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List Of PSUs Recruiting Without Gate 2016Below is a tabular information about companies and post for which they are recruiting. Each and every PSU is explained with opening and last date of Application form.1. DMRCThe Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC) is a joint venture with equal equity participation of the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (GNCTD) and the Central Government with the dream of construction and operation of a world- class Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS).DMRC conducts written examination for the following posts :-Detail About PostAPPLICATION FORM DETAILSCandidates can apply for the exam through the link given below.Get DetailsAPPLICATION FEES500 for general and OBC candidates140 for SC, ST & PWD candidatesIMPORTANT DATESSTART date of online registration 24/10/2015LAST date of online registration 25/11/2015RECRUITMENTCandidates have to clear the written exam so as to be eligible for the interviewWritten exam is followed by Personal Interview.2. BSNLBSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.) was incorporated on 15th September 2000, with the objective of providing telecom services and network management from the Central Government Departments of Telecom Services (DTS) and Telecom Operations (DTO) BSNL is numero Uno of India in all services in its license area being one of the largest & leading public sector units providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India.BSNL conducts exam for the following posts :Detail about posts are as given below. Get post detail and eligible branches.1. JTO-C (Junior Telecom Officer- Civil)Eligible Branches : Civil Engineering2. TELECOM TECHNICAL ASSISTANTEligible Branches : Electronics, Electrical, Telecommunication, Radio, Computer Science Engineering, Information TechnologyAPPLICATION FORM DETAILSCandidates can apply for the exam through the link given belowApply HereAPPLICATION FEESFees Rs. 750IMPORTANT DATESSTART date of online registration 01/12/2015LAST date of online registration 10/12/2015RECRUITMENTCandidates are selected on the basis of written examination.3. TWADBThe Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD Board) is formed by the Government of Tamil Nadu on 14April 1971. It is responsible for the implementation of providing Water Supply and Sewerage facilities to the public of the entire state of Tamil Nadu except Chennai Metropolitan area.TWDAB conducts written examination for the following posts :ASSISTANT ENGINEEREligible Branches :Civil and Mechanical EngineeringAPPLICATION FORM DETAILSCandidates can apply for the exam through the link given belowApply HereAPPLICATION FEESTo be disclosedIMPORTANT DATESSTART date of online registration 16/10/2015LAST date of online registration 31/11/2015RECRUITMENTCandidates have to clear the written exam so as to be eligible for the interviewWritten exam is followed by Personal Interview.4. KMRLKMRL (Kochi Metro Rail Limited) was introduce for a world-class metro system in Cochin enhancing the quality of life by improving regional connections and reducing overcrowding, traffic congestion, transit time, air and noise pollutionKMRL conducts written examination for the following posts :Junior Engineer, Section Engineer, Train Operator/ Station Controller, MaintainersASSISTANT ENGINEEREligible Branches : Civil, Mechanical, Electrical and Electronics EngineeringAPPLICATION FORM DETAILSCandidates can apply for the exam through the link given belowApply HereAPPLICATION FEESTo be disclosedIMPORTANT DATESSTART date of online registration 30/09/2015LAST date of online registration 21/10/2015RECRUITMENTWritten Exam and Medical examination for Maintainers and JEWritten Exam, Medical examination and Psychometric test for TO/SO.Written Exam, Medical examination and Interview for SE.5. TSTRANSCOTSTRANSCO (Transmission Corporation of Telangana Limited), the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board which came into existence in 1959 was responsible for Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Electricity in efficient manner to ensure high availability and low operational cost. Its mission is to be recognized and respected as one of the best transmission utilities and to set the bench-marks in every parameter of operation for others to followTSTRNSCO conducts written examination for the following posts :ASSISTANT ENGINEEREligible Branches: -Electrical, Electrical & Electronics Engineering and Civil Engineering.APPLICATION FORM DETAILSCandidates can apply for the exam through the link given belowApply HereAPPLICATION FEESRs. 220 for General CandidatesSC, ST, OBC and PH candidates are exempted from paying any feesIMPORTANT DATESSTART date of online registration 05/10/2015LAST date of online registration 26/10/2015RECRUITMENTCandidates are selected solely on the basis of written examination conducted.6. BISBIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) the National Standards Body has been successfully promoting and nurturing standards movement within the country. It took over the staff, assets, liabilities and functions of Indian Standards Institution (ISI) with an enlarged scope and enhanced powers for development of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods keeping in view, the interest of consumers as well as the industry.BIS conducts written examination for the following posts :SCIENTISTEligible Branches :Bachelors degree in Electrical, Electronics Engineering, Civil, mechanical, metallurgy, and chemical engineering.Masters degree in chemistry and microbiologyAPPLICATION FORM DETAILSCandidates can apply for the exam through the link given belowApply HereAPPLICATION FEESRs. 