Designation Of Recovery Zone - Sample: Fill & Download for Free

Btw, I’m going to put LOTS OF IMAGES in my answer.The brunt of the (post-soviet) responsibilities fell on Ukraine, Belarus and Russia (to a slightly lesser extent for the latter two).Many know about what happened in the immediate aftermath: radioactive isotopes such as caesium-137, iodine-131, strontium-90 and other radionuclides were released into the atmosphere while firemen, pilots, troops and workers (the Chernobyl Liquidators) were activated.Despite sometimes not being trained to confront, or informed about, the dangerous radioactive levels, they courageously executed their jobs.“If we'd followed regulations, we would never have gone near the reactor. But it was a moral obligation – our duty. We were like kamikaze.” — Anatoli Zakharov, fireman stationed in Chernobyl.The first photo to be taken of the reactor, at 4pm, 14 hours after the explosion. The photo is foggy due to the high radiation 200m away in a helicopter.After taking 20 shots (most destroyed by radiation), even Igor Kostin’s (the photographer) camera was damaged by ionising gamma rays and beta particles that induced enough charges to change the Silicon dioxide crystal lattice of the camera’s transistors. Terrifying eh?Probably an Mi-26 (largest helicopter in the world), which could survive the extreme heat and radiation over the exposed reactor core, spraying sticky decontamination fluid that fixed the radiation to the ground.Liquidators wash the radioactive dust off the streets using molasses.But that is a tragic story for another (other) answer(s).It is tricky to estimate the macroeconomic implications of the incident.According to Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union (mainly Russia) spent 18 billion rubles (the equivalent of US$18 billion at that time, or $41.1 billion in today's dollars on containment and decontamination.These sums of cash manifested in two main efforts.Chernobyl Exclusion ZoneThe Soviet Armed Forces established and maintained a 30 kilometre radius, around Reactor 4, known as the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone until 1991.After independence, based on radioactive soil samples by the National Commission for Radiation Protection of Ukraine, the borders were updated.The Jupiter factory (semiconductor & robotics) was the second largest employer in the city of Pripyat (after the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant).This was the swimming pool in 1996 (10 year after the disaster). The indoor Azure Swimming Pool was used by the liquidators until 1998 as it was considered one of the “safest” places in Pripyat. I wouldn’t want to swim in it.The pool dried up and so did the funding…Control was given to the State Agency of Ukraine on Exclusion Zone Management (SAUEZM), an agency of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine, administers the zone. Also, policing of the zone is conducted by special units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukraine and the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine.Basically, after 1991, the onus fell on Ukraine to expend copious resources to manage the exclusion zone for the next 20,000 years.Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus / Shelter StructureОбъект "Укрытие (Obyekt Ukrytiye) was originally built by the Soviets as well. Workers and robots (to weld the really dangerous parts) used 400000 m3 of concrete and 7,300 tonnes of steel to construct this behemoth so as to limit radioactive contamination. This feat of engineering was done in 206 days.Now of course, Soviet scientists already warned that the reinforced concrete structure would only last about 30 years before restoration would be necessary.All well and good, except the Soviets were no longer around…The international community chipped in; the Chernobyl Shelter Fund (CSF) was set up. Managed by the European Bank for Reconstruction & Development (EBRD), contributions were sourced from around the world to finance the maintenance of the sarcophagus and the Shelter Implementation Plan (SIP).Contributors to the CSF: Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Iceland, India, Israel, South Korea, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia and Turkey.The €1.5 billion New Safe Confinement (NSC or New Shelter), which is nearly done., is the most notable achievement of the CSF.Multiple UN-accredited organisations, like the Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme (CRDP) and the Chernobyl Children International (CCI) have also volunteered to assist the Ukrainian government in handling not just the cost but the social dislocation of the disaster’s long-term effects.SummaryMost post-1991 operations to monitor and contain the ecological catastrophe have been funded by the three primary victims (Ukraine, Belarus & Russia).International efforts by other states and the UN help to offset some of this but the bulk of the bill is still to Ukraine, Belarus and Russia.Some of the ongoing costs are known; in their 2003–2005 report, The Chernobyl Forum stated that between 5% and 7% of government spending in Ukraine is still (in 2018) related to Chernobyl.While in Belarus, over $13 billion is thought to have been spent between 1991 and 2003. Overall economic loss is estimated at $235 billion in Belarus. Much of the current cost relates to the payment of Chernobyl-related social benefits to some 7 million people across the three countries.This was a preventable calamity. Poor design screwed things up. Who designs a reactor with a 4.7 beta POSITIVE void coefficient AND an emergency SCRAM system which INCREASES FISSION when inserting the control rods???!!!!Edit: I know I whacked the RMBK design in the avive statement. Actually, those flaws weren’t exactly that obvious and the frequently berated “graphite-tip” wasn’t so much a deadly fault than an inherent limitation of the reactor’s style. See Travis’ comment below!If you liked it, upvote & follow! Feedback is welcome too!

