Rocky River School District: Fill & Download for Free

The key word to this question that makes a mistaken assumption is “still”. For most of the history of schools on tribal lands native languages were forbidden. So it is not “still” but “when did some start to teach native languages in recent times?”Native languages were banned in most schools that native people went to for a very long time. There was an explicit attempt to eliminate them. It is still easy to meet older people in the US and Canada who were severely punished for even saying a few words in their own language. I have met people who were locked in closets, had mouth washed with naptha soap, beaten, or yelled at and ridiculed. Native America religion was not legalized until The American Indian Religious Freedom Act in 1978! That is only 39 years ago. The Native American Languages Act was not until 1990, only 27 years agoNative Americans lost control of the education of their children when the United States government forcibly enrolled them in residential schools designed for assimilation into an “American” mold. This policy began in the 1870s and continued on a large scale through the 1970s; a few schools are still operating today. In these institutions, children were severely punished, both physically and psychologically, for using their own languages instead of English. Here is a picture of Hopi men who were sent to Alcatraz prison in the California Bay Area from Arizona in 1895 because they refused to have their kids kidnapped and sent to such schools.For much of that time they were forced to go to boarding schools Often they were far from home. Many schools mixed tribes from many language groups together so they could not use any language but English anyway. In order that the Native people would not be able to transmit language, religion and culture to their kids the kids were given almost no time off to go home. Some had none. Other had one short time a year. This was explicit policy. The point was to force them to assimilate to “America” culture. The phrase was “kill the Indian to save the man.” (Richard Pratt, 1892)Capt. Richard H. Pratt on the Education of Native Americans .Even some native people were involved with this enterprise. Some people felt it was the only way to survive in the wider US society. Some social scientists promoted the utterly discredited idea that one could not be successfully bilingual. There are still people in the “English Only Movement” who believe these utter lies. Some of these people even today try to cut any funding for language programs in Native schools. They are largely motivated today not by a desire to help anyone but by raw racism and ethnocentrism and ignorance.The upshot is that, for well over 100 years, native people did not control their schools and teaching or even talking about native language and customs was virtually outlawed and forbidden. That practice didn’t end until the 1970s when government policies toward Native Americans changed, culminating in the passage of the Indian Child Welfare Act in 1978. The emotional and often physical punishments the children endured prevented generations of Native Americans, fearful their children would face similar treatment, from passing on their language to their children.It was only starting in the late 60s and 1970s that a law passed and policies were enacted that allowed for times of home rule and local control of typical services like schools and police and government and commerce of tribal lands. It was following that time that slowly school districts were formed and some tribes started to run their own schools.The first Native run school project that I am aware of was the Rough Rock Demonstration School on the Navajo Nation in 1966.About Us It grew out of the civil right movement among native people that echoed the large one in the rest of the country and out of Headstart preschool funding for the LBJ programs to start local education in poor communities. A professor of mine was involved with it. Today it is K-12 with 440 students. It is in an extremely remote area. The nearest big city if Flagstaff which is a 3 hour drive. The nearest Navajo town is Chinle 30–40 minutes away on two lane roads.In time that project grew into the first tribal College in the country. It now called Diné College. It started in 1968 at Rough Rock. It moved to the Tsaile campus in 1969. History - About Diné College - Diné CollegeFrom there other tribes started taking control or starting their own schools and colleges. Teaching Native languages came after that. Today there are about 38 tribal colleges. Tribal colleges and universities serve more than 26,000 full- and part-time American Indian students from over 250 tribesI beleive all of them now have some language classes. That is out of 467 tribal governments.Other tribes have started primary school programs or other classes to promote and teach native languages. For the first years after the Native Languages act in 1990 it took some time to figure out the best method. In most case the only way that works in language immersion programs or dual language programs. Just a few classes in the language in the same manner that many US high schools do foreign languages is completely inadequate.There are dozens of language families and hundreds of languages. They have no commonality with any European languages and are difficult to teach. Often there are few materials for teaching. Most of the programs are very new!An example might be the Yurok tribe in California, They got a grant just 11 years ago in 2006 to train preK-12 teachers and create language curriculum for the Yurok language. The nearby Hupa have been doing the same in the last 4 years. They cannot use each others teaching materials at all because they are in completely different language families. Yurok is Algic and related to Algonquian on the east coast and east central Canada. Hupa is related distantly to Dene in Canada and Navajo in the SW. A number of tribes only have fluent speakers who are older and do not have teaching degrees. Only two years ago did they start to work with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in May 2015 to have that requirement lifted for “cultural teachers,” who often are elders who “are not interested and are unlikely to seek a degree for meeting the teacher/teacher aide qualifications.”