750 for General and OBC CandidatesSC, ST and PH candidates are exempted from paying any feesIMPORTANT DATESSTART date of online registration 08/09/2015LAST date of online registration 24/09/2015RECRUITMENTCandidates are on the basis of written examination conducted.Qualifying candidates will be called for personal interview.7. NPCNPC (National Productivity Council) Established by the Ministry of Industry is an autonomous, multipartite, non-profit organization. It is a national level organization to promote productivity culture in India With a vision to become a knowledge leader. NPC strives to provide world class services needed by Indian economy to become internationally competitive and aims at propagating Productivity as an evolving concept, which includes attention to issues, and concerns, relating to quality, environment, energy, HRD, Integrated Rural Development etc.Its main objective is Development, dissemination and application of knowledge and experience in productivity, for promoting consciousness and improvement in productivity, performance and competitiveness of the economy as well as of improving the working conditions and quality of life.NPC conducts written examination for the following posts :EXAMINERS PATENT AND DESIGNEligible Branches :Bachelors degree in Electrical, Electronics Engineering, Civil, mechanical, metallurgy, and computes science engineering.APPLICATION FORM DETAILSCandidates can apply for the exam through the link given belowApply HereAPPLICATION FEESRs. 200 for General and OBC CandidatesSC, ST and PH candidates are exempted from paying any feesIMPORTANT DATESSTART date of online registration 25/07/2015LAST date of online registration 24/08/2015RECRUITMENTCandidates will be shortlisted on the basis of written preliminary examSelected candidates will be allowed for main exam.8. UPRVUNLUttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited (UPRVUNL) is wholly owned state thermal power utility with generating capacity of 4933 MW, operating 5 Thermal Power Stations within Uttar Pradesh. The mission of UPRVUNL is to generate, transmit and distribute electric energy most efficiently through collaborations with its partners by using its technical people as its competitive advantage while balancing and serving the interest of all of its stakeholders.UPRVUNL conducts written examination for the following posts :ASSISTANT ENGINEERJUNIOR ENGINEEREligible Branches :ASSISTANT ENGINEER : Bachelors degree in Electronics, Telecommunication, Civil and Instrumentation Engineering.JUNIOR ENGINEER : Mechanical, Electronics, Electrical and Instrumentation engineering.APPLICATION FORM DETAILSCandidates can apply for the exam through the link given belowApply HereASSISTANT ENGINEERRs 1000 for General and OBC CandidatesRs. 700 SC, ST and PH candidatesJUNIOR ENGINEERRs. 700 for General and OBC CandidatesRs. 500 SC, ST and PH candidatesIMPORTANT DATESSTART date of online registration 27/07/2015LAST date of online registration 17/08/2015RECRUITMENTCandidates will be selected on the basis of computer based test.Selected candidates will be called for personal interview.9. ISROIndian Space Research Organisation [ISRO] is a Research and Development organisation engaged in application of Space Science and Technology for serving the nation by achieving self- reliance and developing capacity to design and build Launch Vehicles and Communication/Remote Sensing Satellites. ISRO strives to serve the nation in the areas of television broadcast, telecommunication, meteorological application and in management of our natural resources. The Indian space programme continues to pursue successful goals on all fronts in meeting the objective of achieving self-reliance in space technology and its applications for national development.The future ISRO programme works toward development of cutting edge technologies for reusable launch vehicle, development of advanced technologies for Human Spaceflight Programme, advanced communication satellite, air breathing propulsion, satellite based navigation system, hyper spectral imaging sensors, lunar & planetary exploration etc. .ISRO conducts written examination for the following posts :SCIENTIST / ENGINEER SCEligible Branches :Electronics, mechanical and Computer Science engineering.APPLICATION FORM DETAILSCandidates can apply for the exam through the link given belowApply HereAPPLICATION FEESRs. 100 for General and OBC CandidatesWomen, SC, ST, Ex-Serviceman and PH candidates are exempted from paying any feesIMPORTANT DATESSTART date of online registration 19/06/2015LAST date of online registration 09/07/2015RECRUITMENTCandidates are selected on the basis of written examination.Qualifying candidates will be called for Group Discussion/ interview.10. VIZAG STEELRashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd. – Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, popularly known as Vizag Steel is India’s first shore-based steel plant. The company focuses on producing value-added steel.VIZAG STEEL conducts written examination for the following posts :MANAGEMENT TRAINEE – TECHNICALEligible Branches :Electrical, Electrical & Electronics, Instrumentation, Electronics, mechanical, Chemical, Civil, Metallurgy and Computer Science engineering.APPLICATION FORM DETAILSCandidates can apply for the exam through the link given belowApply HereAPPLICATION FEESRs. 