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Polish people are great at all fields and disciplines.. not all of them at once are great at everything of course but but most of them are good at something.. Polish contribution to the world’s development is outstanding.Here some great Polish people who were very good at what they were doing..1951 - the presentESO accession agreement with Poland 2014.Poland joins the European Southern Observatory ESO (2014), 16-nation intergovernmental research organisation for astronomy.[3]PW-Sat - the first Polish satellite launched into space (2012); other Polish satellites include Lem and HeweliuszAsymmetric numeral systems (ANS), a family of entropy encoding methods introduced by Jarosław Duda from Jagiellonian University, used in data compressionKrzysztof Matyjaszewski, a Polish-American chemist, discoverer of atom-transfer radical polymerizationBohdan Paczyński; a Polish astronomer, credited with the development of a new method of detecting space objects and establishing their mass using the gravitational lenses effect; he is acknowledged for coining the term microlensingGraphene acquisition - In 2011 the Institute of Electronic Materials Technology and Department of Physics, Warsaw University announced a joint development of acquisition technology of large pieces of graphene with the best quality so far. In April the same year, Polish scientists with support from the Polish Ministry of Economy began the procedure for granting a patent to their discovery around the world.Blue laser - first blue laser in PolandArtificial heart - an implant, program: "Polish Artificial Heart"PSR 1257+12 - a pulsar located 2,630 light years from Earth. It is believed to be orbited by at least four planets. These were the first extrasolar planets ever discovered (by a Polish astronomer, Aleksander Wolszczan, in 1992). Polish astronomy has traditionally been among the best in the world.Władysław Świątecki, a Polish physicist noted for pioneering research in nuclear physics including the nuclear shell modeland for coining the term the island of stabilityJack Tramiel, a Polish American businessman, best known for founding Commodore International; Commodore PET, Commodore VIC-20 and Commodore 64 are some home computers produced while he was running the companyFoundation For Polish Science - a non-governmental organisation aiming at supporting academics with high potential - since (1991)PZL W-3 Sokół - a helicopter, FAA certificate in (1989)Paul Baran, a Polish-American engineer who was a pioneer in the development of computer networks; he was one of the two independent inventors of packet switching, which is today the dominant basis for data communications in computer networks worldwideHenryk Magnuski, a Polish telecommunications engineer who worked for Motorola in Chicago. He was the inventor of the first Walkie-Talkies and one of the authors of his company success in the fields of radio communicationBenoit Mandelbrot, mathematician of Polish descent; known for developing a theory of "roughness and self-similarity" and significant contributions to fractal geometry and chaos theory; Mandelbrot setFlaris LAR01, a Polish five-seat single-engined very light jet, currently under development by Metal-Master of Jelenia GóraSolaris Urbino 18 Hybrid, a low-floor articulated hybrid buses from the Solaris Urbino series for city communication services manufactured by Solaris Bus & Coach in Bolechowo near Poznań in PolandPZL Kania - a helicopter, first prototype (1979), FAR-29 certificate (early 1980s)Odra (computer) - a line of computers manufactured in Wrocław (1959/1960)K-202- first Polish microcomputer invented by Jacek Karpiński (1971)FB MSBS, an assault rifle developed by FB "Łucznik" RadomFB Beryl, an assault rifle designed and produced by the Łucznik Arms Factory in the city of RadomPolish Polar Station, Hornsund - since (1957)PZL SW-4 Puszczyk - a Polish light single-engine multipurpose helicopter manufactured by PZL SwidnikEP-09 - 'B0B0' Polish electric locomotive classPT-91 - a Polish main battle tank. Designed at the Research and Development Centre of Mechanical Systems OBRUM (Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Urządzeń Mechanicznych) in GliwiceGrom (missile) - an anti-aircraft missile206FM - class minesweeper (NATO: "Krogulec")Meteor (rocket)- a series of sounding rockets (1963)PZL TS-11 Iskra - a jet trainer aircraft, used by the air forces of Poland and India (1960)Lim-6 - attack aircraft (1955)Mizar system, a system consisting of a formal language for writing mathematical definitions and proofs, a proof assistant, which is able to mechanically check proofs written in this language, and a library of formalized mathematics, which can be used in the proof of new theorems; it was designed by Polish mathematician Andrzej Trybulec in 1973Mieczysław G. Bekker, a Polish engineer and scientist, co-authored the general idea and contributed significantly to the design and construction of the Lunar Roving Vehicle used by missions Apollo 15, Apollo 16, and Apollo 17 on the MoonThe Polish Academy of Sciences, headquartered in Warsaw, was founded in 1952.Hilary Koprowski, Polish virologist and immunologist, inventor of the world's first effective live polio vaccineAndrzej Udalski, initiator of the OGLE project, which led to the such significant discoveries as the detection of the first merger of a binary star, first Cepheid pulsating stars in the eclipsing binary systems, unique Nova systems, quazars and galaxiesStefania Jabłońska, Polish physician; in 1972 Jabłońska proposed the association of the human papilloma viruses with skin cancer in epidermodysplasia verruciformis; in 1978 Jabłońska and Gerard Orth at the Pasteur Institute discovered HPV-5 in skin cancer; Jabłońska was awarded the 1985 Robert Koch PrizeAndrew Schally, Polish-American endocrinologist and Nobel Prize laureateTomasz Dietl, a Polish physicist; known for developing the theory, confirmed in recent years, of diluted ferromagnetic semiconductors, and for demonstrating new methods in controlling magnetizationRyszard Horodecki, a Polish physicist; he contributed largely to the field of quantum informatics and theoretical physics; Peres-Horodecki criterionAndrzej Szczeklik, a Polish immunologist; credited with discovering the anti-thrombotic properties of aspirin, and studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of aspirin-induced bronchial asthmaAntoni Zygmund, a Polish mathematician, considered one of the greatest analysts of the 20th centuryLeonid Hurwicz, a Polish economist and mathematician; he originated incentive compatibility and mechanism design, which show how desired outcomes are achieved in economics, social science and political scienceArtur Ekert, a Polish physicist; one of the inventors of quantum cryptographyJacek Pałkiewicz, a Polish journalist, traveler and explorer; fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, discoverer of the sources of the Amazon RiverKazimierz Kuratowski, a Polish mathematician, a leading representatives of the Warsaw School of Mathematics; Kuratowski's theorem, Kuratowski-Zorn lemma; Kuratowski closure axiomsTadek Marek, a Polish automobile engineer, known for his Aston Martin enginesOtto Marcin Nikodym, a Polish mathematician; Radon-Nikodym theoremZygmunt Bauman, a Polish sociologist and philosopher; one of the world's most eminent social theorists writing on issues as diverse as modernity and the Holocaust, postmodern consumerism as well as the concept of liquid modernity which he introducedKazimierz Dąbrowski, a Polish psychologist; he developed the theory of positive disintegration, which describes how a person's development grows as a result of accumulated experiencesAnna Wierzbicka, a Polish linguist; known for her work in semantics, pragmatics and cross-cultural linguistics; she's credited with formulating the theory of natural semantic metalanguage and the concept of semantic primesAndrzej Grzegorczyk, a Polish mathematician; he introduced the Grzegorczyk hierarchy - a subrecursive hierarchy that foreshadowed computational complexity theoryStanisław Jaśkowski, a Polish mathematician; he is regarded as one of the founders of natural deduction, which he discovered independently of Gerhard Gentzen in the 1930s; he was among the first to propose a formal calculus of inconsistency-tolerant (or paraconsistent) logic; furthermore, Jaśkowski was a pioneer in the