArchitectureGraphic DesignDrawingAnimationAdditionally, many employers prefer someone who has a professional portfolio that shows the design process in creating other websites, whether as a student, intern, part-time employee at another company, or as a volunteer. High school students who know they want to go into web design should take graphic arts and computer programming in addition to learning as many web design software programs as possible.Building an outstanding portfolio while still a student is a crucial component of success when trying to land an entry-level job as a website designer. When considering college degree programs, students should make sure that they have significant instruction in this area. A portfolio in web design is different than other majors because the bulk of the work will be online. After all, perspective employers and clients must be able to see that the applicant can produce quality work, and what better way to show off a web designer’s body of work than online.Along with a link to one or more websites, the student portfolio should include in-depth descriptions of the sites along with the steps he or she used in creating the sites. Those looking to hire web designers need a way to evaluate the applicant’s problem-solving abilities and thought process in addition to the quality of their online work.Along with a professional portfolio, satisfactory completion of an internship is essential to get noticed in this competitive field. Many colleges have counselors that can put students in touch with local companies that routinely work with interns. Others have career centers and online resources where students can gather the information they need to start applying for internship positions. Since most companies prefer to work with experienced website designers, students should plan to devote much time and effort into securing an internship or apprenticeship.The benefits of completing an industry internship are numerous, even if the student does not receive financial compensation for his or her time. It gives would-be web designers the opportunity to receive personal coaching from someone who knows the realistic demands of the industry. Students learn artistic and technical skills as well as how to work effectively as part of a creative team. Colleges that require completion of an internship assign a certain number of credits to the off-site experience in addition to any stipend the student may receive. Students should also expect to prepare a written or oral report on what they learned from the experience.Volunteering is yet another ideal way to gain valuable experience as a web designer. Large corporations may not have the time or the need to take on a volunteer, but non-profits and charities are normally receptive to it. Students looking to volunteer should contact a program administrator by phone or email with the offer and a few samples of his or her work. They should agree on the specifics of the project and how long it should take at the outset. The student also needs to make it clear that he or she would appreciate a professional reference in exchange for the free work.Obtaining a post-graduate degree or completing a specialty certification are both popular ways to advance as a website designer. It takes most people two years of full-time study after earning their bachelor degree to complete the requirements for a master’s degree. At this level, courses are more in-depth, with emphasis on graphic design, flash animation, and sound, as well as the technical aspects of website development. Master-level courses may include online data structures and algorithms, software development, and human-computer interaction. Certificate programs concentrate on mastery of a specific area within the field, such as HTML or front-end web design.→Logo DesignA logo (or logotype) is a graphic, emblem, signature, or symbol used by businesses, organizations, and individuals to gain instant recognition. A subset of graphic design, logos are central elements that people identify with – think Coke or Pepsi, or the lowercase ‘f’ in a blue box, which instantly identifies Facebook. How about the bluebird for Twitter, or the green robot for Android? These are all great examples of logos, which are instantly recognizable and thus, effective.A logo designer, therefore, creates an identifying mark, symbol, signature, or other graphic that identifies a business, company, organization, or another enterprise in a way that is instantly discernible, and unforgettable. To illustrate, people are called by their names, not by the way they look or dress. In the same way, a logo is simple, memorable, and to the point. Designing a good logo often requires a team effort, including client, a marketing team, managers, art directors, etc. Before the design process begins, there must be a clear understanding of the concept or motive for the logo, along with the company or organization’s brand and values, as well as their target group. Steps to the design process include research, conceptualization, sketching of ideas, refinement of design, testing, and finally production of the chosen logo.Logo designers are creative, artistic, and imaginative. They have strong design skills, but also the willingness to learn new techniques and competencies. They work well alone or in a team environment. Logo designers can draw more than a simple stick figure. They have a complete working knowledge of Adobe Illustrator and other design software. They have a collection of thousands of typefaces on their computer, and some hand-made fonts too. They know what kerning is and why auto-spacing is wonky. They avoid trends, and clipart, and have a very thick skin. They can work quickly, but sometimes for a very long time, and can’t imagine why anyone wouldn’t want a career creating artwork, or the best logo ever.Logo designers must also have a thorough knowledge of online media, the ability to multi-task, and sometimes work on more than one project (logo) at a time. They must have strong interpersonal and organizational skills and manage their time well. They have the ability to prioritize