500IMPORTANT DATESSTART date of online registration 11/05/2015LAST date of online registration 26/05/2015RECRUITMENTCandidates are on the basis of written examination.Qualifying candidates will be called for Group Discussion/ interview.11. BELBEL (Bharat Electronics Ltd.) was established by the Government of India under the Ministry of Defence to meet the specialised electronic needs of the Indian defence services. It has grown into a multi-product, multi-technology, multi-unit company servicing the needs of customers in diverse fields in India and abroad. It’s main objective is to be a customer focussed, globally competitive company in defence electronics and in other chosen areas of professional electronics, through quality, technology and innovation.BEL conducts written examination for the following posts :PROBATIONARY ENGINEER (PE)Eligible Branches :Electrical, Electrical & Electronics, Telecommunication, Electronics, mechanical, Civil and Computer Science engineering.APPLICATION FORM DETAILSCandidates can apply for the exam through the link given belowApply HereAPPLICATION FEESRs. 500 for general candidatesSC, ST and PH candidates are exempted from paying any feesIMPORTANT DATESSTART date of online registration 27/04/2015LAST date of online registration 14/05/2015RECRUITMENTCandidates are on the basis of written examination.Qualifying candidates will be called for Group Discussion/ interview.12. SAILSAIL (Steel Authority Of Ltd.) is the largest steel-making company in India and one of the seven Maharatna’s of the country’s Central Public Sector Enterprises. SAIL has five integrated steel plants, three special plants, and one subsidiary in different parts of the country.SAIL conducts written examination for the following posts :MANAGEMENT TRAINEE – TECHNICALEligible Branches:Mechanical, Electrical, Metallurgy, Civil, Computer Science, Chemical and Electronics and Instrumentation.APPLICATION FORM DETAILSCandidates can apply for the exam through the link given belowApply HereAPPLICATION FEESYet to be disclosedIMPORTANT DATESSTART date of online registration 26/02/2015LAST date of online registration 18/03/2015RECRUITMENTCandidates are on the basis of written examination.Qualifying candidates will be called for Group Discussion/ interview.13. AAIAAI (Airport Authority of India) was constituted by an Act of Parliament by merging National Airports Authority and International Airports Authority of India. The merger brought into existence a single Organization entrusted with the responsibility of creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure both on the ground and air space in the country. The main functions of AAI inter-alia include construction, modification & management of passenger terminals, development & management of cargo terminals, development & maintenance of apron infrastructure including runways, parallel taxiways, apron etc.AAI conducts written examination for the following posts :Jr. EXECUTIVE ATC (Air Traffic Controller)Eligible Branches :Telecommunication, Electronics and Information Technology.ORBSc with Physics and MathsAPPLICATION FORM DETAILSCandidates can apply for the exam through the link given belowApply HereAPPLICATION FEESRs. 500 for general candidatesWomen, SC, ST and PH candidates are exempted from paying any feesIMPORTANT DATESSTART date of online registration 14/09/2015LAST date of online registration 13/10/2015RECRUITMENTCandidates are on the basis of written examination.Qualifying candidates will be called for interview.So these were the PSUs which are recruiting B.Tech candidates without Gate 2016 Score.source: Gate Exam 2016 Answer Key For All Branches - gateexam2016Edit: Since BSNL is recruiting JTO -Telecom exam through GATE 2017 , So I have removed it from list.

“…it's not rampant technology for technology’s sake. Every single component, every process has been considered and measured to make sure it is truly useful…”- Jony IveInnovation Does Not Always Mean Being FirstInnovation is not just about the technology, it is how this technology is used and how it changes how we use devices; it transcends all prior innovations up to that point. Innovation builds on the greatness of the past, but this does not mean innovation is just a big incremental leap, there are more elements.Some of the most informed technology observers, writers and notable Apple fans began to question if Apple could continue to innovate. They even began suggesting that the new Gold iPhone 5s option would be a failure before it even came to market. This is not about how wrong they were, it is about how easy it is to lose perspective of how truly innovative companies build truly innovative products. Sometimes it seems to be happening in slow motion, appearing like nothing is really happening.So much of what Apple has done since the Apple I, has been a design philosophy of assimilating great technology in “Apple time”. This means they are usually not the first to bring technology to the market, but perhaps the first to pull together all of the elements to make a desirable product that includes the technology. From the Integrated Woz Machine [2] to the new Touch ID, none of the foundational technology is new. However—with historical insight—it will eventually be deemed as innovative. Of course, just like any company, Apple has made some mistakes with technology; just not very often, and certainly