. North Dakota, Montana and Arizona Public Instruction Officers have arranged, through joint organization, processes for tribal language competency and literacy levels.Some of the places where Native languages are being taught in a school setting are these. As you can see it is not nearly 467 tribal schools. There is a desperate need for funding for schools and teachers and curriculum:On the Navajo Nation and in some nearby American cities like Flagstaff which has a trilingual program. Tséhootsooí Diné Bi'ólta' is a Navajo language immersion school for grades K-8 . There are also several private non profit schools. two-way language immersion schools at Round Rock, Rough Rock and Chinle Schools in Arizona are supported via the state schools foundation funds, and locally generated categorical fundingCherokee have invested 4.5 million to build programs. Ther eis an immersion school in Talequah and in Qualla. There is Kituwah Accademy.There is a Crow language program and many speak it as a first language. The immersion school is 5 years old. There is also a language camp. Most Crow people speak the language.Hopi has bilingual schools in Arizona.the Nkwusm Salish Language School serves preschool through eighth-grade students on the Flathead ReservationRed Cloud School has children’s class in Lakota.Grand Ronde in Oregon has a Chinuk Wawa program. It started on 2006Rocky Boy in Montana is trying to teach Ojibwe.Acoma Pueblos has a Keres language program in Laguna-Acoma Jr. Sr. High School, Cubero Elementary School, St. Joseph Mission School and Sky City Community School.. It is 12 years old Language Retention ProgramTaos Pubelo has a new Tiwa programTwo Eagle River School is a contracted tribal school of the Salish Kootenai Confederated Tribes of Montana.Saint Frances Indian School , formerly a Catholic School, of the Rosebud Sioux Nation of South Dakota. Saint Frances Indian School provides a Lakota language immersion stream for grades K-6Chief Dull Knife College, Northern Cheyenne Language Immersion CampFond du Lac Community and Tribal College of Cloquet, Minnesota sponsors a teacher training project. The project is based on best practices from Indian education and enrolls twenty-five tribal members in teacher training. A year-round cohort of trainees combines standard professional teacher training for Minnesota teachers and college students with Ojibway culture, language and historyThere is one Mescalero Apache school.The Three Affiliated Tribes of North Dakota have initiated a mentor/mentee project that addresses the three languages of the Three Affiliated Tribes of North Dakota, the Hidatsa, Mandan and Arikara languagesNative American Community Academy (Lakota, Navajo, Tiwa) in Albuquerque, New MexicoNative American Community Academyhttp://www.nacaschool.org/what-we-teach/our-curriculum/White Clay Immersion school teaches 26 kids Gros Ventre.There has been a Mohawk immersion school since 1998 and the The Akwesasne Freedom School started in 1985.Akwesasne Freedom SchoolLakota Language Program with classes for children at Red Cloud Indian SchoolThe Inupiaq Immersion School, Nikaitchuat Ilisagviat, is a private school for children ages 3-7 years old.The Piegan Institute is a nonprofit organization on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation. In 1995, the Institute opened the privately funded Nizipuhwahsin (or Real Speak) Center, which immerses students in the Blackfeet language from kindergarten through eighth grade. The school's graduates are the first young fluent speakers of the Blackfeet language in a generation. The Institute has three kindergarten through eighth grade language immersion schools: Cuts Wood, Moccasin Flat and Lost Child.Browing Montana has a Blackfeet language and culture porgramin the schoolsIn Hawaii there is a P-12 Hawaiian-language medium school, Nāwahī School. The Ke Kula Kaiapuni schools are organized within the public school structures among numerous public school districts.the Ayaprun Elitnaurvik Yup'ik-language immersion school in Bethel has been running a K-6 program since the late 1990s.The Wicoie Nadagikendan Early Childhood Urban Immersion Program teaches DakotaThere are Muskogee classes in Tulsa schools. Holdenville, Okmulgee, and Tulsa Creek Indian Communities of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation offer Muskogee Creek language classes. The Sapulpa Creek Community Center graduated a class of 14 from its Muscogee Creek language class four years ago.The Suquamish Tribe has a Lushootseed program in the schools. Language Program | The Suquamish TribeAn Arapaho immersion program, was established in 1993.Salish School of Spokane offers SalishThe Puyallup Tribe in Washington has a intensive Lushootseed program. Lushootseed is also taught to students in Chief Leschi Schools and tribal-run daycaresThe Washoe Tribe headstart language program in California and Nevada.The School of the Choctaw Language offers classesThe Waadookodaading Ojibwe Language Immersion School teaches all classes in Ojibwe in Wisconsin. A charter school organized for Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibway language immersion is a part of the Hayward School District of Hayward, Wisconsin.A Shoshoni charter school has been propsed. Blackfoot High school in Idaho has some classes.Most Tohono O'odham speak the languge.Most Zuni speak Zuni.