Q. What is a VRF air conditioning system?Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems vary the flow of refrigerant to indoor units based on demand. This ability to control the amount of refrigerant that is provided to fan coil units located throughout a building makes the VRF technology ideal for applications with varying loads or where zoning is required. VRF systems are available either as heat pump systems or as heat recovery systems for those applications where simultaneous heating and cooling is required. In addition to providing superior comfort, VRF systems offer design flexibility, energy savings, and cost effective installation.VRF TECHNOLOGYIn a VRF system, multiple indoor fan coil units may be connected to one outdoor unit. The outdoor unit has one or more compressors that are inverter driven, so their speed can be varied by changing the frequency of the power supply to the compressor. As the compressor speed changes, so does the amount of refrigerant delivered by the compressor. Each indoor fan coil unit has its own metering device that is controlled by the indoor unit itself, or by the outdoor unit. As each indoor unit sends a demand to the outdoor unit, the outdoor unit delivers the amount of refrigerant needed to meet the individual requirements of each indoor unit. These features make the VRF system ideally suited for all applications that have part load requirements based on usage or building orientation, as well as applications that require zoning.VRF runs contrary to the conventional and widely used Chiller, Cooling Tower and AHU.Advantages of VRF System.ControlabilityControl Means Comfort The key to providing comfort is to supply heating or cooling when and where it is required without swings in room temperature. In conventional systems, the compressor is either on or off, so even spaces that have individual controls experience fluctuations in room temperature as the compressor stops and then starts again to maintain the thermostat setting. In a VRF system, since the speed of the compressor can be varied, the compressor does not cycle on and off, but operates continuously for longer periods. The required refrigerant flow is supplied to the indoor fan coil and once the set point is reached, the refrigerant flow is adjusted to maintain the room temperature smoothly without fluctuation. In addition to having distinct set points, the indoor unit fan speeds and louver positions can be changed to provide additional comfort in the space.Design FlexibilityOne of the major advantages of a VRF system is the flexibility provided by the diversity of the product offering. Multiple types and sizes of fan coils are available to fit any application. Figure 4 shows a sample zoning layout for a VRF system, combining outdoor units, 4-way cassette type fan coils, and hi-wall type fan coils to create comfortable conditions for varying uses of 15 different spaces within the same building. When selecting a VRF system, keep in mind that not all systems have the same piping capabilities. Systems that offer expanded piping capabilities will maximize the application flexibility provided by the VRF technology. Important considerations when reviewing piping capabilities are: 1) the maximum elevation difference allowed between the highest and lowest indoor units on a single system and 2) the distance allowed from the outdoor unit to the farthest fan coil on the system. Cost Effective Installation Depending on the application, the installation of a VRF system can be a cost effective alternative to traditional systems that require ductwork or large pipe sizes, and pumps and boilers in the case of chilled water systems.Outdoor units are light in weight and have a small footprint. This means that they will fit in a service elevator, so no crane is required for lifting to a rooftop installation. In some cases, savings on the total construction cost can be achieved since the lightweight unit means that additional support structure in the roof is not required.Energy SavingsAll VRF systems provide energy savings by varying compressor speed and matching the output of the system as closely as possible to the load. In addition, VRF systems do not experience the same energy losses as systems that move conditioned air through ductwork. However, differences in design in the available outdoor units will influence the efficiency level that is achieved.Type of System — Heat Recovery or Heat Pump? Heat pump and heat recovery systems both provide heating and cooling. A heat pump system provides either heating or cooling as required. A heat recovery system is ideal when simultaneous heating and cooling is required. The greatest efficiency will be realized when the heating and cooling loads are equal, by maximizing the amount of energy that can be transferred from one zone to another using the refrigerant.The size of the units selected must be considered for impact on the design of the system; smaller units will provide flexibility of zoning and require less piping and less refrigerant per system.VRF System Layout. (Source: carrier.com)Flexibility of the piping options available should be considered. A system that provides more options for combining Y-shape joints and headers could minimize the amount of piping and refrigerant used, thus reducing the total cost of the job.A VRF system offers flexible installation and energy-saving cooling and heating comfort and should be considered as an alternative to traditional systems for those applications where zoning or part load operation is required.Pa1