not lately.When I saw the first Apple patent applications for mobile devices back before there was an iPhone, I knew that Apple would take a very long time before they introduced a product with a fingerprint scanner. Once the iPhone hit the market Apple filed dozens of direct and indirect patents relating to this technology. This was a journey that spans more than seven years, as along the way Apple acquired the most active companies developing fingerprint scanner technology.The Motorola Atrix And The Dawn Of Smartphone Fingerprint ScannersMotorola [2] invented the foundational technologies we all use today with cellular communications. Not only did they invent technology, they also have innovated countless times since Paul Galvin started the company in 1928. There is no doubt that Motorola has not only played a very important part in the connected and wireless world we see today, but that world simply would not have existed if Motorola had not innovated to the level they have. They were first, and they innovated a lot.Fingerprint scanners on cellular phones go back to a very limited use device built in the 1980s. The most recent example is the Motorola Atrix[2] family of smartphones. Developed in early 2010 under code name Olympus, the Atrix was to be an Android-based smartphone with a dizzying array of features. The Atrix even featured a full screen and keyboard docking system that many thought would make the smartphone a laptop replacement. The fingerprint scanner was the cherry on top of this multi layered stack of technologies. The problem, however, was that the technology employed in the Atrix’s fingerprint scanner was less than adequate and suffered from ineffective recognition that would frustrate users.Motorola’s Atrix was well received when it was announced at the 2011 Consumer Electronics Show on January 5, 2011. But Atrix failed to capture the imagination and the marketshare of smartphones. Even though many users liked the integrated fingerprint scanner on the top rear edge of the device, it was not very accurate and not really very useful. The product now is virtually obsolete, as there have been no official upgrades from the old version of Android that powers the device. Thus the Atrix has met the unceremonious end of life that so many great ideas face in the marketplace.A Study Of Two Different ApproachesApple has brought the use cases for fingerprint technology to the forefront with Touch ID. This technology presents a great opportunity to examine just how divergent Apple’s approach to product development is, in comparison to just about every other technology company. Apple’s approach has often been problematic for knowledgeable technologists...and for good reason: they simply do not see what the big deal is from a technological perspective. And in most cases, they have been quite correct.Specimen of the fingerprint scanner on the iPhone 5s.Specimen of the fingerprint scanner on the Motorola Atrix.There are quite a number of reasons why the Motorola Atrix failed to captivate users and capture market share. I will address what I assert are the most important contrasting elements to what I am certain will be a paradigm changing and transformative technology. In many ways the approaches to product development used by Apple and Motorola are really at opposite ends of the spectrum. At this point I think it is obvious, but it was not nearly as obvious when Apple started on the journey that resulted in Touch ID, nor was it obvious when Motorola added a fingerprint scanner to a smartphone.Touch vs. Swipe- Apple chose a technology that allows the user to touch a finger on the scanner, and this is not at all trivial. When one uses Touch ID the first time, it feels natural to just touch the scanner with the inside edge of the thumb holding the phone. Motorola’s scanner requires a finger to swipe over the head of the reader. The process is less than natural because of the way you must swipe the pad of the forefinger in a not-too-fast and not-too-slow action. Touch is the reason Touch ID got it’s name.Front vs. Back- Apple chose to locate Touch ID front and center integrated into one of the most important areas of the iPhone, the Home button. This makes instant access and regular use of Touch ID quite simple. Motorola’s scanner is located in what seems to be a thoughtful location from an engineering perspective. However, from a user perspective there are several contortions necessary to be sure of a correct fingerprint swipe.Any Finger vs. Just A Forefinger- Apple’s Touch ID allows for any and all fingers (or toes, if you are so inclined) to be used to activate the fingerprint scanner. Motorola’s technology primarily allows the right and/or left forefinger to be used. This is logical because of the way Motorola chose to position and orient the fingerprint scanner, however it severely limits the use cases for the system.Multi Orientation vs. Single Orientation- Apple’s touch ID allows it to recognize fingerprints in any orientation around the scanner. Motorola’s fingerprint technology uses only a single orientation: a straight up and down swipe. There is no doubt that just this issue alone would frustrate most causal users to the point of disconnecting the feature.Sapphire Lens vs. Plastic Lens- Apple chose one of the hardest translucent materials to be found, almost as hard as diamonds. This material selection was not a flamboyant afterthought, but a really deep understanding of the potential limits of scanning