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Etymology:There are many interpretations of the name itself but the one which is common in Sanskrit and Persian is about the expedition of Hazrat Suleiman. Hazrat Suleiman was flying over the Kashmir on his throne. He saw nothing but water in the valley. He asked his jins whether anyone would remove all the water from the valley. The leader of Jins whose name was “Kaash” had a desire to marry the queen of fairies, “Mir”. He asked Hazrat Suleiman that if he allowed him to marry Mir, he will remove the water from the valley. Hazrat Suleiman accepted the offer and hence the name “Kaashmir” formed which gradually changed into Kashmir. The Sanskrit hold the same story but with different names.According to legend, Jammu was founded by Hindu King Raja Jambu lochan in the 14th century BC. During one of his hunting campaigns he reached the Tawi River where he saw a goat and a lion drinking water at the same place. The king was so impressed that he decided to set up a town after his name, Jamboo. With the passage of time, the name was corrupted and became "Jammu".History:Before Christ, Jammu and Kashmir had been subsequently ruled by Buddhist and Hindu rulers including the Great Ruler Ashoka. Karkota Empire (8th century CE) was the most successful rule which had conquered the areas extending to modern day Kandahar in Afghanistan in west to Bengal in east. Muslim rule was first established by Shah Mir, the first ruler of Shah Mir Dynasty. By the 14century, Islam was a dominant religion in Kashmir valley. Sanskrit was replaced by Persian as the official language of Kashmir. In 1504 CE, the Mughal general Mirza Muhammad Haider Dughlat invaded Kashmir on behalf of Mughal emperor Humayun, but the victory was short lived as the Suri Kings led to a revolt which overthrew Dughlat’s rule in Kashmir. Kashmir did not witness direct Mughal rule until Akber who visited the valley himself in 1589 CE. After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal empire declined in Kashmir and afterwards was captured by Ahmed Shah Abdali who eastablished the rule of Durrani Empire in the region.In 1819, the Kashmir Valley passed the rule of Mughals and Durrani’s of Afghanistan to the Sikh emperor Ranjit Singh of Lahore. After the death of Ranjit Deo, Ghulab Singh and Zorawar Singh captured the lands of Ladakh, Baltistan and Jammu.After the first Anglo-Sikh war, the East India Company demanded for the indemnity from Sikh rulers. Raja Gulab Singh proposed to the British Government that he would pay them 1/3of the indemnity for the Jammu and Kashmir. East India Company agreed on the terms and sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh. The princely state of Kashmir was constituted between 1820 and 1858.Modern Day Kashmir:Ranbir Singh's grandson Hari Singh, who had ascended the throne of Kashmir in 1925, was the reigning monarch in 1947 at the conclusion of British rule of the subcontinent and the subsequent partition of the British Indian Empire into the newly independent Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. Each state was given the right to choose between two countries or to remain independent. The Maharaja Hari Singh wanted to remain independent and sent a contract of peace asserting that Kashmir wants good relations with both countries. Pakistan readily accepted the contract but India remained silent. It was believed that Lord Mountbatten, governor general of India, was not happy with the decision.In September of 1947, Pakistan planned to start an offensive against Hari Singh. An internal revolt began in the Poonch region against the Maharaja. The Maharaja tried to deal with the situation but it got out of control when the neighboring Pathan Mujahidin joined the rebel forces. They captured the areas of Baramulla and were just 56 Km from the summer capital Srinagar. Hari Singh was facing defeats and he asked Indian Government for reinforcements. The governor general agreed on the condition that the ruler accedes to India. The Maharaja signed the agreement and after that Indian army landed on Srinagar airport. This led to the first Indo-Pak war of 1948.Then afterwards, India presented the issue in the United Nations. The UN mission insisted that a plebiscite must take place which would let the inhabitants decide for themselves. Since the plebiscite demanded by UN was never conducted because it required Pakistan to pull back all of its forces because it initiated the offence but India was allowed to keep thirty percent of its forces in Kashmir. However, a ceasefire was agreed under UN auspices.The war of 1948 resulted in Kashmir being divided into four divisions. Jammu and Kashmir is in Indian control while Gilgit-Baltistan and AJK in Pakistan jurisdiction. Trans-Karakoram Tract and Aksai Chin are in Chinese Control. It must also be noted that this is first time in the history of Kashmir that Kashmir is divided into parts.Since then, the Pakistan and India had failed to reach a conclusion but it still had some promising development in the past. In 1972, Simla agreement was signed between India and Pakistan. The outcome of the agreement was that both countries shall settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations. Also, the agreement had denied any third party intervention, even that of United Nations.The most recent war between two countries was in 1998 in the Kargil sector of Indian held Kashmir. Kargil is the capital of the Ladakh state of Kashmir. Both armies had number of causalities and the only outcome was the capturing of point 5353 on Tiger Hill by Pakistan in the Indian side of LOC. It has significance in the region as it poses a direct threat to the National Highway 1D which connects Indian Siachen with Ladakh. Point 5353 is the highest point in the region and is surrounded by three Indian outposts.Strategic Importance:The Kashmir held a special importance for all the neighboring countries. Pakistan administered Kashmir or Gilgit Baltistan helps the country to connect to China. For strategic reasons, Pakistan ceded Trans-Karakoram Tract to China in 1965 through bilateral talks. Aksai Chin or Chinese administered Kashmir connects China with Tibet. China has built an all weather highway in Aksai Chin. In 1962, India and China had border clashes and eventually India lost because China has already completed its stronghold in the area and had better positions. India, on the other hand claims all the divisions of Kashmir including Gilgit Baltistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Trans-Karakoram Tract and Aksai Chin.