and meet deadlines and can communicate ideas and concepts so that anyone can easily understand. The design process can mean endless meetings, frequent conference calls, numerous emails, and many versions to complete, so patience and stick-to-it-iveness are key traits to have.Education & Training RequirementsAlthough in the past, graphic designers (logo designers) were hired based on a great portfolio. However, times have changed and experts in the graphic design industry suggest prospective logo designers earn a bachelor’s degree in graphic design, logo design, or a closely-related field. Most employers also prefer designers hold a bachelor’s degree, although some assistant jobs are available to those who hold an associate degree, or hold a degree in another area but take graphic design classes to meet hiring qualifications.Student’s should decide on their career goals, how much time and money they are willing to invest in their education, and what programs – graphic design and/or more specifically, logo design – school’s offer. The National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD) currently accredits about 320 postsecondary schools offering programs in art and design, but very few offer a degree in graphic design with a concentration in logo design. Some programs require students to complete at least one year of art and design courses prior to being admitted into a formal degree program, or submit samples of their work instead. Most schools offer classes in computer design software, commercial graphics production, principles of design, studio art, printing techniques, typography, color theory and website design. Typical design software for creating logos includes, Illustrator, Logomaker, Laughingbird, Summitsoft Logo Design Studio Pro, and LogoYes. It would also be advisable to complete coursework in marketing and business and in writing. In addition, many programs offer students the chance to build a professional portfolio of their work, which demonstrates their creative abilities to future employers and is often essential to getting a job.It’s also vitally important that designers keep current with new and updated computer software programs used in design. There are a number of associations, such as the AIGA, that specialize in graphic design and offer classes to keep designers skills up-to-date, master advanced techniques, and refine their craft.Often, colleges and universities, as well as private institutions will offer students the opportunity to intern at local advertising or design firms, newspapers, or on the staff of a magazine or other publication. The experience of working side-by-side with professional designers is invaluable, and individuals are able to see the design process from beginning to end and better understand what it takes to create a memorable logo.→Multimedia DesignPeople who work in multimedia design create visual images to convey a specific message to the audience. Typically, the purpose of the message is to persuade, inform, or entertain. Multimedia designers work in television and film, marketing and public relations, website design, as graphic artists, in video game production, and other creative industries. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, people whose occupation fell in the general category of multimedia artists and animators held 64,400 jobs in 2015.Education RequirementsEmployers and clients who hire multimedia designers expect them to have a minimum of a bachelor degree and a professional portfolio that highlights their work. Those with a higher degree or a specialty certification can stand out when the competition for a specific position or assignment is strong. High school students who know they want to go into multimedia design should take as many art and design, computer graphics, and general business courses as possible. This will help to set the foundation for success in college and an eventual career.School and Degree OptionsMany college and universities that offer degrees in multimedia design also give students the opportunity to choose a specialty focus. Below are some of the most popular concentrations within this field as well as some of the courses a student may take while completing a bachelor degree.Graphic Design: This degree specialization focuses on the student acquiring graphic design and computer coding skills. Students learn how to create digital images for various types of industries, including web design, advertising, marketing, and instructional materials. Typical coursework includes graphic design, animation, web design essentials, and introductory marketing.Multimedia Design & Management: Students who are interested in being in charge of graphics and multimedia projects may be able to obtain this position sooner by taking specialty coursework in college. This degree has a strong focus on developing leadership skills as well as budget management, price negotiations, scheduling, and quality assurance.Video Game Design: The video game industry is experiencing double-digit growth and is expected to do so for at least the next decade. Students wanting to get in on this hot industry should complete specialty courses in coding and scripting languages, story development, and graphics development. After graduation, they may choose to work with web-based games or video games played on devices such as consoles and smartphones.Web Design and Development: A focus in this area includes coursework on programming languages, software programs, emerging technologies, and the fundamentals of business. Other areas of study are database administration, website architecture, and web page layout. Students learn to design and build websites featuring animation and several other interactive features for the user.A bachelor's degree in multimedia design requires completion of basic courses such as English and mathematics as well as 30 or more semester hours in the area of interest. Obtaining a degree in fine art is another possibility for people wishing to seek employment as a multimedia designer.Developing a professional portfolio is an essential part of any degree