investigation of both intuitionistic logic and free logic.Karol Borsuk, a Polish mathematician; his main area of interest was topology; he introduced the theory of absolute retracts (ARs) and absolute neighborhood retracts (ANRs), and the cohomotopy groups, later called Borsuk–Spanier cohomotopy groups; he also founded shape theory; Borsuk's conjecture, Borsuk-Ulam theoremJerzy Konorski, a Polish neurophysiologist; he discovered secondary conditioned reflexes and operant conditioning and proposed the idea of gnostic neurons - a concept similar to the grandmother cell; he also coined the term neural plasticity, and he developed theoretical ideas regarding itAntoni Kępiński, a Polish psychiatrist; he developed the psychological theory of information metabolism which explores human social interactions based on information processing which significantly influenced the development of socionicsZbigniew Religa, a Polish cardiac surgeon; a pioneer in human heart transplantation; in 1987 he performed the first successful heart transplant in Poland; in 1995 he was the first surgeon to graft an artificial valve created from materials taken from human corpses; in 2004 Religa and his team developed an implantable pump for a pneumatic heart assistance systemMaria Siemionow, a renowned Polish transplantation surgeon and scientist who gained world recognition when she led a team of eight surgeons through the world's first near-total face transplant at the Cleveland Clinic in 2008Tadeusz Krwawicz, a Polish ophthalmologist; he pioneered the use of cryosurgery in ophthalmology; he was the first to describe a method of cataract extraction by cryoadhesion in 1961, and to develop a probe by means of which cataracts can be grasped and extractedAlbert Sabin, a Polish-American medical researcher, best known for developing the oral polio vaccine which has played a key role in nearly eradicating the diseaseStefan Kudelski, a Polish audio engineer known for creating the Nagra series of professional audio recordersZdzisław Pawlak, a Polish mathematician and computer scientist; known for his contribution to many branches of theoretical computer science; he is credited with introducing the rough set theory and also known for his fundamental works on it; he had also introduced the Pawlak flow graphs, a graphical framework for reasoning from dataJan Czekanowski, a Polish anthropologist, ethnographer, statistician and linguist; one of the founders of computational linguistics, he introduced the Czekanowski binary indexHenryk Iwaniec, mathematician, he is noted for his outstanding contributions to analytic number theory and sieve theory; Friedlander-Iwaniec theorem1901-1950Polish mine detector was a metal detector used for detecting land mines, developed during World War II (1941–42) by Polish Lieutenant Józef Stanisław Kozacki. It contributed substantially to British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's 1942 victory over German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel at El Alamein.Cryptologic bomb was a special-purpose machine designed in 1932 by Polish mathematician-cryptologist Marian Rejewskito speed the breaking of the Enigma machine ciphers that would be used by Nazi Germany in World War II. It was a forerunner of the "Bombes" that would be used by the British at Bletchley Park, and which would be a major element in the Allied Ultra program that may have decided the outcome of World War II.Biuro Szyfrów (Cipher Bureau) was the Polish military intelligence agency that made the first break (1932, just as Adolf Hitler was about to take power in Germany) into the German Enigma machine cipher that would be used by Nazi Germanythrough World War II, and kept reading Enigma ciphers at least until France's capitulation in June 1940.Czochralski process - a method of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors (e.g. silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide), metals (e.g. palladium, platinum, silver, gold) and salts (1916)Joseph Rotblat, Polish physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project, Nobel LaureateStanisław Ulam, a Polish-American mathematician who participated in America's, Manhattan Project, originated the Teller–Ulam design of thermonuclear weapons, discovered the concept of cellular automaton, invented the Monte Carlo methods of computation, and suggested nuclear pulse propulsion.Wacław Struszyński, a Polish electronics engineer who made a vital contribution to the defeat of U-boats in the Battle of the Atlantic, he designed a radio antenna which enabled effective high frequency (HF) radio direction finding systems to be installed on Royal Navy convoy escort ships. Such direction finding systems were referred to as HF/DF or Huff-Duff, and enabled the bearings of U-boats to be determined when the U-boats made high frequency radio transmissions.Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV - the first device to allow the tank commander to have a 360-degree view from his turret, invented by engineer Rudolf Gundlach (1936)Polish notation - also known as prefix notation, is a method of mathematical expression (1920)Reverse Polish notation - (RPN), also known as postfix notation (1920)Zygalski sheets, also known as "perforated sheets" (invented in 1938 by Henryk Zygalski), were one of a number of devices created by the Polish Cipher Bureau to facilitate the breaking of German Enigma ciphers.Stefan Banach - mathematician, Banach space, Banach-Tarski paradox, Banach algebra, Functional analysisLwów School of Mathematics was a group of eminent Polish mathematicians that included Hugo Steinhaus, Stanisław Ulam, Mark Kac and many more.Tadeusz Banachiewicz, a Polish astronomer, inventor of the chronocinematograph7TP - light tank of the Second World War (1935)FB Vis, a 9×19mm caliber, single-action, semi-automatic pistolPZL.23 Karaś- light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft designed in the PZL (1934)PZL P.11, a Polish fighter aircraft, designed by Zygmunt Pulawski in the early 1930s by PZL in Warsaw;it was briefly the most advanced fighter aircraft of its kind in the worldPZL.37 Łoś - twin-engine medium bomber designed in the PZL by Jerzy Dąbrowski(mid-1930s)LWS-6 Żubr - initially a passenger plane. Since the Polish airline LOT bought Douglas DC-2 planes instead, the project was converted to a bomber aircraft (early-1930s)SS Sołdek - the first ship built in Poland after World War II (1948)Alfred Korzybski, Polish philosopher and mathematician who developed the field of general semantics and is known for the map–territory relationMieczysław Wolfke - "one of precursors in the development of holography" (a quote from Dennis Gabor)Hugo Steinhaus, a Polish mathematician; one of the founders of the Lwów School of Mathematics, he is regarded as one of the early founders of game theory and probability theory which led to later development of more comprehensive approaches by other scholars; Banach-Steinhaus theoremLWS - an abbreviation name used by Polish aircraft manufacturer Lubelska Wytwórnia Samolotów (1936–1939)PZL - an abbreviation name used by Polish aerospace manufacturers (1928–present)RWD - an abbreviation name used by Polish aircraft manufacturer (1920–1940)TKS - a tankette (1931)Stetysz (1929) - Polish automobile manufacture by engineer and inventor, Stefan TyszkiewiczRWD-1 - sports plane of 1928, constructed by the RWDWz. 