My Jersey street cred here is that I was born and raised in Monmouth County - 3rd generation. I’m a Rutgers grad. I commuted from Red Bank by train and Atlantic Highlands by boat to work in Lower Manhattan in my early 20s. I lived in Camden County for about 2 years and in Philadelphia for 10 years.GeographyThe answer is in the question. There are no two cities in North America that are as large and as close together - 98 miles by car - as Philadelphia is to New York City.The combined megapolitan region of New York and Philadelphia is around 30 million people.Los Angeles and San Diego - around 120 miles apart - come in at around 22 million people.Chicago and Milwaukee - 93 miles - have about 11.3 million peopleBaltimore and Washington, DC are less than 40 miles apart but combined those regions number around 9.8 million.The San Francisco Bay Area also has Oakland and San Jose in it and none of those cities are more than 50 miles apart but together they “only” add up to 9.7 million people.So the simple answer is that New York and Philly are just too big to have another large city between them. Cities exist as they do because of the services they support and there’s a well developed theory around this called the “Central Place Theory”. If you really want to nerd out on that you can also check out Common power laws for cities and spatial fractal structures and A mysterious law that predicts the size of the world's biggest cities.But if you don’t feel like reading all of that theory, it basically says that there’s no need for a highly specialized medical industry or financial services in Princeton, for example, because the people who live there already have access to those services in both NYC and Philly. Moving those services to Princeton would simply be cannibalizing the talent and the customer base from the existing locations - in other words decentralizing it. Most people understand that intuitively. They just don’t spend much time thinking about it.As we can see, the only part of NJ that is not within 60 miles of either New York or Philly is the southeastern edge of Cape May County. It’s also an interesting map because that’s pretty close to being the Venn diagram that explains Central Jersey. I digress.So for mid-tier shopping, medical services, or a smaller airport people in Cape May might head to Atlantic City. For anything more they would travel to Philadelphia. There just aren’t enough people down there to warrant anything more and most of the people who live there like Cape May just the way it is.As others have mentioned, it’s not that NJ doesn’t have cities. Newark is, in its own right, a large city and were it not in the shadow of NYC it would be much more prominent. It’s home to a large, international airport, has major universities in and just outside of the city, is a major transit hub on the Northeast Corridor, and until recently had both an NHL and an NBA franchise. Some have argued that the only way to both break the dominance of the Yankees in MLB and bring baseball back to Montreal is to add a 3rd team to New York - which was the case when the Giants were in Manhattan and the Dodgers in Brooklyn. Newark or nearby Jersey City would be great locations. Caple: Expand the league, not the wild cardsTopographyThe geography, the reason our Central Places are precisely where they are, is because of the topography. The French made their Louisiana claim to the entire Mississippi drainage basin. Similarly, the Dutch settled both sides of the Hudson but after the English takeover the colony was quickly divided. It was easy to make colonial boundaries along major rivers as there was no questioning the precise location of the boundary and the English seemed to be a fan of doing just that. But the reason that New York City is on one side of the Hudson and not the other is only partly rooted in that political history.Most of the reason that the city wound up east of the Hudson comes down to the lay of the land. The NJ side of the river wasn’t a practical place to grow a city. Much of the NJ side of the river has tall cliffs that run parallel to the Hudson. These are known as “the Palisades” and only turn slightly inland as they continue south through Jersey City. The problem colonial settlers faced is clearly visible here in this photo looking towards Manhattan from Union City, NJ. Look down over that railing at the street below and then imagine having to offload goods from a ship then get them up that cliff face.Manhattan was an easier place to defend from attack and also had better farmland. It sloped gently towards the river and had rolling hills in its northern reaches. It was also more easily accessible by ship from Long Island and other cities in New England.During the railroad era New Jersey began to “catch up” to Manhattan in terms of development. Once there were reliable mechanical means to get heavy things up big hills, development became a lot easier. But at the same time this part of NJ was also becoming a shipping