program, whether at the associate, bachelor, or master’s level. Instructors should spend a significant amount of time discussing how to create a portfolio and what to include in it. The portfolio shows the student’s thought and development process and improvement over time. It can include things like drawings, animation frames, and video games or websites the student designed. Employers and clients are interested in seeing how students solve problems as much as they are knowing that they have artistic and technical skills.Earn Practical Experience (Internships & Volunteering)The majority of schools that offer a degree in multimedia design require students to complete an internship during the junior or senior year. Some colleges have strong internship placement programs and others leave it up to the student to find one on their own. In either case, it’s essential to research opportunities far in advance as internship slots are typically limited. Students should prepare for the interview just as they would a regular position. They should have the ability to articulate their goals and what they can provide to the company in addition to having a strong portfolio ready.Internships usually take place at a local company and may be either full or part-time. A manager agrees to work closely with the student to provide feedback that allows him or her to improve certain skills. Multimedia design students should plan to report what they learned on their internship to their instructor in the form of a written report or possibly a presentation to the class.Volunteering for an organization that could use assistance with multimedia design is another ideal way to gain experience. Many companies advertise these volunteer positions online, especially non-profit and social service agencies. Students can offer skills such as graphic design work or website design in exchange for a professional reference. Experience such as creating and operating a blog or website is helpful as well.Continuing Education – Advance Your CareerMost colleges offer continuing education classes that are not part of a degree program both online and on campus. These are often in highly specific areas, such as book illustration, figure drawing, and creating websites using Word Press. Although employers typically don’t require continuing education, any certificate showing completion of specialty coursework is to the multimedia designer’s advantage.Earning a graduate degree is a common way for people to advance their career in this field. Colleges offering a Master of Fine Arts or a Master of Science require prospective students to have completed a bachelor degree and to submit a portfolio, transcripts, letters of recommendation, and possibly an essay. Early coursework goes more in-depth with topics such as computer aided design, animation, web design, and marketing. Students spend the remainder of the program completing advanced courses in their specialty area of interest. They also need to submit a thesis paper describing how they created a certain piece of work or solved a problem.→UI / UX DesignerThere is some confusion and misconceptions in the world of UI / UX design about what each professional does on a daily basis, how the two jobs are similar, and how they differ. UX refers to User Experience Design. UI refers to User Interface Design. Both are critical to a product and both work very closely together. However, despite their similarities, the roles of each of these jobs are quite different. Whereas UX design is more analytical and technical, UI design is closer to graphic design (although the job is actually quite a bit more complex).Because of the digital world of tablets, smartphones, smart tv’s, interactive screens, gaming, and the like, the definition of design has evolved. Graphic designers decide how things look, which can be online (mobile apps and websites) or printed (magazines and brochures). But, in graphic design, it’s not so much about the medium as the fact it is static and non-interactive. In contrast, UI design pertains to the design of ‘interactive’ elements in digital media, like tablets, smartphones, and computers. These interactive elements include icons, clickable items, animations, drop down menus, form fields, buttons, etc. On the other hand, UX design focuses on the structure behind all the elements a user interacts with, or how a button or icon should perform when you click on it. Think of it this way; riding a wave: UI is the surfboard and ankle strap, while UX is the feeling you have as you effortlessly glide through the water.Although some designers focus on both UI and UX design, most often these tasks are carried out by a team, or one or two individuals. That said, a good UI designer must also understand UX design.Education & Training RequirementsThe best way to learn a new language is to immerse yourself in the culture. In the same way, the best way to learn UX or UI design is to immerse yourself in a formal education. UX and UI designers are usually required to hold a bachelor’s degree, although associate degree and certificate programs can also lead to entry-level employment. Students can choose from a wide-range of different degree programs, including communication, computer science, visual design, graphic design, web development, software engineering, or even psychology. But, as in most creative and artistic fields, a strong portfolio is key to obtaining employment.Areas of focus for a degree in UX design specifically may include visual design and development, information architecture, content, controls, user research customer and technical support and branding. Coursework will include various classes in programming, web media, introduction to Adobe Creative Cloud, Fireworks, InVison, and Dreamweaver software, search engine optimization (SEO) and marketing, graphic design, user experience (UX) metrics, HTML and CSS, Java, and more. They must have a solid understanding of wireframing tools like Balsamiq and Axure RP. They must also be able to adapt to new and ever-changing technologies to keep their skills sharp and industry knowledge current.Areas of focus for an UI designer will include front-end web development, human-computer interaction, interactive media design, mobile development, graphic design and usability testing. Programming skills are especially marketable, and employers want to know graduates have completed classes in HTML, CSS, AJAX, JSON, jQuery, SQL database development, Photoshop, Flash, Javascript, Flex, and Illustrator.Most bachelor’s programs overlap and require students to take many of the same courses to graduate, and there are many designers who, upon graduation, can do all aspects of the design process. But, those who choose to specialize as either a UX designer or UI designer might be wise to explore specific classes that are more geared toward one field or the other.