35 anti-tank rifle, a Polish 7.9 mm anti-tank rifle used by the Polish Army during the Invasion of Poland of 1939Marian Smoluchowski a Polish scientist, pioneer of statistical physics - *Einstein–Smoluchowski relation, Smoluchowski coagulation equation, Feynman-Smoluchowski ratchetKazimierz Fajans, a Polish physical chemist, the discoverer of chemical element protactiniumKazimierz Funk, a Polish biochemist, credited with formulating the concept of vitaminesAlfred Tarski, a renowned Polish logician, mathematician and philosopher; Banach-Tarski paradox, Tarski's undefinability theorem, formal notion of truthWacław Sierpiński, known for outstanding contributions to set theory (research on the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis), number theory, theory of functions and topology; Sierpiński triangle, Sierpiński carpet, Sierpiński curve, Sierpiński numberAleksander Jabłoński, a Polish physicist, known for Jablonski diagramJosef Hofmann, designer of first windscreen wipersRudolf Weigl, a Polish biologist and inventor of the first effective vaccine against epidemic typhusLudwik Hirszfeld, a Polish microbiologist and serologist. He is considered a co-discoverer of the inheritance of ABO blood typesStephanie Kwolek, American chemist of Polish origin, inventor of KevlarAndrzej Tarkowski, a Polish embryologist and Professor of Warsaw University, known for his pioneering researches on embryos and blastomeres, which have created theoretical and practical basis for achievements of biology and medicine of the twentieth century - in vitro fertilization, cloning and stem cell discoveryMichał Kalecki, a Polish economist; he has been called "one of the most distinguished economists of the 20th century", he made major theoretical and practical contributions in the areas of the business cycle, growth, full employment, income distribution, the political boom cycle, the oligopolistic economy, and risk; he offered a synthesis that integrated Marxist class analysis and the then-new literature on oligopoly theory, and his work had a significant influence on both the Neo-Marxianand Post-Keynesian schools of economic thought; he was also one of the first macroeconomists to apply mathematical models and statistical data to economic questions.Stefan Bryła, a Polish construction engineer and welding pioneer; he designed and built the first welded road bridge in the world as well as the Prudential building in Warsaw, one of the first European skyscrapersRalph Modjeski, a Polish civil engineer who achieved prominence as a pre-eminent bridge designer in the United StatesWojciech Świętosławski, Polish chemist and physicist, considered the father of thermochemistryJózef Tykociński, a Polish engineer and a pioneer of sound-on-film technologyTadeusz Sędzimir, a Polish engineer and inventor in the field of mining and metallurgyMieczysław Mąkosza, a Polish chemist specializing in organic synthesis and investigation of organic mechanisms; he is credited for the discovery of the aromatic vicarious nucleophilic substitution, VNS; he also contributed to the discovery of phase transfer catalysis reactionsBronisław Malinowski, a Polish anthropologist, often considered one of the most important 20th-century anthropologists; participatory observationMirosław Hermaszewski, a Polish Air Force officer and cosmonaut; the first Polish person in spaceHenryk Arctowski, a Polish scientist, explorer and an internationally renowned meteorologist; a pioneer in the exploration of AntarcticaJózef Paczoski, a Polish botanist; he coined the term of phytosociology and was one of the founders of this branch of botanyStefan Drzewiecki, a Polish scientist, journalist, engineer, constructor and inventor; he developed several models of propeller-driven submarines that evolved from single-person vessels to a four-man model; he developed the theory of gliding flight, developed a method for the manufacture of ship and plane propellers (1892), and presented a general theory for screw-propeller thrust (1920); he also developed several models of early submarines for the Russian Navy, and devised a torpedo-launching system for ships and submarines that bears his name, the Drzewiecki drop collar; he also made an instrument that drew the precise routes of ships onto a nautical chart; his work Theorie générale de l'hélice (1920), was honored by the French Academy of Science as fundamental in the development of modern propellers.Tadeusz Tański, a Polish automobile engineer and the designer of, among others, the first Polish serially-built automobile, the CWS T-1Leonard Danilewicz, a Polish engineer, he came up with a concept for a frequency-hopping spread spectrumFlorian Znaniecki, a Polish sociologist and philosopher; he made significant contributions to sociological theory and incroduced such concepts as humanistic coefficient and culturalism; he is the co-author of The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, which is considered the foundation of modern empirical sociologyAdolf Beck, a Polish physiologist, a pioneer of electroencephalography (EEG); in 1890 he published an investigation of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that included rhythmic oscillations altered by light; Beck started experiments on the electrical brain activity of animals; his observation of fluctuating brain activity led to the conclusion of brain wavesAndrzej Schinzel, a Polish mathematician, studying mainly number theory; Schinzel's hypothesis H, Davenport–Schinzel sequenceWładysław Starewicz, a Polish-Russian pioneering film director and stop-motion animator, he is notable as the author of the first puppet-animated film i.e. The Beautiful Lukanida (1912)Walery Jaworski, one of the pioneers of gastroenterology in Poland; he described bacteria living in the human stomach and speculated that they were responsible for stomach ulcers, gastric cancer and achylia. It was one of the first observations of Helicobacter pylori. He published those findings in 1899 in a book titled "Podręcznik chorób żołądka" ("Handbook of Gastric Diseases"). His findings were independently confirmed by Robin Warren and Barry Marshall, who received the Nobel Prize in 2005Witold Hurewicz, a Polish mathematician; Hurewicz space, Hurewicz theoremJózef Wierusz-Kowalski, a Polish physicist, discoverer of the phenomenon of progressive phosphorescence1851-1900Maria Skłodowska-Curie - a Polish chemist and physicist, a pioneer in the field of radioactivity, co-discoverer of the chemical elements radium and poloniumZygmunt Florenty Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski - the first to liquefy oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in a stable state (not, as had been the case up to then, in a dynamic state in the transitional form as vapour) (1833)Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski discovers carbon dioxide clathrate (1882)Ignacy Łukasiewicz - a Polish pharmacist and petroleum industry pioneer who in 1856 built the world's first oil refinery; his achievements included the discovery of how to distill kerosene from seep oil, the invention of the modern kerosene lamp, the introduction of the first modern street lamp in Europe, and the construction one of the world's first modern oil wellThe Polish Academy of Learning, an academy of sciences, was founded in Kraków in 1872.Stefan Drzewiecki built in 1884 the world's first electric submarine.[citation needed]Casimir Zeglen, inventor of one of the first bulletproof vestsJan Szczepanik, a Polish inventor, with several hundred patents and over 50 discoveries to his name, many of which are still applied today, especially in the motion picture industry, as well as in photography and television, which include telectroscopeand colorimeterEdmund Biernacki, a Polish pathologist, known for the Biernacki reaction used worldwide to assess erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), which is one of the major blood testsLudwik Gumplowicz, a Polish sociologist, "one of the founders of European sociology"Antoni Leśniowski, a Polish surgeon, discoverer of Leśniowski-Crohn's diseaseEdward Flatau, a Polish neurologist and psychiatrist, his name in medicine is linked to Redlich-Flatau syndrome, Flatau-Sterling torsion dystonia, Flatau-Schidler disease and Flatau's law. He published a human brain atlas (1894), wrote a fundamental book on migraine (1912), established the localization principle of long fibers in the spinal cord (1893), and with Sterling published an early paper (1911) on progressive torsion spasm in children and suggested that the disease has a genetic component.Kazimierz Prószyński, a Polish inventor active in the field of cinema; he patented his first film camera, called Pleograph, before the Lumière brothers, and later went on to improve the cinema projector for the Gaumont company, as well as invent the widely used hand-held Aeroscope cameraMikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, a Polish-Russian engineer and electrician; inventor of the three-phase electric power systemJoseph Babinski, a neurologist best known for his 1896 description of the Babinski sign, a pathological plantar reflex indicative of corticospinal tract damageJan Baudouin de Courtenay, a Polish linguist, he formulated the theory of the phoneme and phonetic alternationsErnest Malinowski, a Polish engineer, he constructed at that time the world's highest railway Ferrocarril Central Andino in the Peruvian Andes in 1871–1876Bruno Abakanowicz, a Polish