hub. The railroads from everywhere in the US west of the Hudson River either terminated in Hoboken or had to go north to Albany to cross the river. If you didn’t want to waste +6 hours of travel time going up to Albany then back down you took the train to Hoboken and transferred to a ferry. You can still do that today if you feel so inclined. That Hoboken transfer remained the only practical way to get to Manhattan via rail from anywhere west of the Hudson until 1906 when the North River Tunnels were built.A very similar thing happened with Oakland in California. The transcontinental railroad terminated in Oakland and one had to transfer to a boat to get to San Francisco. Even though most goods and services had to stop in Oakland first, it still plays second fiddle to SF. As ships grew larger, especially after containerization, NJ developed an advantage here as well. NJ was better connected to the continental freight rail and highway networks and could host a deeper port than what the East River had been home to. By the 1970s almost all shipping was in and out of Port Elizabeth and the immediately adjacent Port Newark. But none of this mattered much. By the mid-1800s New York’s primacy was all but guaranteed and the technological advancements of the late 1800s (internal combustion engine, electricity, elevators, etc) cemented it.Down at the other end of NJ, Philadelphia was chosen as the site for Penn’s city because, like New York, it was between two rivers.One river could be relied upon for drinking and irrigation and the other river for shipping. Penn’s site was also located at a bend in the Delaware River. This meant that the river was nice and deep on the Pennsylvania side (erosion) and shallow and marshy (deposition) on the New Jersey side. It turns out “Somewhere in the Swamps of Jersey” is an adage much older than Lifetime.In terms of land close to the rivers at either end of the state there wasn’t much goldilocks land. It was either wetlands or rocky uplands. On the Camden side of the Delaware River it was mostly wetlands. Still to this day, the Cooper River and Newton Creek are mostly surrounded by parks. The State and County have gone to great lengths to increase the amount of park space around these water bodies by knocking down old warehouses and tearing out parking lots because flooding is still a problem. This photo below looks like it was taken from the Cuthbert Blvd Bridge over the Cooper - connecting Collingswood and Westmont to Cherry Hill - but it should be clear how flat the area is and how much of the floodplain of the Delaware River is actually on the NJ side of the river.Away from the rivers, NJ was great for timber and then for farming. There’s a reason we still call it the Garden State. But away from the river isn’t a great place for shipping and 200 years ago there were no big cities that weren’t near a navigable body of water. Even today, 185 years out from the beginning of the railroad era, only 6 of the 25 largest metro areas and 13 of the 50 largest aren’t near the ocean and/or a big river.The first railroad across the Delaware River was in 1834 from Morrisville, PA into Trenton. The Delaware River gets gradually wider as one goes south from Trenton. There wasn’t enough outside of farming on the South Jersey side of the Delaware to justify the cost of a rail or road crossings until the end of the 19th century. The Delair Bridge from Philly to Camden (technically Pennsauken) wasn’t operational until 1896. South Jersey just wasn’t economically important enough to build multiple bridges to. It was between nothing and on the way to nowhere. There was no major industry outside of the Camden waterfront and that was already connected to Philly by a robust ferry and barge network. It was also already connected to North Jersey/the Raritan Bay via the Camden and Amboy Railroad, and down to Atlantic City and Cape May by rail.PoliticsFinally, almost no one moves to New Jersey because they want to be in a big city. The state owes most of its population to people leaving New York or Philadelphia for a quiet slice of the countryside. Anyone in NJ who wants to experience the big city doesn’t have to travel very far. This was as true 150 years ago as it is today. By the 1890s the NJ suburbs were booming but were largely without municipal services. This put them at odds with local farmers. Why should farmers pay for road paving, street lighting, and city sewer and water when they had no need for it?While suburban, NJ voters were demanding municipal services they were also concerned about urban creep and the machine politics that they had chosen to move away from. No one in the suburbs wanted to be annexed by Newark or Patterson. This sparked a “fever” that’s been called boroughitis.