→Comic Book ArtistComic book artists create these comic books. They also create new characters and design merchandise featuring famous characters.Education RequirementsDrawing skills, along with a vivid imagination, are essential for a career as a comic book artist. Writing skills are also necessary for individuals who plan on writing the stories and dialogue for comic books as well.While a formal education is not always necessary for a comic book career, enrolling in an art school usually helps artists strengthen their skills. A stint in art school can also help aspiring comic book artists add a variety of different pieces to their portfolios too.→Cartoon ArtistCartooning is the process of drawing still cartoons, which are usually meant to be humorous. These cartoons are often featured in print publications, like magazines and newspapers, as well as online publications, like blogs and websites. Sometimes cartoons will consist of just one picture, while others will consist of several pictures. This type of cartoon is often referred to as a comic strip. A very long series of cartoons, on the other hand, is often referred to as a graphic novel.Characters and scenes in most cartoons are generally not drawn realistically. Instead, most features are exaggerated, and people and animals may appear to be caricatures or “cartoonish”. Many cartoons also have some sort of caption, or speech and thought bubbles can be used to make the characters' words or actions apparent.Cartooning is much more than drawing funny pictures, however. Most cartoons are meant to convey a certain message or point out some type of irony. Depending on the intended audience, cartoons might either be very complex or they may be a little simpler. For instance, political cartoons may depend on dry humor and subtle irony, and they are usually meant to put a more serious political situation in a somewhat humorous light. On the other hand, cartoons depicting married life are usually a little simpler, and they often exaggerate common marital problems, which can make these situations humorous.The process of cartooning can also be used to create storyboards, which are used when producing animated films and video games.Education RequirementsTechnically, there are no strict education requirements for a career in cartooning. Generally, though, cartoonists are gifted artists. They may also take a few courses in drawing or illustration in order to hone their skills.Cartoonists who are interested in creating storyboards, however, will usually need to earn a degree in fine art or story-boarding.→Layout DesignLayout artists are the professionals that are responsible for creating the eye-pleasing layouts found in books, magazines, and dozens of other products. Posters, brochures, advertisements, CD cases, and flyers are some of the other items that a layout artist might help design. Some layout artists may even specialize in product package design, creating attractive and sometimes informational packages for products. Layout artists may also work on websites, making them attractive and easy to navigate.Education RequirementsTo begin a success career as a layout artist, most individuals should shoot for either a two or four year degree. When pursuing this type of career, graphic design or desktop publishing degrees are usually necessary. Students interested in designing website layouts should consider taking courses in website design and website development as well.In earning their degrees, most aspiring layout artists will take courses such as design, layout, typography, and illustration. Several computer courses are also usually necessary. These computer courses typically aim to teach future layout artists how to use graphic design and layout software. Website design students will also usually take courses in computer programming as well.→Book IllustrationBook illustration is a form of fine art that is used to create drawn pictures and images for books.Illustrations are meant to be much more than pretty pictures, however. They will usually help add to or enhance the story in some way.Generally speaking, illustrations are more commonly found in children’s books. Some children’s books may consist of nothing but pictures, although many children’s books also have words as well. Not only do these pictures add visual appeal for a child, but they can also help a child understand the words of the story as well. As a child becomes more adept at reading and understanding stories, they will typically begin reading stories with fewer illustrations.Illustrations are also commonly found in some books for adults as well. Instructional books, for instance, often contain a number of diagrams and charts, which help readers see each step of a particular process. Medical and health books, along with wildlife and nature books, also usually have a number of illustrations as well.Education RequirementsA formal education is not always necessary when pursuing a career in book illustration.Many illustrators, however, will choose to attend an art school in order to fine tune their skills. Some art schools specifically offer degree programs in book illustration, but aspiring illustrators can also choose to enroll in a drawing or graphic design program as well.