mathematician and electrical engineer, inventor of the integraph, spirograph and parabolagraphStanisław Kierbedź, a Polish-Russian engineer, and military officer; he constructed the first permanent iron bridge over the Vistula River in Warsaw known as the Kierbedź Bridge; he designed and supervised the construction of dozens of bridges, railway lines, ports and other objects in Central and Eastern Europe.Felicjan Sypniewski, a Polish naturalist, botanist, entomologist and philosopher; his ground-breaking studies and scientific publications laid down the foundations of malacologyLudwik Zamenhof, a Polish medical doctor, inventor and writer; creator of Esperanto, the most successful constructed language in the worldNapoleon Cybulski, a Polish physiologist and a pioneer of endocrinology and electroencephalography; discoverer of adrenalineWacław Mayzel, a Polish histologist; he described for the first time the process of mitosisAntoni Patek, a Polish pioneer in watchmaking and a creator of Patek Philippe & Co., one of the most famous watchmaker companies in the worldLudwik Rydygier, a Polish surgeon; in 1880, as the first in Poland and second in the world he succeeded in surgical removal of the pylorus in a patient suffering from stomach cancer, he was also the first to document this procedure; in 1881, as the first in the world, he carried out a peptic ulcer resection; in 1884 he introduced a new method of surgical peptic ulcer treatment using Gastroenterostomy; Rydygier proposed (1900) original concepts for removing prostatic adenoma and introduced many other surgical techniques that are successfully used to dateJan Dzierżoń, a pioneering Polish apiarist who discovered the phenomenon of parthenogenesis in bees and designed the first successful movable-frame beehive; his discoveries and innovations made him world-famous in scientific and bee-keeping circles; he has been described as "the father of apiculture"Stanisław Leśniewski, philosopher and logician, known for coining the term mereology1801-1850Ignacy Domeyko - geologist and mineralogist, a geological map of Chile, describing the Jurassic rock formations, and discovered deposits of a rare mineral (1846)Paweł Strzelecki, a Polish explorer and geologist; in 1840 he climbed the highest peak on mainland Australia and named it Mount Kosciuszko; he made a geological and mineralogical survey of the Gippsland region in present-day eastern Victoriaand from 1840 to 1842 he explored nearly every part of Tasmania; author of Physical Description of New South Wales (1845)Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz - scholar, poet, and statesmanIgnacy Prądzyński, a Polish military commander and general; principal engineer and designer of the Augustów CanalWojciech Jastrzębowski, a Polish scientist, naturalist and inventor, professor of botany, physics, zoology and horticulture; considered as one of the fathers of ergonomics1751-1800Commission of National Education (Polish: Komisja Edukacji Narodowej), founded in 1773, was the world's first national Ministry of Education.Stanisław Staszic was an outstanding Polish philosopher, statesman, Catholic priest, geologist, translator, poet and writer — almost a one-man academy of sciences. The Polish Academy of Sciences' Staszic Palace, in Warsaw, is named after him; one of the founding fathers of the Constitution of May 3, 1791 - the world's second and Europe's first written constitution and a crowning achievement of the Polish EnlightenmentJózef Maria Hoene-Wroński, a Polish Messianist philosopher, mathematician, physicist, inventor, lawyer, and economist; he is credited with formulating the Wronskian1601-1650Johannes Hevelius was an outstanding astronomer who published the earliest exact maps of the moon and the most complete star catalog of his time, containing 1,564 stars. In 1641 he built an observatory in his house; he is known as "the founder of lunar topography"Jan Brożek (Ioannes Broscius) was the most prominent 17th-century Polish mathematician. Following his death, his collection of Nicolaus Copernicus' letters and documents, which he had borrowed 40 years earlier with the intent of writing a biography of Copernicus, was lost.Kazimierz Siemienowicz, a Polish–Lithuanian general of artillery, gunsmith, military engineer, and pioneer of rocketryMichał Boym, a Polish Jesuit missionary to China, scientist and explorer; he is notable as one of the first westerners to travel within the Chinese mainland, and the author of numerous works on Asian fauna, flora and geographyKrzysztof Arciszewski, a Polish–Lithuanian nobleman, military officer, engineer, and ethnographer. Arciszewski also served as a general of artillery for the Netherlands and PolandJan Jonston, a Polish scholar and physician of Scottish descent; author of Thautomatographia naturalis (1632) and Idea universae medicinae practicae (1642)Michał Sędziwój, a Polish alchemist, philosopher, and medical doctor; a pioneer of chemistry, he developed ways of purification and creation of various acids, metals and other chemical compounds; he discovered that air is not a single substance and contains a life-giving substance-later called oxygen 170 years before similar discoveries by Scheele and Priestley; he correctly identified this 'food of life' with the gas (also oxygen) given off by heating nitre (saltpetre); this substance, the 'central nitre', had a central position in Sendivogius' schema of the universe.1551-1600Bartholomäus Keckermann - A Short Commentary on Navigation (the first one written in Poland)Josephus Struthius - published in 1555 Sphygmicae artis iam mille ducentos perditae et desideratae libri V.in which he described five types of pulse, the diagnostic meaning of those types, and the influence of body temperature and nervous system on pulse. This was one of books used by William Harvey in his worksSebastian Petrycy; a Polish philosopher and physician who lectured and published notable works in the field of medicine1501-1550De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres). Nicolaus Copernicus began writing De Revolutionibus in 1506, and finished in 1530.Nicolaus Copernicus was a true Renaissance polymath — an astronomer, mathematician, physician, lawyer, clergyman, governor, diplomat, military leader, classics scholar and economist, who developed the heliocentric theory in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful, and described "Gresham's Law" the year (1519) that Thomas Gresham was bornMarcin of Urzędów, a Polish Roman Catholic priest, physician, pharmacist and botanist known especially for his Herbarz polski ("Polish Herbal")Adam of Łowicz, a Polish physician, philosopher, and humanist; author of Fundamentum scienciae nobilissimae secretorum naturaeAlbert Brudzewski, a Polish astronomer, mathematician, philosopher and diplomat; known for establishing the moon's elliptical orbit; author of Commentum planetarium in theoricas Georgii Purbachii1351-1400Kraków Academy (Akademia Krakowska) founded in 1364 by King Kazimierz the Great.1251-1300Witelo (ca. 1230 – ca. 1314) was an outstanding philosopher and a scientist who specialized in optics. His famous optical treatise, Perspectiva, which drew on the Arabic Book of Optics by Alhazen, was unique in Latin literature and helped give rise to Roger Bacon's best work. In addition to optics, Witelo's treatise made important contributions to the psychology of visual perception.Poland – It is possible that you have a hairstyle invented by Polish, you take supplements made by the researcher from Poland. If you think that it will be another article about the great discovery by Maria Sklodowska- Curie, who we owe RAD and POLON, you are wrong. Today we present something that will thrill and surprise you. The list of five remarkable ideas by Polish that transformed the world forever.Now, we have you all ready for our little lesson about how great Poland is, let us go ahead! Stay a while and read on about “most amazing Polish inventions” you probably used but had no clue they are Polish:The computer Commodore 64It was invented by Jacek Trzmiel, also known as Jack Tramiel. The story of the man who construed Commodore 64, a father of our laptops and other devices, is remarkable. He was born in 1928, and when he was only ten years old, his life became a nightmare. He lived in Litzmannstadt Ghetto in the city of Łódź, and after years of life in fear, he had been taken to the concentration camp in Auschwitz