technology. Motorola elected to use a plastic-based sensor lens for the Artix. The lens of a fingerprint scanner is of paramount importance. Over time, the quality of each scan will degrade when materials less hard than Shappire is used. A smartphone will be exposed to dust, debris and oils from skin. This buildup will accumulate and cause recognition errors. More importantly, plastic—and even gorilla glass—will accumulate micro-scratches and whorl marks that will ultimately render the scanner useless.Reinvention vs. Off The Shelf- Apple built all of the technology for Touch ID from the ground up, both internally and through the acquisition of AuthenTec. Every single element—as well as the way the elements are combined—is unique. Motorola selected an off-the-shelf part that was inexpensive, but also not very accurate. Ironically, at one point AuthenTec sourced the part. Apple’s technological achievement in Touch ID is based on building this subsystem from the start. Even to an untrained eye, one can detect a huge difference just visually:Specimen of the iPhone 5s fingerprint scanner sub system invented from the ground up.Specimen of the Motorola Atrix fingerprint scanner subsystem that is basically a standard off-the-shelf part.Deep Security vs. Surface Security- Apple converged the security and encryption technology of the ARM A7 processor so that the fingerprint biometric data is held securely in the Secure Enclave of the A7 and can not leave the chip. Motorola just saved the biometric data in regular processor memory. This opened up the prospects of unauthorized use, as well as potential full identity reproduction of the user on other systems or devices.Multiple Use Cases vs. Single Use Cases- Apple clearly has been thinking for almost a decade about biometrics and fingerprint technology. They have empirically studied all aspects of how this technology could inform deeper uses cases with in the hardware. Today, Touch ID is constrained to just two use cases, unlocking the iPhone and authorizing iTuens and App Store purchases. But this is an artificial limitation, and Apple will deeply integrate Touch ID into the very fabric of the OS. Motorola’s vision was limited to only unlocking the Atrix and had no deeper uses cases planned.Apple Created A Name For The Fingerprint Scanner: Touch IDWe can also see a huge a dichotomy in the approaches both companies used to present the technology to the world. Apple has centered the marketing of the iPhone 5s around the fingerprint technology, and created a special name for it, Touch ID. In contrast, Motorola chose to present the fingerprint scanner as just one part of a very long list of features. This is apparent in the marketing videos below:Apple iPhone 5s video.Motorola Atrix video.How The Windows In Our Homes Inform Security.We all choose to make choices about security. We also know there is no such thing as 100% security. With the right conditions and the right amount of technology, anything will be unlocked. We live in homes that hold a great deal of our personal wealth, however we have access to the home that just a hard tap could defeat, we call this a window. We like windows for many reasons but they massively impact security. Even with alarms, the window is just inches away from our stuff. We accept this and we will ultimately accept that even the best fingerprint scanners will be circumvented. It will not be easy for 99% of us to circumvent, but it will be done.Innovative Technology That Just DisappearsIt is safe to conclude that Motorola saw the Atrix fingerprint scanner as little more than a security feature. Apple’s approach was dramatically different. Fingerprint-based security was viewed as a deep design element rather than as a technological appendage. We can see this visually in the way both companies present the fingerprint scanner to the user. In Motorola’s case one can feel that the scanner was grafted on to the design of the device, whereas Apple makes the technology disappear almost entirely. In fact, unless one was told there is a fingerprint scanner hidden below the Home button, it could be entirely taken as a Jony Ive desire to simplify and remove the Home button rectangle image.Example of how the fingerprint scanner is not obvious on the iPhone 5s.Example of how the fingerprint scanner is very obvious on the Atrix.History And Public StatementsThe fact that Motorola was one of the first companies to integrate fingerprint scanners into a smartphone should be a forward-looking accomplishment of which it can be proud, even if the product was not considered a success. However, it is surprising to me that Motorola made a Microsoft-like embarrassing statement yesterday [4]. Although intended as glib, I predict that the statement will not prove to be one of the company’s finest moments:Example of a regrettable and cringeworthy tweet from a multi-billion dollar company.There Is Room For All Kinds Of InnovationThere is room for thousands of ideas, products and companies in what we currently call the mobile market. It will soon just be viewed as the computer market is today. Innovation does not always appear in the way Apple conjures up their products. It can come from a spectrum of philosophies. But the common element is that an empirical praxis forms the foundation. As Jony Ive pointed out, it is not just about the technology, but how truly useful the technology is.Touch ID and the many use cases that will become apparent over the next few years will