→Medical IllustrationBefore the invention of cameras and computers, every illustration in a medical journal or medical textbook was drawn by talented artists. Today, although many of the images found in these publications are photographs, there are still a handful of medical illustrations.Basically, medical illustration is a cross between medicine and art. This type of illustration involves drawing detailed images of certain aspects of medicine or biology. The drawings produced by medical illustrators are meant to create a visual representation of certain aspects of medicine or biology, particularly hard to photograph aspects. For example, these illustrations can be used to depict individual blood cells in a vein, or they can be used to create an image that distinguished the individual muscles in a muscle group.Medical illustrations are commonly used as teaching aids in medical textbooks, or as visual aids in medical journals. These illustrations might also accompany text in pamphlets or on posters, which can help a layperson better understand a complicated medical situation. Lawyers and forensics experts will also sometimes choose to use medical illustrations to help a judge or jury better grasp a certain situation, such as a gunshot wound.In some cases, medical illustrations may also be used to make 3-D models of organs, body parts, or other biological objects.Education RequirementsSince medical illustration is a cross between medicine and art, an aspiring medical illustrator should consider studying art as well as medicine. Ideally, a medical illustration career will start with a bachelor degree in either art or pre-medicine. Aspiring medical illustrators may also need to earn a Master of Arts or Science in medical illustration. Only a handful of educational institutions in the United States offer these degree programs, however, and acceptance into these programs is very competitive.While earning their degrees, aspiring medical illustrators will often take courses such as anatomy, biology, physiology, embryology, drawing, and graphic design.Medical illustrators should also consider becoming certified medical illustrators. This is usually accomplished by passing rigorous tests given by the Board of Certification of Medical Illustrators.→Storyboard ArtistA storyboard artist works very closely with the director and other professionals involved in advertising and filmmaking, to create an illustrated version of the finished product. Typically, the storyboard artist will use the script to create pictures of each scene that will need to be filmed, and will include the types of camera angles that are best to capture each scene. The finished product will look a lot like a comic strip or comic book; a visual representation of what the finished film will look like.Storyboard artists need a strong background in illustration, and filmmaking courses can strengthen the portfolio and resume – making the professional more appealing in the eyes of potential employers.Education RequirementsFormal education may not be mandated, however, those who want security in knowing that they will have plenty of job prospects and opportunities should earn a bachelor’s degree in illustration, graphic arts, or a similar field. The Bureau of Labor Statistics suggests attending at least a program that will lead to an art-related certificate. Those who have a formal education to add to their resume are much more likely to find a position, and typically earn a higher salary as well.→Book Cover ArtistBook cover illustrators are responsible for the artwork representing the nature, spirit and tenor of the enclosed penned material. Authors and publishers depend on these talented individuals to create images and depictions of events which will capture the attention of a readership majority. Big-picture thinking; imagination and good communication skills enable the illustrator to design a concise visual summary of what lies beneath the cover.Education RequirementsThere is no one degree that an individual can earn that will start their book cover art career. Instead, aspiring book cover artists should concentrate on earning a degree in related fields.Some degrees that aspiring book artists may want to consider are illustration, graphic design, photography, fine art, and desktop publishing.VARIOUS COURSES IN OTHER TWELVE MAIN FILEDS CAN BE VIEWED HERE ……Art Careers | TheArtCareerProject.comThis would definitely be useful for you friends……Thank you ☺

The best way to tackle RC is to make good use of the following methods:Read everything - Become a voracious reader and indulge yourself in a varied range of topics. DO NOT give up on any topics that you feel are dull or boring or not matching your taste. There is a good chance that a topic that you dislike the most may make its mark in the exam causing you to repent later. So ponder over your dislikes and read up on those. This can be in the form of Artists, Politics, History, Science etc.Learn the words - When you start reading you may understand most of the words. However there may be some words which you may not have come across in school or college or may be technical in nature. e.g. hubris - excessive pride or self-confidence, mea culpa - used as an acknowledgement of one's fault or error. etc. As and when you encounter words which you are not aware of, look it up in the dictionary and also the usage of the word in a sentence.Practice skimming - As most RCs go, they are long winding complex passages that will leave you confused by the time you reach the end. Skimming as a practice ensures that you remember/retain key words from the passage in your mind and try to remember the situation i.e. crux of the passage. This way, it makes going back to the passage more easier saving those crucial milliseconds as well as ensuring that you understand the passage a bit better.Start with the questions - I haven’t tried this approach in a CAT exam. But in my ACCA exams, we were told to read the questions first and then the passage. Trust me this helps since the questions reverbrate at the back of our mind and we start jotting down the answers and marking out crucial sections from the paragraphs as we read them. This saves lot of time and effort.Hope this helps. ALL the best!!!