Europe is a powder keg in 1914. A settlement that permanently avoids a European war is not easy to imagine, but here goes.On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip's gun jams, and he is arrested without incident. Ecstatic over surviving his near brush with death, Archduke Franz Ferdinand celebrates by going hunting the next week with Kaiser Wilhelm II in the Black Forest. Franz Ferdinand proves to be a graduate of the Dick Cheney School of Gun Safety, and shoots Kaiser Bill in the back of the head while swinging on a pheasant. This, shall we say, somewhat strains relations between Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the mainly Hungarian leaders eager to use the assassination attempt as an excuse to settle with the Serbs once and for all are restrained when Germany says it will not support any war against Serbia.The new Kaiser is Wilhelm III, who never got along with his dad very well and has no qualms about breaking from his policies. Briefed by the Imperial General Staff, he suggests that it might be a good idea to have a second plan for war with Russia that does not start by attacking France. After many months of negotiations the following agreement is hammered out between Germany, Britain and France.1) France will abandon all claims to Alsace-Lorraine in exchange for Germany paying a large indemnity.2) Germany sells one quarter of the High Seas Fleet to Britain, and all three powers agree to a navy-building freeze.3) Germany will abandon its alliance with Austria-Hungary in return for Britain and France abandoning their alliance with Russia. Britain further commits to aid Germany if it is attacked by Russia, while France pledges to remain neutral.We have now . . . maybe . . . avoided war in Europe for a generation.So, what next? Perhaps this:1. Home rule in Ireland, but no independence.2. Historically, Woodrow Wilson won in 1916 on the platform "He kept us out of war." This time, there is no war for Wilson to keep us out of, and the fluke split of the Republican party in 1912 is not repeated. Charles Evans Hughes becomes President on a strong anti-union, anti-socialist ticket. Women get the vote in 1918, since war fever does not sour the public on all reform measures. Women support Prohibition and it passes on schedule.3. Russia continues and intensifies persecution of the Jews to distract the Christian population from the monarchy's failures. Germany and Austria-Hungary do the same on a lesser scale in their Polish, Czech, Slovak, and Yugoslav territories. Zionism thrives as more and more Jews flee these three empires for Ottoman Palestine. Other Jews flee to America, where anti-Semitism intensifies and the new Klan grows even more powerful.4. Socialist and Communist movements grow more slowly, since the world's republics and monarchies have not been discredited by the horrific waste and incompetence of World War I. In all likelihood, there is no Great Depression, and Europe is much more prosperous, since the waste of resources and economic dislocations of the war have been avoided. Lesser economic "panics" continue as before.5. The world's first successful Communist revolution might be in China, whose monarchy has already fallen apart. The Western powers, including Japan, invade to crush the revolution and occupy large portions of the Chinese coast, but a rump Communist state survives centered on Xi'an, until finally overthrown by a nationalist (possibly Fascist) rebellion of native Chinese after about twenty years of poverty and mismanagement.6. The first multinational empire to fall to a nationalist revolution is the Ottoman. Possibly the Arabs and Zionists come to a temporary alliance, and both revolt against the hated Turks. The Russians pretend to sympathize with the Arabs, and use the opportunity to move into Anatolia. Britain sends a fleet (again) to the Bosporus to deter the Russians. The Young Turks topple the monarchy and fight back with all their strength, and a Turkish republic is established with British and German support. Alas, we probably get the Armenian genocide anyway. As soon as the new Turkish republic renounces its claim to Palestine, the Zionists and the Arabs turn on each other. A Zionist state manages to survive, despite being massively outnumbered, due to contributions of money and supplies from Zionists in America and Britain, but Jerusalem ends up in Arab hands. The pattern of Arab states that would arise would look nothing like the one that exists now.7. If Fascism arises at all, it is as a populist/nationalist competitor to the socialists for the loyalty of the urban workers, probably in some recently defeated and humiliated state. China, Austria, Spain or Russia might be the likeliest fertile ground for it in this World-War-I-less world.8. No League of Nations, no United Nations. War continues to be regarded as a legitimate instrument of state policy.