in 1944. Fortunately, a year later the war became the past, and the genius scientist survived. Two years later he emigrated to the USA, where he created the first calculator and then the computer known as Commodore. Tamiel opened the successful company Commodore International. For many decades his achievement was an inspiration to giants like Apple, IBM or Microsoft. They company sold over 17 millions of the model Commodore 64, which is the best-sold computer in history.2. Cotton budsClear ears are the good ears, right? In 1892 in Warsaw lived a man named Leo Gersenzang. He was born in the Polish capital, in a Jewish family. When he was 20 years old, he started his new life in Chicago. In 1923 he invented the cotton buds and called them ”Baby Gays”. With time his invention became one of the best-sold products around the world and gained multiple usages.3. First type player ”Nagra”Can you imagine your life without music? Most of us cannot do it, we listen to the music in the car, while jogging, etc. It wouldn’t be possible if Stefan Kudelski would never discover the ”Nagra” type player. He was born in Warsaw in 1929, but his family left Poland with the beginning of the World War II. He spent his childhood in Hungary, later in France. Finally. The Kudelski family found their shelter in Switzerland. Nagra had been presented in 1951 and sold to the TV stations, movie producers, radio stations, etc. Due to the success of the invention, he created the company called Kudelski Group, which sold the tape player to TV RAI, BBC, American stations NBC, ABC, CBS, but also plenty of radio stations including famous Radio Luxembourg. Kudelski received prestigious Oscar Awards in 1965, 1977, 1978, and 1990. He also won two Emmy Awards in 1984 and 1986.4. Vitamins!In 1912, when the world lived with the tragedy of Titanic, Polish researchers Kazimierz Funk who worked in the UK discovered a substance from rice that he called with the Latin name ”vitamines” from vita – life and the chemical name of amines. The first vitamin was B1, and due to this milestone discovery, it was able to continue this work. While discovering the vitamins and other substances that were closed in the well-known pills, he traveled around the world and continued his works at universities in UK, USA, Germany and Switzerland. He achieved milestones in healing avitaminosis, diabetes and cancer prevention. Thus, next time, when you will support your body with the pill full of vitamins, know that you can enjoy them due to the work of Kazimierz Funk.5. ”Bob” haircutAntoni Cierplikowski was in the 1920s one of the most magnetic personality of Paris. He was the first celebrity among the hairdressers of the world. His clients were world famous women of his times including Greta Garbo, Eleanor Roosevelt, Coco Chanel, Brigitte Bardot and Edith Piaf. He was noted as Antoine the Paris or Monsieur Antoine, and his greatest achievement was creating the bob cut, a hair style that stayed popular until now. Cierplikowski was born in Sieradz in 1884. At the age of 17, he went to Paris where he worked in the salon at Galeries Lafayette. He was a unique, passionate talent, whose creativity conquered the hearts of hundreds of women. The characteristic ”garconne” hairstyle became his sign, and gate to the incredible fame. He claimed that the bob cut was inspired by the paintings of French icon Joan of Arc, whose cult became very popular around this period. In 1939, during the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, he prepared 400 coiffures during the one night. Famous hairdresser spent his last years in Sieradz, where he died in 1976.Lwów School of Mathematics - WikipediaKraków School of Mathematics - WikipediaPolish School of Mathematics - WikipediaList of Polish mathematicians - WikipediaMore on Polish mathematiciansKategoria:Polscy matematycy – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopediaPolscy genialni matematycy w światowej elicieBetween the two World Wars, Poland experienced a hugely influential flourishing of talent. ... The leading lights were Hugo Steinhaus, who had a doctorate from Göttingen (then the Mecca of mathematics) and Stefan Banach, who would become the greatest ever Polish mathematician.Polish mathematicians and cracking the EnigmaThe legacy of Jozef Marcinkiewicz: four hallmarks of geniusEsperanto - WikipediaPolish female poetsElżbieta Szemplińska-Sobolewska, 1943, photo: East NewsPoland’s Forgotten Women Poets#language & literatureAuthor: Agnieszka WarnkePublished: Nov 7 2019Share:FacebookTwitterIn fact, you could almost say they didn’t exist. If one happened to be on par with a man, it was only in his shadow. The history of literature has either forgotten them or labelled them as scandalous… How did women poets cope in a world of linguistic metaphors and distant rhymes?THE Culture.pl EN | Polish culture: literature, art, film, design, language, cuisine & more! | Culture.pl NEWSLETTER#stayculturedThe best in Polish culture, delivered straight to your inbox.Get our newsletter!A man’s perspectiveStatistics state that during the Interwar period, every 10th Polish poet was a woman. When looking through biographical notes on women writers of the time, each is listed as the wife, sister, daughter, friend or acquaintance of a male writer. Men often exist independently (in encyclopaedias – but not, of course, in reality).Therefore, in order to break the patriarchal model of the poetry groups of that period, a woman poet had to be at the very least talented, as it was assumed that even if she learned the rules of the craft, she would never transcend them.She also had to be well-educated; in reality, the first such generation, with Zuzanna Ginczanka and Anna Świrszczyńska at the forefront, made its debut in the 1930s and later. On top of all of this, a woman poet had to be courageous and uncompromising.Basically, in a word, a woman poet had to be a ‘man’ in her artistic work. Of course, it wouldn’t hurt if she also happened to be beautiful – then, she could count on the favourable glances of gentlemen. Some succeeded in this, but they operated on different principles.It is not difficult to associate women’s surnames with Skamander, the Polish group of experimental poets founded in 1918 – including Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska, Kazimiera Iłłakowiczówna and Maria Morska, a muse of male poets and a reciter of their work. In avant-garde currents, however, they are practically non-existent.The researcher Agata Zawiszewska believes that for the majority of women writing at the time, a high degree of formal awareness was unavailable (including free verse and metaphor as the basic means of expression), as were intellectual discipline and emotional restraint.The majority is not everything, however. It was customary to call women poets ‘only children’ (girls, of course). This is how the Kraków Avant-Garde group, with its exhaustive poetic programme, regarded Mila Elin. The more malicious probably referred to her as Tadeusz Peiper’s ‘bastard’, considering the fact that he was the only one who valued her at that time.A similar attitude towards women was held by the Warsaw literary group Kwadryga, which formed part the Second Avant-Garde. It was probably no accident that the editorial office of the magazine was located on Chłodna Street (with ‘chłodna’ meaning cold). Amongst its circle were Nina Rydzewska and Elżbieta Szemplińska-Sobolewska, even though they probably better deserve consideration as outsiders.Mila Elin – 16 negatives & one photographMila Elin, projekty kostiumów do sztuki Tadeusza Peipera "Szosta! Szosta!", 1928, praca z wystawy "Papież awangardy. Tadeusz Peiper w Hiszpanii, Polsce, Europie" w Muzeum Narodowym w Warszawie, 2015, fot. Joanna Borowska/ForumMila Elin was the only woman associated with the Kraków Avant-Garde group. All you could really say for certain is ‘she existed’, as her biography leaves many questions.When exactly was she alive? She must have been born around 1907, since Tadeusz Peiper mentioned a 16-year-old Elin who began to correspond with him shortly after the first issue of Zwrotnica (Points), a magazine issued by the Kraków Avant-Garde, appeared. Anecdotal evidence suggests that Elin died in the Warsaw Ghetto, although the Jewish Historical Institute is not able to confirm these hypotheses.We know a few details from Marian Piechal, the co-founder of the Meteor poets’ group. For example, we can