* Hundreds of boroughs were incorporated across the state that prevented larger cities like Newark, Camden, Trenton, New Brunswick, Patterson, etc from growing beyond their then boundaries. So, going back to our Central Place Theory for a moment, perhaps in a different timeline where boroughitis never happened, a city like Trenton could’ve grown larger. But it only would’ve been annexing the people and services who are already there in our timeline. Maybe downtown Trenton is bigger than it is now but that only gets achieved by pulling the office space off the Route 1 corridor. We don’t actually wind up with more goods and services in Mercer County.Boroughitis didn’t just prevent cities from growing geographically. It also prevented them from growing economically. It forced them all to compete for the same population/tax base to pay for services while also delivering the same, high level of services to ensure that they didn’t lose population or business to their neighbors. It was a race to the top that just about bankrupted everyone.That process also really doomed the larger, industrial cities in the state when deindustrialization took hold. There was no vacant land left in the cities where new industries could set up shop. The contamination of the industrial age made redevelopment of old industrial sites risky for a long time (until Superfund in the 80s). There was also no way for those cities to annex new industries and new subdivisions in the suburbs to keep their budget in the black.Compare Newark, hemmed in on all sides by other towns, to a city like Charlotte or Phoenix, both of which have annexed large parts of the counties that they’re in and are nowhere near done annexing. Phoenix was 17 square miles in 1953. Today it’s over 500 square miles and not done. The 24 square miles of Newark is the same today as it was in 1929. New York and Philly had similar problems in terms of being geographically constrained but both cities were already large in land area and still had vacant land in the 1950s. New subdivisions were going up in Queens into the early 50s and in Staten Island and Northeast Philly into the early 80s. Both cities still had big problems in the 1980s but they had enough room from some growth to bridge the gap to the Superfund era. Newark was built out by the 1920s and had no chance.And in the end what we still have is counties with 40 school districts, 40 police departments, and 40 public works departments and almost always at least one of those towns was a dumping ground for all the stuff that no one else wanted. That redundancy alone explains most of the insanely high property taxes in the state.** The town I grew up in was 3 square miles with around 5,000 residents. 3 of the neighboring towns were almost identical in size and population and no one visiting us from out of state could ever tell where one town ended and the other began. Imagine being a kid with good friends who lived down the street who you play street hockey or skateboard with. They always go to a different school from you (even though the school you to go is closer for all of you) because they live in a different town. Swap out those kids with where you work, where you shop, where you go to church, etc. and that’s NJ in a nutshell. It’s also why, given my career field, I don’t live there. It’s not because I don’t want to. There’s just (quite ironically) not enough work.If you’ve made it this far - here’s a parting gift:6 Reasons Cities Are Located Where They Are*Only the scale of boroughitis is unique to NJ. Similar things happened in suburban Chicago, St. Louis, Philadelphia, Boston, and even San Francisco.** There’s a bit of a cottage industry that has grown up around insisting that municipal consolidation doesn’t save money. Almost all of it ignores that most municipal mergers that have occurred in the past have done so for the purpose of spending money on infrastructure (e.g., a new sewer system) or services (e.g., professional fire). Things they would have paid a lot more for had they not merged. When you account for these things and especially when you account for inflation and the savings in pension and healthcare costs over the long term the savings are unquestionable.

The best places to live in Cleveland would be the West Park area and Old Brooklyn. I live in Old Brooklyn, nice houses and neighbors.The suburbs may be more expensive, but offer different types of housing options. Look at Lakewood, Cleve. Heights, Shaker, Westlake, Rocky River and Strongsville as the closest options for suburbs.The inner city of Cleveland has been a higher crime area. School district’s performance is questionable. I was a music teacher for 14 years in this district. Did not feel safe in my own classroom.Cleve. Division of Sanitation just got caught mixing recycling materials with the rest of trash. Possible fraud situation there.The road conditions in this city are horrible. Poor maintenance of road surfaces. I don't know where my tax money is going, but i suspect, not into infrastructure.Ohio itself is Republican -run, so use your imagination. Do more job research before moving here. Make sure you see up-to-date information about all aspects of the city before moving here.