demonstrate why this technology truly forms a foundation for Apple’s future. You can certainly speculate where this will take all of us, but I think it is abundantly clear one of the next destinations for Apple is to make retail payments become a far richer and rewarding experience for both the merchant and the customer. Apple has had a long time to fine tune these experiences, and from the iTunes store to the Apple retail store experience you and I have seen just the start of the revolution.We Vote With Our WalletsAs I write this we are just days after Apple shipped the iPhone 5s. Some may say it is premature to declare it a success, even with the longest Apple lines in history and the mania some people apparently have to acquire a gold-colored iPhone. I agree that it may be too early to tell. But I have watched this develop through Apple patent filings for quite sometime. I also spent the better part of a beautiful Saturday watching people become excited as they got their first try at Touch ID. The buzz always goes away, but you and I will never look at a smartphone the same way once we have used it.Apple builds products using technology; they are not building products just to use new technology. The technology is a means to an ends. We can see that this philosophy of design can take almost a decade to begin to produce results. This vision and determination is one of the reasons Apple has become one of the most successful companies in the world. But in the end, none of this really matters. What matters is that you and I and the rest of us, directly or indirectly, have voted with our wallets, and not because we love Apple’s technology. We voted because we love what the products do to us, and do for us.__________[1] Macintosh Stories: Five Different Macintoshes[2] Motorola[3] Motorola Atrix 4G[4] Motorola: Remember that one time you …

For me, the most fascinating "rags to riches" case studies in the post-WWII era were South Korea and Taiwan, two of the so-called "Asian Tigers." They are interesting to me because unlike oil/resource-rich countries (e.g., the Middle East) and the global trading entrepôt / city-states of Hong Kong & Singapore, the lessons from South Korea and Taiwan are broadly applicable to the majority of poor, developing countries.In the 1950s, both South Korea and Taiwan were effectively "dirt poor," ranking in the lowest tier of the world's poorest countries just having emerged from years of war and colonialism and finally experiencing independence and relative stability for the first time in the modern era. Today, a mere three generations later, they rank amongst the world's most productive and richest large economies. While at the implementation level the two often differed in terms of specific methods and approaches, at a high level they followed similar development principles. And if I had to boil it down to a core unifying theme behind their respective successes, it was setting up the system in a way that allowed for the unleashing of latent entrepreneurial energy and directing it in ways that were beneficial to the entire economy.The cool thing is that while poor countries often lack natural resources and/or may not be geographically positioned at the crossroads of major trade routes, I believe that every country has ample amounts of entrepreneurial energy. But the difference between success and failure is finding a way to tap into that energy in a way that is beneficial both for the entrepreneur (to keep them hungry & motivated) and for the country as a whole [1].South Korea and Taiwan both developed their economies in phases where each stage featured a different type of entrepreneur. The first stage involved agricultural reform, and here the focal entrepreneur was the farmer. This made sense because at that point their economies were almost entirely agrarian in nature and the vast majority of the population were farmers. The second stage was industrialization (using exports as a scorecard) and the focal entrepreneur at this point were those whom I dub the "O.G. entrepreneurs" like Chung Ju-yung (founder of Hyundai) from South Korea and Terry Gou (郭台銘) (founder of Hon Hai/Foxconn) from Taiwan. Today, we are in the third stage (post-industrialization / innovation-led development) and the story is yet to be finalized... but it doesn't matter, because if you've gotten here it means you are already a developed, rich economy.Helping the farmers farm.Every economy starts with farming and it was no different with Taiwan and South Korea in the early 50s. At the dawn of their modernization drives the vast majority (upwards of 80%) of their populations were farming households -- and roughly the same proportion of economic output. But agricultural output remained low by global standards and the two could barely feed their fast-growing populations.How do you empower the farmers?You empower farmers by turning them from paid laborers working for large landowners into owner-operators and solving some of their infrastructure challenges. You see, prior to the implementation of land reform programs in these countries, landholdings were relatively concentrated, often in the hands of absentee landlords. Farming is an activity that features very high correlation between effort and results so it is not a surprise that when farmers work for themselves instead of absentee landlords, their output is much higher.Taiwanese farmer-entrepreneurs:The defining feature of the agricultural reform phase for Taiwan and South Korea