POST-LANDING OPERATIONSOnce the orbiter has rolled to a stop on the runway, post-landing activities get underway involving the Orbiter Recovery Convoy. Mission responsibility has shifted from the Johnson Space Center back to the Kennedy Space Center.RECOVERY CONVOY OVERVIEWThe Orbiter Recovery Convoy consists of a number of specially-designed vehicles and a team of specialists who safe and service the orbiter and assist in crew egress. Included in the convoy are ll special vehicles and units. A brief description of these follows.Scape Trailer . Self-Contained Atmospheric Protection Ensemble (SCAPE), vehicle, parked at a midfield location during landing, contains the equipment necessary to support recovery including recovery crew SCAPE suits, liquid air packs, and a crew who assist recovery personnel in suiting-up in protective clothing.Vapor Dispersal Unit. The Vapor Dispersal Unit is a mobile wind-making machine able to produce a directed wind stream of up to 45 mph. It is an adaptation of a standard 14-ft. agricultural wind machine designed to protect fragile agricultural crops from frost damage or freezing. It is used by the recovery team to blow away toxic or explosive gases that may occur in or around the orbiter after landing. The fan can move 200,000 cubic feet of air a minute.Coolant Umbilical Access. This apparatus is a stair and platform unit mounted on a truck bed which permits access to the aft port side of the orbiter where ground support crews attach coolant lines from the Orbiter Coolant Transporter.Orbiter Coolant Transporters. This unit is a tractor-trailer carrying a refrigeration unit that provides Freon ll4 through the orbiter's T-O umbilical into its cooling system.Purge Umbilical Access Vehicle. This vehicle is similar to the Coolant Umbilical Access Vehicle in that it has an access stairway and platform allowing crews to attach purge air lines to the orbiter on its aft starboard side.Orbiter Purge Transporter. This vehicle is a tractor-trailer which carries an air conditioning unit powered by two 300 KW, 60 Hz electric generators. The unit blows cool or dehumidified air into the payload bay to remove possible residual explosive or toxic gases.Cres Hatch Access Vehicle. The Crew Hatch Access Vehicle consists of a stairway and platform on which is located a white room equipped with special orbiter interface seals. It contains pressurized filtered air to keep toxic or explosive gases, airborne dust or other contaminants from getting into the orbiter during crew egress.Astronaut Transporter Van. As its name implies, this van is used to transport the flight crew from the landing area. It is a modified recreational vehicle in which the crew can remove their flight suits and be examined by a physician while enroute.Helium Tube Bank. This specialized vehicle is a trailer on which is mounted a 12-tube bank container which provides helium to purge hydrogen from the orbiter's main engines and lines. The bank contains 85,000 cubic feet of helium at 6,000 psi.Orbiter Tow Vehicle. This unit is very much like the typical towing units used for large aircraft. However, it is equipped with a special towing bar designed specifically for the orbiter. It is used to move the orbiter from the landing facility to the OPF. It also is used for moving the orbiter from the OPF to the VAB.Mobile Ground Power Unit. The final special vehicle for orbiter post-landing operations is the Mobile Ground Power Unit which provides power to the orbiter if the fuel cells have to be shut down. It can deliver a nominal load of 10 of direct power to the orbiter.Augmenting these special orbiter recovery convoy vehicles are various conventional command and emergency vehicles.RECOVERY CONVOY OPERATIONSThe main job of the recovery convoy is to service the orbiter, prepare it for towing, assist the crew in leaving the orbiter and finally to tow it to servicing facilities.Even before the Shuttle is launched, the recovery convoy begins its post-landing preparations by warming up coolant and purge equipment, readying ground service equipment and carrying out extensive communications checks.During the Shuttle flight, the recovery convoy is on call in the event an earlier than planned landing is necessary.Major activity begins at about 2 hours before the orbiter is scheduled to land. At this time chilldown of the purge and coolant units begins. About 1 hour, 40 minutes before landing, the recovery crew puts on their SCAPE suits and makes final communications checks. At 5 minutes before touchdown, the recovery convoy is ready to go to work.After landing, the first staging position of the convoy is 200 ft. up wind from the orbiter. The safety assessment team in the SCAPE van moves to about 100 ft. of the port side of the orbiter. A SCAPE-dressed crew then moves to the rear of the orbiter using a high range flammability vapor detector to obtain vapor level readings and to test for possible explosive hazards and toxic gases. Two readings from three different locations are made to determine concentrations of hydrogen, monomethyl hydrazine, and