determine that she lived in Warsaw – first on Leszno Street, then on Elektoralna – and that she was the daughter of a watchmaker.A photograph of her, from 1928, was also found in Piechal’s collection: the only known one. It shows a young woman with a girly face, a clever look, prominent lips and dark, short hair which emphasises her cheekbones.The other preserved items are objects created by Elin: theatrical costume designs for the play Szósta! Szósta! (Sixth! Sixth!) by Peiper, essays implementing the Kraków Avant-Garde programme line (flattering its leading representative), a file of letters to Jalu Kurek (in which Elin wrote about studying philosophy and feeling isolated in literary circles). There are also, of course, poems – scarcely 16, mainly erotic in nature.The period of flirtation between Elin and all that literature encompassed for her spans just six years. Beginning in March 1927, it ends in October 1932 in Kraków, taking place between the pages of the magazines Zwrotnica and Linia (Line). In the meantime, Elin became involved with the Łódź Meteor, a magazine devoted to verse which was issued in Warsaw in three editions under the same title.Elin was always faithful to Peiper, with whom she had an intellectual affair. Its fruit is her poetry – a woman’s intimate response to an exceedingly masculine worldview, or, as Andrzej Waśkiewicz would have it, a negative of the works of Peiper, this ‘pope’ of the avant-garde.On the one hand, Peiper wrote:you, a sheet of paper which I shall saveFrom ‘Naga’ (Naked) by Tadeusz Peiper, trans. ADas well as:I will push into you, font into paperFrom ‘Ja, Ty’ (Me, You) by Tadeusz Peiper, trans. ADElin, on the other hand, uses an analogy – of a sexual act and the act of writing – characteristic of her master’s erotic poems:the most expensive book, it was in meand it made of me a book, in which no one writes.From ‘Książka’ (Book) by Mira Elin, trans. ADAlthough they both move within the same topoi (a sheet of paper, a dream, the scent of skin or body, shadow, night), their relations are usually antithetical. If with Peiper, we have action, with Elin, it is an expectation – one which ends in disappointment. When he deprives the woman of her voice, she does the same to the man. One is watching, the other is running away – or flirting.There are also convergences. When the poet accuses:Seamstress of dreams, on the eyes of day you sew the sleepy eyelids of shadowonto the open eyes of day.From ‘Na Rusztowaniu’ (On the Scaffolds) by Tadeusz Peiper, trans. ADThe poetess admits:and I am a short night, I, the short shadow of a lighthouseFrom ‘Głód’ (Hunger) by Mira Elin, trans. ADIn other works, Elin implements the arrangement of Peiper’s poetics, such regularly distanced rhymes or paraphrasing reality, for example of a love act:the sky with a bloody kiss of dawnopens the earthFrom ‘Krzyk Kogutów’ (The Cocks’ Cry) by Mira Elin, trans. ADShe does this, however, to describe different emotional states or her experiences as a woman. In Elin’s poetry, intimacy, honesty and, above all, loneliness dominate:A fan is made from white squares,The promises of wooden paper printed,You and me in an apartment of numbersEven and lonely like someExpectations […]From ‘Kalendarz’ (Calendar) by Mira Elin, trans. ADIf, to repeat the claims of Zwrotnica, Elin was nothing more than a student of Peiper, it should be added that she was an extremely daring one at that. If, to agree with Jan Brzękowski and Julian Przyboś that her poems are ’colourless’, then you have to remember about the shades of grey.With the words: ‘she approached me with her poetry like no other, while retaining all the interesting peculiarities of her imagination’, Peiper shut the mouths of those criticizing his protégé – so effectively that Janusz Sławiński left Elin out of a crowning work on the poetic language of the Krakow Avant-Garde.When in the 1970s, her poems were remembered, Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz asked:The mysterious Elin, of which nothing is left, whom nobody remembers nor ever speaks of – is not this the most beautiful, and in any case, saddest tale in our poetry?Trans. ADNina Rydzewska – ‘The City of the Owl of Mokotów’In the book Chmurnie i Durnie (Clouds and Fools), Stanisław Ryszard Dobrowolski described Nina Rydzewska as follows:She was a good-looking [...] 20-something-year-old brunette with a marked tendency towards obesity, with a slightly exotic, oriental beauty.Trans. ADNina Rydzewska, photo: public domainHe was likely secretly in love with her.Friends nicknamed her ‘owl’ due to her large, dark eyes. Fellow writers remembered her as a modest, cheerful, but lonely woman. She remained the only woman part of Kwadryga for a long time – that is, until Elżbieta Szemplińska-Sobolewska appeared on the horizon (more about her in a moment).Before the war, Rydzewska wrote poems (translated into German, French, Hungarian, Finnish and Latvian). After the war, she only published novels about Kashubianfishermen and miners; for this purpose, she actually wound up taking a job in a mine. She also created radio reports and various versions of her own biography. She has two reported birthdates: on February 16, 1902 and also in 1906, probably in Warsaw, somewhere in Mokotów, most likely to a poor family.And here is where we come across four scenarios. First, her father died when she was three years old and her mother remarried. Second, she was orphaned by the First World War and then taken care of by the Rydzewska family. Third, she had both parents, and fourth, she came from Georgia, and her parents died during the October Revolution.The latter clue would be indicated by her second name, Zaira, and her particular beauty, as well as her love for a Georgian merchant – later her husband – with the surname Asłan Bek Barasbi Baytugan (her contact with him shattered her chances of joining the PZPR [Polish United Workers’ Party]).Nina Rydzewska, photo: public domainRydzewska took her first job as a tutor of reading and writing when she was just 10 years old – paying for her school and university studies this way. She wrote down her first pieces on official forms in the office of the Chapter of the War Order of Virtuti Militari.Her first, but also loudest poem caused a scandal. Published in Głos Prawdy (Voice of Truth), the 1927 poem Madonna Nędzarzy (Madonna of the Poor) – written in the style of Józef Piłsudski – enraged the national democratic and Catholic communities.Rydzewska was accused of blasphemy in a denunciation to the justice minister. The people – forgetting about the romantic (Mickiewicz) and Young Poland (Kasprowicz) traditions of getting in touch with God – wanted her tried as a criminal and to see her imprisoned, although some were inclined to simply deem the piece talentless.The poet’s trial did not take place due to a protest by the literary community (including Kaden-Bandrowski, Iłłakowiczówna and Gałczyński), as well as her readers. Ultimately, the poem won the plebiscite for the best work of poetry.It was actually not Rydzewska, but Kwadryga – the group which she aspired to be a part of – that would gain the most renown, however. Rydzewska cooperated with the Warsaw literary group between 1928 to 1930; she then moved towards prose. Poems from that period were included in the only volume – Miasto (City) – which placed her in the realm of nationalised poetry.Although critics of the time analysed the works of the young writer in the context of women’s poetry (and not poetry in general), they noted her talent as greater than the achievements of Kwadryga itself. They referred to her work as ‘fresh’ and with a ‘healthy comprehension of emancipation’.The series Miasto (City), with its expressionist and futuristic tones, is steeped in darkness, poverty and destruction:Our world is like the inside of a black, scorching foundry.Heavy evenings haunt with wind and rain...From ‘Miasto’ (City) by Nina Rydzewska, trans. ADAccording to Jan Marx, it is reminiscent of images from Victor Hugo’s Les Misérables, with an undercurrent of Baudelaire. She attacks the imagination of readers with urban snapshots, which she composes in the spirit of ballads.If, in spite of their opposition towards Skamander’s poetics, the work of Kwadryga’s writers dangerously approached them, then Rydzewska drew upon them the least.Rydzewska often moved, finally settling in Szczecin. She died of heart complications on 3rd February 1958.Elżbieta