was a series of land reforms in the 1950s. The government forced large landowners to sell their excess land, colonial land was re-distributed and broad-based farmers' committees were formed to maintain fairness throughout this process. This was small-scale, highly labor-intensive farming where each farm was its own family business.Favorable taxation policies allowed these new farmer-entrepreneurs to keep much more of the fruits of their labor and the government invested its scarce capital on infrastructure (e.g., irrigation projects, transportation infrastructure, subsidized fertilizer) to make life a little easier for farmers. They began to thrive and productivity soared.Out of the two, Taiwan performed the best here. At the end of World War II, farmers only owned a third of the farmland. Through various land reform initiatives in the early 50s -- many of which were encouraged by its American advisors -- this percentage had nearly doubled. During these years, Taiwan's agricultural output and productivity soared and within a decade, Taiwan had turned from an importer to a large agricultural exporter. In addition, as land was now broadly held which means everyone had a bit of capital and society was quite equal. With a Gini coefficient in the low 30s at the time, Taiwan was unique amongst fast-growing economies in income and asset equality.For agrarian-based economies with limited arable land, labor-intensive small-scale farming is a very good first step on the path to riches. But it's hard to get rich on agriculture alone. And with agricultural productivity rising, surging population growth [2] meant having to deal with a rising supply of excess labor. Thus, we enter the next stage -- industrialization, or learning how to make things that others want.Industrialization using exports as a scorecard.How can a country of farmers ever expect to compete with the industrial might of the modern industrialized world? There's no infrastructure, precious little hard currency and rudimentary know-how. How do you create something out of nothing?Enter the next wave of entrepreneurs. No, not the "Silicon Valley" type entrepreneurs that define the term today. These are their predecessors -- the hardened, "O.G. entrepreneurs" that hustle, scrape, beg, borrow and steal to"get shit done." These are guys like Chung Ju-yung (founder of Hyundai) and Terry Gou from Taiwan (founder of Hon Hai / Foxconn).Chung Ju-yung, "O.G. entrepreneur" and founder of Hyundai. Looks likes someone you don't want to mess around with.How do you make sure that these incredibly talented and driven entrepreneurs are hustling in the best interests of the country? At this point in time, governmental institutions (and thus oversight capabilities / corruptibility) were still relatively weak and immature and anyway, governments are just not good at "picking the winners." In light of this, how do you measure success, rewarding the winners and culling the losers?It turns out that incentivizing these entrepreneurs to export is a really good way to separate the doers from the talkers. But you also have to provide them with a foundation to get started. Just like you cannot simply place your toddler on a bike and expect him/her to start riding flawlessly, you cannot expose your "infant companies" to the global market until they're mature enough to offer something of value. Both need training wheels.South Korea and Taiwan used "infant industry" protection policies to first develop a primordial manufacturing base. Once their domestic manufacturers hit adolescence, policies were quickly shifted into an export orientation and these companies were nudged out to into the global markets to sink or swim. With highly controlled financial systems, the governments' most powerful tool was allocating subsidized financing for the corporations that were performing and withholding such funding from the losers.Making stuff is all about repetition -- you learn by doing. And so the Korean and Taiwanese governments nurtured a batch of industrial entrepreneurs to incubate their companies within their small, domestic markets. They competed with each other, but they did not have to compete on the same level with General Electric quite yet. And while many of them were unprofitable at first, through repetition, the better-run ones got better. As they improved, the governments began to incentivize (or in some cases, force) them onto the global stage.It also turns out that South Korea and Taiwan weren't really starting with nothing. They had some advantages -- in particular, the inexpensive labor that was literally stampeding out of the increasingly productive farms. Many of the successful entrepreneurs made their first batch of wealth by figuring out how to organize this cheap labor, apply a bit of capital (i.e. machines and stuff) to it and start producing products that -- while not world-beating at first -- were at least good enough at the much lower price point they could offer.Export performance was a fair and effective way of judging company performance and helped governments determine how well a company was operating. Performance was hard to fake -- profitability correlated with success and growth. The companies that succeeded continued to get perks from the government. They created millions of factory jobs and many more higher value jobs as the companies moved up the value chain. It was a win-win situation. Within a generation, these sons and daughters of heretofore impoverished farmers