hydrazine and ammonia. If they find that high levels of gases are present, and if wind conditions are calm, the Vapor Dispersal Unit -- the mobile wind machine -- moves into place and blows away the potentially dangerous gases.Meanwhile, the Purge and Coolant Umbilical Access Vehicles are moved behind the orbiter and the safety assessment team continues to determine whether hazardous gases are present in the area. Once the umbilical access vehicles are in position, and as soon as it is possible to connect up to the liquid hydrogen T-O umbilical on the orbiter, the ground half of the on board hydrogen detection sample lines are connected to determine the hydrogen concentration. If the concentration is less than 4 percent, convoy operations continue. However, if it should be greater than 4 percent, an emergency power down of the orbiter is ordered. The flight crew is evacuated from the orbiter immediately and the convoy personnel clear the area and wait for the hydrogen to disperse.If the hydrogen level is below 4 percent, the carrier plate for the starboard liquid oxygen T-O umbilical is attached to permit insertion of purge air ducts. After the carrier plates have been installed, the Freon line and purge duct connections are completed and the flow of coolant and purge air through the umbilical lines begins.Purge air provides cool and humidified air conditioning to the payload bay and other cavities thereby removing any residual explosive or toxic fumes.When it is determined that the area around and in the orbiter is safe, non-SCAPE suit operations begin. First, in the forward orbiter area, the priority is to assist the flight crew off the orbiter.The Crew Hatch Access Vehicle moves to the hatch side of the orbiter. When the access white room is secured, the orbiter hatch is opened and a physician boards the orbiter to make a brief preliminary medical examination of the crew. The crew then leaves the orbiter and departs in the Astronaut Transporter Van.The flight crew is replaced on board the orbiter by an exchange crew who make preparations for ground towing operations, installing switch guards and removing data packages from onboard experiments, if required.Meanwhile, after allowing for a 30-minute orbiter tire cool down, the Tow Vehicle crew installs the landing gear lock pins, and disconnects the nose landing gear drag link. The Tow Vehicle is positioned in front of the orbiter and the tow bar connection is made. Finally, about two hours after landing the orbiter is towed off the runway.SOLID ROCKET BOOSTER RETRIEVAL OPERATIONSAfter the Space Shuttle is launched, the Solid Rocket Boosters (SRB) are jettisoned at 2 minutes, 7 seconds into the flight. They are retrieved from the Atlantic Ocean by special recovery vessels and returned for refurbishment and eventual reuse on future Shuttle flights.SRB separation occurs at an altitude of about 30 miles The separated boosters then coast up to an altitude of 47 miles and free-fall into an impact zone in the ocean about 158 miles downrange. The so-called splash "footprint" is in an area about 7 miles wide and about 10 miles long.When a free-falling booster reaches an altitude of about 3 miles its nose cap is jettisoned and the SRB pilot parachute pops open. The pilot parachute then pulls out the 54-ft. diameter, l,100-lb. drogue parachute. The drogue parachute stabilizes and slows down the descent to the ocean.At an altitude of 6,240 ft., the frustum, a truncated cone at the top of the SRB where it joins the nose cap, is separated from the forward skirt, causing the three main parachutes to pop out. These parachutes are 115 ft. in diameter and have a dry weight of about l,500 lb. each. When wet with sea water they weight about 3,000 lb.At 6 minute and 44 seconds after liftoff, the spent SRBs, weighing about 165,000 lb., have slowed their descent speed to about 62 mph and splashdown takes place in the predetermined area.The parachutes remain attached to the boosters until they are detached by recovery personnel.Waiting near the impact area are two 176-ft.-long, specially-designed SRB recovery vessels. Their first job is to recover the main SRB parachutes. Each vessel is equipped with four 5 ft. 6 in. -diameter reels which wind the parachute winch lines onto the reel similar to the way line is wound onto a fishing reel.The frustum-drogue parachute also is reeled in until the 5,000-lb. frustum is about 100 ft. from the recovery ship. The drogue parachute lines are then reeled in until the frustum can be lifted out of the ocean by a 10-ton-capacity crane.Next, the empty SRB casings are recovered using a special device called the Diver Operated Plug (DOP). This procedure calls for a team of underwater divers to descend to a depth of about 110 ft. and place the DOP into the nozzle of the casing. A 2,000-ft.-long air line attached to the DOP is plugged into an air compressor on the recovery vessel. Air is pumped into the booster at 120 psi to empty water from the casing -- a procedure called "dewatering."Under ideal weather and sea conditions, the retrieval operation takes about 5 and 1/2 hours. The recovery ships with the retrieved SRBs in tow, sail to Port Canaveral, travel north up the Banana River and dock near Hangar AF at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, their mission completed.