Szemplińska-Sobolewska –Ephebos’ profile, Strzyga’s teethElżbieta Szemplińska-Sobolewska with her husband, photo: public domainWith Kwadryga’s second woman poet, who broke Rydzewska’s monopoly – Elżbieta Szemplińska-Sobolewska – the situation is more complicated. She was neither able to acquire the same level of recognition, a fact unsurprising when considering her work, nor was she as temperamental as her predecessor.Szemplińska was silent, shy. It can’t be denied, however, that she had a unique sense of humour. She refused to provide personal information to the editor of Kwadryga, explaining: ‘My profession is so disgraceful’. Already writing novels by the age of 10, at 14, she had also published poems. She would later study Polish Studies and become a journalist and author of prose.Sabina Sebyłowa, the wife of a Kwadryga member, also a writer, recalled:E. Sz. – sometimes signing as Szem. – a poetess and prose writer. With the profile of the wonderful Ephebos and the teeth of Strzyga. [...] [S]he gives the impression of being constantly surprised, even in relation to herself. [...] She speaks using monosyllables, cramming them with sense.Trans. ADAs one can see, it was not only men who reacted coldly to her.Elżbieta Szemplińska-Sobolewska painted by Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, photo: Adam Mickiewicz Museum of LiteratureSzemplińska did not dissociate herself from the Skamander tradition; her poetry is full of various influences. The erotic poem Ciało (Body) is a sensual version of Bolesław Leśmian, while her feminine lyrics are smeared with the Pocałunki(Kisses) of Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska.In Rozmowa z Ojcem (A Talk with Father), you can hear Antoni Słonimski. Witold Gombrowiczeven spoke about Szemplińska’s ‘childlike-feminine-animal’ view of the world.Her non-uniform poetry, written in the 1930s, is characterised by social radicalism and revolutionary accents. Just like Rydzewska, Szemplińska drew from futurism and expressionism:A man in a vast jungle that is the city,among lianas of signals, the roar of smell -among concrete street networks,alone – in the jungle – man without claws.From ‘Prawo Dżungli’ (The Law of the Jungle) by Elżbieta Szemplińska-Sobolewska, trans. ADSzemplińska was accused of extreme communism. The combination of her unconventional beauty and political views prompted Witkacy to paint her portrait. Even if she believed in social ideals before the war, she changed her mind after escaping to the USSR. At that time, few people believed in her transformation.Her works written in New York, Rio de Janeiro or east of the Polish border were filled with nostalgia. She published in the pages of the London Newsand the Parisian Kultura. Few remember her poems devoted to insurgent Warsaw – the Troy of the North, such as Chorągiew (Banner) or Krzyż Warszawy (Warsaw’s Cross).When poetry failed her, she tried to earn her keep by selling her paintings. She most often painted the face of her husband, Zygmunt Sobolewski, in the style of Chagall (she also dedicated one of her poems to an exhibition of his). Her other favourite subjects included cats or Pekingese.Ah, those Polish people, they definitely are good and were good at something.. :)

Is Colloidal Silver Good for Your Health?The answer is yes. Pure silver, by itself, has been known for thousands of years to have powerful, broad-spectrum healing and infection-fighting qualities.So when the process for making colloidal silver -- called the electro-colloidal process -- was discovered in the late 1800’s, shortly after Edison harnessed electricity, the resulting suspension of pure, microscopic-sized silver particles in water immediately became a popular natural infection-fighting agent, used both topically on cuts, burns and infections, and internally as a remedy for a wide variety of infectious diseases.Numerous medical studies were conducted on colloidal silver throughout the early 1900’s, and the substance was used in hospitals and laboratories around the world, in a wide variety of forms, to help fight infection and disease.Studies documenting its phenomenal infection-fighting qualities were written up in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), the British medical journal Lancet, and many others.Indeed, as far back as 1919, Alfred Searle, author of The Use of Colloids in Health and Disease, had written:“Applying colloidal silver to human subjects has been done in a large number of cases with astonishingly successful results…it has the advantage of being rapidly fatal to parasites without toxic action on its host. It is quite stable. It protects rabbits from ten times the lethal dose of tetanus or diphtheria toxin.”Then, in the mid-1970’s colloidal silver experienced a dramatic resurgence in popularity after doctors discovered that many pathogens were developing immunity to prescription antibiotic drugs, but not to electrically-charged ionic silver.According to science writer Jim Powell in the March 1978 issue of Science Digest, “Thanks to eye-opening research, silver is re-emerging as a wonder of modern medicine. An antibiotic kills perhaps a half-dozen different disease organisms, but silver kills some 650. Resistant strains fail to develop. Moreover, silver is virtually non-toxic.”In the 1980’s Dr. Robert O. Becker, MD, the noted bio-medical researcher from Syracuse Medical University, and author of the best-selling books The Body Electric and Cross Currents, discovered a distinct correlation between low silver levels in the body, and sickness. He wrote that silver deficiency is often responsible for the improper functioning of the immune system. Indeed, he stated:“While analyzing hair samples and questioning the parties involved, I noticed the correlation between low silver levels and sickness. People who showed low silver levels in their hair analysis were frequently sick. They seemed to have innumerable colds, flu, fevers, and various other sickness. I believe that a silver deficiency may be the key to the improper function of the immune system.”Regarding the profound ability of silver to control infection, Dr. Becker wrote, “All of the organisms that we tested were sensitive to the electrically generated silver ion, including some that were resistant to all known antibiotics.”Regarding the safety of silver, he wrote, “In no case were any undesirable side effects of the silver treatment apparent.”In short, Dr. Becker had simply re-discovered what had already been known for thousands of years, i.e., that silver is one of the most powerful natural infection-fighting agents on the face of the earth.How Does Colloidal Silver Work?Researchers have found that colloidal silver works against pathogens in three powerful ways:First, much like the mineral iron, silver is a powerful carrier of oxygen. But unlike iron, when silver comes into contact with an infectious microbe it releases an oxygen “burst” which damages the cell wall of the pathogen in much the same manner as hydrogen peroxide would.Second, silver acts as a catalyst, disabling the enzyme that single-celled bacteria, fungi and viruses use for respiration and metabolism. And it does so without harming surrounding human cells or tissues.Third, brand new research demonstrates that when tiny silver particles are absorbed through the damaged cell wall of the pathogen, these silver particles attach themselves to the DNA of the pathogen and thus prevent it from replicating. No replication means the infection can no longer spread.Ultimately, and in very short course, the silver kills the pathogens completely.What’s more, brand new research out of Hebrew University in Jerusalem demonstrates that the pathogens that are killed by the tiny silver particles begin to leach those particles into the rest of the colony, killing other nearby bacteria in an ongoing chain reaction that continues until the bacterial colony is wiped out. The researchers even nicknamed this process the “zombie effect.”What Has Colloidal Silver Been Used On, Historically?Here is a very short list of disease conditions against which colloidal silver has historically been used, according to historical medical texts:AcneAllergiesAppendicitisArthritisBubonic plagueBurnsCancerCandida yeastCholeraChronic Fatigue SyndromeColdsFluPneumoniaPink EyeSties and other eye infectionsDiabetesGonorrheaHay feverHerpesLeprosyLeukemiaLupusLymphangitisLyme diseaseMalariaMeningitisRheumatismRingwormScarlet