Movies based on books is hardly a “nowadays” phenomenon; they’ve been around as long as there’s been moving pictures. For example, there’s:All Quiet on the Western Front (1930), Frankenstein (1931), Cimarron (1931), Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931), Arrowsmith (1931), Little Women (1933), The Thin Man (1934), Mutiny on the Bounty (1935), Captain Blood (1935), Captains Courageous (1937), The Prisoner of Zenda (1937), The Citadel (1938), Gone with the Wind (1939), Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939), Wuthering Heights (1939), The Wizard of Oz (1939), The Grapes of Wrath (1940), Rebecca (1940), How Green Was My Valley (1941), The Maltese Falcon (1941), Random Harvest (1942), Holy Matrimony (1943), Double Indemnity (1944), Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), The Lost Weekend (1945), Anna and the King of Siam (1946), Story of G.I. Joe (1945), The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945), A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1945), The Best Years of Our Lives (1946), Gentleman's Agreement (1947), Great Expectations (2012), The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), All the King's Men (1949), Bicycle Thieves (1948), The Asphalt Jungle (1950), Broken Arrow (1950), Father of the Bride (1950), The African Queen (1951), 5 Fingers (1952), The War of the Worlds (1953); From Here to Eternity (1953), Shane (1953), The Caine Mutiny (1954), 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954), Sabrina (1954), Blackboard Jungle (1955), East of Eden (1955), Around the World in Eighty Days (1956), Giant (1956), Moby Dick (1956), The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), The Horse's Mouth (1958), From the Earth to the Moon (1958); Anatomy of a Murder (1959), Ben-Hur (1959), Spartacus (1960), Elmer Gantry (1960), The Time Machine (1960), Swiss Family Robinson (1960), The Guns of Navarone (1961), The Hustler (1961), To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), Dr. No (1962), Tom Jones (1963), Hud (1963), Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964), Mary Poppins (1964), Zorba the Greek (1964), Doctor Zhivago (1965), Cat Ballou (1965), Ship of Fools (1965), The Russians Are Coming! The Russians Are Coming! (1966), In the Heat of the Night (1967), Cool Hand Luke (1967), The Graduate (1967), In Cold Blood (1967), Ulysses (1967), Oliver! (1968), Rosemary's Baby (1968), Midnight Cowboy (1969), They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969), MASH (1970), Airport (1970), A Clockwork Orange (1971), Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971), The Last Picture Show (1971), The Poseidon Adventure (1972), Sounder (1972), The Godfather (1972), The Exorcist (1973), The Last Detail (1973), The Paper Chase (1973), Serpico (1973), The Three Musketeers (1973); The Godfather: Part II (1974), Murder on the Orient Express (1974), One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), Barry Lyndon (1975), Jaws (1975), Carrie (1976), Logan's Run (1976); The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (1976), Julia (1977), I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (1977), Oh, God! (1977), Bloodbrothers (1978), Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), Apocalypse Now (1979), Ordinary People (1980), The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981), Das Boot (1981), Sophie's Choice (1982), The Verdict (1982), Terms of Endearment (1983), Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes (1984), A Passage to India (1984), The Color Purple (1985), Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985), Prizzi's Honor (1985), A Room with a View (1985), The Color of Money (1986), Full Metal Jacket (1987), The Accidental Tourist (1988), The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1988), Field of Dreams (1989), Field of Dreams (1989), The Hunt for Red October (1990), The Grifters (1990), Misery (1990); The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Howards End (1992), Scent of a Woman (1992), Schindler's List (1993), The Remains of the Day (1993), Jurassic Park (1993), Forrest Gump (1994), Sense and Sensibility (1995), Babe (1995), Leaving Las Vegas (1995), The English Patient (1996), Trainspotting (1996), L.A. Confidential (1997), Wag the Dog (1997), The Wings of the Dove (1997), Gods and Monsters (1998), Primary Colors (1998), The Thin Red Line (1998), The Cider House Rules (1999), The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999), The Green Mile (1999), and I’ll stop at the end of the 20th century.J.K. Rowling and J.R.R. Tolkien were hardly the first authors to have their novels adapted to film. Screenplay writers have been looking for inspiration in the works of Anton Chekhov, Charles Dickens. Alexandre Dumas, Edgar Allan Poe. Robert Louis Stevenson, Arthur Conan Doyle, Hans Christian Andersen, The Brothers Grimm , O. Henry, Oscar Wilde, Leo Tolstoy, Victor Hugo, Jules Verne, Stephen King, Agatha Christie, L. Frank Baum, Mark Twain, Somerset Maugham, Dashiell Hammett, Ian Fleming, Tom Clancy, and Michael Crichton long before the first Adapted Screenplay Award was given out in 1927 and long since after. Producers also like novel adaptations for their built-in audience and title recognition.