were seeing their lives improve immensely and began to form the foundation of the emerging middle class. It was an exciting and dynamic time.South Korea really handled this industrialization phase well. Under the authoritarian leadership of General Park Chung-hee and his administration, many early chaebols began as domestic construction companies helping to re-build post-war Korea before being very quickly encouraged by the government to expand into other heavy basic industries like steelmaking, shipbuilding and heavy chemicals. And importantly, they were heavily incentivized to sell into the global market. A good example of this is Pohang Steel (now POSCO, the second-largest and most profitable steel manufacturer in the world). Its original location on the eastern cost of South Korea is located in a U-shaped harbor where raw materials are loaded from container ships on one side and finished product exits back onto container ships on the other side [3]. This was clear evidence that the Koreans had exporting in mind even before they had laid the first brick. Starting from the early 60s, South Korea industrialized at a rate faster than any major country had ever seen up to that point.Liberalization to reach and eventually push the bleeding edge of innovation.At the early stages of industrialization, you are primarily copying from the leading economies. You are trying to figure out how to make existing products more efficiently, or maybe adapt it for your home market or other emerging markets - but you aren't really coming up with truly revolutionary products. But that's fine, because at this stage, you don't have to be revolutionary ... there are still huge gains (and profits) to be made by what you are doing ... and the smartest entrepreneurs will (and should) gravitate towards those types of opportunities.As time goes on, the productivity gap shrinks between you and the leading economies and it becomes harder and harder to play this catch-up game if you want to maintain robust growth. Once you've reached the league of advanced modern economies, this means you're close to or at the technology frontier, and the only way to push your economy forward is by doing your part in pushing forward the bleeding edge of technology and innovation.I believe liberalizations such as greater freedoms and increased political participation play a major role in creating innovation-centric economies, the ones that can push this technology frontier forward. As such, I do not think it's just a coincidence that both South Korea and Taiwan underwent major liberalizations (including moving from authoritarian to multi-party representative democracies, divesting government stakes in certain sectors etc.) during in the late 1980s and early 1990s after their economies were well into the industrialization phase and starting to enter the third phase.Masayoshi Son thanking Jack Ma for making him another gazillion dollars [4].The stories of South Korea and Taiwan are still being written. They are still tackling many challenges, like how to figure out how to get even more productive, build innovative companies and develop their own versions of Silicon Valley. As we saw with Japan over the last two decades, innovation is not easy because -- unlike the first two phases -- there isn't a well-defined "roadmap" to follow. That makes sense: being an advanced economy means you are sitting at the innovation frontier ... which means advancing forward involves doing things that have never been done before. And it often means leveraging the unique aspects of a country's culture, specific skills and competencies and comparative advantages to innovate in increasingly specialized areas. These are advanced economy challenges, so the fact that South Korea and Taiwan are dealing with them today means that they have already won.P.S. Much of the content in this answer was pulled from another question I answered before on a related topic (Glenn Luk's answer to Is it possible for the "Tiger Cubs" to eventually replicate the success of the "Asian Tigers"?). Here I discuss what Taiwan and South Korea accomplished to compare and contrast it with the "Tiger Cubs" of Southeast Asia.Notes:[1] The "beneficial for the country as a whole" concept is very important, because a lot of countries fail when that energy is used only to benefit the entrepreneur and his/her small entourage. In many of these cases, the entrepreneurs quickly turn into oligarchs, controlling massive segments of the economy, turning their focus on rent-seeking instead of innovation and doing their best to stifle the next-generation of entrepreneurs -- activities that have perverse effects on the economy and society in general.[2] With high infant mortality rates and the need for labor resources, farming societies traditionally had high birthrates. With mortality rates plummeting due to the introduction of modern-day medicine, South Korea and Taiwan experienced rapid population growth as they began their transitions from the agricultural to industrialization stage.[3] In his book How Asia Works Joe Studwell discusses the Pohang Steel case study in great detail. More broadly I would highly recommend this book for more detailed study on the topic.[4] While they obviously don't speak for South Korea and Taiwan, Alibaba and Softbank are appropriate and relatively well-known representatives of this third stage of innovation-led development from fellow countries that have followed broadly similar development principles.