FeverEar InfectionsTooth and Gum InfectionsSore throatStrep throatShinglesSkin cancerStaph infections (including MRSA)SyphilisToxemiaTrench footCertain viruses, viral warts and stomach ulcersLearn MoreThe above list is necessarily short. To learn more about how people have been using colloidal silver for the past hundreds years and achieving astonishing results against stubborn infections and health conditions, see the following:Testimonials — To discover how thousands of people are using colloidal silver to heal infections and disease of an astonishingly wide variety, see the Colloidal Silver Testimonials page.Articles — To browse through nearly 500 articles on the healing and infection-fighting properties of colloidal silver, see the Articles/Blog Posts page.Clinical Studies — To see over 100 clinical studies, white papers and research reports on colloidal silver and other forms of antimicrobial silver, see the Clinical Studies page.Expert Quotes — To learn what the experts are saying about the healing and infection-fighting benefits of colloidal silver, see the Expert Quotes page.How-To Videos — To watch short videos demonstrating how people make and use colloidal silver for a wide variety of purposes, see the How-To Videos page.Other Info Sources — For additional comprehensive information on the uses of colloidal silver, see the Best Sources of Information page.How Is Colloidal Silver Used?Regular colloidal silver users most often ingest colloidal silver orally. But it can also be sprayed externally onto cuts, scrapes or burns.As a daily mineral supplement, millions of Americans orally ingest anywhere from a tablespoon to an ounce a day (depending upon age and body weight) of a standard 10 ppm concentration of colloidal silver.Others use it only when they are sick or feeling particularly run down. People have been known to take as many as one to five ounces a day (or sometimes even more) of a standard 10 ppm concentration, for very short periods of time such as a week or two.Based on tens of thousands of anecdotal accounts, users claim that doing so will generally clear up a mild to moderate infection in only a few days, while more serious infections may take longer.Many people put several drops of colloidal silver directly into their eyes to help eradicate eye infections such as Pink Eye or sties, often in the course of a single afternoon. And many more use it in a spray bottle to help eliminate sore throats. Some simply swish it around in their mouth to help prevent or eliminate teeth and gum infections. Others have been known to put a drop or two into their ears to help eliminate ear infections virtually overnight.In accord with FDA guidelines, it’s very important to note that there is no evidence for colloidal silver’s safety or efficacy when used in such a manner, as it has never been put through the FDA’s rigorous testing procedures for sale as an over-the-counter drug. Nevertheless, based on thousands upon thousands of anecdotal accounts, it does appear to work, and quite extraordinarily at that!Experts warn that it’s very important not to continue taking colloidal silver at high dosage levels for long periods of time, because it’s possible that long-term use of excessively high dosages can eventually overwhelm the ability of the liver and kidneys to excrete excess silver, which can in turn lead to silver deposition in the tissues, organs and skin.This, in turn, can result in an extremely rare cosmetic skin condition known as argyria, in which the skin turns grey or even bluish in color due to silver deposits. (Always consult with a licensed and skilled health care practitioner for serious health conditions.)To learn more about colloidal silver dosage, be sure to get a copy of the Colloidal Silver Safe Dosage Report, which is FREE by email, and which helps you calculate the maximum safe dosage level you can take daily for a lifetime, based on your body weight and the ppm (i.e., concentration) of the colloidal silver product you’re using.Is Colloidal Silver Safe to Use?It’s important to understand that when the Dartmouth University researchers studied silver in order to determine whether or not it was safe or toxic in humans, this is what they concluded:“Trace amounts of silver are in the bodies of all humans and animals. We normally take in between 70 and 88 micrograms of silver a day, half of that amount from our diet. Humans have evolved with efficient methods of dealing with that intake, however. Over 99 percent is readily excreted from the body. Is silver harmful to humans? Unlike other metals such as lead and mercury, silver is not toxic to humans and is not known to cause cancer, reproductive or neurological damage, or other chronic adverse effects.”— Dartmouth University Toxic Metals Research ProgramOr as Dr. Herbert Slavin, M.D., Director of the Institute of Advanced Medicine in Lauderhill Florida has put it, “Few things in life are as cut-and-dried as the fact that silver is completely safe when used within normal limits…Ionic silver is entirely non-toxic to the body.”And as Dr. Jeffrey Blumer, M.D., Ph.D., director of the Center for Drug Research and former director of the Greater Cleveland Poison Control Center has stated, “Common substances like table salt and aspirin are harmless with normal use, but excessive intake can become toxic and even life-threatening. With normal responsible usage, silver supplements are entirely harmless to humans.”As Byron Richards, CCN (Board Certified Clinical Nutritionist, charter member of the International Association of Clinical Nutritionists has stated, “…the antibiotic properties of silver are quite potent – and the risk to human health in terms of toxicity is negligible. [Silver has] a far better risk/benefit profile than commonly used antibiotics.”And as Dr. Ron Leavitt, Ph.D., Professor of Microbiology at Brigham Young University has stated, regarding his own clinical studies of colloidal silver, “The data suggests that with the low toxicity associated with colloidal silver, in general, and the broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity of this colloidal silver preparation, this preparation may be effectively used as an alternative to antibiotics.”Of course, no substance on the face of the earth is completely safe if used abusively. Even common nutritional supplements can be harmful when used outside of the bounds of common sense. For example:Abusive use of iron supplements can, over long periods of time, result in cirrhosis of the liver and heart failure.Abusive use of calcium over long periods of time can result in kidney malfunction, calcification of soft tissue within the body, cellular toxicity and impaired immune function.Abusive use of vitamin A over long periods of time can result in muscle pain, fatigue, irritability, depression, schizophrenia, fever, liver damage and anemia.Abusive use of selenium over long periods of time can result in nervous system damage.None of those side effects justify being afraid to use the substances mentioned. Why? Because the key phrase involved in each one is “abusive use.”When used responsibly and in moderation, these substances are not only benign, but extremely beneficial to one’s health and well-being. But when used to dramatic excess, they can cause potentially serious health consequences if the abusive use continues over long periods of time.It’s exactly the same with colloidal silver. If you use it in moderation and with common sense, it’s generally considered to be a completely harmless nutritional supplement. Thousands of experiential accounts (and tens of millions of bottles of colloidal silver sold annually, worldwide) suggest you can use it on a regular daily basis if you choose to, in small daily amounts.Or you can use it from time-to-time on a strictly “as needed” basis in somewhat larger amounts. But what you cannot do is use colloidal silver in extremely high amounts every single day, for months and years on end. Why? Because like any other vitamin, mineral, herb or natural substance, such abusive use can result in problems rather than benefits.Again, if you have not done so already, be sure to get a copy of the Colloidal Silver Safe Dosage Report, which is FREE by email, and which helps you calculate the maximum safe dosage level you can take daily for a lifetime, based on your body weight and the ppm (i.e., concentration) of the colloidal silver product you’re using.